The general idea of ​​the poem is dead souls. The concept of the poem "Dead Souls" by Gogol

1. What is the general concept of Dead Souls?

Gogol, long and persistently reflecting on the purpose of his creation, came to the conclusion that his goal is to show the whole of Russia with its inherent contradictory features, the true Russian man in all its fullness, with versatility. national characters and features. The writer wanted to reveal to us all the hidden corners of the Russian soul, eating up the flaws and hidden dignities of the Russian person from the inside, surrounded by the everyday web of trifles, deeds and events. Gogol, thinking about his future work, begins to feel even missionary power in himself: he is burning with the desire to help his fatherland by awakening the “dead”, asleep soul of the Russian person with the best medicine - cleansing laughter. The poem was intended as a revealing, salvation for "dormant" Russia, Gogol believed that it was his duty, his opportunity to be as useful in his writing as any ordinary civil servant is useful to his fatherland. Nikolai Vasilievich intended to create a grandiose, all-encompassing work, consisting of three interrelated parts that follow from one another. They symbolized the unique path of Russia from “ lethargic sleep»To awareness, awakening, purification and rapid moral self-development.

Thus, we can say that the concept of the poem "Dead Souls" was the broadest in its scope of characters, characters, ideas, events and phenomena of complex Russian life.

2. What conflicting principles of plot and composition formed the basis of the poem?

The poem "Dead Souls" seems to be contradictory already in the genre of the work indicated by the author. Indeed, as we know from the definition, a poem is a genre of literature, characterized by a poetic form. It turns out that Gogol expands the existing genre framework and creates, as we now call it, a prose poem. Why did this happen? The answer lies in yet another contradiction: reflecting on his creation, the writer firmly held on to the idea of ​​creating an incredibly large-scale, universal work, wanted to liken it, equate it with an epic, drawing an analogy between such huge works like Dante's Divine Comedy and Homer's poem. And the implementation of all these thoughts in prose was possible only thanks to numerous lyrical digressions in the course of the narrative, reminding the reader of the grandeur of the plan, of its further development along an as yet unknown but great path.

And, finally, one of the main plot and compositional contradictions is the possibility of the very realization of all of Gogol's ideas. The writer literally dreamed of creating a work that would have the strongest impact on all readers. In it, he wanted to vividly and accurately show the degradation, stagnation, awakening and becoming on the true path of vicious Russian souls. However, he did not want to just introduce to the world artistic ideal that arose in his head. On the contrary, with all his strength and genius, he tried to draw a living person, as if standing next to us, tangible and really existing. The writer wanted to literally embody a person, breathe a living spirit into him. And this tragically contradicted the actual implementation: such a task was not only beyond the power of Gogol, but also beyond the control of the time allotted to the creator himself.

3. Is there a contradiction in the combination of "dead souls"? What meanings does this combination hide?

The contradiction in this phrase is obvious: after all, this is a literary oxymoron (such are, for example, "living corpse", "sad joy", etc.). But, turning to the poem itself, we find other meanings.

Firstly, "dead souls" are simply dead serfs, the "hunt" for which is main task Chichikov to achieve his personal well-being.

But here, and this is secondly, another meaning is revealed, more important for the ideological component of the work. "Dead souls" are "rotten", vicious souls of that landlord and bureaucratic circle in which Chichikov revolves. These souls have forgotten what it is real life full of pure, noble feelings and adherence to human duty. Outwardly, all these people seem to be alive, they talk, walk, eat, etc. But their inner content, their spiritual content is dead, it will either sink into oblivion forever, or it can be revived with tremendous effort and suffering.

Thirdly, there is another hidden meaning of the phrase. It represents a religious-philosophical idea. According to Christian doctrine, the human soul cannot be dead by definition, it is always alive, only the body can die.

It turns out that Gogol enhances the meaning of rebirth, renewal of the “dirty” soul, likening it to simple human flesh.

Thus, we can say that even such a short and succinct title of the poem helps the writer to convey and reveal a huge variety of ideas and themes displayed in the work.

4. How is the concept of Dead Souls related to Gogol's religious and moral pursuits?

The writer's religious and moral quest is directly related to the concept of Dead Souls. We can say that the entire work is built on religious, moral and philosophical ideas.

Nikolai Vasilyevich strove to show in the poem the degeneration of "sinners" into "righteous". He closely linked the moral re-education and self-education of the protagonist with Christian dogma. After all, living in a Christian way means living according to divine commandments, in the observance of which the best features of a person are displayed. To believe in one God, to be respectful, not to envy, not to steal or steal, to be respectful and, in general, essentially righteous - this is the religious and moral ideal that Gogol wanted to embody in his work. He believed that the transformation of a thoroughly vicious person is still possible with the help of laughing at oneself, cleansing suffering, and then accepting adherence to the truth. Moreover, the writer believed that such an example of the reincarnation of a Russian person, and soon the whole of Russia, could serve as a "beacon" for other nations and even for the whole world. It is possible that he dreamed of an unattainable ideal - a universal, universal rebirth from the abyss of sins and the establishment of righteousness.

Gogol closely linked his searches with the concept of the poem, literally weaving these thoughts into the entire “canvas” of the work.

5. Why do some of the characters in the poem have biographies while others do not?

The poem shows the characters of many landowners, describes their life, preferences, customs. But only two people have a background, a story about their past. This is Plyushkin and Chichikov.

The fact is that such personalities as Korobochka, Manilov, Sobakevich, Nozdryov and others are shown vividly, "in all their glory" and very believable, we can completely add up our impression of them and predict them to them further destiny... These characters are representatives of the "stagnation" of the human essence, they are what they are, with all their vices and imperfections, and they will no longer become different.

As for Chichikov and Plyushkin, here is one of the facets of the great idea of ​​the writer. These two heroes, according to the author, are still capable of development, renewal of their souls. Therefore, both Plyushkin and Chichikov have a biography. Gogol wanted to lead the reader along the entire line of their life, to show complete picture the formation of their character, and then transformation and new formation of characters in subsequent volumes. Indeed, in fact, it is impossible to understand the whole essence of a person until you become acquainted with his entire history, with all his life's vicissitudes, and Gogol was well aware of this.

Based on the foregoing, it is obvious that the writer did not build any detail of his narrative by chance, but according to certain principles that help to realize his idea in the most complete way.

Nikolai Vasilievich spent a long time thinking about what the meaning of the novel would be. As a result, I came to the conclusion that it is necessary to show the whole of Russia, the people with all the shortcomings, negative features, conflicting characters. Gogol wanted to hurt a person, to show him what is happening in the world, what is worth fearing. He wanted the readers, having familiarized themselves with his creation, to reflect on the problems posed in the work.

Nikolai Vasilievich revealed the hidden corners of the human soul, a manifestation of character in different situations, certain shortcomings that interfere with the message happy life... He wrote his creation not only for specific people living in certain time but for all generations. He was worried about the future, in which a repetition of what is depicted in the novel is possible. He showed by all means how “dead” the souls of people can be, and how difficult it is to awaken this soul, to reach out to it. Gogol tried to expose Russia, to reveal the negative qualities of the people, for which, apparently, many readers do not accept such treatment of characters.

But there is no reason to blame Gogol. He did what many did not succeed: the writer managed to find the strength to convey the truth to a person! The writer was able to reflect in his work what he planned.

Concept and composition of "Dead Souls"

Many contemporaries did not accept the great writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, and all because they did not understand the entire meaning of this or that work. Speaking about Gogol, it is impossible to ignore his magnificent novel Dead Souls, on which the writer worked for 17 years. It is worth considering that creative career Nikolai Vasilievich was 23 years old. Therefore, it is clear that Dead Souls occupied a special place in Gogol's life.

Loyal and reliable comrade A.S. Pushkin suggested a plot for this creation. It is noteworthy that the initial three chapters were created by Gogol in Russia, and the subsequent ones abroad. The work was hard, because Nikolai Vasilyevich thought through every detail, focused on any word. Even the names in the novel became speaking, because with this action the writer wanted to clearly expose the essence of wealthy people, show the nature of the homeland, identify shortcomings and reveal negative sides people. Perhaps in connection with such an act, "Dead Souls" often succumbed to negative criticism, attacks were made on Gogol, because the truth that was told by the writer did not want to be accepted by the people, they were not ready for it.

Nikolai Vasilievich, creating a novel, did not want to miss anything. He dreamed of embodying in him everything that so worries and excites the soul. Therefore, the creator tied up many events associated with different mindsets of people, one hero Chichikov. Gogol depicted the everyday life of the landowners. The character that travels to each active person reveals their shortcomings, which are inherent in any person. On the pages of the novel, readers may notice Manilov, who only does what he draws a heavenly life, imagines something unattainable, instead of ceasing to indulge himself with desires, but get down to business. It is noticeable that Manilov has a wrong understanding of life, for daydreaming envelops so much that it is rather difficult to get out of its whirlpool.

The reflection of complete lies and lies, hypocrisy is shown in the character of Nozdryov, who also visits Chichikov. One can also see the kulaks, an aggressive attitude towards people from Sobakevich. One way or another, each character has its own trait, which is revealed by Chichikov. Paying attention to the negative sides of the heroes, Gogol warns us that everyone should think about their lives, change their views, understand that with such similar feelings as the characters, one cannot walk on Earth calmly. And throughout the entire poem, Nikolai Vasilyevich puts an important compositional problem: the gap between the ruling class and the common people. No wonder the composition “ Dead souls"The image of the road appears. This writer makes a hint that Russia should only move forward deliberately, without turning or delaying. Gogol has a very tender love for his homeland, he does not want it to fall or disappear into oblivion. The writer worries about Russia, so he devoted many years to writing Dead Souls!

Option 3

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol discussed for a long time what the idea of ​​the work would be. The writer was in long thought. After a while, he decides that it is necessary to show the people of Russia as it really is. No exaggeration and lies. He wanted to convey to humanity that it is necessary to solve problems, people lie, plunder the country. The whole idea of ​​the poem is swindlers and their deeds. One of the swindlers is Chichikov, from the work we know that he bought the souls of dead workers. And the landowners gladly sold, because they also wanted to profit. The writer showed Russia, both with good and with bad side... Not every writer of that time dared to do this.

It is a pity that only the first volume of the poem has reached the reader. The second author personally destroyed it, he burned it down, but, thank God, the drafts reached the people, and Gogol never started writing the third volume.

Nikolai Vasilyevich turned the souls of the heroes inside out in front of the reader. He showed how the heroes behave in different situations and how their character manifests itself in this case. When this poem was created, the author hoped to convey it not only for the people who lived at that time. The writer wanted to do a work that she would read in a hundred years. He wanted that no matter what people repeated mistakes passed. Gogol showed how strong the "dead" souls of living people can be when it comes to money, and how difficult it is to get to kind soul, which is always present in a person, even the most evil. The poem is very difficult for the reader, perhaps because Gogol brings dishonest people out, and people are unpleasant to read that.

Gogol is the only one to write in Russia who was able to convey to people the truth of that time. He wrote the truth as it is, did not hide anything.

He very clearly expresses patriotic feelings for Russia. The writer compares the territory of the state with the boundless spiritual wealth of his beloved people. He hopes for a bright future for his nation. Years and millennia will pass, people will read the poem and will not repeat the mistakes of their ancestors, such is the hope of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. But is this so in our time? Another poem can be written about this. But the writer believes in his people that sooner or later they will change into better side, will grow wiser.

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The title of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" reflects main idea works. If you take the title of the poem literally, you can see that it contains the essence of Chichikov's scam: Chichikov bought the souls of dead peasants.

But in fact, the title contains more deep meaning, reflecting the author's intention of the first volume of "Dead Souls". There is an opinion that Gogol conceived to create "Dead Souls" by analogy with Dante's "Divine Comedy", which consists of three parts: "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise". They had to correspond to the three volumes conceived by N.V. Gogol. In the first volume N. V. Gogol wanted to show the terrible Russian reality, to recreate the "hell" modern life, in the second and third volumes - the spiritual upsurge of Russia.

In himself, N.V. Gogol saw a writer-preacher who, painting a picture of the revival of Russia, brings it out of the crisis. When publishing "Dead Souls" N. V. Gogol himself drew title page... He drew a stroller, which symbolizes the movement of Russia forward, and around - the skulls, which symbolize dead Souls living people. It was very important for Gogol that the book came out with this title page.

The world of "Dead Souls" is divided into two worlds: the real world, where the main actor- Chichikov, and the ideal world lyrical digressions, in which main character- N.V. Gogol himself.

Manilov, Sobakevich, Nozdrev, the prosecutor - these are typical representatives the real world... Throughout the entire poem, their character does not change: for example, "Nozdryov at thirty-five was the same as at eighteen and twenty." The author constantly emphasizes the callousness and heartlessness of his heroes. Sobakevich “did not have a soul at all, or he had one, but not at all where it should be, but, like immortal Koschei, somewhere behind the mountains and covered with such a thick shell that everything that was not tossing and turning at the bottom produced absolutely no shock on the surface. " All officials in the city have the same frozen souls without the slightest development... N. V. Gogol describes officials with malicious irony.

At first we see that life in the city is in full swing, but in reality it is just a pointless bustle. In the real world of the poem, a dead soul is common. For these people, the soul is only what distinguishes a living person from a dead one. After the death of the prosecutor, everyone guessed that he "had like a soul" only when "only one soulless body" remained of him.

The title of the poem is a symbol of the life of the county town N. and county town K, in turn, symbolizes the whole of Russia. N. V. Gogol wants to show that Russia is in crisis, that the souls of people have turned to stone and died.

In an ideal world, there is a living soul of the narrator, and therefore it is N.V. Gogol who can notice all the baseness of the life of the degraded city. In one of the lyrical digressions, the souls of the peasants come to life when Chichikov, reading the list of the dead, resurrects them in his imagination. NV Gogol contrasts these living souls of peasant heroes from the ideal world with real peasants, completely stupid and weak, like, for example, Uncle Mityai and Uncle Minyai.

In the real world of "Dead Souls" there are only two heroes who have a truly living soul, these are Chichikov and Plyushkin.

Plyushkin's image differs from the images of other residents of the city. In the poem, Gogol singles out the chapter with Plyushkin, it is located exactly in the middle. The chapter begins and ends with lyrical digressions, which has never happened when describing other landowners. This shows that the chapter is really important. We can say that this chapter is completely out of the general plan. When Chichikov came to other officials to buy dead souls, everything was the same: Chichikov looked at the house, then bought peasants, dined and left. But the chapter with Plyushkin, as it were, interrupts this monotonous chain. Only one resident of the city, Plyushkin, shows the story of his life, that is, before us is not just a person with a frozen soul, but we see how he reached such a state. Plyushkin's story is the tragedy of his life. Gradually, from each blow of fate, his soul hardened. But did his soul die to the end? At the mention of the name of his comrade, on Plyushkin's face "a warm ray slipped, not a feeling was expressed, but some pale reflection of feeling." This means that something alive remained in Plyushkin, that his soul did not freeze, did not ossify at all. Plyushkin's eyes were also alive. The sixth chapter contains detailed description Plyushkin's garden, overgrown, neglected, but still alive. The garden is a kind of metaphor for Plyushkin's soul. Only Plyushkin has two churches on his estate. Of all the landowners, only Plyushkin utters an accusatory monologue after Chichikov's departure. All this allows us to conclude that Plyushkin's soul has not completely turned to stone.

The second hero of the real world who has living soul, is Chichikov. His name is Paul, and this is the name of the apostle who experienced a spiritual upheaval. So Chichikov in the second volume was supposed to become an apostle, revive the souls of people, instruct them on the true path. And already in the first volume there is a hint of this. Gogol trusts Chichikov to tell about the former heroes and by this, as it were, to resurrect the peasants.

The ideal world of "Dead Souls", which appears before readers in lyrical digressions, is the complete opposite the real world. In an ideal world, there are no and cannot be dead souls, since there are no manilovs, sobachevichs, prosecutors. For the world of lyrical digressions, the soul is immortal, since it is the embodiment of the divine principle of man.

Thus, in the first volume of Dead Souls, N. V. Gogol depicts all the negative aspects of Russian reality. The writer reveals to people that their souls have become dead, and, pointing out the vices of people, thereby brings their souls back to life.

The title of Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is ambiguous. Undoubtedly the influence on the poem " Divine Comedy"Dante. The name "Dead Souls" ideologically echoes the title of the first part of Dante's poem - "Inferno".

WITH " dead souls"The plot of the work itself is connected: Chichikov buys up the" souls "of the dead peasants, so that, having issued a bill of sale, he can put the purchased peasants as living ones into the board of trustees and receive a tidy sum for them.

The concept of "dead soul" is associated with the social orientation of the work. Chichikov's idea is common and fantastic at the same time. It is common because the purchase of peasants was an everyday matter, but fantastic, since those who, according to Chichikov, “are left with one sound that is not tangible by the senses,” are being bought and sold. No one is outraged by this deal, the most distrustful are only slightly surprised. “It has never happened before to sell ... the dead. If I were alive, I would have conceded two girls to the Archpriest in her third year, one hundred rubles each, ”says Korobochka. In reality, a person becomes a commodity, where paper replaces people.

The content of the concept of “dead soul” is also gradually changing. Abakum Dyrov, Stepan Probka, the coachman Mikhei and other deceased peasants bought by Chichikov are not perceived as “dead souls”: they are shown as bright, original and talented people. This cannot be attributed to their masters, who turn out to be "dead souls" in the true sense of the word.

But "dead souls" are not only landlords and officials: they are "unrequitedly dead inhabitants", terrible "with the motionless cold of their souls and the barren desert of their hearts." Any person can turn into Manilov and Sobakevich if "an insignificant passion for something small" grows in him, forcing him to "forget great and holy duties and see the great and holy in insignificant trinkets." “Nozdryov will not leave the world for a long time. He is everywhere between us and, perhaps, only wears a different caftan. " It is no coincidence that the portrait of each landowner is accompanied by a psychological commentary that reveals its general human meaning. In the eleventh chapter, Gogol invites the reader not only to laugh at Chichikov and other characters, but "to deepen this difficult request within his own soul:" Isn't there some part of Chichikov in me too? " Thus, the title of the poem turns out to be very capacious and multifaceted.

For the "ideal" world, the soul is immortal, for it is the embodiment of the divine principle in man.

In May 1842, a new work by Gogol appeared in the bookstores of both capitals. Let's try to figure out what the idea behind the poem "Dead Souls" is. The cover of the book was extremely intricate, looking at it, the readers did not know that it was made according to the sketch of the author himself. The drawing on the cover was obviously important for Gogol, as it was repeated in the second lifetime edition poems in 1846.

Let's get acquainted with the history of the concept of "Dead Souls" and its implementation, let's see how it changed, how the idea of ​​creating a monumental epic canvas that would cover all the diversity gradually crystallized Russian life... The embodiment of such a grandiose plan also involved the use of appropriate artistic means, and an adequate genre, and a special, symbolic name.

Based on an already established cultural tradition, Gogol puts the hero's journey at the basis of the plot, but we have a special journey: this is not only and not so much the movement of a person in time and space, it is the journey of the human soul.

Let's try to clarify our thought. Instead of a dashingly twisted intrigue and stories about "Chichikov's adventures," the reader was greeted by one of the Russian provincial cities. The hero's journey was reduced to a detour of five landowners who lived nearby, and the author spoke about the main character and his true intentions a little before he parted with him. As the story progresses, the author seems to forget about the plot and talks about events that seem to be not even connected with intrigue. But this is not negligence, but a conscious attitude of the writer.

The fact is that, creating the concept of the poem "Dead Souls", Gogol followed another cultural tradition... He intended to write a work, which consists of three parts, modeled on Dante's Divine Comedy. In the poem of the great Italian, the journey of a person, or rather, of his soul, is presented as an ascent from vice to perfection, to awareness true purpose man and world harmony. Thus, Dante's "Hell" turned out to be correlated with the first volume of the poem: as well as lyric hero of the poem, making a pilgrimage to the depths of the earth, Gogol's Chichikov gradually plunges into the abyss of vice, the characters "one more vulgar than the other" appear before the reader. And in the finale, the anthem of Russia, the "bird-troika", suddenly sounds. Where? Why? "This is still a mystery," Gogol wrote at the end of work on the first volume, "which should have suddenly, to the amazement of everyone ..."

In many ways, the implementation of the plan remained a mystery, inaccessible to the reader, but the surviving chapters of the second volume, the statements of contemporaries allow us to say that the next two volumes should be correlated with "Purgatory" and "Paradise".

So, before us is the journey of the soul, but which soul? Dead? But the soul is immortal. This was pointed out to the author in the Moscow censorship committee, when the censor Golokhvastov literally shouted when he saw only the title of the manuscript: “No, I will never allow this: the soul is immortal ...” - and did not give permission to print. On the advice of friends, Gogol travels to St. Petersburg to show the manuscript to the local censorship and print the book there. However, history repeats itself somewhat. Although the censor Nikitenko gave permission to print it, he demanded to amend the text: change the title and remove the "Tale of Captain Kopeikin". With reluctance of heart, Gogol made concessions, remaking "The Story ..." and slightly changing the name. Now it sounded differently: "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls." But on the cover of the first edition, it was the old name that immediately caught the eye. At the insistence of the author, it was highlighted in especially large print, not only because it was connected with the plot: "dead souls" turned out to be a commodity, around the purchase and sale of which Chichikov's scam spun. However, in official documents, the deceased peasants, who were listed alive according to the revision tales, were called “waned”. This was pointed out to the writer by his contemporary MP Pogodin: “... there are no“ dead souls ”in the Russian language. It is hard to believe that Gogol did not know this, but nevertheless he put the word “dead” in the mouths of the heroes of the poem in relation to the souls acquired by the Chichikovs. (Note in parentheses that, making a deal with Plyushkin, Chichikov buys not only the dead, but also fugitive, that is, "depressed" peasants, referring them to the category of "dead".)

Thus, using the word "dead", Gogol wanted to give a special meaning to the entire work. This word helps to reveal the general idea of ​​"Dead Soul".

The idea of ​​"Dead Souls" did not immediately appear before Gogol in its entirety, but underwent various changes.

In 1836, while in Switzerland, he rebuilds the general plan of the work: “I redid everything I started again, thought over the whole plan and now I am keeping it calmly like a chronicle,” Gogol said in a letter to VA Zhukovsky.

Gogol conceived a poem from three volumes, drawing on the epic poems of Homer and Dante Alighieri's "The Divine Comedy".

Dante's poem contains three parts: "Hell" (inhabited by sinners), "Purgatory" (those who could cleanse their souls from sins), "Paradise" (inhabited by pure, immaculate souls). Gogol wanted to show in the first volume of his poem the vices of the Russian people, then the heroes had to, as it were, rise from Hell to Purgatory, purify their souls by suffering and repentance. Then, in Paradise, best qualities the heroes were supposed to come to life and show the world all the best that is in the soul of a Russian person.

Two heroes - Chichikov and Plyushkin - were supposed to walk in all circles and at the end of the poem reveal the ideal of a person. Dead Souls should have been a poem about the restoration of the human spirit.

Gogol wrote: “If I make this creation the way I need to make it, then… what a huge, what an original plot! What a diverse bunch! All Russia will appear in it! "

Unlike Nozdrev, Sobakevich cannot be counted as people in the clouds. This hero stands firmly on the ground, does not indulge himself with illusions, soberly evaluates people and life, knows how to act and achieve what he wants. With the character of his life, Gogol is in everything ...

Work plan: 1. Introduction 2. Main part 2.1. Plyushkin's estate 2.2. Feelings and emotions of Plyushkin, their manifestation 2.3. Plyushkin's path to complete degradation 2.4. The influence of loved ones on the fate of the protagonist 2.5 ...

In his "Author's Confession" Gogol points out that Pushkin prompted him to write Dead Souls. (This material will help to write competently and on the topic Review of the poem Dead Souls. Summary does not make it clear the whole meaning of the work, therefore ...

Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, "was the first to boldly and directly look at Russian reality." The writer's satire was directed against “ general order things ”, and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. Predatory money-grubber Chichikov, landowners ...

Dead Souls is a novel called a poem. A permanent resident of all anthologies on Russian literature. A work of classics, which today is as topical and relevant as a century and a half ago. "Try to remember the plot in detail ...