Bosch, Bos (Bosch) Hieronimus [Actually Geeronimus Van Aken, Hieronymus Van Aeken] (about 1450 / 60-1516), Great Netherlands Painter. He worked mainly in Hertogenbosa in Northern Flanders. One of the most brightest wizards Northern Renaissance

Jerome Bosch in their multifigure compositions, pictures on themes folk sayings, Proverbs and Proverbs combined sophisticated medieval fiction, generated by the infinite imagination of grotesque demonic images with unusual for art of his era of realistic innovations.
Bosha style is unique and has no analogies in the Netherlands picturesque tradition.
Creativity Jerome Bosch at the same time - innovative and traditional, naive and sophisticated; It fascinates people with a feeling of some kind of mystery, a famous one artist. "Eminent Master" - so called Bosch in Hertohenbos, to which the artist remained faithfully until the end of his days, although the lifetime glory spread far beyond the limits native city.

It is believed that this early work Bosha: between 1475 and 1480. The picture "Seven mortal sins" was in Brussels in the De Gevara collection about 1520 and was acquired by Philip II Spanish in 1670. The painting "Seven mortal sins" hung in the personal rest of the king of Spain Philip II, apparently helping that fiercely haunt the heretics.

The composition of symmetrically arranged circles and two deploying scrolls, where quotes from Deuteronomy with deep pessimism prophesy about the fate of humanity. In the circles - the first image of the Bosch hell and existing in the only number Interpretation of heavenly paradise. Seven mortal sins are depicted in the segments of all-grandina's eye in the center of the composition, they are given in an emphasicated moral vein.

This work is one of the most clear and moral works of Bosch and are provided with detailed, explaining the meaning of the quotes depicted from Deuteronomy. Intected on fluttering scrolls words: "For they are a people who have lost their mind, and there is no point in them." and "Suffer face mine from them and see what the end of them will be", - Determine the topic of this pictorial prophecy.

"The ship of fools", without any doubt, is satire
In the picture "Ship of Fools", a monk and two nuns, happily fun with peasants in a boat having a jester as a steering. Perhaps this is a parody of the ship of the Church, leading the soul to the eternal salvation, and maybe the accusation of lust and imposta in the address of the clergy.

Passengers of a fantastic ship swimming in the "Country Studenia" personify human vice. Grotesque ugliness of heroes is embodied by the author in shining paints. Bosch and Reaen, and symbolized. The world created by the artist himself is beautiful, but it is reigning nonsense and evil.

Most of the plots of Bosch's paintings are associated with episodes from the life of Christ or Saints, opposing the vocabulary, or drawn in allegories and proverbs about human greed and nonsense.

Saint Anthony 1500s. Prado Museum, Madrid.

"The lives of St. Anthony", written by Afanasiya Great, tells that in 271 AD. Another Anthony retired to the desert to live ascetic. He lived for 105 years (approx. 251 - 356).

Bosch depicted the "earthly" temptation of St. Anthony, when the devil, distracting him from meditation, tempted by earthly benefits.
His round spin, the posture, closed with woven "in the castle" fingers, talk about the extreme degree of immersion in meditation.
Even the devil in the image of the pig quietly froze next to Anthony, like a tamed dog. So sees or does not see the saint on the picture of Bosch Monsters, who surround it?
They are visible only to us, sinners, for "What we contemplate is what we have

Bosha image internal conflict A person, reflecting on the nature of evil, about the best and worst, about the desired and forbidden, resulted in a very accurate picture of the vice. Anthony, the power of his own, which he receives in the grace of God, opposes the squall of vicious visions, can the usual mortal be able to resist this?

In the picture " Prodigal son»Jerome Bosch interpreted his ideas about life
The hero of the picture is skinny, in a broken dress and different shoes, withered and as if spoken on the plane - is represented in a strange stopping and still continuing movement.
It is almost written off from nature - in any case, European art did not know before Bosch such a poverty image - but in dry sources of its forms there is something from the insect.
This is the life that a person leads, with whom, even leaving her, he is connected. Only nature remains clean, infinite. The dull color of the picture expresses the thought of Bosch - gray, almost the gross tones are combined and people and nature. This unity is natural and natural
.
Bosch in the picture depicts Jesus Christ among the broken crowd, tightly filling the space around him with evil, triumphant physiognomies.
For Bosch, the image of Christ is the personification of infinite mercy, spiritual purity, patience and simplicity. He is opposed to powerful forces of evil. They subjected to his terrible flour, physical and spiritual. Christ demonstrates a person an example of overcoming all difficulties.
According to its artistic qualities, the "cross of the cross" contradicts all picturesque canons. Bosch depicted a scene, the space of which lost all means with reality. Heads and tools protrude from the gloom and disappear in the darkness.
Ugliness, both external and inner, he translates into some kind aesthetic category, Which six centuries later continues to disturb the minds and feelings.

On the painting of Jerome Bosch "Crown with a terns" Jesus, surrounded by four tormentors, appears to the viewer with a view of solemn humility. Two warrior in front of the execution crown his head with a thorns crown.
The number "Four" - the number of Christ's depicted painters - among the symbolic numbers is allocated by the special wealth of associations, it is associated with a cross and a square. Four parts of the world; four Seasons; Four rivers in paradise; Four evangelist; Four Great Prophet - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel; Four temperaments: Sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.
Four evil faces of Christistors of Christ are carriers of four temperaments, that is, all the varieties of people. Two faces are considered to be an embodiment of phlegmatic and melancholic temperament, bottom - sanguine and choleric.

The impassive Christ is placed in the center of the composition, but the chief here is not it, but a triumpling evil, who accepted the images of tormentors. Evil is represented by Bosch a natural link in a certain procedure provided.

Jerome Bosch Altar "The Temptation of St. Anthony", 1505-1506
Triptych summarizes the main motifs of Bosch's creativity. To the image of the genus of the human, mired in sins and nonsense, and the endless diversity of hellish flour, awaiting him, joined the passion of Christ and the scenes of the temptation of the saint, to which the non-heeked hardness of faith allows you to confront the onslaught of enemies - peace, flesh, devil.
The picture "Flight and Fall of St. Anthony" is the left wing of the altar "Temptation of St. Anthony" and tells about the struggle of the saint with the devil. The artist has repeatedly returned to this topic in his work. Holy Anthony is an instructive example of how to oppose earthly temptations, be all the time, not to take everything that it seems, and know that the seduction can lead to God's curse.

Taking Jesus in custody and cross 1505-1506 years. National Museum, Lisbon.

External Festings of Triptych "The Temptation of St. Anthony"
Left exterior sash "Taking Jesus in custody in the Gethsemane Garden." Right exterior sash "Cross carrying".

The central part of the "Temptation of St. Anthony." The space of the picture literally tends to fantastic implausible characters.
In that epoch, when the existence of Hell and Satan was an immutable reality, when the coming of the antichrist seemed completely inevitable, the besting persistence of the saint, looking at us from his chapel, filled with evil forces, was to encourage people and instill hope in them.

Right Folder Triptych "Garden earthly pleasures"He got its name" Musical Hell "due to images used as instruments of torture

The sacrifice becomes a bill, prey - a hunter, and this is how it is impossible to hand over the chaos that reigns in hell, where normal relationships who have once existed in the world, and the most common and innocuous items of everyday life, growing up to monstrous sizes turn into torture tool.

Jerome Bosch Altar "Garden of Earth Delight", 1504-1505

The Left Folder of Triptych "Garden of Earth Delights" depicts the last three days of the creation of the world and is called "Creation" or "Earth Paradise".

Fantastic landscape The artist inhabits many real, as well as unreal species of flora and fauna
On the foreground This landscape, which captured the doping world, is not depicted by the scene of the temptation or the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, and their connection to God.
He holds Eve by hand as it is accepted in the marriage ceremony. Here Bosch depicts the mystical wedding of Christ, Adam with Eve

In the center of the composition rises the source of life - high. Thin, pink constructure, decorated with intricate carvings. Sparkling in Tine gemsJust as fantastic animals are probably inspired by medieval ideas about India, who captivated by their wonders, the imagination of Europeans since Alexander Macedonsky. There was a popular and fairly common belief that it was in India that he was lost by Eden.

The altar "Garden of earthly pleasures" is the most famous Triptych Jerome Bosch, which ranked its name on the subject of the central part, is dedicated to the sin of sweetusty - Luxuria.
It should not be assumed that the crowd of nude lovers was supposed to be an apotheosis of sinless sexuality. For medieval morality, sexual intercourse, which in the 20th century has finally learned to perceive as a natural part of human existence, was more often evidence that a person has lost his angelic nature and low fell. IN best case They looked at the copulation as an inevitable evil, at worst - as for a mortal sin. Most likely, for Bosch, the garden of terrestrial pleasures is a world harmonious.

World creation 1505-1506. Prado Museum, Madrid.

External flaps "Creation of the World" Altar "Garden of Earth Delights". Bosch depicts the third day of creation here: the creation of land, flat and round, washed by the sea and placed in a giant sphere. In addition, the vegetation has just appeared.
This rare, if not to say a unique, the plot demonstrates the depth and strength of the imagination of Bosch.

Jerome Bosch Altar "WHO SENA", 1500-1502

Paradise, Triptych WHO SENA

The left shutter of Triptych Jerome Bosch "WHO SENA" is devoted to the theme of the Proathera, Adam and Eve. The traditional, the cult character of this composition is no doubt: it includes four episodes from the Biblical Book of Genesis - overthrowing from the skies of the rebeling angels, the creation of Eva, the sin, expulsion from Paradise. All scenes are distributed in the space of a single landscape depicting paradise.

WHO SENA 1500-1502, Prado Museum, Madrid.

The world is a haystack: Everyone grabs how much can. The human race appears to be marked in sin, fully chosen divine establishments and indifferent to the fate of the Most High prepared by him.

Triptych Jerome Bosch "WHO SENA" is considered the first of the large satirco-right-point allegories of the mature period of artist's creativity.
Against the background of the endless landscape, a cavalcade is moving behind the huge chain, and among them - the emperor and dad (with recognizable features of Alexander VI). Representatives of other classes - peasants, townspeople, clerics and nuns - grab the hay's ohana with a war or fight for him. Behind the feverish human fuss on top is indifferent and dismissed Christ is observed, surrounded by gold shine.
No one, besides the angel who praying at the top, does not notice the divine presence, nor the fact that the cart will attract the demons.

The right shutter of Triptych Jerome Bosch "WHO SENA". The image of hell is found in the work of Bosch much more often than Paradise. The artist fills the space by the apocalyptic fires and the ruins of architectural buildings that make you remember the Babylon - the Christian quintessence of the Besysky city, traditionally opposed "History of Heavenly Jerusalem". In his version of Hell, Bosch relied on literary sources, Coloring the motifs of your own fantasy playing from there.

The external shutters of the Altar "WHO SENA" have its name " Life Path"And on the skill of execution is inferior to the image on the inner flaps and were finished, probably, apprentices and pupils of Bosch
The path of Bosshovsky Pilgrim runs through hostile and cunning world, and all the dangers that he tait are presented in the details of the landscape. Some threaten the lives, embodied in the images of robbers or an evil dog (however, it can also symbolize the slanders, whose maliciousness was often compared with the dog lan). Beaching peasants - an image of a different, moral danger; Like lovers at the top of the war with Sen, they were abused "Music of the flesh" and submitted to her.

Jerome Bosch "Vision morbon world", Part of the altar" Scary court", 1500-1504

Earth Paradise, the composition of the victim of the afterwards

IN mature period Bosch creativity goes from the image visible world To the imaginary, generated by his irrepressible fantasy. Vision is as if in a dream, because the images of Bosch are devoid of physicity, the charming beauty and unrealistic, as in the nightmare, horror, are bizarrely, as in the nightmare, horror: the infrequent figures-phantoms are deprived of earthly attraction and easily take off. The main characters of the Bosch paintings are not so many people as the funny demons, terrible and at the same time funny monsters.

This world is not strong sense, the kingdom of Antichrist. The artist translated prophecies spreading into Western Europe By the beginning of the XVI century - time when it was predicted End of the world,

Ascension to Empiree 1500-1504, Doge Palace, Venice.

The earthly paradise is right under paradise heaven. This is a certain intermediate stage where the righteous are cleaned of the last spots of sin, before they appear before the Most High.

The angels depicted accompanied by an angels to the source of life. Those who have already saved, rush to heaven. In the "Ascension in empires", the Earthly Souls rid of all terrestrial souls rush to bright light that shining them over their heads. This is the last thing that separates the souls of the righteous from the eternal merger with God, from the "absolute depth of the discovered divinity."

Loose sinners 1500-1504, Doge Palace, Venice.

"Loose sinners" sinners, fond of demons, fly in darkness down. The contours of their shapes barely highlight the flame flames.

Many other visions of hell created by Bosch, also seem chaotic, but only at first glance, and with attentive consideration, logic, clear structure and meaningfulness always detects in them.

Hell river arrangement of the victim of the illuminated world 1500-1504, Doge Palace, Venice.

In the painting "Hell River" from the top of a steep rock in the sky beats a post of fire, and below, the sinners shroud in the water in the water. In the foreground - a sinner, if not yet repent, then, at least, thinking. He sits on the shore, without noticing a demon with wings, which pulls his hand. The terrible court is the main theme passing through all the creativity of Bosch. He depicts a terrible court as a world catastrophe, night, illuminated by the floating flames, against the background of which the monstrous monsters torture sinners.

At the time of Bosch, clairvoyant and astrologers argued that, before the second coming of Christ and a terrible court occur, the world would rule the world. Many then believed that this time had had come. The Apocalypse became extremely popular - the revelation of the Apostle John the Bogoslov, written during the period of religious persecution in Ancient Rome, the vision of horrific disasters, which God will subjected the world for the sins of people. Everything will die in the cleansing flame.

The painting "Extraction of stupidity stones", which illustrates the treatment procedure from the brain of the madness, is devoted to human naivety and depicts a typical charlatanism of the healers of that time. There are several characters, like a funnel of wisdom, in a mockery put on the head of a surgeon, a jug on his belt, the patient's bags pierced by the dagger.

Marriage in Cana

IN traditional plot The first miracle created by Christ - the transformation of water in wine - Bosch introduces new elements of the mystery. The psalmaker who stands, having armed hands, in front of the bride and groom, a musician on an improvised gallery, a ceremony maker, showing the exhibited by the front work of a fine work, a servant that falls into fainting - all these figures are fully unexpected and unusual for the picture

Magician 1475 - 1480s. Museum Bummans Van Bainingen.

Board Jerome Bosch "Focuscript" - performed by humor picture, where funny facial characters themselves and, of course, the behavior of the main acting persons: Cooked Charlatan, a simpler who believed that he spun a frog, and a thief, with an insane view of his burden.

The picture "Death and Powiets" is written on the plot, possibly inspired by the "Ars Moriendi" as well known in the Netherlands ("art to die"), which describes the struggle of the devils and angels per soul dying.

Bosch captures culmination moment. Death crosses the threshold of the room, Angel calls to the image of a crucified Savior, and the devil tries to master the soul of the dying soul.

The painting "Allegory of Czechoda and an uncertainty" or otherwise "Allegory of Region and Lust", apparently, these sins of Bosch considered one of the most disgusting and inherent monks.

Picture "Crucifixion of Christ". For Bosch, the image of Christ is the personification of mercy, the purity of spiritual, patience and simplicity. He is opposed to powerful forces of evil. They subjected to his terrible flour, physical and spiritual. Christ demonstrates a person an example of overcoming all difficulties. He is followed both saints and some ordinary people.

Picture of the Prayer of St. Jerome. Saint Jerome was the holy patron of Jerome Bosch. Maybe therefore the hermit is depicted quite restrained

Holy Jerome or Blessed Jerome Stridonsky is one of the four Latin fathers of the church. Jerome was a man of mighty intelligence and fiery temperament. He traveled a lot and at his youth made pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Later he retired for four years in the Khalkid desert, where he lived with herd-asket.

In the picture "Saint John on Patmos", Bosch shows John theologian, which on the island of Patmos writes his famous prophecy.

About 67 years old was written by the book of Revelation (Apocalypse) of the Holy Apostle John the Bogoslov. In her, according to Christians, the secrets of the fate of the Church and the end of the world are revealed.

In this work, Jerome Bosch illustrates the words of the Holy: "This is the Lamb of God, who takes upon himself the sin of the world."

John the Baptist or John of the Forerunner - according to the Gospels, the nearest predecessor of Jesus Christ, who predicted the coming of the Messiah. He lived in the desert ascetic, then preached the baptism of repentance for the Jews. The baptized in the waters of Jordan Jesus Christ, then he was beheaded because of the goames of the Judaian princess of the Iodiada and her daughter Salome.

Holy Christopher 1505. Museum Boimans Van Bainingen, Rotterdam.

Holy Christopher is depicted as a giant carrying a blessing baby through the river - an episode directly arising from his live

Holy Christopher - Holy Martyr, revered by Catholic and orthodox churcheswho lived in the III century.

One legend says that Christopher was a Roman huge heightInitially wearing the name reprection.

Once he asked to move across the river a little boy. In the midst of the river, he became so heavy that Christopher was frightened, no matter how both of them were drowned. The boy told him that he was Christ and brings with him the whole of the world. Then Jesus baptized Reprets in the river, and he received his new name - Christopher, "Carrying Christ." Then the baby told Christopher that he could stick in the ground a branch. This branch miraculously grew into a fruitful tree. This miracle refer to the faith of many. Angry by this, the local ruler, sharpened Christopher in prison, where after a long torment, he gained a martyrdom

In the Bosch composition, significantly strengthens the role of the surrounding Christ negative characters, putting forward the image of the robbers. The artist addressed the motive of salvation of the full evil of the world through the self-sacrifice of Christ. If at the first stage of creativity, the main theme of Bosch was the criticism of human defects, then, being a mature master, he seeks to create an image of a positive hero, embodying him in the images of Christ and Saints.

Before a dilapidated hut, the Mother Mother of God sends. She shows the baby to the wrappers, closed in luxury clothes. No doubt that Bosch deliberately gives the wounds of the Lahturgical Service: this is evidenced by the gifts that the eldest of the Eastern Kings Valtazar lay down to the feet of Mary - a small sculptural group depicts Abraham, gathering to sacrifice His Son Isaac; This is an omnation of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross.

Jerome Bosch often elevated the theme of its pictures of the lives of saints. Unlike the traditions of medieval painting, Bosch rarely depicts the wonders and winning, spectacular episodes of their martyrdom, which were delighted by people of that time. The artist glorifies the "quiet" virtues associated with self-sufficient contemplation. Bosch has no holy warriors, nor tender mars, desperately defending their chastity. His heroes are hergers, indulging in pious reflections on the background of landscapes.

Martyrdom of Saint Liberats 1500-1503, Doge Palace, Venice.

Holy Liberat or Wilgefortis (from Lat. Virgo Fortis - Resistant Virgo; II century) - Catholic holy, patroness of girls who are seeking to get rid of annoying reasons. According to the legend, she was a daughter of the Portuguese king - a fallen pagan who wanted to give it for the king of Sicily. However, she did not want to marry any kind of kings, because it was a Christian and gave vow of celibacy. In an effort to keep your vow, the princess prayed to heaven and found a wonderful getting rid of - her a thick long beard rose; The Sicilian king did not want to marry such a crap, after which the angry father ordered it to crucify it.

With the trust of Christ in all their cruelty are presented in the picture " Ecce Homo."(" Son of man in front of the crowd "). Bosch depicts how Christ is withdrawn on high podium soldiers whose exotic hats resemble their paganism; The negative meaning of what is happening is emphasized by traditional symbols of evil: Owl in Niche, the toad on the shield of one of the warriors. The crowd expresses his hatred to the son of God's threatening gestures and terrible grimaces.

Bright reliability of the works of Bosch, the ability to portray the movements of the human soul, the amazing ability to draw Tolstosume and Beggaching, merchant and cripples - all this takes him the most important place in development genre painting.

Creativity Bosch seems strangely modern: four centuries his influence suddenly manifested itself in the movement of expressionists and later in surrealism.

Bosch, Bos (Bosch) Eachonimus [Actually, Geeronimus Van Aken, Hieronymus Van Aeken], Great Netherlands Painter. He worked mainly in Hertogenbosa in Northern Flanders. One of the most brightest masters of the early Northern Renaughter, Jerome Bosch in its multi-digging compositions, paintings on the topics of folk sayings, proverbs and parables ("The Temptation of St. Anthony", National Museum of Antique Art, Lisbon; Triptychs "Garden of pleasure", "Waughs" - All in the Prado Museum; "Fruit Ship", the Museum of Louvre) combined sophisticated medieval fiction, generated by the infinite imagination of grotesque demonic images with folk-satirical and moral trends, with unusual for art of his era of realistic innovations. Poetic landscape backgrounds, bold life observations, a membered by the artist Jerome Bosch folk types and household scenes prepared the ground for the formation of the Netherlands household genre and landscape; Tract for irony and allegory, to the embodiment in grotesque-satirical form of a wide picture people's Life contributed to the formation creative manner Peter Bruegel of the senior and other artists.

Bosha style is unique and has no analogies in the Netherlands picturesque tradition. Painting Jerome Bosch is not at all similar to the work of other artists of the time, such as Yang Van Eyk or Rogir Van der Wayden. Creativity Jerome Bosch at the same time - innovative and traditional, naive and sophisticated; It fascinates people with a feeling of some kind of mystery, a famous one artist. "Eminent Master" - so called Bosch in Hertogenbosa, to which the artist remained faithfully until the end of his days, although the lifetime glory spread far beyond the limits of his hometown. And after death, it increased immeasurably and not declined for quite a long time; Painting Masters found a zealous fan in the face of Philip II, King of Spain. Most of the plots of Bosch's paintings are associated with episodes from the life of Christ or Saints, opposing the vocabulary, or drawn in allegories and proverbs about human greed and nonsense.

Bright reliability of the works of Bosch, the ability to portray the movements of the human soul, the amazing ability to draw Tolstoshum and Beggar, merchant and cripples - all this takes him the most important place in the development of genre painting. IN further world Fancy Bosch images were fed fantastically romantic search for many artists of the XIX-XX centuries. Creativity Bosch seems strangely modern: four centuries his influence suddenly manifested itself in the movement of expressionists and later in surrealism. Many artists of these directions in painting created the canvas on the plot of the paintings of the "Temptation of St. Anthony".

Yerun Antonison Van Aken (Notherl. Jeroen Anthoniszoon Van Aken), better known as Jeronim Bosch (Notherl. Jheronimus Bosch [ˌɦijeroːnimʏs Bɔs], Lat. Hieronymus Bosch; about 1450-1516) - Netherlands offachaly artist, one of the largest matters of the Northern Renaissance . About ten paintings and twelve drawings have been preserved from the artist's creativity. Was devoted to the members of the Brotherhood of Our Lady (Netherl. Illustre Lieve Vrouwe Broederschap; 1486); It is considered one of the most mysterious painters in the history of Western art. In the hometown of Bosch, Dutch Hertogenbos, open the center of Creativity Bosch, which presents copies of all its works.

Yerun Van Aken was born about 1450 in Hertohenbosa (Brabant). The Van Akenov family, who originated from the German city of Aachen, was longly connected with picturesque craft - artists were Jan Van Aken (Grandfather Bosch, mind 1454) and four of his five sons, including the father of Jerome, Anthony. Since nothing knows about the formation of Bosch as an artist, it is assumed that the first lessons of the pictorial craft he received in the family workshop.

Bosh lived and worked mainly in his native Hertogenbos, which in those days was part of the Burgundy Duchy, and now is administrative center Provinces Northern Brabant in the Netherlands. The first mention of Bosch in archival documents refers to 1474, where he is referred to as "Jheronimus".

In accordance with the information about the life of the artist, preserved in the city archive, in 1478 his father died, and Bosch inherited his art workshop. Van Akenov's workshop performed a wide variety of orders - first of all a wall painting, but also the gilding of a wooden sculpture and even the manufacture of church utensils. "Earonimus painter" (according to the document of 1480) took the alias to the abbreviated name of his hometown - Den Bosch - during the change of power in the country: after the death of Karl's bold (1477), power in the Burgundy Netherlands moved to 1482 from Valua to Habsburgs.

About 1480, the artist marries Aleit Goyartats Van der Meerven, which, apparently, knew since childhood. It originated from a rich merchant hertohenbos family. Thanks to this marriage, Bosch becomes an influential Burger of his hometown. They did not have children.

In 1486, the Brotherhood of Our Lady ("Zoete Lieve VRUUW") - a religious society, which emerged in Hertogenbosa in 1318 and consistent with both monks and laity. Brotherhood dedicated to the cult of Virgin Mary, and charity. In archival documents, the name of Bosch was mentioned several times: he, as a painter, was entrusted with a variety of orders, ranging from the design of festive processions and ritual sacraments of the fraternity and ending with writing the altar sash for the Brotherhood Capella in the Cathedral of St. John (1489, the picture is lost) or even the model of the candelabra.

In 1497, his older brother Gossen Van Aken. In 1504, Bosch receives an order from the vicar of the Netherlands of Philip Beautiful on Triptych "Terrible Court".

The painter died on August 9, 1516, the funeral was committed in the said Cathedral Chapel. The solemnity of this rite confirms the closest connection of Bosch with the Brotherhood of Our Lady.

Six months later, after the death of Bosch, his wife distributed the heirs that little that was left after the artist. There is every reason to believe that Jerome Bosch has never been the owner of any real estate. Bosch's wife survived her husband for three years.

The art of Bosch has always possessed a huge attractive force. It was previously that the thoughts in the paintings of Bosch are designed to only amuse the audience, tickle them nerves, like the grotesque figures that masters italian rebirth They walked into their ornaments.

Modern scientists came to the conclusion that in the work of Bosch is much concluded deep meaning, and made many attempts to explain its meaning, find it sources, give him an interpretation. Some consider Bosch someone like the surrealist of the XV century, which recovered their unprecedented images from the depths of the subconscious, and, calling his name, the Elvador was always remembered. Others believe that the art of Bosch reflects medieval "esoteric disciplines" - alchemy, astrology, black magic. Third try to tie the artist with various religious races that existed in that epoch. According to Frenger, Bosch was a member of the Brotherhood of the Free Spirit, whose adherents were also called adamitis, the heretical sect, which arose in the XIII century, but a few centuries who had developed rapidly across Europe later. However, most scientists this hypothesis is rejected, since there is no data confirming the existence of a sect in the Netherlands in Bosch's life.

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Jerome Bosch

Pictures of Jerome Bosch

Bosch, Bos (Bosch) Hieronimus [Actually Geeronimus Van Aken, Hieronymus Van Aeken] (about 1450 / 60-1516), Great Netherlands Painter. He worked mainly in Hertogenbosa in Northern Flanders. One of the most vivid masters of the early Northern Renaissance.

Jerome Bosch in his multifigure compositions, paintings on the topics of folk sayings, proverbs and parables combined sophisticated medieval fiction, generated by the infinite imagination of grotesque demonic images with unusual for art of his era of realistic innovations.
Bosha style is unique and has no analogies in the Netherlands picturesque tradition.
Creativity Jerome Bosch at the same time - innovative and traditional, naive and sophisticated; It fascinates people with a feeling of some kind of mystery, a famous one artist. "Eminent Master" - so called Bosch in Hertogenbosa, to which the artist remained faithfully until the end of his days, although the lifetime glory spread far beyond the limits of his hometown.

Seven mortal sins and four last things

1475-1480. Prado Museum, Madrid.

It is believed that this is an early work of Bosch: between 1475 and 1480. The picture "Seven mortal sins" was in Brussels in the De Gevara collection about 1520 and was acquired by Philip II Spanish in 1670. The painting "Seven mortal sins" hung in the personal rest of the king of Spain Philip II, apparently helping that fiercely haunt the heretics.

The composition of symmetrically arranged circles and two deploying scrolls, where quotes from Deuteronomy with deep pessimism prophesy about the fate of humanity. In the circles - the first image of the Bosch of Hell and the interpretation of heavenly paradise in the only number. Seven mortal sins are depicted in the segments of all-grandina's eye in the center of the composition, they are given in an emphasicated moral vein.

This work is one of the most clear and moral works of Bosch and are provided with detailed, explaining the meaning of the quotes depicted from Deuteronomy. Intected on fluttering scrolls words: "For they are a people who have lost their mind, and there is no point in them." and "Suffer face mine from them and see what the end of them will be", - Determine the topic of this pictorial prophecy.

"The ship of fools", without any doubt, is satire
In the picture "Ship of Fools", a monk and two nuns, happily fun with peasants in a boat having a jester as a steering. Perhaps this is a parody of the ship of the Church, leading the soul to the eternal salvation, and maybe the accusation of lust and imposta in the address of the clergy.

Passengers of a fantastic ship floating in the "Country of Studenia" personify human vices. Grotesque ugliness of heroes is embodied by the author in shining paints. Bosch and Reaen, and symbolized. The world created by the artist himself is beautiful, but it is reigning nonsense and evil.

Most of the plots of Bosch's paintings are associated with episodes from the life of Christ or Saints, opposing the vocabulary, or drawn in allegories and proverbs about human greed and nonsense.

Saint Anthony 1500s. Prado Museum, Madrid.

"The lives of St. Anthony", written by Afanasiya Great, tells that in 271 AD. Another Anthony retired to the desert to live ascetic. He lived for 105 years (approx. 251 - 356).

Bosch depicted the "earthly" temptation of St. Anthony, when the devil, distracting him from meditation, tempted by earthly benefits.
His round spin, the posture, closed with woven "in the castle" fingers, talk about the extreme degree of immersion in meditation.
Even the devil in the image of the pig quietly froze next to Anthony, like a tamed dog. So sees or does not see the saint on the picture of Bosch Monsters, who surround it?
They are visible only to us, sinners, for "What we contemplate is what we have".

Boscha has an image of an internal conflict of a person, reflecting about the nature of evil, about the best and worst, about the desired and forbidden, resulted in a very accurate picture of the vice. Anthony, the power of his own, which he receives in the grace of God, opposes the squall of vicious visions, can the usual mortal be able to resist this?

In the painting "Prodigal Son" Ieronim Bosch interpreted his ideas about life
The hero of the picture is skinny, in a broken dress and different shoes, withered and as if spoken on the plane - is represented in a strange stopping and still continuing movement.
It is almost written off from nature - in any case, European art did not know before Bosch such a poverty image - but in dry sources of its forms there is something from the insect.
This is the life that a person leads, with whom, even leaving her, he is connected. Only nature remains clean, infinite. The dull color of the picture expresses the thought of Bosch - gray, almost the gross tones are combined and people and nature. This unity is natural and natural
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Bosch in the picture depicts Jesus Christ among the broken crowd, tightly filling the space around him with evil, triumphant physiognomies.
For Bosch, the image of Christ is the personification of infinite mercy, spiritual purity, patience and simplicity. He is opposed to powerful forces of evil. They subjected to his terrible flour, physical and spiritual. Christ demonstrates a person an example of overcoming all difficulties.
According to its artistic qualities, the "cross of the cross" contradicts all picturesque canons. Bosch depicted a scene, the space of which lost all means with reality. Heads and tools protrude from the gloom and disappear in the darkness.
The ugliness, both external and inner, it translates into a kind of higher aesthetic category, which six centuries later continues to disturb the minds and feelings.

On the painting of Jerome Bosch "Crown with a terns" Jesus, surrounded by four tormentors, appears to the viewer with a view of solemn humility. Two warrior in front of the execution crown his head with a thorns crown.
The number "Four" - the number of Christ's depicted painters - among the symbolic numbers is allocated by the special wealth of associations, it is associated with a cross and a square. Four parts of the world; four Seasons; Four rivers in paradise; Four evangelist; Four Great Prophet - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel; Four temperaments: Sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.
Four evil faces of Christistors of Christ are carriers of four temperaments, that is, all the varieties of people. Two faces are considered to be an embodiment of phlegmatic and melancholic temperament, bottom - sanguine and choleric.

The impassive Christ is placed in the center of the composition, but the chief here is not it, but a triumpling evil, who accepted the images of tormentors. Evil is represented by Bosch a natural link in a certain procedure provided.

Jerome Bosch Altar "The Temptation of St. Anthony", 1505-1506
Triptych summarizes the main motifs of Bosch's creativity. To the image of the genus of the human, mired in sins and nonsense, and the endless diversity of hellish flour, awaiting him, joined the passion of Christ and the scenes of the temptation of the saint, to which the non-heeked hardness of faith allows you to confront the onslaught of enemies - peace, flesh, devil.

The picture "Flight and Fall of St. Anthony" is the left wing of the altar "Temptation of St. Anthony" and tells about the struggle of the saint with the devil. The artist has repeatedly returned to this topic in his work. Holy Anthony is an instructive example of how to oppose earthly temptations, be all the time, not to take everything that it seems, and know that the seduction can lead to God's curse.

Taking Jesus in custody and cross 1505-1506 years. National Museum, Lisbon.

External Festings of Triptych "The Temptation of St. Anthony"
Left exterior sash "Taking Jesus in custody in the Gethsemane Garden." Right exterior sash "Cross carrying".

The central part of the "Temptation of St. Anthony." The space of the picture literally tends to fantastic implausible characters.
In that epoch, when the existence of Hell and Satan was an immutable reality, when the coming of the antichrist seemed completely inevitable, the besting persistence of the saint, looking at us from his chapel, filled with evil forces, was to encourage people and instill hope in them.

Right Folder Triptych "Garden of Earth Delights" received its name "Musical Hell" due to images of tools used as torture

The sacrifice becomes a bill, prey - a hunter, and this is how it is impossible to hand over the chaos that reigns in hell, where normal relationships who have once existed in the world, and the most common and innocuous items of everyday life, growing up to monstrous sizes turn into torture tool.

Jerome Bosch Altar "Garden of Earth Delight", 1504-1505

The Left Folder of Triptych "Garden of Earth Delights" depicts the last three days of the creation of the world and is called "Creation" or "Earth Paradise".

Fantastic landscape The artist inhabits many real, as well as unreal species of flora and fauna
In the foreground of this landscape, imprinted the antediluvian world, the scene of the temptation or the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise is depicted, and their connection to God.
He holds Eve by hand as it is accepted in the marriage ceremony. Here Bosch depicts the mystical wedding of Christ, Adam with Eve

In the center of the composition rises the source of life - high. Thin, pink constructure, decorated with intricate carvings. Sparkling precious stones in Tina, as well as fantastic animals, are probably inspired by medieval ideas about India, who captivated by their wonders's imagination of Europeans since Alexander Macedonsky. There was a popular and fairly common belief that it was in India that he was lost by Eden.

The altar "Garden of earthly pleasures" is the most famous Triptych Jerome Bosch, which ranked its name on the subject of the central part, is dedicated to the sin of sweetusty - Luxuria.
It should not be assumed that the crowd of nude lovers was supposed to be an apotheosis of sinless sexuality. For medieval morality, sexual intercourse, which in the 20th century has finally learned to perceive as a natural part of human existence, was more often evidence that a person has lost his angelic nature and low fell. At best, they looked at the copulation as an inevitable evil, at worst - as for a mortal sin. Most likely, for Bosch, the garden of terrestrial pleasures is a world harmonious.

World creation 1505-1506. Prado Museum, Madrid.

External flaps "Creation of the World" Altar "Garden of Earth Delights". Bosch depicts the third day of creation here: the creation of land, flat and round, washed by the sea and placed in a giant sphere. In addition, the vegetation has just appeared.
This rare, if not to say a unique, the plot demonstrates the depth and strength of the imagination of Bosch.

Jerome Bosch Altar "WHO SENA", 1500-1502

Paradise, Triptych WHO SENA

The left shutter of Triptych Jerome Bosch "WHO SENA" is devoted to the theme of the Proathera, Adam and Eve. The traditional, the cult character of this composition is no doubt: it includes four episodes from the Biblical Book of Genesis - overthrowing from the skies of the rebeling angels, the creation of Eva, the sin, expulsion from Paradise. All scenes are distributed in the space of a single landscape depicting paradise.

WHO SENA 1500-1502, Prado Museum, Madrid.

The world is a haystack: Everyone grabs how much can. The human race appears to be marked in sin, fully chosen divine establishments and indifferent to the fate of the Most High prepared by him.

Triptych Jerome Bosch "WHO SENA" is considered the first of the large satirco-right-point allegories of the mature period of artist's creativity.
Against the background of the endless landscape, a cavalcade is moving behind the huge chain, and among them - the emperor and dad (with recognizable features of Alexander VI). Representatives of other classes - peasants, townspeople, clerics and nuns - grab the hay's ohana with a war or fight for him. Behind the feverish human fuss on top is indifferent and dismissed Christ is observed, surrounded by gold shine.
No one, besides the angel who praying at the top, does not notice the divine presence, nor the fact that the cart will attract the demons.

The right shutter of Triptych Jerome Bosch "WHO SENA". The image of hell is found in the work of Bosch much more often than Paradise. The artist fills the space by the apocalyptic fires and the ruins of architectural buildings that make you remember the Babylon - the Christian quintessence of the Besysky city, traditionally opposed "History of Heavenly Jerusalem". In his version of Hell, Bosch relied on literary sources, removing the motifs of their own fantasy with the motifs hung from there.

The external shutters of the Altar "WHO SENA" have its own name "Life Path" and on the skill of execution are inferior to the image on the inner flaps and were finished, probably submissiles and students of Bosch
The path of Bosshovsky Pilgrim runs through hostile and cunning world, and all the dangers that he tait are presented in the details of the landscape. Some threaten the lives, embodied in the images of robbers or an evil dog (however, it can also symbolize the slanders, whose maliciousness was often compared with the dog lan). Beaching peasants - an image of a different, moral danger; Like lovers at the top of the war with Sen, they were abused "Music of the flesh" and submitted to her.

Jerome Bosch "Vision of the Military World", part of the Altar "Scary Court", 1500-1504

Earth Paradise, the composition of the victim of the afterwards

The ripe period of creativity Bosch moves from the image of the visible world to the imaginary, generated by its irrepressible fantasy. Vision is as if in a dream, because the images of Bosch are devoid of physicity, the charming beauty and unrealistic, as in the nightmare, horror, are bizarrely, as in the nightmare, horror: the infrequent figures-phantoms are deprived of earthly attraction and easily take off. The main characters of the Bosch paintings are not so many people as the funny demons, terrible and at the same time funny monsters.

This world is not strong sense, the kingdom of Antichrist. The artist translated prophecies, spreading in Western Europe by the beginning of the XVI century - time when the end of the world was predicted,

Ascension to Empiree 1500-1504, Doge Palace, Venice.

The earthly paradise is right under paradise heaven. This is a certain intermediate stage where the righteous are cleaned of the last spots of sin, before they appear before the Most High.

The angels depicted accompanied by an angels to the source of life. Those who have already saved, rush to heaven. In the "Ascension in empires", the Earthly Souls rid of all terrestrial souls rush to bright light that shining them over their heads. This is the last thing that separates the souls of the righteous from the eternal merger with God, from the "absolute depth of the discovered divinity."

Loose sinners 1500-1504, Doge Palace, Venice.

"Loose sinners" sinners, fond of demons, fly in darkness down. The contours of their shapes barely highlight the flame flames.

Many other visions of hell created by Bosch, also seem chaotic, but only at first glance, and with attentive consideration, logic, clear structure and meaningfulness always detects in them.

Hell river arrangement of the victim of the illuminated world 1500-1504, Doge Palace, Venice.

In the painting "Hell River" from the top of a steep rock in the sky beats a post of fire, and below, the sinners shroud in the water in the water. In the foreground - a sinner, if not yet repent, then, at least, thinking. He sits on the shore, without noticing a demon with wings, which pulls his hand. The terrible court is the main theme passing through all the creativity of Bosch. He depicts a terrible court as a world catastrophe, night, illuminated by the floating flames, against the background of which the monstrous monsters torture sinners.

At the time of Bosch, clairvoyant and astrologers argued that, before the second coming of Christ and a terrible court occur, the world would rule the world. Many then believed that this time had had come. Extremely popular was the Apocalypse - the revelation of the Apostle John the Theologian, written during the period of religious persecution in ancient Rome, the vision of horrific disasters, which God will subjected the world for the sins of people. Everything will die in the cleansing flame.

The painting "Extraction of stupidity stones", which illustrates the treatment procedure from the brain of the madness, is devoted to human naivety and depicts a typical charlatanism of the healers of that time. There are several characters, like a funnel of wisdom, in a mockery put on the head of a surgeon, a jug on his belt, the patient's bags pierced by the dagger.

Marriage in Cana

In the traditional plot of the first miracle created by Christ, the conversion of water in wine - Bosch introduces new elements of the mystery. The psalmaker who stands, having armed hands, in front of the bride and groom, a musician on an improvised gallery, a ceremony maker, showing the exhibited by the front work of a fine work, a servant that falls into fainting - all these figures are fully unexpected and unusual for the picture

Magician 1475 - 1480s. Museum Bummans Van Bainingen.

The board of Jerome Bosch "Focuscript" - performed by humor picture, where the characters themselves are funny and, of course, the behavior of the main actors: insidious charlatan, a simpler, who believed that he spun a frog, and a thief, with an insane view of his bag.

The picture "Death and Powiets" is written on the plot, possibly inspired by the "Ars Moriendi" as well known in the Netherlands ("art to die"), which describes the struggle of the devils and angels per soul dying.

Bosch captures the climax. Death crosses the threshold of the room, Angel calls to the image of a crucified Savior, and the devil tries to master the soul of the dying soul.

Hell - Jerome Bosch (part of the Triptych "Garden of Earth Delights"). 1500-1510. Tree, oil. 389 x 220 cm

Hell is the right sash of the famous Triptych artist called "Garden of Earth Delights". Under these lyrical titles, it lies far from a nice and idyllic picture. In fact, Triptych is performed quite in the style of Bosch - terrible visions, grotesque figures, terrible images here almost everywhere.

In the vision of the artist, blood pressure appears a monstrous surrealistic place. The right sash of tryptic criticism is often called "musical hell" due to the fact that a lot of varied musical instruments. However, it is not necessary to hope that they are used in direct intended. In fact, they don't even play devils as it would be possible to suspect. Bosch decided to use absolutely far from the direct appointment of musical instruments. In most cases, they act as torture devices.

For example, the artist's arp plays the role of a cross for a crucifixion or sill - on it a melt unhappy sinner. None of the wrong lute has become the subject of torture another poorbone, which lies with a prick. Interestingly, the notes are printed on his buttocks, which sings a completely unimaginable choir - damned led by a conductor with a fish "face".

The front plan of the picture is able to plunge in shock even tempered by "horror" modern man. The rabbit drags a person with a rift belly, which was tied to Herrades. At the same time, the poor thing literally beats a stream of blood. The predatory rabbit looks very peacefully, and it constitutes a truly monstrous contrast compared to what he does and what should imply his action in the future.

The abnormality of this place is emphasized by incredible sizes of berries and fruits, here and there scattered throughout the sash. When you look at it, it is not clear who does anyone eat here - people of berries or people's berries? The world turned over and became hell.

The frozen pond with a wormwood, where the sinner riding on a huge ice skate rushes, people flying on the light, like brainless midges, a man who is sharpening in the door lock - all these images allegoric and certainly they were understandable to the artist's contemporaries. Something from what could well be interpreted and interpreted today, but from the point of view of the person of modernity, and not late Middle Ages.

Interestingly, a research researcher Bosch was able to decipher notes engraved on the fifth point of the sinner. It turns out that the artist recorded a completely connected melody, which can be played and listening. But this is the only normal real element in the delusional world of his hell.