Worldview and its main ones. Philosophical type of worldview

Introduction:

- a system of generalized views on the world and a person's place in it, on the attitude of people to the reality around them and to themselves, as well as the basic life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and activity, value orientations conditioned by these views. Worldview is not all views and ideas about the world around us, but only their ultimate generalization. The content of the worldview is grouped around one or another solution to the main issue of philosophy. The group and the individual actually act as the subject of the worldview. Worldview is the core of social and individual consciousness. The development of a worldview is an essential indicator of the maturity of not only an individual, but also a certain social group, social class. In essence, a worldview is a socio-political phenomenon that arose with the emergence of human society.

2. The structure of the worldview
Being an important part of a person's inner world, the worldview has a complex structure.
A person's worldview certainly reveals itself in various phenomena of his spiritual life and behavior: in views, beliefs, convictions, actions, etc. But in them one should see only separate manifestations of deeper structures or layers of the worldview.
The main structure-forming element of the worldview is the questions that arise before a person along with the beginning of his conscious life:
- “About existence” (what does it mean to exist and be real or real);
- “About what should be” (what has the highest value, that is, is a good, and what has no value or is “anti-value”; what should ultimately be strived for and what should be avoided);
- "On the realization of the due in existence" (how, in what ways you can achieve the due, in short - how to live in this world, guided by the chosen values).
The central problem of the worldview is the question of the place and purpose of a person in the world. Answers to other worldview questions depend on its solution. Although they, in turn, influence the solution of this problem.
The cognitive, value and program-behavioral subsystems of the worldview correspond to the indicated groups of worldview problems-questions, in which the formation of views, beliefs, life strategies takes place.

1. Worldview and its methodological functions

in building a picture of the world

Distinguish between the concepts of "worldview", "general picture of the world", "attitude", "worldview", "worldview", "worldview". There is a close relationship and unity between all these concepts. They are often used as synonyms. However, there are differences between these concepts. The general picture of the world is a synthesis of people's knowledge about nature and social reality. The totality of natural sciences forms a natural-scientific picture of the world, and social sciences - a socio-historical picture of reality. The creation of a general picture of the world is the task of all areas of knowledge.
With the help of a worldview, a person builds a picture of the world of a certain era or his own. A worldview is a complex view of how to behave in this world both in relation to Space and in relation to Time. For example, the worldview of Western Europeans is considered active, rational and linear (culture of the "male type"), and the worldview of the peoples of the East is contemplative, irrational and non-linearized (culture of the "female type"). Worldview is a way of building a picture of the world.
The picture of the world is generalized knowledge about the structure, structure of the world, the laws of its development. The picture of the world is the starting point and the result of the activity of the worldview.
The picture of the world is assigned to a person (or a community) from the outside (ie, by external conditions of existence) immediately after birth in a "folded" form, and then, in the process of real life, based on the experience of life, it is deciphered, corrected and modified in accordance with new objective conditions and subjective human desires. The picture of the world, therefore, is to a certain extent arbitrary, and to a certain extent - due to objective circumstances.
The more systemic, wider and deeper the worldview, the more accurate the picture of the world, the more successful the life of an individual or a community of people, because the program of human life becomes more accurate and adaptive, i.e. her ideological strategy. This is the main function of the worldview.

It is called methodological (method - method; logos - teaching; function of execution), since it is the worldview of a person or society that determines which methods will be used to achieve a life goal.

The fact is that people, carrying out any activity, live not only in the Present (like animals), but, at the same time, in the Past, and in the Present, and in the Future. Therefore, in addition to instincts and unconditioned reflexes, they require special mental structures that allow people to feel confident in self-esteem and in their forecasts for the future. In addition to the goal, people are usually guided in their behavior and more or less general attitudes, general rules of action, prohibitions, prescriptions and restrictions. It is these general attitudes that constitute the methodology in a broad sense.
A person asserts himself in the objective world not only with the help of thinking, but also through all his cognitive abilities. A holistic awareness and experience of the reality affecting a person in the form of sensations, perceptions, representations and emotions form a world outlook, world perception and world outlook. The understanding of the world is only a conceptual, intellectual aspect of the worldview. The worldview is characterized by an even higher integration of knowledge than in the general picture of the world, and the presence of not only an intellectual, but also an emotional-value attitude of a person to the world.
The worldview of a huge number of completely different people has many similarities in various respects. Thus, a worldview can be scientific or anti-scientific, religious or atheistic, ordinary or philosophical, but it always strives for integrity and success in relation to very specific circumstances. However, this integrity and this success are achieved in different ways. Artistic, mythological, religious worldview is formed with the predominant value of the worldview; scientific worldview operates mainly at the level of worldview; the philosophical attempts to systematically harmonize both levels; and the ordinary worldview is an arbitrary mixing of the worldview with the worldview.

Types of worldview
1. Features of the ordinary worldview
Ordinary (everyday) worldview is the historically primary form of worldview both in onto- and phylogeny. The integrity of the everyday worldview is achieved due to the predominance of associativity in thinking and the establishment of an arbitrary connection of knowledge about different spheres of life; by random (disordered) mixing of the results of the perception of the world and the results of the understanding of the world into a single whole. The main feature of the everyday worldview is its fragmentation, eclecticism and unsystematicity.
Only categorical thinking is capable of developing out of meaningful, and not formal, contradiction, because formal contradictions are eliminated from such thinking automatically, at the level of unconditioned reflexes. Without developed categorical thinking, the worldview often remains contradictory not only at the content, but also at the formal-logical level.
During the activity of this type of worldview, all the laws of formal logic are usually violated.
On the basis of an ordinary worldview, historically, the first spontaneously born myth - i.e. creative display of the world by consciousness, the main distinguishing feature of which is logical generalizations that violate the logical law of sufficient reason. At the same time, there are logical premises for a mythologized perception of reality, they lie at the basis of the practical experience of man, but conclusions about the structure and laws of existence of reality in myth, as a rule, are quite consistent with the observed facts from the life of nature, society and man, correspond to these facts only arbitrarily selectable number of relationships.
Myth is the simplest creative way of overcoming ignorance through direct modeling of familiar (known) connections and patterns in the sphere of the unknown. A great help in the mythologization of the ordinary worldview is played by the need and ability of a person for fantasy, which is formed in society due to the already mentioned need for a person to exist simultaneously in the past, in the present, and in the future, and besides, with the predominance of conditional connections over unconditional ones.

9

2. Features of the religious worldview
Mythological consciousness historically precedes religious consciousness. Religious worldview is more systemic than mythological, it is more perfect in a logical sense. The consistency of religious consciousness presupposes its logical orderliness, and continuity with mythological consciousness is ensured through the use of the image as the main lexical unit.
The religious worldview "works" on two levels: on the theoretical and ideological (in the form of theology, philosophy, ethics, social doctrine of the church), i.e. at the level of world outlook, and socio-psychological, i.e. level of perception. At both levels, religiosity is characterized primarily by belief in the supernatural (supernatural), belief in a miracle. A miracle is against the law. The law is called immutability in changes, the indispensable homogeneity of the action of all homogeneous things. A miracle contradicts the very essence of the law: Christ walked on water, like on land, and this miracle is. Mythological ideas have no idea of ​​a miracle: for them the most unnatural is natural.
The religious worldview already distinguishes between natural and unnatural, it already has limitations. The religious picture of the world is much more contrasting than the mythological one, richer in colors.
It is much more critical than mythological, and less arrogant. However, the religious worldview explains everything incomprehensible, contradicting reason, revealed by the world outlook, by a universal force capable of disrupting the natural course of things and harmonizing any chaos.
Belief in this external superpower is the basis of religiosity. Religious philosophy, thus, just like theology, proceeds from the thesis about the presence in the world of some ideal superpower capable of arbitrarily manipulating both nature and the fate of people. At the same time, both religious philosophy and theology substantiate and prove by theoretical means both the need for Faith and the presence of an ideal superpower - God.
Religious worldview and religious philosophy are a kind of idealism, i.e. such a direction in the development of social consciousness, in which the initial substance, i.e. the foundation of the world is the Spirit, the idea. Varieties of idealism are subjectivism, mysticism, etc. The opposite of a religious worldview is an atheistic worldview.

10

3. The main features of the philosophical worldview
Philosophy can be both religious and atheistic, depending on what initial ideological thesis it is guided by when building its system. But the main feature of the philosophical worldview is its worldview:
- conceptual validity; criticality in relation to even their own initial theses.
The philosophical worldview appears in a conceptual, categorical form, in one way or another relying on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and possessing a certain measure of logical evidence.
The main features of the philosophical
- consistency;
- versatility;
- criticality.
Despite its maximum criticality and scientific character, philosophy is extremely close to the ordinary, to the religious, and even to the mythological worldview, because, like them, it chooses the direction of its activity very arbitrarily.

Conclusion Worldview is a common understanding of the world, man, society, which determines the socio-political, philosophical, religious, moral, aesthetic, scientific and theoretical orientation of a person.
A worldview is not only a content, but also a way of realizing reality, as well as the principles of life that determine the nature of activity. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview an effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of convictions, a person's full and unshakable confidence in the correctness of his ideas.
All types of worldview reveal some unity, covering a certain range of issues, for example, how the spirit relates to matter, what is a person and what is his place in the universal interconnection of the phenomena of the world, how does a person know reality, what is good and evil, according to what laws does human society develop ... The epistemological structure of the worldview is formed as a result of the generalization of natural-scientific, socio-historical, technical and philosophical knowledge.
The worldview has a huge practical life meaning. It affects the norms of behavior, the attitude of a person to work, to other people, the nature of life aspirations, his life, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around is perceived and experienced.

Human

It would seem that the question put forward in the title should be not only the most important, but also the easiest of all questions, because a person is the closest thing to us. This is ourselves. In addition, everything that we know about the world, we know through a person and, one might say, is knowledge about a person. We see ourselves not only when we look in a mirror of water or other smooth surface. In everything that we know, we discover, we recognize ourselves. Even Hume said that all sciences are more or less related to human nature. And he was not the first to think so. Philosophy very early, almost at the dawn of knowledge, expressed the idea that man as a measure of all things is not only acquired, the most essential, but in a sense the only subject of research, its limiting condition. And yet we do not have an answer to the question: "What is a person?"

It's not even that we don't have an answer. It may even be wrong to demand and wait for this, for if all sciences are, to one degree or another, a science about man, then the answer to the question "What is man" would be tantamount to the completion of cognition. The fact is that we know, perhaps, the least of all about a person. Less than unimaginably distant clusters of stars and vanishing small particles. But even this is not the most discouraging. The strangest circumstance that deserves our close attention is that today we know hardly more about man than two and a half thousand years ago, when the research and life setting was formulated: "Know thyself." The last statement needs to be concretized.

Man's place in the world.

Five basic ideas about the essence of man:

The first idea is the Judeo-Christian myth about created man and the meaning of his being. This idea and, in particular, its main points - original sin, redemption, eschatology - is extremely tenacious and often clearly reveals itself even where there can be no question of dogmatic faith. A number of historical concepts correspond to this idea.

The second idea was first "discovered" by Plato and Aristotle and, essentially unchanged, reigns in philosophy to this day. It has become a common property and in everyday life has even acquired a dangerous character of certainty and indisputability. This is the idea of ​​"homo sapiens". Its main features:

Man is the only one among the living who is the bearer of a specific factor - reason, which is not decomposable and cannot be reduced to other, lower factors.

The main property of reason, indisputably recognized for it, is the ability to cognize things as they are;

Reason is identical to itself and unchanged in any era, in any homo sapiens.

Only the third property (immutability) was questioned: Hegel ascribed to reason, as such, becoming in time. Otherwise, the idea of ​​"homo sapiens" has remained unchanged in the most opposing doctrines.

But the ability of the mind to cognize things as they are - this ability, consciously or unconsciously, is rooted on one premise: the likeness or God-given of reason (and in a more primordial form: the triumph or likeness of the human logos to the world Logos). If this premise is removed, the idea of ​​homo sapiens loses all meaning.

The third idea is naturalistic, positivistic and, later, pragmatic. She denies the specificity and indivisibility of reason, sees in it only a product of instincts and sensory perceptions.

The defining principle in a person is not reason (something secondary, derivative), but instincts. Instincts fall into three main groups, and usually one of these groups is given priority. Accordingly, there are three types of naturalistic conceptions of history. First, economic theories, for example, Marxism, for which history is a "struggle of classes", "a struggle for a place at the trough" (the instinct to feed). Second, a theory that interprets history primarily in terms of the reproductive instinct or one of its forms (example: Freud and his libido). Third, there is a history sub specie of the "will to power" (already Hobbes and Machiavelli, especially Nietzsche).

Scheler notes that there is one feature that unexpectedly makes all the various naturalistic theories related to each other: this is an unchanging belief in reasonable evolution, in the lofty goal of human development. And here a strange convergence of these theories with the idea of ​​"homo sapiens" is revealed.

In a word, this is Tyutchev's old thought about the irreparable "discord" between reason and nature, and about the "ghostly freedom" of our spirit, as the root of this discord. But here this thought grew into thick volumes and was armed with "scientific" argumentation.

Scheler tries to reveal the origin of this "terrible" theory. He finds the rudiments (only rudiments) of it in the late (Heidelberg) romantics, in Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Bergson. But this idea became more acute and gained strength only after going through the fateful experience of Europe's "terrible years". Now various thinkers in different ways approach it with some strange inevitability: philosophers and psychologists (Klage), paleogeographers and geologists (Dake), ethnologists (Frobenius), historians (Spengler) - and many others.

Scheler is clearly alarmed by this idea and, with visible passion, seeks to show its fundamental contradiction ... But I cannot touch here on his highly interesting critical considerations.

The fifth idea, in contrast to the fourth, raises the "man" to an unprecedented height. This idea - presented by N. Hartmann (in his "Ethics") and G. Kerkler - a kind of refraction of Nietzsche's fight against God and the doctrine of the superman in the philosophical and life experience of our time.

The old atheists, recognizing the desirability of the existence of God, saw themselves theoretically compelled to deny it. On the contrary, the new teaching, even admitting the theoretical irrefutability of the existence of God, proclaims that God should not exist if there is freedom and responsibility. The existence of God destroys all moral meaning of the existence of man, for man finds himself only in absolute moral sovereignty. "The predicates of the deity must be transferred to man" (N. Hartmann).

“What does it matter to me about the foundation of the world, since I clearly see my moral essence, and I know what is good and what I must do,” proclaims Kerler. “If the foundation of the world is in agreement with what I perceive as good , then I am ready to honor her as a friend; if not, then I will spit on her, even if she crushed me and my goals! "

By analogy and contrast with Kant's "postulative theism", Scheler calls this doctrine "the postulative atheism of assignment and responsibility." This anthropology corresponds to history as "a monumental recreation of the spiritual image of heroes and geniuses" or, according to Nietzsche, "the highest specimens of the human race."

Unfortunately, Scheler only briefly dwells on this idea, so little known to us. One gets the impression: what a strange and eerie mixture of dead Protestant-Kantian moralism with the audacity of the minister of Dionisov - Nietzsche.

CONCLUSION

So, the problem of the relationship between man and nature grows out of an objective contradiction, characterized by the position of man in nature: man, being a natural being, opposes himself to the rest of nature through his activity. Material practice connects a person with nature (a natural exchange between them is carried out) and at the same time separates a person from nature, forming a human essence that is irreducible to natural laws, specific laws of development that ultimately subordinate to themselves natural history itself.

What is decisive in the relationship between man and nature: what is he similar in, what is one with nature, or what is he fundamentally different from it? The solution to this question presupposes an understanding of the essence of man. Therefore, the study of the relationship between man and nature presupposes and is associated with man's self-knowledge. This connection is also due to the fact that a person, unlike other natural beings, relates to nature mainly not directly, but through other people - through social ties with other people.

Nature is revealed and natural history itself.

Bibliography:

1. -Dilthey V. Types of worldview and their detection in metaphysical systems. - In collection: New Ideas in Philosophy, No. 1. SPb., 1912.

2. -Broil L. Revolution in physics. M., 1965.

3. -Born M. Reflections and memories of a physicist. M., 1971.

4. -Bogomolov AS, Oizerman TI Fundamentals of the theory of historical and philosophical process. M., 1983.

5. -Mitrokhin L. N. Philosophy of religion. M., 1995.

6. -Scheler M. Philosophical worldview. - In the book: Sheler M. Fav. manuf. M., 1994.

7. -Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. Philosophy. - M., 1998.

8. -Krapivensky S.E. Social philosophy. - M., 1998.

9. -Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. Op. - TT. 28.41.

10. -Radugin A.A. Philosophy. - M., 1998.

11. -Philosophy. A course of lectures (edited by V.L.Kalashnikov). - M., 1998.

12.-Cyclicity in social systems ("round table"). Socis, 1992. - No. 6.

Comes into this world? What is the purpose of man? What is the sense of life? These are all so-called eternal questions. They can never be finally resolved. The world and man are constantly changing. Consequently, people's ideas about the world, man, also change. All ideas and knowledge of a person about himself are called him.

Worldview is a complex phenomenon of a person's spiritual world, and consciousness is its foundation.

Distinguish between the self-consciousness of the individual and the self-consciousness of the human community, for example, a specific people. The forms of manifestation of self-awareness of the people are myths, fairy tales, anecdotes, songs etc. The most elementary level of self-awareness is primary self-image... Often it is determined by the assessment of a person by other people. The next level of self-awareness is represented by a deep understanding of oneself, one's place in society. The most complex form of human self-awareness is called worldview.

Worldview- is a system or set of ideas and knowledge about the world and man, about the relationship between them.

In the worldview, a person is aware of himself not through his relationship to individual objects and people, but through a generalized, integrated relationship to the world as a whole, of which he himself is a part. The worldview of a person reflects not just his individual properties, but the main thing in him, which is usually called the essence, which remains the most constant and unchanged, throughout his life manifested in his thoughts and actions.

In reality, the worldview is formed in the minds of specific people. It is also used as a general outlook on life. A worldview is an integral formation, in which the connection of its components is fundamentally important. The worldview includes generalized knowledge, certain value systems, principles, beliefs, ideas. The measure of a person's worldview maturity is his actions; beliefs, that is, views actively perceived by people, especially stable psychological attitudes of a person, serve as guidelines for choosing methods of behavior.

The structure of the worldview

Worldview is a synthesis of various human traits; it is a person's cognition and experience of the world. Emotional and psychological side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings is the perception of the world. For example, some people have an optimistic outlook, others a pessimistic one. Cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview is the worldview.

The worldview, like the whole life of people in society, has historical character. The emergence of the worldview is associated with the formation of the first stable form of human community - the tribal community. Its appearance became a kind of revolution in the spiritual development of a person. The worldview singled out man from the animal world. The history of the spiritual development of mankind knows several basic types of worldview. These include mythological, religious, philosophical worldview.

Historically, the first step in the development of the worldview was mythological worldview. Mythology consolidated the system of values ​​accepted in society, supported and encouraged certain forms of behavior. With the extinction of the primitive forms of social life, the myth outlived its usefulness and ceased to be the dominant type of worldview.

The fundamental questions of any worldview (the origin of the world, man, the mystery of birth and death, etc.) continued to be resolved, but already in other worldview forms, for example, in the forms religious a worldview based on belief in the existence of supernatural beings and the supernatural world, and philosophical worldview, existing as a theoretically formulated system of the most general views on the world, man and their relationship.

Each historical type of worldview has material, social and theoretical and cognitive prerequisites. It is a relatively holistic worldview reflection of the world, due to the level of development of society. Features of various historical types of worldview are preserved in the mass consciousness of modern people.

Components of a person's worldview

Our attitude to the world and to ourselves includes various knowledge. For example, everyday knowledge helps to navigate in everyday life - to communicate, study, build a career, create a family. Scientific knowledge allows you to comprehend facts at a higher level and build theories.

Our interaction with the world is colored emotions, associated with feelings, transformed by passions. For example, a person is able not only to look at nature, dispassionately fixing its useful and useless qualities, but to admire it.

Norms and values are an important component of the worldview. For the sake of friendship and love, for the sake of family and loved ones, a person can act contrary to common sense, risking his life, overcome fear, doing what he considers his duty. Beliefs and principles are woven into the very fabric of human life and often their influence on actions is much stronger than the influence of knowledge and emotions combined.

Deeds a person is also included in the structure of the worldview, forming its practical level. A person expresses his attitude to the world not only in thoughts, but also in all his decisive actions.

Traditionally, it is believed that knowledge and feelings, values ​​and actions represent Components worldview - cognitive, emotional, value and activity. Of course, this division is very arbitrary: components never exist in their pure form. Thoughts are always emotionally colored, actions embody human values, etc. In reality, a worldview is always integrity, and its division into components is applicable only for research purposes.

Types of worldview

From the point of view of the historical process, there are three leading historical type of worldview:

• mythological;
• religious;
• philosophical.

Mythological worldview(from the Greek mythos - legend, legend) is based on an emotional-figurative and fantastic attitude to the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over rational explanations. Mythology grows primarily from a person's fear of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since humanity did not yet have enough experience to understand the true causes of many phenomena, they were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause-and-effect relationships.

Religious worldview(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is based on belief in supernatural powers. in contrast to the more flexible myth, rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral commandments are characteristic. Religion disseminates and maintains patterns of correct, moral behavior. The importance of religion in uniting people is also great, but here its role is twofold: by uniting people of the same confession, it often separates people of different faiths.

Philosophical worldview is defined as system-theoretical. The characteristic features of the philosophical worldview are consistency and consistency, consistency, and a high degree of generalization. The main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology is the high role of reason: if the myth is based on emotions and feelings, then - first of all, on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the admissibility of free-thinking: you can remain a philosopher, criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion this is impossible.

If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about the ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.

Ordinary worldview relies on common sense and everyday experience. Such a worldview is formed spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and it is difficult to present it in its pure form. As a rule, a person forms his views on the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, science.

Scientific worldview based on objective knowledge and represents the modern stage in the development of the philosophical worldview. Over the past few centuries, science has moved further and further from "vague" philosophy in an attempt to achieve accurate knowledge. However, in the end, it also moved far away from a person with his needs: the result of scientific activity is not only useful products, but also weapons of mass destruction, unpredictable biotechnologies, methods of manipulating the masses, etc.

Humanistic worldview based on the recognition of the value of every human person, all rights to happiness, freedom, development. The formula of humanism was expressed by Immanuel Kant, saying that a person can only be a goal, and not a simple means for another person. It is immoral to use people to your advantage; one should do everything possible to ensure that each person can reveal and fully realize himself. Such a worldview, however, should be viewed as an ideal, and not as a reality.

The role of worldview in human life

A worldview gives a person an integral system of values, ideals, techniques, models for life. It organizes the world around us, makes it understandable, indicates the shortest ways to achieve goals. On the contrary, the absence of an integral worldview turns life into chaos, and the psyche - into a set of disparate experiences and attitudes. A state when the old worldview is destroyed, and the new one has not yet been formed (for example, disappointment in religion) is called ideological crisis. In such a situation, it is important to restore the worldview integrity of the individual, otherwise its place will be filled with chemical or spiritual surrogates - alcohol and drugs or mysticism and sectarianism.

The concept of "mentality" is similar to the concept of "worldview" (from the French mentalite - mindset). Mentality- this is a unique alloy of mental qualities, as well as the peculiarities of their manifestations. In fact, this is the spiritual world of a person, passed through the prism of his personal experience. For the nation, this is the spiritual world, passed through the historical experience of the people. In the latter case, the mentality reflects the national character ("the soul of the people").

Hello dear readers! Yuri Okunev with you.

We have repeatedly raised the topic of worldview, because it depends on it exactly from what angle we look at everything that happens around, what goals we set for ourselves and how we achieve them. Today I propose to talk again about the worldview, its types and forms, as this will help you adjust your own line of views and beliefs, choosing the most productive path.

At the very beginning, let's remember what a worldview is. Without going into deep philosophical reasoning about human nature, the term can be described simply as a system of views on the world and oneself in it. It is on the “worldview” that depends on how we understand good and evil, what principles we put in relationships with other people, what goals and values ​​we bring to the fore in life.

The worldview, on the one hand, is formed taking into account the traditions that already exist in society. On the other hand, it also depends on our own assessment of what is happening. That is, we can talk about two levels of the worldview system - practical and theoretical. In the first case, we are talking about a worldview, which is spontaneously formed in the process of accumulating everyday experience. In the second - already about the knowledge that is acquired in the course of learning and thoughtful analysis of the world.

I already talked about the structure of the worldview in one of the blog articles.

Looking into it, you can understand how our willingness to act in one way or another is born.

In the same article, I want to focus on another point - the varieties of worldview. Ready? Then go ahead!

Classification of "world views"

I must say right away that there are a huge number of types of worldviews. But we do not need such a detailed analysis, because our goal is to understand how certain preferences, life orientations, values, etc. are formed in us. Therefore, we will talk only about the seven most significant forms.

Mythological

At the dawn of his formation, a person who does not yet possess a sufficient level of knowledge, asks questions about various aspects of the existence of the world, the Universe. He is not yet able to give objective, scientific answers to them, so he has no choice but to connect his own feelings, sensations and beliefs.

A person directly depends on nature, and this is expressed in how he sees and understands it. So, being much weaker, practically unprotected, he perceives nature as a kind of living being. As a result, vivid mythological images appear that correspond to various processes taking place in the environment.

It is important to note that the mythological worldview is characteristic not only of primitive, but also of modern man. Some of us successfully overcome this stage, moving on to a more competent, accurate, scientific analysis of reality. And someone is so delayed at the stage of the simplest explanatory mechanisms for a much longer period.

Religious

Religion can be considered a natural continuation of the mythological stage. Here, to his feelings and beliefs, a person adds a philosophical background, knowledge, logic and even ideology that forms an idea of ​​how one can / should behave. A set of rules and ethical standards appears that are binding on adherents of a particular religious system.

Commonplace

This worldview is created precisely on the basis of experience and our sensory and emotional perception of the surrounding reality. This is actually our “common sense” and, so to speak, everyday logic that we follow when making ordinary everyday decisions.

The influence of external factors is of colossal importance in building this system of views. First of all, traditions, stereotypes and even superstitions inherent in a particular culture and society.

Secondly, the mass media in all their diversity - the Internet, TV, radio, printed materials. The latter have a powerful "gift" of persuasion, and therefore I strongly recommend learning how to filter this inexhaustible flow of information.

Philosophical

On the border between the ordinary and the scientific worldview, there is a philosophical system of views based on knowledge. The sensual factor here goes far into the background, making room for systematicity and consistency.

Taking factual data about the world, the Universe, a person as a theoretical basis, philosophy analyzes and rethinks them, building interesting causal relationships and forming its own conclusions.

In its development, the philosophical worldview also went through certain stages characteristic of a particular time.

In addition, in the principles of assessing what is happening, two contradictory approaches are distinguished - materialistic (a thing, an object is the basis of everything) and idealistic (in the center of the universe - spirit, thought).

Scientific

No matter how important and valuable everything spiritual and emotional-psychological, one cannot do without objective scientific facts. Therefore, guesses, faith, stereotypes are gradually replaced by the need and desire to look at the world through the prism of numbers, formulas, hypotheses, theories.

The scientific worldview is designed to sort through the officially confirmed information that it has about the world. At the same time, the personal attitude to this information is not taken into account. Science only states the facts that it was able to discover based on the current cognitive capabilities of mankind. Everything else is irrelevant.

Artistic

This type of worldview is not always mentioned, but I still think that it should be singled out in a separate form. Indeed, unlike all the systems of views listed above, only the artistic worldview brings to the fore the ideas of beauty and harmony, the sensual creativity, as well as empathy as the ability to empathize with what you see and what you do.

Historical

Over time, people's perception and understanding of the world changes. As a result, we can talk about historical epochs, the socio-cultural features of which have left an imprint on all aspects of human life.

For example, in the days of Antiquity, people strove to know and bring closer the aesthetic ideal. Beauty, harmony, natural origin, philosophy were of paramount importance. The principles laid down in those days, evaluation techniques (for example, in architecture) are still used today.

The dark and difficult Middle Ages that have come to replace them bring religion to the fore, the weight of which is acquiring truly frightening forms in some regions.

But, thank God, time does not stand still, and the turn of a beautiful and rich in every sense of the word epoch called "Renaissance" comes.

The values ​​and canons of antiquity are beginning to gradually return. Once again, the focus is on the person, his needs, and features. After this, as a logical continuation, comes the New Time, in which science, his Majesty, acquires key importance.

At the same time, the modern world can be described as “multi-worldview”, and this, perhaps, is one of its main advantages. Man has finally got the freedom of choice. Like a juggler in a circus, he can sort out existing belief systems, combine them and transform them at will. What can I say - beauty!

At the end of this section, I would like to emphasize that, despite the traceable timing, it is impossible to give a clear time frame for each form of worldview. Yes, this is not required, because, as already noted, our goal is to understand what such a phenomenon as a worldview can give us in the context of time management.

Pivot table

Let us summarize the above in a compact form.

In order to achieve personal harmony, to become a person whose life is full of goals and accomplishments, as well as to achieve success in time management, we must understand what worldview we are guided by, what constituents it consists of. Otherwise, you can rush from one extreme to another, each time deviating from the desired path.

You will find even more information on the topic of the article in the article. Well, practical help, as always, awaits you at my copyright. Now is the time to enroll in the program!

In order not to miss new materials, subscribe to the blog newsletter, share information with friends, write comments.

And if you still have questions, I invite you for an individual consultation. Details.

Until next time. Yours Yuri Okunev.

Orientation in life, reflection, actions and behavior of a person are determined by the worldview. This is a rather complex philosophical concept that covers the psychological, cognitive, logical and social spheres of human existence. Different sciences define this phenomenon in their own way, philosophy seeks to combine all existing approaches, creating an integral concept.

Worldview concept

Human consciousness has a complex structure, the basic part of which is the worldview. The main types of worldview are formed as the personality develops and are an integral part of it along with character. It is a person's concentrated representations of the world, his experience, and cognitive reserve.

Worldview is a generalizing category that in philosophy denotes a person's acquisition of a theoretical basis in ideas about life. It includes the results of a person's understanding of global issues of being: about the meaning of life, about the concept of happiness, about what is good and evil, what is truth, etc. These are the most general principles of the existence of an individual person.

Signs of a worldview

At the same time, the worldview, despite its pronounced subjective nature, has historical and social aspects, therefore this phenomenon is a sign of the human species as a whole and has objective, generalized features. The main characteristic of a worldview is its integrity, it is a complex formation, a form of social and individual human consciousness. It is also characterized by generalization, since a person draws universal conclusions from experience, explaining the universe.

Structure

Since a worldview is a complex formation, several levels are distinguished in it, at least two of them: these are types of worldviews of a theoretical and practical order. The former are the result of an abstract comprehension of the most general principles of the existence of the world, which is usually formed in the course of education, philosophical and scientific knowledge, the latter are spontaneously formed ideas about the order of things in the world, they are conditioned by individual experience. The components of the structure of worldviews are knowledge, interests, aspirations, principles, ideals, stereotypes, norms, beliefs.

Worldview, its types and forms are the result of a person's understanding of the surrounding reality. The main structural elements are the perception of the world and the world outlook as the implementation of two basic ways of mastering reality.

World perception is the result of cognition with the help of the senses, perception and emotions. World outlook is the result of logical, rational understanding of the facts of the objective and subjective worlds.

Complex formation process

A person does not receive all kinds of worldviews from birth, they can only be formed during their lifetime. Socialization is directly related to the formation of a worldview. When a person begins to ask universal and philosophical questions, then a worldview begins to take shape. This is a complex process that takes place in several planes at the same time. A person accumulates experience and knowledge, interests and skills are formed in him, all this will become components of his worldview.

The main point in the formation of a worldview is the search for one's place in society, here self-esteem and personality orientation play an important role. Gradually, the system of assessing the world and oneself in it is consolidated and passes into the category of beliefs and ideas, which form the basis of the worldview.

The process of forming a worldview is long, and perhaps even endless. It begins in childhood, when basic life concepts are laid and stereotypes are formed. In youth, a system of principles appears that will be the basis for a person's actions, and in adulthood, the crystallization of the worldview, its awareness and correction occurs. This process can take a lifetime. Education plays an important role. Various ways and types of the formation of a worldview lead to the fact that it takes on numerous forms and options.

Traditional types of worldviews

A broad outlook on the world is a worldview, in the first stages it can develop spontaneously, based on life experience, but it is usually exposed to social factors of influence, first of all, the family has the most important influence.

Traditionally, it is customary to distinguish such types of worldviews as ordinary, philosophical, scientific, historical, religious, mythological. There are also attempts to identify types on various grounds, for example, optimistic and pessimistic worldview, rational and intuitive, systemic and chaotic, aesthetic. There can be countless such examples.

Mythological worldview

The primitive awareness and development of the world took different forms and types, the worldview of a person was formed on their basis. Syncretism and metaphorical form are characteristic of mythological ideas about the world. In an undivided form, they combine beliefs, knowledge, convictions. That is why science, religion, philosophy grew out of myths in their time.

Mythological perception of the world is based on direct experience, a person could not even penetrate deep into things at the time of formation, but he needed answers to questions of being, and he creates a system of explanations, which he closes in a mythopoetic form.

The mythological worldview is less characterized by knowledge, to a greater extent - ideas and beliefs. It reflects the insurmountable dependence of man on the forces of nature. Mythological concepts originate from primitive antiquity, but they do not disappear from the life of modern man - social mythology successfully uses the simplest explanatory mechanisms today. Each of us in his individual development goes through the stage of mythological cognition, and the elements of the mythological worldview are relevant in any historical epoch.

Religious worldview

The mythological worldview is being replaced by a religious picture of the world. They have a lot in common, but the religious worldview is a higher stage of human development. If the mythological was based only on sensory images and was expressed in the perception of the world, then the religious adds logical knowledge to sensory perception.

The main form of the existence of a religious worldview is faith, it is on it that the believer's picture of the world is based. She gives a person answers to the basic questions of life, relying not only on emotions, but also on logic. The religious worldview already contains an ideological component, establishes causal links between phenomena, people's actions and the world.

The main types of religious worldview - Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism - embody different worldviews and ideals. Religion, unlike myth, not only explains the world, but also dictates certain behavioral rules. The religious picture of the world contains moral ideals and norms, this worldview is already being built in the course of answering questions about the meaning of life and about the place and significance of an individual in the world.

The central place in the religious worldview is occupied by the person and the idea of ​​God, he is the source of all phenomena and the main explanatory argument. A person is offered the only form of realizing religiosity - this is faith, that is, despite the presence of logic in religious texts, a picture of the believer's world is nevertheless built on emotions and intuition.

Historical worldview

In the process of development, humanity undergoes significant changes in the outlook and worldview. In this regard, we can talk about the worldview of various historical eras, which are associated with the dominant view of the world. So, antiquity is the time of the dominance of aesthetic and philosophical ideals. They are the main reference point of a person in the perception of the world.

In the Middle Ages, the religious worldview dominates, it is faith that becomes the source of the worldview and answers to the main questions. In modern times, the scientific picture of the world becomes the basis for the formation of a worldview, natural sciences answer the main questions of being in line with their discoveries and hypotheses.

The 19th century is the time of the formation of a multipolar picture; in parallel, there are several philosophical and scientific concepts that become the main ideological principle for people. In the 20th century, the mosaicism of worldviews is only growing, and today you can see that they are formed on various grounds - from mythological to scientific.

Ordinary worldview

The simplest type of worldview is ordinary, which unites ideas about everyday life. This is a part of consciousness that directly follows from the experience of a person. It is formed on the basis of the sensory and emotional perception of the world.

The main source of ideas of the everyday worldview is participation in practical activities, labor and social activity. A person observes the surrounding reality: nature, other people, himself. He establishes patterns that become the starting points of the everyday worldview. It is often also called common sense. A characteristic feature of the ordinary worldview is tradition. Today, the media are primarily responsible for its formation, and stereotypes are the main form of existence. Often it is realized in the form of superstition, since it is based on ideas passed down from generation to generation, not always confirmed by science or practice.

Philosophical worldview

Reflections on the meaning of life, on the foundations of being and the purpose of man lead us to the emergence of a philosophical worldview. It is constantly developing and expanding, like any theoretical knowledge, it is enriched with new thoughts. A characteristic feature of the philosophical worldview, in contrast to the mythological and religious, is based on knowledge. Philosophy proceeds from objective knowledge about the world, but interprets it through a subjective method - reflection. Also, philosophical reflection tends to rely on the laws of logic, while operating with its own categories and concepts. The philosophical worldview is characterized by systematicity; instead of sensory experience, the leading method of cognition is reflection.

The philosophical worldview has gone through three evolutionary stages of formation:

• cosmocentrism, when they were looking for answers to questions about the origin of the universe;
• theocentrism, God is recognized as the primary cause of everything;
• anthropocentrism, when human problems come to the fore, this stage lasts from the time of the Renaissance to the present.

The main types of philosophical worldview: idealism and materialism. They appeared at the dawn of mankind. The idealistic worldview considers the ideal as the main principle of the world: spiritual, mental, mental phenomena. Materialism, on the contrary, calls matter the primary principle, that is, things, objects and bodies. Thus, philosophy not only comprehends questions about the place of man on Earth and his significance, but also reflects on the primary sources of the world.

Other types of worldview in philosophy are also distinguished: agnosticism, skepticism, and more private ones: positivism, irrationalism and rationalism, existentialism and others.

Scientific worldview

In the course of the development of human thought, new types of worldview appear. The scientific explanation of the world is presented in the form of general knowledge about its organization and structure. It seeks to answer the main questions of being in a reasonable and rational way.

Distinctive features of the scientific worldview: consistency and integrity, based on logic, and not on faith or feeling. It is based solely on knowledge, moreover, tested and confirmed, or on logical hypotheses. The scientific worldview answers questions about the laws of the existence of the objective world, but, unlike other species, does not reflect on the attitude towards them.

Since the worldview is always realized in the form of values ​​and life guidelines, science creates a cognitive reserve, which becomes the basis for behavior.

Worldview and its forms.

The study of philosophy contributes to the formation of a person's own worldview. Philosophy represents the theoretical core of the worldview, the system of its fundamental ideas. What is a worldview?

Scheme 3. Definitions of a worldview

The object of the worldview is the world as a whole, but the object, ᴛ.ᴇ. what it highlights in the object is exactly relationship the world and man. For this reason, the worldview is always subjective, personally colored.

Table 1

The main components of the structure of the worldview:

End of table 1

Scheme 4. Stages of the formation of a worldview

It is clear that the path from the perception of the world to the understanding of the world lies in the development of all cognitive (cognitive-emotional) abilities of a person, but still, before all thinking.

According to a German evolutionary biologist Ernst Haeckel(1834-1919) and American psychologist Stanley Hall(1846-1924), ontogenesis(individual human development) v compressed form practically repeats phylogenesis(the emergence and development of all living things, including man). Probably, it is in this connection that two basic stages of the development of the worldview can also be distinguished in phylogeny:

Scheme 5. World outlook development stages

As can be seen from this diagram, each of the stages of comprehension of the world is characterized by certain forms of worldview. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

table 2

Forms of worldview

Continuation of table 2

End of table 2

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, philosophy is the theoretical core of the worldview. And the peculiarity of the philosophical worldview consists in essence in the fact that it combines the scientific-theoretical and spiritual-practical ways of human life. After mythology and religion, philosophy in the history of mankind has become the third, most complex, integral form of worldview, characterized by rationality, consistency, consistency and theoretical design.

Worldview and its forms. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Worldview and its forms." 2017, 2018.