Composition: The world of vulgar people in Chernyshevsky's novel What to do. "Dirty people" in the novel N

WORLD OF "OUTGOING PEOPLE". Action of the novel "What is to be done?" begins with a description of the world of "vulgar people". This was required not only for the development of the plot, but also in connection with the need to create a background against which the peculiarities of the “new people” are more vividly manifested.

The heroine of the novel - Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya - grew up in a philistine environment. Her father, Pavel Konstantinovich, is a petty official who runs the house of a wealthy noblewoman Storeshnikova. The main role in the Rozalsky family belongs to Vera Pavlovna's mother - Marya Alekseevna, a rude, greedy and vulgar woman. She beats the servants, does not disdain dishonest income, seeks to marry her daughter as profitable as possible.

The tipsy Marya Alekseevna speaks to her daughter in a moment of frankness; “... Only the dishonest and the wicked and live well in the world ... Our books say: the old order is to rob and deceive, And this is true, Vera. So, when there is no new order, live in the old way: rob and deceive ... "The cruel inhumanity of this old order, crippling people - this is the main idea of ​​the stories about" vulgar people. " In the second dream of Vera Pavlovna, Marya Alekseevna will tell her: “You are a scientist - you learned with my thieves' money. You think about good, and no matter how evil I was, you would not know what is called good ”. Chernyshevsky expresses the cruel truth: "new people" do not grow in greenhouses; they grow up among the vulgarity that surrounds them and, at the cost of tremendous efforts, must overcome the entangling ties with the old world.And although Chernyshevsky claims that everyone can do this, in reality he does not mean everyone at all, but progressive youth with tremendous spiritual strength. Most of the people still remained at the level of Marya Alekseevna's views, and Chernyshevsky did not count on their quick re-education.

Explaining the regularity of the existence of dishonest and evil people in the social conditions of that time, Chernyshevsky does not at all justify them. He sees in Marya Alekseevna not only a victim of circumstances, but also a living bearer of evil, from which other people suffer, and the writer mercilessly exposes Marya Alekseevna's cunning, greed, cruelty, spiritual limitations,

Chernyshevsky talks about aristocrats who lead a parasitic way of life. Such are the Storeshnikov family, Serge and other representatives of high society, Anna Petrovna Streshnikova and her son have neither intelligence nor character, but they have money and therefore look down on other people. Mikhail Streshnikov - a complete insignificance in comparison with Vera Pavlovna - thinks that for money he can buy her love, and his mother faints at the mere thought that "the son of a good surname" can marry "God knows who."

Julie occupies a special place in this vulgar world. She is smart and kind, but she could not resist the struggle in life and, having gone through many humiliations, took a "prominent" position, became the kept woman of an aristocrat officer. She despises the surrounding society, but does not see the possibility of another life for herself Julie, the spiritual aspirations of Vera Pavlovna are incomprehensible but she is genuinely trying to help her. It is clear that under different conditions Julie would be a useful member of society.

Among the characters in the novel there are no those who stand guard over the old world, defending the existing order. But Chernyshevsky could not pass by these guardians and brought them out in the person of a "discerning reader" with whom he polemicizes in his author's digressions. In dialogues with the "discerning reader" the author pushes the views of the militant townsfolk who, as he says, the majority of writers, make up the "New People," to the "discerning reader," the author says, addressing the "discerning reader," you are for your own purposes, only your goals are different, so things are not the same between you and them: you come up with trashy, harmful for others, and they come up with honest, useful for others. "

It was these "shrewd gentlemen" who dealt with Chernyshevsky and his novel in due time.

Abandoned, Invented word!

What am I, a flower or a letter?

And the eyes are already looking sternly

Into the darkened dressing table.

The loss of a friend, a loved one - and this is expressed so succinctly that it is as if you are experiencing that lump rising to your throat that tormented the poetess at that moment. The images are light and seem to be muffled, but these are manifestations of the genuine torment of a grieving soul suppressed in themselves. At times it seemed to the poetess that she was going “nowhere and never”, that her voice would be bent and trampled. This did not happen - her poems live, her voice sounds,

"The Silver Age" .. Surprisingly capacious words that precisely defined the whole period of development of Russian poetry. The return of romanticism? - Obviously, to some extent, and so. On the whole, the birth of a new generation of poets, many of whom left the homeland that had rejected them, many died under the millstones of the civil war and Stalin's madness. But Tsvetaeva was right when she exclaimed;

To my poems, as to precious wines -

The turn will come!

And he came. Many now comprehend Tsvetaev's lines deeper and deeper, discovering great truths that have been vigilantly guarded from prying eyes for decades. I'm happy.

Goals : to acquaint students with the creative history of the novel "What is to be done?", to tell about the prototypes of the heroes of the novel; to give an idea of ​​the problems, genre and composition of the work; find out what is the attractive force of Chernyshevsky's book for contemporaries, how did the novel "What is to be done?" on Russian literature; name the heroes of the novel, convey the content of the most important episodes, dwell on the writer's portrayal of the "old world".

During the classes

I. Conversation n about the question m:

1. Briefly describe the main stages of the life and work of N. G. Chernyshevsky.

2. Can the life and work of the writer be called a heroic deed?

3. What is the significance of Chernyshevsky's dissertation for his time? What is relevant to it today?

II. The teacher's (or prepared student's) story.

CREATIVE HISTORY OF THE NOVEL "WHAT TO DO?"
ROMAN PROTOTYPES

The most famous novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" was written in the solitary cell of the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress in the shortest possible time: it began on December 14, 1862 and completed on April 4, 1863. The manuscript of the novel was double-censored. First of all, the members of the Investigative Commission got acquainted with the work of Chernyshevsky, and then the censor of "Sovremennik". It is not entirely true to say that the censorship has completely "overlooked" the novel. The censor O. A. Przhetslavsky directly pointed out that "this work ... turned out to be an apology for the way of thinking and acting of that category of the modern young generation, which is understood as" nihilists and materialists "and who call themselves" new people ". Another censor, VN Beketov, seeing the seal of the commission on the manuscript, "was filled with trepidation" and let it go without reading, for which he was dismissed.

The novel “What is to be done? From stories about new people "(this is the full title of Chernyshevsky's work) caused an ambiguous reaction from readers. The leading youth spoke with admiration of "What is to be done?" Furious opponents of Chernyshevskywere forced to admit "The extraordinary power" of the novel's impact on young people: "Young people in a crowd followed Lopukhov and Kirsanov, young girls became infected with the example of Vera Pavlovna ... The minority found their ideal ... in Rakhmetov." Enemies of Chernyshevsky, seeing the unprecedented success of the novel, demanded a cruel reprisal against the author.

DI Pisarev, VS Kurochkin and their magazines ("Russian Word", "Iskra"), and others came out in defense of the novel.

About prototypes. Literary critics believe that the storyline is based on the life story of the Chernyshevsky family doctor Peter Ivanovich Bokov. Bokov was the teacher of Maria Obrucheva, then, in order to free her from the oppression of her parents, he married her, but a few years later M. Obrucheva fell in love with another person - the scientist-physiologist I. M. Sechenov. Thus, Lopukhov's prototypes were Bokov, Vera Pavlovna - Obrucheva, Kirsanova - Sechenov.

The character of Rakhmetov shows the features of Bakhmetyev, a Saratov landowner, who donated part of his fortune to Herzen for the publication of a magazine and revolutionary work. (There is an episode in the novel when Rakhmetov, being abroad, transfers money to Feuerbach to publish his works). In the image of Rakhmetov, one can also see those character traits that were inherent in Chernyshevsky himself, as well as Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov.

The novel "What is to be done?" Chernyshevskydedicated to his wife Olga Sokratovna ... In her memoirs, she wrote: "Vera (Vera Pavlovna) - I, Lopukhov was taken from Bokov."

The character of Vera Pavlovna captures the character traits of Olga Sokratovna Chernyshevskaya and Maria Obrucheva.

III. Teacher's lecture (summary).

THE PROBLEM OF NOVEL

In "What is to be done?" the author proposed the theme, discovered by Turgenev in Fathers and Children, of a new public figure (mainly from commoners) who changed the type of “superfluous person”. The "nihilism" of E. Bazarov is opposed by the views of the "new people", his loneliness and tragic death - their solidarity and resilience. "New People" are the main characters of the novel.

Problems of the novel: the emergence of "new people"; people of the "old world" and their social and moral vices; love and emancipation, love and family, love and revolution(D.N. Murin).

On the composition of the novel. Chernyshevsky's novel is constructed in such a way that life, reality, appears in it in three time dimensions: in the past, present and future. The past is the old world, existing, but already obsolete; the present is the emerging positive beginnings of life, the activities of "new people", the existence of new human relations. The future is already an approaching dream ("The Fourth Dream of Vera Pavlovna"). The composition of the novel conveys movement from the past to the present and future. The author not only dreams of a revolution in Russia, he sincerely believes in its implementation.

About the genre. There is no unanimous opinion on this issue. Yu. M. Prozorov considers "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky -socio-ideological novel , Yu.V. Lebedev -philosophical-utopian a novel created according to the laws typical of this genre. The compilers of the biobibliographic dictionary "Russian Writers" consider "What is to be done?"artistic and journalistic novel.

(There is an opinion that the novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" Is family and household, detective, journalistic, intellectual, etc.)

IV. Conversation with students on the content of the novel.

Questions:

1. Name the leading characters, convey the content of the memorable episodes.

2. How does Chernyshevsky represent the old world?

3. Why did the calculating mother spend so much money on her daughter's education? Did her expectations come true?

4. What allows Vera Rozalskaya to free herself from the oppressive influence of her family and become a “new person”?

6. Show how the depiction of the "old world" combines Aesop's speech with an open expression of the author's attitude to the depicted one?

Chernyshevsky showed two social spheres of the old life: the nobility and the bourgeoisie.

Representatives of the nobility - the homeowner and the playthrough of Storeshnikov, his mother Anna Petrovna, friends and acquaintances of Storeshnikov with names in the French manner - Jean, Serge, Julie. These are people who are incapable of work - egoists, "admirers and slaves of their own well-being."

The bourgeois world is represented by the images of Vera Pavlovna's parents. Marya Alekseevna Rozalskaya is an energetic and enterprising woman. But she looks at her daughter and husband "from the point of view of the income that can be derived from them."(Yu.M. Prozorov) .

The writer condemns Marya Alekseevna for greed, selfishness, callousness and narrow-mindedness, but at the same time he sympathizes with her, believing that life's circumstances made her so. Chernyshevsky introduces the chapter "Praise to Marya Alekseevna" into the novel.

Homework.

1. Reading the novel to the end.

2. Students' messages about the main characters: Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, Rakhmetov.

3. Individuale messages(or report) onthemes:

1) What is “beautiful” in the life depicted by Chernyshevsky in The Fourth Dream?

2) Reflections on aphorisms ("The future is bright and beautiful").

3) Vera Pavlovna and her workshops.

July 22 2012

The answer to this question is given in the second dream of Vera Pavlovna. She dreams of a field divided into two sections: fresh, healthy ears grow on one, stunted seedlings on the other. “You are interested in knowing,” says Lopukhov, “why wheat is born from one mud so white, pure and tender, but from another mud it will not be born?” It turns out that the first mud is “real”, because on this piece of field there is the movement of water, and any movement is labor. In the second section, there is “fantastic” mud, because it is swampy and the water has stagnated in it. The sun creates the miracle of the birth of new ears: illuminating and warming the “real” dirt with its rays, it brings to life strong shoots. But the sun is not omnipotent - nothing will be born on the soil of “fantastic” mud even with it. “Until recently, they did not know how (* 149) to restore health to such glades, but now a remedy has been discovered; this is drainage: excess water runs down the ditches, there is as much water as needed, and it moves, and the clearing receives reality. " Then Serge appears. “Don't confess, Serge! - says Alexey Petrovich, - we know your story; worries about the unnecessary, thoughts about the unnecessary - this is the soil on which you grew up; this soil is fantastic. Therefore, look at yourself: you are by nature not stupid, and very good, perhaps no worse and no more stupid than us, but what are you good for, what are you good for? " Vera Pavlovna's dream resembles an expanded parable. Thinking in parables is a characteristic feature of spiritual literature. Let us recall, for example, the Gospel parable about the sower and the seeds, very beloved by Nekrasov. Its echoes are felt in Chernyshevsky too. Here "What to do?" focuses on culture, on the thoughts of democratic readers who are familiar with the spiritual from childhood. Let's decipher its meaning. It is clear that the "real" dirt refers to the bourgeois-philistine strata of society, leading a working way of life, close to the natural needs of human nature. That is why more and more people emerge from this estate - Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna. Dirt "fantastic" - a noble world where there is no work, where the normal needs of human nature are perverted. The sun is powerless in front of this mud, but “drainage” is omnipotent, that is, revolution - such a radical reorganization of society that will make the nobility to work.

In the meantime, the sun does its creative work only on the "real" dirt, causing from its midst a new growth of people capable of moving society forward. What does the sun represent in Vera Pavlovna's dream-parable? Of course, the "light" of reason, enlightenment - let's remember Pushkin's: "You, holy sun, burn!" The formation of all “new people” begins with an introduction to this source. With hints, Chernyshevsky makes it clear that these are the works of Louis (not the French king, as Marya Aleksevna consoles herself!) - Ludwig Feuerbach, the German materialist philosopher, these are the books of the great enlighteners of mankind - the French utopian socialists. A child of the sun - and a "bright beauty", "sister of her sisters, the bride of her grooms", an allegorical image of love-revolution. Chernyshevsky asserts that the sun of reasonable socialist ideas helps people from the bourgeois-philistine environment relatively easily and quickly understand the true needs of human nature, since the ground for this perception has been prepared by labor. On the contrary, those social strata whose moral nature is corrupted by parasitic existence are deaf to the sun of such reason.

Action of the novel "What is to be done?" begins with a description of the world of "vulgar people". This was required not only for the development of the plot, but also in connection with the need to create a background against which the peculiarities of the “new people” are more vividly manifested.

The heroine of the novel - Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya - grew up in a philistine environment. Her father, Pavel Konstantinovich, is a petty official who runs the house of a wealthy noblewoman Storeshnikova. The main role in the Rozalsky family belongs to Vera Pavlovna's mother - Marya Alekseevna, a rude, greedy and vulgar woman. She hits the servant

He does not disdain dishonest income, strives to marry his daughter as profitable as possible.

The tipsy Marya Alekseevna, in a moment of frankness, says to her daughter: “... Only the dishonest and the wicked and live well in the world ... Our books say: the old order is to rob and deceive, And this is true, Vera. So, when there is no new order, live in the old way: rob and deceive ... "The cruel inhumanity of this old order, which crippled people, - this is the main idea of ​​the stories about" vulgar people. " In the second dream of Vera Pavlovna, Marya Alekseevna will tell her: “You are a scientist - you learned with my thieves' money. You are about good

You think, no matter how evil I was, you would not know what is called good. Chernyshevsky expresses the cruel truth: “new people do not grow up in greenhouses; they grow up among the vulgarity that surrounds them and, at the cost of tremendous efforts, must overcome the entangling ties with the old world. And although Chernyshevsky claims that everyone can do this, in reality he does not mean everyone at all, but the progressive youth, possessing tremendous stifling power. Most of the people still remained at the level of Marya Alekseevna's views, and Chernyshevsky did not count on their quick re-education.

Explaining the regularity of the existence of dishonest and evil people in the social conditions of that time, Chernyshevsky does not at all justify them. He sees in Marya Alekseevna not only a victim of circumstances, but also a living bearer of evil "from which other people suffer. And the writer mercilessly exposes the cunning, greed, cruelty, spiritual limitations of Marya Alekseevna.

Julie occupies a special place in this vulgar world. She is smart and kind, but she could not resist the struggle of life and, having gone through many humiliations, took a "prominent" position, became the kept woman of an aristocrat officer. She despises the surrounding society, but does not see the possibility of another life for herself. Julie does not understand Vera Pavlovna's spiritual aspirations, but she sincerely tries to help her. It is clear that under different conditions Julie would be a useful member of society.

Among the characters in the novel there are no those who stand guard over the old world, defending the existing order. But Chernyshevsky could not pass by these guardians and brought them out in the person of a "discerning reader" with whom he polemicizes in his author's digressions. In dialogues with the "discerning reader" the author pushes the views of the militant philistines, who, as he says, the majority of writers, make up destructive criticism: "New people," the author says, referring to the "discerning reader," you are for your own purposes, only your goals are different, so things are not the same between you and them: you come up with trashy, harmful for others, and they come up with honest, useful for others. "

It was these "shrewd gentlemen" who dealt with c. his time with Chernyshevsky and his novels.

Lesson 95 WHAT TO DO? PROBLEMATIC, GENRE, COMPOSITION. "OLD WORLD" IN THE IMAGE OF CHERNYSHEVSKY

Lesson 95
The novel "What is to be done?" Problems,
genre, composition. "Old World"
in the image of Chernyshevsky

Goals : to acquaint students with the creative history of the novel "What is to be done?", to tell about the prototypes of the heroes of the novel; to give an idea of ​​the problems, genre and composition of the work; find out what is the attractive force of Chernyshevsky's book for contemporaries, how did the novel "What is to be done?" on Russian literature; name the heroes of the novel, convey the content of the most important episodes, dwell on the writer's portrayal of the "old world".

During the classes

I. Conversation on question m:

1. Briefly describe the main stages of the life and work of N. G. Chernyshevsky.

2. Can the life and work of the writer be called a heroic deed?

3. What is the significance of Chernyshevsky's dissertation for his time? What is relevant to it today?

II. The teacher's (or prepared student's) story.

Creative history of the novel "What is to be done?"
Novel prototypes

The most famous novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" was written in the solitary cell of the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress in the shortest possible time: it began on December 14, 1862 and completed on April 4, 1863. The manuscript of the novel was double-censored. First of all, the members of the Investigative Commission got acquainted with the work of Chernyshevsky, and then the censor of "Sovremennik". It is not entirely true to say that the censorship has completely "overlooked" the novel. The censor O. A. Przhetslavsky directly pointed out that "this work ... turned out to be an apology for the way of thinking and acting of that category of the modern young generation, which is understood as" nihilists and materialists "and who call themselves" new people ". Another censor, VN Beketov, seeing the seal of the commission on the manuscript, "was filled with trepidation" and let it go without reading, for which he was dismissed.

The novel “What is to be done? From stories about new people "(this is the full title of Chernyshevsky's work) caused an ambiguous reaction from readers. The leading youth spoke with admiration of "What is to be done?" Furious opponents of Chernyshevsky were forced to admit"The extraordinary power" of the novel's impact on young people: "Young people in a crowd followed Lopukhov and Kirsanov, young girls became infected with the example of Vera Pavlovna ... The minority found their ideal ... in Rakhmetov." Enemies of Chernyshevsky, seeing the unprecedented success of the novel, demanded a cruel reprisal against the author.

DI Pisarev, VS Kurochkin and their magazines ("Russian Word", "Iskra"), and others came out in defense of the novel.

About prototypes. Literary critics believe that the storyline is based on the life story of the Chernyshevsky family doctor Peter Ivanovich Bokov. Bokov was the teacher of Maria Obrucheva, then, in order to free her from the oppression of her parents, he married her, but a few years later M. Obrucheva fell in love with another person - the scientist-physiologist I. M. Sechenov. Thus, Lopukhov's prototypes were Bokov, Vera Pavlovna - Obrucheva, Kirsanova - Sechenov.

The character of Rakhmetov shows the features of Bakhmetyev, a Saratov landowner, who donated part of his fortune to Herzen for the publication of a magazine and revolutionary work. (There is an episode in the novel when Rakhmetov, being abroad, transfers money to Feuerbach to publish his works). In the image of Rakhmetov, one can also see those character traits that were inherent in Chernyshevsky himself, as well as Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov.

The novel "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky dedicated to his wife Olga Sokratovna... In her memoirs, she wrote: "Vera (Vera Pavlovna) - I, Lopukhov was taken from Bokov."

The character of Vera Pavlovna captures the character traits of Olga Sokratovna Chernyshevskaya and Maria Obrucheva.

III. Teacher's lecture(summary).

Problems of the novel

In "What is to be done?" the author proposed the theme, discovered by Turgenev in Fathers and Children, of a new public figure (mainly from commoners) who changed the type of “superfluous person”. The "nihilism" of E. Bazarov is opposed by the views of the "new people", his loneliness and tragic death - their solidarity and resilience. "New People" are the main characters of the novel.

Problems of the novel: the emergence of "new people"; people of the "old world" and their social and moral vices; love and emancipation, love and family, love and revolution (D.N. Murin).

On the composition of the novel. Chernyshevsky's novel is constructed in such a way that life, reality, appears in it in three time dimensions: in the past, present and future. The past is the old world, existing, but already obsolete; the present is the emerging positive beginnings of life, the activities of "new people", the existence of new human relations. The future is already an approaching dream ("The Fourth Dream of Vera Pavlovna"). The composition of the novel conveys movement from the past to the present and future. The author not only dreams of a revolution in Russia, he sincerely believes in its implementation.

About the genre. There is no unanimous opinion on this issue. Yu. M. Prozorov considers "What is to be done?" Chernyshevsky - socio-ideological novel, Yu.V. Lebedev - philosophical-utopian a novel created according to the laws typical of this genre. The compilers of the biobibliographic dictionary "Russian Writers" consider "What is to be done?" artistic and journalistic novel.

(There is an opinion that the novel by Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" Is family and household, detective, journalistic, intellectual, etc.)

IV. Conversation with students on the content of the novel.

Questions :

1. Name the leading characters, convey the content of the memorable episodes.

2. How does Chernyshevsky represent the old world?

3. Why did the calculating mother spend so much money on her daughter's education? Did her expectations come true?

4. What allows Vera Rozalskaya to free herself from the oppressive influence of her family and become a “new person”?

6. Show how the depiction of the "old world" combines Aesop's speech with an open expression of the author's attitude to the depicted one?

Chernyshevsky showed two social spheres of the old life: the nobility and the bourgeoisie.

Representatives of the nobility - the homeowner and the playthrough of Storeshnikov, his mother Anna Petrovna, friends and acquaintances of Storeshnikov with names in the French manner - Jean, Serge, Julie. These are people who are incapable of work - egoists, "admirers and slaves of their own well-being."

The bourgeois world is represented by the images of Vera Pavlovna's parents. Marya Alekseevna Rozalskaya is an energetic and enterprising woman. But she looks at her daughter and husband "from the point of view of the income that can be derived from them." (Yu.M. Prozorov).

The writer condemns Marya Alekseevna for greed, selfishness, callousness and narrow-mindedness, but at the same time he sympathizes with her, believing that life's circumstances made her so. Chernyshevsky introduces the chapter "Praise to Marya Alekseevna" into the novel.

Homework.

1. Reading the novel to the end.

2. Students' messages about the main characters: Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, Rakhmetov.

3. Individual messages (or lecture) on topics:

1) What is “beautiful” in the life depicted by Chernyshevsky in The Fourth Dream?

2) Reflections on aphorisms ("The future is bright and beautiful").

3) Vera Pavlovna and her workshops.