Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at raising and teaching the future generation. During 2003-2010 The domestic education system was subjected to serious reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialist and graduate school, such levels of the Russian Federation were introduced as

In 2012, the Law "On Education of the Russian Federation" was adopted in Russia. Levels Education similar to European states make it possible to free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another incomprehensible plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.

Purpose, function

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience, which was accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of training is the introduction of new members of society to the well-established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of learning are:

• Education of decent members of society.
• Socialization and admission of a new generation to the values \u200b\u200bthat have developed in this society.
• Providing qualified training of young professionals.
• Transfer of knowledge that relate to work with modern technologies.

Criteria for education

An educated person who has accumulated some knowledge of knowledge is able to clearly define the causes and consequences of a particular event and can be thought to think at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the systemic knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, arguing logically, restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of training that the culture of society is being transferred from one generation to another. Education affects all social spheres of society. An example of such an impact may be improved learning system. New education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the existing labor resources of the state, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, obtaining a lawyer's profession will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, as each citizen must know its legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systemic learning that covers all spheres of human life allows to bring up a harmonious personality. Significant affects training and individual. Since, with a modern situation, only an educated person can climb on the social staircase and to achieve high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with obtaining high-quality learning of the highest level.

Education system

A number of organizations include a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher Educational Institutions (Universities, Research Institute, Academy, Institutes).
• Medium special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-state.
• Additional education.

Principles of education system

• The priority of universal values.
• The basis are cultural and national principles.
• Research.
• Orientation on features and level of education in the world.
• Humanistic character.
• The focus on environmental protection.
• The continuity of education, consistent and continuous character.
• Training should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
• Mandatory presence of initial (basic) education.

Types of education

In terms of independent thinking, these types of learning are distinguished:

• Pre-school - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
• Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from 6 or 7 years, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is trained by the basic skills of reading, letters and accounts, much attention is paid to the development of the personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge of the environment.
• Average - includes basic (4-9 classes) and the overall average (10-11 classes). Carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. Completed by obtaining a certificate about the end of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills forming a full-fledged citizen.
• Higher - one of the stages of vocational education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel at the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at the University, Academy or Institute.

By character and orientation, education happens:

• General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person the basic knowledge of the environment, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, knowledge and skills are acquired, which are necessary for the execution of educational labor and service functions.
• Polytechnic. Training basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of the skills of using the simplest instruments of labor.

Education levels

The organization of training lies such a concept as "the level of education in the Russian Federation". It reflects the separation of the training program, depending on the statistical indicator of the study by the population as a whole and every citizen separately. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a finished educational cycle for which certain requirements are characterized. The Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Basic.
• Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education of the Russian Federation are distinguished:

• Bachelor. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after the exam. The bachelor's degree student receives after he acquired and confirmed the main knowledge of the specialty chosen by him. Training lasts 4 years. At the end of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue their studies on a specialist or master.
• Specialty. This step includes basic education, as well as training on the selected specialty. Full-time learning time is 5 years old, and in correspondence - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue learning to a master or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not particularly differ from the magistracy. However, with employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master. This step releases professionals with a deeper specialization. The magistracy can be received at the end of the undergraduate and specialist.
• Preparation of highly qualified personnel. Measures training in graduate school. This necessary preparation for the degree of full-time learning lasts 3 years, on the correspondence - 4. The scientific degree is awarded at the end of the training, protection of the thesis and the delivery of final exams.

Education levels in the Russian Federation for a new law contribute to the receipt of diplomas and applications to domestic students who are listed by higher educational institutions of other states, and therefore make it possible to continue learning abroad.

Forms of education

Training in Russia can be conducted in two forms:

• In special institutions of education. It can be carried out in full-time, correspondence, part-time, external, remote forms.
• Outside education institutions. It implies self-education and family training. Provides the passage of intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main objective of the formation process - human socialization.

The main difference between the two data in the fact that training is aimed primary on the development of the intellectual side of a person, and education, on the contrary, is on value guidelines. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Quality of higher education

Despite the fact that not so long ago in the education system of the Russian Federation, reform was carried out, there was no special improvement in the quality of domestic learning. Among the main reasons for the lack of shifts to improve the quality of educational services can be allocated as follows:

• Outdated management system in higher educational institutions.
• A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualifications.
• Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the global community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems related to the management of the education system

• Low level of remuneration of education workers.
• Lack of personnel having a high degree of qualifications.
• Insufficient level of logistical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low professional education level in the Russian Federation.
• Low cultural development of the population as a whole.

The obligations to address these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also at the levels of municipal formations of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

• Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international experience.
• Strengthening the direction of domestic training in the practical side, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practitioners practitioners.
• Active introduction into the process of formation of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems.
• Popularization of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is the determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system today has not led to global results. However, there is a small shift for the better. The levels of education of the Russian Federation in a new law contributed to the emergence of the possibilities of free movement of teachers and students between universities, which suggests that the process of Russian training has taken a course for internationalization.

In Russia, there are various levels of education. They are regulated by special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was relatively recently supplemented.

According to the law, education levels in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and professional. The first species includes pre-school and school education, the second - all the others.

According to 43 Articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed to receive free general education in municipal institutions. General Education is a term that includes such types:

The second look is divided into such subspecies:

Pre-school education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future when learning school material. This includes primary elements of writing and oral speech, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

In the Russian Federation, both municipal and private institutions of pre-school education are successfully operating. In addition, many parents prefer to raise children at home without giving them to kindergarten. Statistics He says that children who have not visited preschool institutions becomes more every year.

Primary education is a continuation of the preschool and is aimed at developing students of motivation, exhausting letters and oral speech skills, the foundations of theoretical thinking and various sciences are taught.

The main task of basic education, the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inconsistencies, to one or another activities, the formation of aesthetically tastes and social definitions. During the primary education period, the student must form the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

The average formation sets the task to teach think rationally, to make an independent choice, various sciences are more deeply studied. Also formed a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe world and the social role in it of each student. More than ever, important pedagogical Influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

In Russian federation professional education levels divided into such subspecies:

Primary education give institutions that give workers professions. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually renamed PTL - vocationally-technical lyceum). You can enter such institutions both on the basis of 9 and on the basis of 11 classes.

Secondary education includes technical colleges and colleges. The first are preparing basic level specialists, the second implements the system of in-depth training. You can enter a college or college, you can on the basis of 9 or 11 classes, in some institutions can be entered only after 9 or only after 11 classes (for example, in medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained in the abbreviated program.

Higher education Exercises the preparation of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies are engaged in training (in some cases colleges). Higher education is divided into such levels:

Undergraduate is a mandatory level for two other. There are also different forms of receipt of education. It can be full-time, correspondence, part-time and in the form of external.

In the world training of students is engaged in a huge number of educational institutions and different countries.

• One of the best systems is operating in the United States, more than 500 thousand foreign students are studying in establishments of this country. The main problem of the American education system is a high cost.
• A very high educational level is offered and higher educational institutions of France, training in universities of this country, as in Russia - for free. Students only have to ensure their content.
• In Germany, population Countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. An attempt to introduce a training fee, but an attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country, in the legal and medical industry there is no division to undergraduate and the specialty.
• In England, the term higher education is used only to designate institutions or universities in which graduates receive a doctoral or academic degree.
• Also recently has become popular and obtaining education in China. This happened due to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite satisfied.

The British edition of the Times Higher Education (The) was the base for this rating created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the Thomson Reuters information group. Designed in 2010 and replaced by the famous World University Rankings, the rating is recognized as one of the most authoritative to determine the quality of education in the world.

• Academic Reputation of the University, including scientific activities and quality of education (data of the global expert survey of representatives of the International Academic Community)
• University's scientific reputation in certain areas (data of the global expert survey of representatives of the International Academic Community).
• The overall quotability of scientific publications, normalized relative to different areas of research (data analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals in a five-year period).
• The ratio of published scientific articles on the number of faculty (data analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals in a five-year period).
• The amount of funding for the university's research activities in relation to the number of professorship-teaching staff (the indicator is normalized by the purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
• The amount of funding by third-party research companies at the University in relation to the number of faculty.
• The attitude of state funding for research activities for the general research budget of the university.
• The attitude of the professorial-teaching staff on the number of students.
• The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the faculty to the number of local.
• The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local.
• The attitude of protected dissertations (candidates of science) to the number of teaching staff.
• The attitude of protected dissertations (candidates of sciences) to the number of bachelors coming to the title of master.
• The average size of the remuneration of the representative of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized by the purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The maximum assessment that the studied university can get is 100 points.

• For the level of teaching, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified university teachers can get the maximum 30 points.
• For the scientific reputation of the university, the maximum 30 points is exhibited.
• For the citation of scientific papers - 30 points.
• For the development of innovative projects, the attraction of the university's investments receives a maximum of 2.5 points.
• For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from around the world in their ranks - 7.5 points.

1) pre-school education;

4) secondary general education.

Article 10. Structure of the education system

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and / or orientation;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, pedagogical workers, students and parents (legal representatives) minors studying;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, carrying out public administration in the field of education, and local governments, carrying out management in the field of education created by them advisory, deliberative and other bodies;

4) organizations carrying out educational activities, assess the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented by education levels.

4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) pre-school education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) Higher education - undergraduate;

3) Higher education - specialty, master's train;

4) Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subspecies as additional education of children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for continuing education through the implementation of the main educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the possibility of simultaneous development of several educational programs, as well as accounting for existing education, qualifications, practical experience in obtaining education.

Comment to Art. 10 of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Commented provisions are not new to domestic educational legislation, since the norms on the structure of the education system contained the system-forming acts of educational legislation: the Law on Education (Art. And the Law on Higher Education (Article 4). Meanwhile, in the article under consideration, the relevant provisions of these regulations are somewhat Recycled and synthesized into regulatory material, taking into account the multi-level education nature.

1. In the commented law, a new approach to the definition of a system of education, taking into account changes in the system of educational relations in general, is proposed. It lies in the fact that:

first, the system of education includes all types of existing sets of mandatory requirements for education: federal state educational standards, federal state requirements, as well as educational standards and educational programs of various types, level and (or) orientation.

In order to ensure the quality of education, the legislator provides for: federal state educational standards for major general educational and professional programs, including for pre-school education, which has not previously been envisaged. However, this does not mean the need for certification for students at this level. The law introduces a ban on the conduct of both the intermediate and final certification of students in preschool educational organizations;

federal state requirements - for additional prefest programs;

educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases stipulated by the commented law or decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) Art. 2 of the law N 273-FZ, but we discover its more accurate interpretation in Art. 11 of the Law (see Comment by Part 10 of Art. 11 of the Law).

Educational programs are also included in the education system, since a complex of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions are also included. This allocation is due to the fact that in case there are either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards, the educational program is drawn up on their basis. In the event that the specified are missing (according to additional general and with certain features, according to additional professional programs * (14); Vocational training programs are developed on the basis of established qualifying requirements (professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this kind of education. .

Secondly, the education system includes, along with organizations that carry out educational activities, also pedagogical workers, students and their parents (legal representatives) (up to the age of adulthood of the student), which makes them full participants in the educational process. Of course, such a position should be supported by specific rights and guarantees for such subjects. To this end, the legislator introduces Chapter 4 dedicated to the student and their parents, and chapter 5, dedicated to pedagogical, governing and other employees of organizations engaged in educational activities (Art. 47 and 50 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation).

Thirdly, the education system includes along with the authorities carrying out management in the field of education at all levels of government created by them advisory, deliberative and other bodies. The sign of the jurisdiction is not allocated, instead of it, a sign of the body creation by the body carrying out management in the field of education is introduced. The fundamental differences does not carry such a replacement. At the same time, the former formulation of "institutions and organizations" could not allow, for example, public advice to the education system.

Fourth, the education system includes organizations engaged in educational activities, assess the quality of education. The specified is explained by the need to understand the education system as a single inseparable process of movement of knowledge from the teacher (educational organization) to the student. This process includes estimated information processing centers, and attestation commissions, etc. This circle does not include individuals (experts, public observers, etc.).

Fifth, in addition to associations of legal entities, public associations in addition to associations of legal entities, public associations are associated with employers and their associations operating in education. This position is due to the activating direction of integration of education, science and production; Understanding education as a process ending with employment and orientation in this regard to the requests of the labor world. Employers participate in the work of educational and methodological associations (Art. 19 of the Law), are involved in the conduct of state final certification on the main professional educational programs, to conduct a qualifying exam (the result of vocational training) (paragraph 16 of Art. 59, Article 74 of the Law) ; Employers, their associations are entitled to conduct a professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization engaged in educational activities and draw up on this basis the ratings (clause 3, 5, Article 96 of the Law).

Clause 3 of Commented Article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of education species, divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training.

Professional training, despite, it would seem, the missing "effect" of educational activities - an increase in the educational qualification of the student, implies the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it is not mastered.

This system should allow to implement the educational needs of a person throughout life, that is, not only the opportunity to get an education at any age, but also to get another profession (specialty). For this purpose, a variety of educational programs are introduced.

The system of education levels is changed, according to which the structure of general education includes:

1) pre-school education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education;

In the structure of vocational education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) Higher education - undergraduate;

3) Higher education - training of a specialist, magistracy;

4) Higher education - preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The main innovation is that: 1) pre-school education is included as a first level of general education; 2) primary vocational education is not standing out as a level; 3) Higher vocational education absorbs training of scientific and pedagogical personnel (previously implemented in the framework of postgraduate vocational education).

The change in education levels is caused by the prescriptions of the Bologna Declaration, the International Standard Classification of Education.

The question arises: what are the consequences of changing the system of education levels?

Modernization of the education levels system affects the system of educational programs and types of educational organizations.

Changes in educational programs repeat the corresponding changes in education levels.

Punching at first glance looks like the introduction of pre-school education into the system of education levels. According to the rule, this implies the presence of federal state educational standards with confirmation of the results of the development of the pre-school educational program in the form of final certification. However, in this situation, the law provides for a "large" exception to the rule, which is justified, given the level of psycho-physical development of children in such an early age. The development of educational programs of pre-school education is not accompanied by interim certification and total certification of students. That is, confirmation of the fulfillment of the requirements of federal state educational standards should be expressed not in the form of checking knowledge, skills, skills of pupils, and in the form of reporting workers of the preschool educational organization on the work done to implement the requirements of the standard. Pre-school education is now the first level of education, but the legislator does not introduce it as a mandatory.

Law N 279-FZ now provides primary general education, basic general education and secondary education as separate levels of education. In the former law N 3266-1, they were the steps of education.

Since the level of initial vocational education "falls", it is replaced by two programs introduced into secondary vocational education, which are a successful combination of skills in primary vocational education with knowledge and skills necessary to fulfill work, requiring the level of secondary vocational education. As a result, the main programs of secondary vocational education are divided into training programs for qualified workers and programs for training middle-level specialists.

The change in the higher education system leads to its separation into several sublevels:

2) training of a specialist, graduate;

3) Preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The term "professional" itself is no longer applied to higher education, the latter is still in the system of vocational education.

Bachelor's already familiar to us, graduate and specialty retain their legal importance, neighboring now with the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel. The specialty, as an educational program, is envisaged where the normative term for the development of the educational program at a specific preparation direction cannot be reduced.

It should be noted that in the system of formation levels, the selection of sublevels is dictated by different tasks. If we talk about high school, then the acquisition of primary education is considered as incomplete education and parents are obliged to ensure the receipt of children of the initial, basic general and secondary general education. These levels are mandatory levels of education. Students that have not mastered the main educational program of the initial general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of the obligation of secondary general education in relation to a specific learner remains strength until it reaches the age of eighteen, if the appropriate education was not received earlier.

The selection of supremes in higher education is dictated by the need to designate the independence of each of them and self-sufficiency. Each of them is evidence of higher education without "subjunctive rally". Judicial practice on this occasion based on the 1992 Education Law, as follows to the estimation of undergraduate, as the first level of higher education, is insufficient for classes, requiring high training, such as judges. This approach is implemented in the entire system of courts of general jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation * (15).

From here, the concept of incomplete higher education may only apply to the fact of an incomplete regulatory term for the development of a particular educational program of a certain level of education. Therefore, when the educational program is not fully developed at a specific preparation direction, it is impossible to talk about the passage of a particular level of education with the issuance of a document on education, which confirms the judicial practice * (16).

It should be noted that in regional legislation there are examples of ranking depending on the "level" of education (specialist, master), for example, wage coefficients. This practice is recognized in inappropriate legislation, since in this case the provisions of Part 3 of Art are not taken into account. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. Art. 3 and 132 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation prohibiting discrimination in the field of labor, including discrimination in establishing and changing the wage conditions.

Following the logic that each of the "species" of the level of higher education, whether undergraduate, a specialty or magistracy confirms the completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements (Art. 2 of the Law, "Basic Concepts"), no restrictions Be set for one of the species compared to another.

However, this statement requires clarification: certain restrictions are already provided for by the law itself. What regulatory prescriptions it follows? We discover the answer in Art. 69 "Higher Education", which says that persons with secondary general education are allowed to master the undergraduate programs or programs of the specialist (types of equivalent).

Persons having a higher education of any level are allowed to master the magistracy programs. Thereby emphasizes the higher position of the magistracy in the hierarchy of higher education.

However, we further see that the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), the ordinature, an internship assistant, is possible by persons who have no lower education (specialty or graduate). That is, in this case, we see that the finishing specialty corresponds to the level of its preparation of the magistracy. But the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel is the next level of higher education.

Thus, the education system according to the Education Act is a unified system, starting with pre-school education and ending with the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as the necessary level of education for the occupation of certain types of activities or individual posts (for example, the residency).

The change in education levels has led to a change in the types of educational organizations: the expansion of opportunities to create various types of organizations engaged in training. In addition to the actively educational are actively involved in the education system, according to the law, organizations that have educational units in their structure.

Additional education is a type of education and includes such subspecies as additional education of children and adults and additional vocational education. Each of them involves the implementation of individual educational programs.

Additional educational programs include:

1) Additional general education programs - additional overall programs, additional prefigation programs;

2) Additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.

Non-state educational institution

additional vocational education

"Center for Socio-Humanitarian Education"

ESSAY

Modern education system in the Russian Federation

Tunin Elena Vladimirovna

Professional retraining program

"Education and Pedagogy"

Leader: Larionova I.E.

Top category teacher

The work is allowed to protect "__" ____ 2015.

Rating: ____________________________

Kazan, 2016.

CONTENT

Introduction

Within the framework of the abstract, a modern education system in the Russian Federation is considered, as well as existing problems and methods for their decision, an innovative approach to learning is addressed. This makes this work interesting and relevant.

Research Object: Education System in the Russian Federation

Purpose of the study: based on legislative acts, analyze the education system of the Russian Federation.

Research tasks:

Identify the main features of the education system of the Russian Federation;

Identify the main problems of education in Russia and possible ways to overcome them;

Consider innovation in the education system of the Russian Federation;

Formulate on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education, the principles of educational policy, as well as the priority objectives and directions for the development of the education system;

In the process of developing this work, the following methods were used: analysis of documents, statistical analysis, system analysis, comparison.

1.1 Education system in the Russian Federation:

The Federal Law "On Education" suggested the following definition: "Education is a single targeted process of upbringing and learning, which is socially significant and carried out in the interests of man, family, society and state, as well as a combination of acquired knowledge, skills, skills, value installations, experience Activities and competence of certain volume and complexity in order to intellectual, spiritual and moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfying its educational needs and interests. According to the Constitution of our country, every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to free education, regardless of its racial and religious affiliation.

In accordance with the above FZ withthe emphasis of education includes the following elements:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various species, level and (or) orientation;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, pedagogical workers, students and parents (legal representatives) minors studying;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, carrying out public administration in the field of education, and local governments, carrying out management in the field of education created by them advisory, deliberative and other bodies;

4) organizations carrying out educational activities, assess the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation, education is divided into general, professional, additional education. Vocational training is also allocated, which ensures the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education).

General education and vocational education are implemented in levels. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) pre-school education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) Higher education - undergraduate;

3) Higher education - specialty, master's train;

4) Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Additional education includes such subspecies as additional education of children and adults and additional vocational education.

1.2 Principles of Public Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education

Education today is one of the means to solve the most important problems of not only society as a whole, but also individual individuals. As in any state, in Russia, the nature of the education system is determined by the socio-economic and political system, as well as cultural and historical and national characteristics. The requirements of society are formulated by the system of principles of state educational policy. Its purpose is to create for citizens of favorable conditions for the realization of the rights to education corresponding to the needs of the economy and civil society.

Public policy and legal regulation of relations in the field of education are based on the followingprinciples :

1) recognition of education priority;

2) ensuring the rights of each person on education, the inadmissibility of discrimination in the field of education;

3) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of human life and health, the rights and freedoms of the individual, the free development of the individual, the education of mutual respect, hard work, citizenship, patriotism, responsibility, legal culture, careful attitude towards nature and the environment, rational environmental management;

4) the unity of educational space in the territory of the Russian Federation, the protection and development of the ethnocultural features and traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation in the conditions of a multinational state;

5) the creation of favorable conditions for the integration of the education system of the Russian Federation with the systems of education of other states on an equal and mutually beneficial basis;

6) the secular nature of education in state, municipal organizations engaged in educational activities;

7) freedom to choose education according to the tendency and needs of a person, creating conditions for self-realization of each person, the free development of its abilities, including the provision of the right to choose the forms of education, forms of education, organization that exercising educational activities, education within the limits provided by the education system, and the provision of freedom to pedagogical workers in the selection of training forms, learning and education methods;

8) ensuring the right to education throughout life in accordance with the needs of the individual, the adaptability of the education system to the level of training, the peculiarities of development, abilities and interests of man;

9) autonomy of educational organizations, academic rights and freedoms of pedagogical workers and students stipulated by this Federal Law, information openness and public reporting of educational organizations;

10) the democratic nature of education management, ensuring the rights of pedagogical workers, students, parents (legal representatives) minors students for participation in the management of educational organizations;

11) the inadmissibility of restrictions or eliminating competition in the field of education;

12) a combination of state and contractual regulation of relations in the field of education.

Every year, within the framework of providing a unified state policy in the field of education, the Government of the Russian Federation submits a report on the implementation of state policy in the field of education and publishes it on the official website of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Internet information and telecommunications network.

The fundamental point becomes the principle of humanistic nature of education. Accordingly, each child must be recognized as a person regardless of its social status, the level of development and so on. These general-flow principles should be specified through organizational and pedagogical and activity and functional principles.

In general, the modern world becomes more apparent the trends of changing value priorities. Among the main criteria for assessing the development of society, education is occupied by the central place. And the refrain is allocated the fundamental recognition of the main criterion for educational reforms: the emerging model of education is obliged to have a dynamic self-development mechanisms.

Unfortunately, the traditional mass school still retains a non-macatic approach to learning knowledge. Previously, the goal of high school was only to give a student a minimal set of knowledge necessary for a person in everyday life.

However, modern scientists have proven that any student is capable of creative activities. Consequently, the teacher needs to instill a child and the ability to study, organize such activities in classes that would encourage each student to disclose his creative abilities.

To date, the state in the field of education is a priority goal: to ensure high quality of Russian education in accordance with the changing requests by the populations and promising tasks of the development of Russian society and the economy.

At the same time, the main objectives of the state are:

The formation of a flexible, accountable society of the system of continuous vocational education, developing human potential, ensuring the current and promising needs of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

Development of infrastructure and organizational and economic mechanisms ensuring the most equal availability of pre-school, general, additional education of children;

Modernization of educational programs in pre-school, general and additional education systems, aimed at achieving modern quality learning outcomes and socialization results;

Creation of a modern system for assessing the quality of education based on the principles of openness, objectivity, transparency, social and professional participation.

The new education system focuses on entering the world educational space. The dominant trend of modernity is the integration of national education systems. Today, Russia is actively involved in many international projects, involved in the exchange of students, faculty personnel.

Transformation system relationship between the Institute for Education and Religious Institutions. Theological faculties opened, Sunday schools, in secondary schools with the consent of parents and the pedagogical team are being implemented.

Radical changes in the Russian education system affect all its elements and links. So, at the beginning of the new Millennium, a draft state final certification (general state exam) was launched for graduates of graders 9 and a single state exam for graduates of graders 11. Despite all disputes and disagreements around the USE, it should be noted that such a form of the exam brings the Russian education system to European. In addition, in the case of a set of the desired number of scam points, it allows to enter any university, in some cases without additional entrance exams.

Another key change in the education system of the Russian Federation is the approbation of alternatives to public educational institutions (for example, private), variable forms of education (gymnasium, lyceums, colleges, profile classes, etc.). In all links - from kindergartens to universities - in parallel with the system of free education there is a paid. The state cares to ensure that budget financing of educational institutions, projects have been transparent, controlled, and paying for each student from the budget individually. Attracting investments in the education sector acquires the status of public policy.

In short, there is a direct connection between education with the political sphere. The activities of educational institutions directly depends on it. The principles of state policy in the field of education are based on constitutional standards, being basic not only to prepare legal legislation, but also for direct implementation in separately taken educational institutions.

1.3 Actual problems in the field of education and ways to overcome them

The fate of any state directly depends on the state of the education system. If the state is committed to development, the leadership of any country should put a priority goal and the task of the development of literacy and education of the population.

The modern education system is experiencing enough time. The Soviet school is destroyed, European trends come to replace. Sometimes the introduction of innovations occurs on unprepared soil, or innovation is not adapted to the Russian mentality. This often leads to the formation of various kinds of difficulties. Currently, the following problems can be distinguished in the Russian education system:

The crisis of the old education system.

Excessive theoritic orientation of education.

Lack of proper financing;

Low level of communication between the stages of education;

Corruption;

Consider each of these issues and possible or practical ways to solve them in more detail.

So, when studying the problem of the crisis of the former education system, in the highest school, the exit was found in the transition to the system undergraduate and magistracy. But the secondary school and professional college remained not covered. The recently published Education Act is intended to solve this problem. Modern society is at such a level of development, when it is time to move away from learning how to memorize the facts. It is necessary to teach children to extract information, understand it and apply in practice. And for this requires a tremendous work on the preparation of not only new textbooks for students and benefits for teachers, but also the pedagogical workers themselves.

The second issue of education in Russia is called an excessive theoretical focus. Rising a theoretical scientist, we create a huge shortage of narrow specialists. Having received good theoretical training, few people can apply knowledge in practice. Therefore, setting up a job, new employees experience serious adaptation associated with the inability to compare their knowledge with practical activities.

The third problem is characteristic not only for education - this is insufficient financing. The lack of funds is the reason for the lack of personnel in the education system as a whole in the country. In addition, to keep up with the times, it is necessary to introduce new technologies, update already obsolete equipment. It is not always for this educational institution. Here, the decision becomes attracting additional sources of financing, including private ones.

The problem that school graduates are particularly acute, this is a low level of communication between education stages. So, now, in order to enroll in the university, often parents hire a tutor to pass the exam, as the level of claims that were presented at school, from the level necessary to study at the university, differ from each other.

Of course, it is impossible to pass by such a problem as corruption. One ads for the sale of diplomas about higher education on the Internet can be found many. Corruptions include monetary cases at school, bribes for exams (credits), theft of funds from the budget. However, currently in the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation there is a "hotline" practice, where parents can contact in the event of illegal shares and bribes, and new adopted laws are called upon to toughen the punishment for such phenomena. In addition, the audience in schools where public exams are held are equipped with a video surveillance system, which also helps to exclude corruption element during the exam.

In conclusion of this section, it can be noted such a problem as the fall in prestige of vocational schools and technical schools. This leads to a lack of workers in enterprises in the service sector. To solve this problem, the Government of the Russian Federation conducts the popularization of the "workers" of professions, providing certain benefits, social guarantees, as well as increasing the level of wages at factories and other enterprises among such specialists.

1.4 Experimental and Innovative Education Activities

In the light of the modernization of education in Russia, the topic is relevant to conduct experimental and innovative activities in the field of education.

Innovation means the introduction of a new one in the goal, content, methods and forms of training and education, the organization of joint activities of the teacher and the student. Innovations themselves do not arise, but are the result of scientific search, practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. In such conditions, the teacher often faces the problem of pedagogical risk. The risk implies the experimental application of any technologies that are not widely common in practice, but, nevertheless, in the theories that are promising from the point of view of learning.

In understanding the essence of these two concepts, there are two main problems of modern pedagogy: the problem of studying, generalizations and the dissemination of advanced pedagogical experience and the problem of implementing the achievements of teachers-innovators. Thus, innovation and pedagogical risk must lie in the plane of combining two interrelated phenomena, usually considered separately, i.e. The result of their synthesis should be a new knowledge that allows the teacher to use innovations in everyday practice, calculating possible consequences.

In order to determine the main objectives and objectives of the introduction of innovative technologies in the field of education, it is necessary to refer to Article 20 of the FZ "On Education". This article reads: "Experimental and innovative activities in the field of education are carried out in order to ensure the modernization and development of the education system, taking into account the main directions of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the implementation of priority areas of state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Experimental activities are aimed at developing, testing and introducing new educational technologies.<...>. Innovative activity is focused on the improvement of scientific and pedagogical, educational, organizational, legal, financial and economic, personnel, material and technical support of the education system and is carried out in the form of implementing innovative projects and programs by organizations carrying out educational activities and other education applicable in the field of education. Organizations, as well as their associations. When implementing an innovative project, the Programs must be ensured by the rights and legitimate interests of participants in educational relations, the provision and education of education, the level and quality of which cannot be lower than the requirements established by the Federal State Educational Standard, federal state requirements, educational standard.

To date, there is a huge number of techniques, programs and methods to work with all categories of children using the latest developments of the technological sector, original exercises, authentic, modern and interesting audio and video materials, as well as interactive learning tools. But the main reason for the invariance of the monotony of the ordinary schoolboy is the unwillingness to implement them.

Conclusion

The Supreme Laws of the Russian Federation guarantee each citizen of the Russian Federation the right to obtain education. The Russian education system creates conditions for continuing education through the implementation of the main educational programs and various additional educational programs.

In the modern international world, to be successful, it is necessary to adapt to international trends, which naturally leads to a different kind of change, including in the field of education. Similar changes are often the cause of a number of large and small problems. The Law "On Education" is an attempt to solve a number of crown problems in the modern education system. But for the full development of the nation, the adoption of a number of measures in the field of education.

The main goal of education today is the creation of conditions for the development of natural personality qualities. Owning exclusively by the reserve of academic knowledge is becoming less and less important indicator of the quality of education. Before the state, the task is not only to bring the level of education to international standards, but also to make it fully satisfy the needs of the country in qualified specialists and highly educated citizens.

The new education system focuses on entering the world educational space. The dominant trend of modernity is free movement through the national borders of resources, people, ideas. Today, Russia is actively involved in many international projects, involved in the exchange of students, faculty personnel. Traditions and norms of world education freely penetrate our country. The cultural transformation of society is expressed in both globalization, internationalization of culture, and in the desire to preserve its originality. Television, Internet as a means of audiovisual communication, the popularization of English is erased by borders in the cultural space. At the same time, the ways to preserve cultural identity are being developed. The harmonization of these multidirectional trends is the condition for the sustainable development of the education sphere.

In conclusion of the study

The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting continued educational programs and state educational standards different levels and focus; Network implementing them educational institutions; education authorities and subordinate to them institutions and organizations; associations of legal entities, public and public associationscarrying out activities in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation are implemented educational programs-this is a document that determines the specifics of the organization of the educational process (content, form), taking into account the standard of pre-school level of education. They are divided into:

1. general education (main and additional) - aimed at solving the problems of forming a common personality culture to life in society, to create the basis of the conscious choice and the development of professional educational programs (preschool, primary general, the main general, secondary (full) general education);

2. professional (main and additional) - aimed at solving problems of improving professional and general education levels, training specialists of relevant qualifications (initial professional, secondary professional, higher professional, postgraduate vocational education).

Mandatory minimum content of each basic general education program or the main professional educational program (according to a specific profession, specialty) is established by the corresponding state Educational Standard -the regulatory document, in K-ROM recorded: 1. Maximum load on students; 2. Minimum content of programs; 3. Requirements for the preparation of a graduate school.

January 21, 2010, on the opening of the year of the teacher in Russia, President of the Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev approved the initiative "Our New School", aimed at a gradual transition to new educational standards, changing the infrastructure of the school network, the preservation and promotion of schoolchildren's health, the development of teacher's Potential and support system for talented children.

"We are proceeding with the implementation of the National Educational Initiative" Our New School, "said D.A. Medvedev. - Today I approved this educational initiative. Its essence and sense in creating a school that can disclose the personal potential of children, to educate interest in their studies. and knowledge, desire for spiritual growth and healthy lifestyle, prepare the guys to professional activities, taking into account the tasks of modernization and innovative development of the country. "

The president stressed that "this is not a short-term project, but a strategic policy in the field of education, which is widely discussed in society."

On January 19, 2010, at a meeting of the Council for the Implementation of Priority National Projects and Demographic Policy, D.A. Medvedev instructed the Government to submit an annual summary report on the implementation of the "Our New School" initiative. More than 15 billion rubles were allocated for its execution.

Child as a subject and object of the pedestrian process. Individual identity development, social and biological development factors and its driving forces. Pedagogical anthropology in Russia (K.D. Shushinsky, P.P. Blonsky)

Child as an object and a subject ped. Process. In the process of educating the central. Figure is the one who is brought up by the pupil. The man-to-born is almost exclude, but the biologist. Societies. a creature capable of entering into relations with other people, he becomes in the process of breeding . The formation of a person actually as societies. Creatures, individuals are associated with the break in conditions of societies. creatures-me. Outside society, without communicating with people, a child cannot become a person, cannot develop, as a person. In this regard, the actual becomes the problem of becoming the formation of subjectivity to raise into a ped. process. Objectact-th - k, on which the action is directed . Subject - The child may void in the conditions manifestable. Active, employee and interest. Individual. personal development. First of all, the man-to develop-smiling physical. The weight of the child changes, its growth, especially intensively grows the weight of the head. brain. Developed by people and in physiol-terms: complicated and stabiliz-Xia by the end of schools. Training in the blood product and dued, nerve processes. Deat. Changes occur in the psyche of people: the rate of mental flow changes. processes, formir-smiling, developing will. The development of people in the social relationship is characteristic of the complication of relations with people, the general general. Biologist-E and Social Factors in Development Social (EXT-E) - Social. Certificates, a percentage of raising-I and biologist-E (internal) - inheritance, bonds. Asset person. In the distress of the leading factors, 3 OSN are allocated. People's Concepts: Biologist-I (person-to-this nature. Sums and all the behavior of the person is explained by Sia. He is from the birth of the needs, attractions and deposits), sociologist - I ( - Bow, as a year. SUB-WA, and in the post-vii he is socializer-Xia), Biosots-I (psycho-sys have a biologist. Nature, but to send, interests, methods - social ). Driving power Briefly of the people of Yavl-Xia is a contradiction, na-p, between reached and necessarily as the level of Zun. Thanks to k.d. Ushinsky hih in, the child became a relay, as the subject will bring up from the standpoint of new science - "Ped. Anthropology. " It studies the anthropologist-E laws of development and the formir-I am the image of a child in ontogenesis, i.e. During its individual. Life under the influence of parents, teachers, mass media. Information, self-spin-and self-self-sufficient life. Ways and finding the meaning of our lives, work out ways to fix this appearance and its changes under the influence of Split. Factors - nature, socio-culture, will bring up. Ushinsky laid the foundations of specials. Studying a person as a raised and educator in order to agree on a ped. Theory and practice with the nature of the people, he was the first, he highlighted them as chapters. Factor human. development .. Blonsky, developing the problem of the ratio of the biologist and social ratio, defended the target. The process will raise children, taking into account the features of children. Period.

The concept of didactics. The emergence and development of scientific didactics (Ya.a. Komensky, I.G.Pestaltsi, A.Disterveg). Education as value, process and result. Essence, structure and functions of the learning process.

Didactics- The doctrine of education and personality education. Pedagogical learning theory, giving a scientific substantiation of its content, methods and organizational forms. Pedagogical discipline examining training on theoretical level.

The subject of didactics: Communication of teaching and teachings, their interaction.

For the first time, the term "didactics" appeared in the writings of the German teacher of Wolfgang Ratche (ratijah) (1571-1635) to refer to the art of training. Similarly, as the "universal art of learning all everything," interpreted didactics Jan Ammos Komensei(1592-1670) Student in Scientific didactics. The work "Great Didactics" contains a characteristic of the principles of training (visibility, consistency, consciousness, availability, knowledge strength, etc.) and a cool-manner system. The first to speak about the need for special training teacher, formula. The requirements for the personality of the teacher, proposed the concept of the school school year with his division on training quarters, introduced the holidays, the concept of a lesson, class. I.Pestaltsi(1746-1827) Labor "As Gertrud teaches his children." Developed a method of elementary education, according to which the process of education should begin with the simplest elements and gradually retest on more and more complex. The founder of the concept of "formal education": teaching items as a means of developing abilities. Developed the method of initial learning children. A.Disteg.(1790-1866) Labor "Guide to the formation of German teachers." Developed the didactics of educational training. The main thing. The task of learning is the development of the mental forces and abilities of children. The purpose of the teacher is developed. Amateurities of children. Success learning will provide. teacher.

Education as value:

1)State. The moral, intellectual, economic and cultural potential of each state depends on the state of the educational sector and the possibilities of its progressive development. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" indicates: "The Russian Federation proclaims the field of education priority" (Article 1). 2) Public. Education lays the foundations of future changes in society, predetermining its development. Education is designed to educate the patriots of Russia, citizens of the legal, democratic state capable of socializing in civil society, respecting the rights and freedoms of identity with high morality and showing national and religious tolerance, respectful attitude towards languages, traditions and culture of other peoples. 3) Personal.Individually motivated human attitude to its own education, its level and quality.

Education as a process It is a mastering person in a educational institution or by self-education a system of knowledge, skills and skills, experience in cognitive and practical activities, value orientations and relations.

Education as a result - Characteristics of the achieved level of education.

Training - a targeted specially organized and managed process of interaction between teachers and students, aimed at mastering knowledge, skills and skills, the formation of the worldview, the development of the mental forces and the potential possibilities of students.

The structure of the learning process Can be submitted in two ways:

1) on the activities of the teacher and students:training process \u003d Teaching (teacher's activities) Education (activities of students) 2) by components:a) the target (idea of \u200b\u200bthe final result); b) meaningful (selection of the content of the educational material); c) motivational-stimulating (social motifs (assessment, mark, praise, creating a situation of success), cognitive motifs (game, novelty, interesting historical information)); d) operational activity; e) control and correction; (e) Evaluation-effective.

Functions of the learning process: education (armament of students with a system of scientific knowledge, skills and skills and its use in practice); educational(Education brings up always, but not automatically, therefore the implementation of the raising function requires in the organization of the educational process, the selection of content, the choice of forms and methods to proceed from the correct upbringing tasks); developing (It is carried out most effectively pi special orientation of the interaction of teachers and students on the comprehensive development of the student's personality).

The concept of the content of education (CO), Feder. GOSID. Images. Standard (GEF), educational. program, curriculum, curriculum.

Sushi 3 basic approaches to the consideration of this concept of CO: 1 . SO - Pedagogically adapted bases of sciences studied at school; 2 . SO As a scoop, Ziin, the cat-e dol.by is learned by students. Here is a review-sch, with a tz. demands; 3(!). SO As a pedago-ki, the adapted social experience of mankind, which is identical in the structure of a person-oh culture in its entirety. The mark is allocated. Wides of the social experience: 1 knowledge about nature, creative. Item, technique, etc.; 2 experience practicing. Dual (experience of implementing known methods of Dual, including skills, skills; 3-ways of creative, dt; 4-experience implementing an emotional and value attitude towards peace, common-wo, ch-ku, nature. Principles and criteria for the selection of general education content: 1. CPI compliance with in all elements and at all levels of designing the development requirements of the general: Science, Candot and Personality; 2 . pr-cizza of the same content and proceeding side of the studies; 3 . PR-CIP of the structural of the one-Wa CO on the difference of its formation, i.e. Dol. Square Dru's traveler. Documents, in Kh reflections with: studies. PLAN, student. Program, state, studies and studies. Visobi, and T / same ped.Money, person student; 4 . PR-CIP HUMANITARIZATION OF CO: "Humanitarianization of Knowledge" -Ipolyz-E information, texts from Guman-X Sciences in Eestes.-Scientifics; 5. Pros-CIP fundamentalization of CO: Science and Tea Daughty and on EVERY. ETAPE IC Dol.St.Tol.Tol. Nova, but also bases. 6 . The principle of compliance of the main components of the content of the general formation structure of the basic culture of the personality. Sampling levels: 1-UR-NY common theorette. Co-I-state and studies. 2-UR-NY studies. Program student. Program; 3-UR-HY studies. Materials-study, studies. Pressure.

State- Norma-th doca-T, which is predicted with the parameters protruding in the quality of the state of education. State determines-1.min CO, 2-MAX study. The load, 3-requirements for graduate training. In the state register-Sia Feder-th, the national region, and school. Compact.

Studies-Norm-y dock, certain artistic oblast and studies. Pred-you, studied in this general-building institution (aquarters), the distribution of them in the years of the country and the number of hours in Ned-Yu, allocated to the study of each person in this class. Uch.pl. Item.3vid: 1 -Base-biscuit; 2 -typova bp; 3 -Y.p. Topicobs. Creation-th, Ky Sost. I am 2 parts: invariant (Feder.comp.) and variatives. (Nazio-no-region. And school .comp-you).

Studies. Program-Norm-y dock, discontinu-th content of Ziin on studies. Pred-Tu, the logic of studying the OSN of world ideas with a decree of the following, issues and the general dosage of time on Their study. Types Studies. PR-M:1-typical account. Breasure-Xia based on the requirements of the state belongs to one or another area. Type - I study. Up-we develop. and approved by the Mini-M of the Formation of the Russian Federation and imagine a recommendatory Har-P; 2-working upp-ma Developed and approved by ped-Kim Board of School based on typical studies. 3-Authorship Consides the demand of the state, but may contain a different logic of studying the studies. Pred-Ta, their approaches to the consideration of certain theories, their point of view referring to the study of individual ivl and processes. F-QU. Pr- : 1. Compress, 2. Ideeno-zenovical, 3. regulating, or organizational-methodical. Eastor-ki 2 ways PRT-I.PR-M:linear - Not happening. The corresponding return. to previously studied sections of the program; concentric - the same sections of the programs. Intelligence on different. Ease of study either on different. Etpaes are studied by the same platter; In the last time Introduces in Prak-ku 3 way: spiral - Department. It is studied without repeat, and others are re-complicated. Stu-Ra study.Pr-we: 1 . Tites; 2 . Explained. Registration (goals, tasks of uk.Rog-we, the main idea and logic of its study and concrete. For its implementation; 3 . CONTENTS UCH. PR-WITHES (ONE SECTIONS AND TECHNES FOR STUDENTS AND THE PREPITICAL QUESTIONS, OSED. and theme (on EN disciplines + labs and practices. BR)); 4 . Accessories. Schedule; 5 . criteria for evaluation.

Tutorials accepted dol. Repeat reliable scientific knowledge (facts, theories, law, concepts, dates, etc.); Specific logic of studying Dan-th studi-ta, forms of the form of skills, knowledge, k, can be approved in any. Susitations, reflect the world idea, bonding, but , DOL.The is oriented, aimed at the formation of an emotionally value attitude to peace, nature, etc.