What is the calorific value of natural gas. The quality of natural gas supplied to consumers
Economic calculations, comparison of indicators of fuel-using devices with each other and planning must be carried out on a single basis. Therefore, the concept of the so-called equivalent fuel was introduced.
Conventional fuel is a unit of account for fossil fuels used to compare the efficiency of different types of fuel and total accounting. The use of equivalent fuel is especially convenient for comparing the efficiency of various heat and power plants.
As a unit of equivalent fuel, 1 kg of fuel with a calorific value of 7000 kcal / kg (29.3 MJ / kg) is used, which corresponds to good low-ash dry coal. For comparison, let us point out that brown coals have a calorific value of less than 24 MJ / kg, and anthracites and bituminous coals - 23-27 MJ / kg. The ratio between conventional fuel and natural fuel is expressed by the formula
V t = (Q n p / 7000) V n = E V n,
where B t is the mass of the equivalent amount of equivalent fuel, kg;
B n - mass of natural fuel, kg (solid and liquid fuel) or m 3 -
gaseous;
Q nr - the lowest calorific value of the given natural fuel, kcal / kg
or kcal / m 3.
The ratio E = Q n p / 7000 is called calorie coefficient, and it is accepted for:
Oil - 1.43;
Natural gas - 1.15;
Peat - 0.34-0.41 (depending on humidity);
Peat briquettes - 0.45 -0.6 (depending on humidity);
Diesel fuel - 1.45;
Fuel oil - 1.37.
The calorific value of various fuels, kcal / kg, is approximately:
oil - 10,000 (kcal / kg);
natural gas - 8,000 (kcal / m 3);
hard coal - 7000 (kcal / kg);
firewood with a moisture content of 10% - 3900 (kcal / kg);
40% - 2400 (kcal / kg);
peat with moisture content 10% - 4100 (kcal / kg);
40% - 2500 (kcal / kg);
2.4 Fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Belarus
Fuel and energy complex (FEC) The Republic of Belarus is a complex set of large, continuously developing production systems for the receipt, transformation, distribution and use of natural energy resources and energy of all types. In the Republic of Belarus, it includes enterprises for extraction (oil, peat, associated gas), procurement (firewood), purchase of missing minerals, transportation of gas, converting them into electric or thermal energy and distributing them to consumers.
The installed capacity of all energy sources in the country is more than 7.8 million kW. This is enough to provide consumers of the republic with electricity, which is generated by 23 power plants. The total volume of electricity and heat consumption, which peaked in 1990-1991. and amounted to 49 billion kWh and 112 Gcal, respectively, over the past years has been steadily decreasing, reaching a minimum (32 billion kWh and 72.1 Gcal) in 1996.Since 1997, there has been an increase in electricity and heat consumption (Table 5).
Table 5-Dynamics of electricity and heat consumption (according to the World Bank)
In 1999, at the expense of local, renewable non-traditional and secondary resources, more than 15% (5.2 million tons of fuel equivalent) of the total demand of the republic in energy resources was provided.
The republican government body that implements the functions of state regulation for the provision of fuel and energy resources is the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Belarus (Ministry of Energy).
The fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Belarus includes:
The Ministry of Energy, which is subordinate to:
Belarusian State Enterprise for Gas Transportation Beltransgaz;
Belarusian State Energy Concern "Belenergo";
Belarusian concern for fuel and gasification "Beltopgaz";
Belarusian State Concern for Oil and Chemistry "Belneftekhim", directly subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.
The main tasks of the Ministry of Energy are:
Carrying out a scientific, technical, economic and social policy aimed at creating conditions for the effective work of organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Energy in order to meet the needs of the national economy and the population for electric and thermal energy, natural and liquefied gas, solid fuels, and their rational and safe use;
Taking, in accordance with the established procedure, measures to ensure the energy security of the Republic of Belarus;
Preparation, jointly with other republican government bodies of regional executive committees and the Minsk City Executive Committee, of proposals on the formation of the energy policy of the Republic of Belarus and the organization of the implementation of this policy;
Development and implementation of measures to improve payment discipline in payments for fuel and energy.
The main activity of the fuel and energy complex is the all-round development of local types and non-traditional energy sources, as well as the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies.
V concern "Belneftekhim" all oil and associated gas production is concentrated The oil production limit on the territory of the Republic of Belarus is set at 1,850.5 thousand tons per year. The Concern, together with the production association Belarusneft, is actively working to participate in the development of Russian oil fields in the Nenets Autonomous District of the Russian Federation. For this purpose, the Nenetsko-Belarusian Oil Company was created on parity terms, which received a license for geological exploration of the Liginsky area. The Concern provides all sectors of the Belarusian economy with liquid fuel and lubricants through its subordinate production associations of oil products. In addition, he is in charge of all chemical industry enterprises, the largest of which are Svetlogorsk RUE Khimvolokno, Mogilev RUE Khimvolokno and Lavsan.
State enterprise for the transportation and supply of gas - Beltransgaz was the legal successor of the Office of Main Gas Pipelines, established in 1960 in the republic. For the operation of the Dashava - Minsk main gas pipeline, which was commissioned in the same year, in 1973 it was transformed into the Western Production Association for the transportation and supply of gas "Zapadtransgaz", and in 1982 - into the Belarusian State Enterprise for the Transportation and Supply of Gas "Beltransgaz. ". In 2001, it became the Beltransgaz Republican Unitary Gas Transportation and Supply Enterprise. For 40 years, the gas system on the territory of our republic has grown so much that it can transport up to 50 billion cubic meters of gas through its main arteries. For comparison, let us point out that in 1992 Belarus consumed 17.5 billion cubic meters of gas, and in 1999 the republic received 16 billion cubic meters of gas. In 2000, the volume of gas pipelines transported by Beltransgaz through the system of gas pipelines laid across our republic amounted to 41.8 billion cubic meters, of which 16.5 billion cubic meters - to consumers of the Republic of Belarus. The rest is transport supplies to Ukraine, Lithuania, Kaliningrad region, Western Europe.
Beltransgaz operates 6,400 km of gas pipelines with diameters ranging from 100 to 1400 mm. The supply of natural gas to the consumers of the republic is ensured by the operation of 6 linear compressor stations, 201 gas distribution stations, and 8 reduction units. Stable gas supply is supported by 6 gas metering stations, 632 cathodic protection stations. It is in charge of two underground gas storage facilities: Osipovichskoye with an active gas volume of 0.36 billion cubic meters and Pribugskoye, the first stage of which makes it possible to create active gas reserves in the amount of 0.48 billion cubic meters, which to a certain extent ensure the satisfaction of uneven seasonal gas demand business entities.
At present, natural gas accounts for 74% of the country's fuel balance. The country's economy and the life support of the population depend on the reliability of the state and functioning of the gas supply system. Gas has become an integral part of our daily life and has become indispensable in the national economy. It is used as a fuel for public utility needs of the population in 92 administrative districts, and is the most important fuel resource for the production of electricity and heat.
In addition, gas is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, various types of plastics, and other modern materials that make up the bulk of the republic's export potential. It is used as a motor fuel for cars, for other purposes.
Great prospects will be given to our country by the completion of the construction of the Russian gas pipeline "Yamal - Western Europe", which will pass through our territory. After putting it into operation, our country will receive 18 billion cubic meters of gas free of charge for transit from Gazprom of Russia. In accordance with the forecast of electricity consumption, demand for it is expected in 2015 in the amount of 41-45 billion kWh, or an increase in comparison with 1999 by 22-23%, heat energy - 83-89 million Gcal, or by 14-22 %. The installed capacity of all energy sources, provided the republic is self-sufficient in electricity, should be 8.3-9.0 million kW by 2010, and 8.6-9.4 million kW by 2015.
Concern "Belenergo" all republican unitary enterprises for the generation of electric and thermal energy are subordinated. In addition to them, a huge number of boiler houses are under the jurisdiction of utilities, enterprises and associations of various ministries and departments, and for the generation of electricity - CHP plants (Dobrush paper mill, Zhabinsky, Gorodetsky, Skidelsky, Slutsk sugar factories, etc.)
Concern "Beltopgaz" was established in 1992 to supply natural and liquefied gas, as well as solid fuel (peat briquettes, firewood) on the basis of the existing State Committee of the BSSR for gasification. He is also involved in the operation, construction, design of gas networks. It is in charge of 20 thousand km of pipelines, over 2 thousand gas control points, over 3 thousand group installations of liquefied gas. It serves more than 3.5 million apartments, more than 30 thousand social facilities, 3,700 industrial, energy, rural and municipal enterprises. The concern is responsible for the production of fuel briquettes and other types of fuel.
Despite the numerous problems and difficulties, the material base of the country's energy system will continue to be updated using energy-saving technologies. In the coming years, it is planned to reconstruct Brest (with an increase in capacity by 4 times) and two Minsk CHPPs (CHPP-3, CHPP-5), Gomel CHPP-3. In the near future, it is planned to replace part of the equipment at Lukoml GRES and reconstruct Berezovskaya, which is assigned a major role in the implementation of a special international project to export electricity to the West. Together with the Russians, in the next 7 years, it is planned to carry out a complete reconstruction of this second most important station, as a result of which its capacity will be increased by 350 MW. At the same time, fuel consumption for electricity generation will be significantly reduced, which will become competitive in the world market.
The implementation of this project promises great benefits for both Russia and
Belarus.
Attaching great importance to the development of small-scale energy, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on August 10, 2000 adopted Resolution No. 1232 "On measures for the development of small-scale energy in the Republic of Belarus", which approved the Program for the Development of Electricity Generating Capacities Based on Steam Turbine, Gas Turbine and Combined Gas Plants with the Creation of Small CHPPs in the republic in 2000-2005 The goal of the program is to ensure an increase in energy production based on the development of small CHPPs in the republic. Three tasks are set:
Organization of work to identify the potential for the development of power generating capacities in the republic on the basis of steam turbine, combined cycle gas and gas turbine plants;
Determination of approaches and implementation of the existing potential, volumes and sources of investment in the creation of small CHP;
Development of plans for the commissioning of electric power equipment in boiler houses for 2000 and the procedure for carrying out this work in subsequent years.
The program provides for the creation of highly efficient small CHPPs equipped with steam turbine (STU), gas turbine (GTU) and combined cycle gas (CCGT) units that provide electricity generation in a heating cycle with minimal fuel consumption.
Forecasted indicators of the development of unconventional energy and the use of secondary resources in the coming period:
Hydropower production is economically feasible 250 MW with a generation of 0.8-0.9 billion kWh, which is equivalent to 250 thousand tons of fuel equivalent. tons / year;
Electricity generation at wind turbines, according to expert estimates, will not exceed 200-300 million kWh per year, and the economically feasible level of energy production by this method requires additional research;
The use of biomass by 2015, according to expert estimates, may yield 250-300 thousand tons of fuel equivalent. T.;
The potential of crop waste is 1.5 million tons of fuel equivalent. tons per year;
The potential energy of municipal solid waste is equivalent to
450 thousand tons of fuel equivalent t. The economically feasible level of their use by processing to obtain gas is 100-120 thousand tons of fuel equivalent. T.;
The potential for the output of secondary thermal energy resources is 17.9 million Gcal per year, 2.7 million Gcal is used, technically possible - up to 10 million Gcal / year;
The total output of combustible waste is estimated at 0.8 million tons of fuel equivalent. tons per year, 277.5 thousand tons of fuel equivalent are used. tons per year, or 48%, it is planned by 2015 to bring the level of their utilization to 85%.
The volume of consumption of own fuel and energy resources in 2015 is estimated at 5.4 million tonnes of fuel equivalent. tons, or 13.9% of the gross consumption of fuel and energy resources in Belarus. Of these, 4.8 million tons of fuel equivalent. tons are local fuels and 0.6 million tons of fuel equivalent. t. - unconventional and renewable sources and secondary resources.
When burning, any fuel releases heat (energy), estimated quantitatively in joules or calories (4.3 J = 1 cal). In practice, calorimeters, sophisticated laboratory devices, are used to measure the amount of heat released during fuel combustion. The calorific value is also called calorific value.
The amount of heat received from fuel combustion depends not only on its calorific value, but also on its mass.
For comparison of substances by the volume of energy released during combustion, the value of the specific heat of combustion is more convenient. It shows the amount of heat generated during the combustion of one kilogram (mass specific heat of combustion) or one liter, cubic meter (volumetric specific heat of combustion) of fuel.
The units of specific heat of combustion of fuel adopted in the SI system are kcal / kg, MJ / kg, kcal / m³, MJ / m³, as well as their derivatives.
The energy value of a fuel is determined precisely by the value of its specific heat of combustion. The relationship between the amount of heat generated during the combustion of fuel, its mass and specific heat of combustion is expressed by a simple formula:
Q = q m, where Q is the amount of heat in J, q is the specific heat of combustion in J / kg, and m is the mass of the substance in kg.
For all types of fuel and most combustible substances, the specific heats of combustion have long been determined and summarized in tables that are used by specialists when calculating the heat released during the combustion of fuel or other materials. In different tables, slight discrepancies are possible, apparently explained by slightly different measurement methods or different calorific value of the same type of combustible materials extracted from different deposits.
Specific heat of combustion of some fuels
Coal has the highest energy consumption of solid fuels - 27 MJ / kg (anthracite - 28 MJ / kg). Charcoal has similar indicators (27 MJ / kg). Brown coal has a much lower calorific value - 13 MJ / kg. In addition, it usually contains a lot of moisture (up to 60%), which, evaporating, reduces the value of the total heat of combustion.
Peat burns with a heat of 14-17 MJ / kg (depending on its state - crumb, pressed, briquette). Firewood, dried to 20% moisture, emit from 8 to 15 MJ / kg. At the same time, the amount of energy received from aspen and from birch can differ by almost half. Pellets from different materials give approximately the same indicators - from 14 to 18 MJ / kg.
Liquid fuels differ much less in terms of specific heat of combustion than solid ones. So, the specific heat of combustion of diesel fuel - 43 MJ / l, gasoline - 44 MJ / l, kerosene - 43.5 MJ / l, fuel oil - 40.6 MJ / l.
Specific heat of combustion of natural gas is 33.5 MJ / m³, propane - 45 MJ / m³. The most energy-consuming gaseous fuel is hydrogen gas (120 MJ / m³). It is very promising for use as a fuel, but to date, the best options for its storage and transportation have not yet been found.
Comparison of energy intensity of different fuels
When comparing the energy value of the main types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, it can be established that one liter of gasoline or diesel fuel corresponds to 1.3 m³ of natural gas, one kilogram of coal - 0.8 m³ of gas, one kg of firewood - 0.4 m³ of gas.
The heat of combustion of fuel is the most important indicator of efficiency, but the breadth of its distribution in the spheres of human activity depends on the technical capabilities and economic indicators of use.
Calorific value of natural gas kcal m3
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Physical quantities
The thermal power of heating equipment is usually presented in kilowatts (kWh), kilocalories per hour (kcal/ h) or in megajoules per hour (Mj/ h) .
1 kW = 0.86 kcal / h = 3.6 MJ / h
Energy consumption is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), kilocalories (kcal) or megajoules (MJ).
1 kWh = 0.86 kcal = 3.6 MJ
Most household heating appliances have a power of
within 10 - 45 kW.
Natural gas
Natural gas consumption is usually measured in cubic meters (m3 ) ... This value is recorded by your gas meter and it is this value that is recorded by the gas utility worker when he takes readings. One cubic meter of natural gas contains 37.5 MJ or 8,958 kcal of energy.
Propane (liquefied gas, LPG)*
Propane consumption is usually measured in liters (l) ... One liter of propane contains 25.3 MJ or 6,044 kcal of energy. Basically, all the rules and concepts that apply to natural gas are also applicable to propane, with a slight adjustment for calorific value. Propane has a lower hydrogen content than natural gas. When propane is burned, the amount of heat released in latent form is about 3% less than that of natural gas. This suggests that traditional propane-fired furnas are slightly more efficient than natural gas-fueled ones. On the other hand, when we are dealing with highly efficient condensing heaters, the reduced hydrogen content complicates the condensation process and propane heaters lose a little in that they run on natural gas.
* Unlike Canada, not pure propane is widespread in Ukraine, and propane - butane mixtures, in which the proportion of propane can range from 20 before 80 %. Butane has calories 6 742 kcal/ l. Important to remember, that the boiling point of propane is minus 43 ° C, and the boiling point of butane – only minus 0,5 ° C. In practice, this leads to, that with a high content of butane in a gas cylinder in frosty conditions, the gas from the cylinder does not evaporate without additional heating .
udarnik_truda
Notes of a Wandering Locksmith - Malaga Truth
How much gas is in the bottle
Oxygen, argon, helium, welding mixtures: 40 liters cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cubic meters
Acetylene: 40 liters cylinder at 19 atm - 4.5 cubic meters
Carbon dioxide: 40 liters cylinder - 24 kg - 12 cubic meters
Propane: 50 liters cylinder - 42 liters of liquid gas - 21 kg - 10 cubic meters
Oxygen pressure in the cylinder depending on temperature
40C - 105 atm
-20С - 120 atm
0С - 135 atm
+ 20C - 150 atm (nominal)
+ 40C - 165 atm
Welding wire Sv-08 and its derivatives, weight 1 kilometer in length
0.6 - 2.222 kg
0.8 - 3.950 kg
1.0 - 6.173 kg
1.2 - 8.888 kg
Calorific value (calorific value) of liquefied and natural gas
Natural gas - 8500 kcal / m3
Liquefied gas - 21800 kcal / m3
Examples of using the above data
Question: How long will gas and wire last when welding with a semiautomatic device with a wire cassette of 0.8 mm weighing 5 kg and a carbon dioxide cylinder with a volume of 10 liters?
Answer: Welding wire SV-08 with a diameter of 0.8 mm weighs 3,950 kg 1 kilometer, which means about 1200 meters of wire on a 5 kg cassette. If the average feed speed for such a wire is 4 meters per minute, then the cassette will leave in 300 minutes. Carbon dioxide in a "large" 40-liter cylinder of 12 cubic meters or 12000 liters, if you count on a "small" 10-liter container, then it will contain 3 cubic meters of carbon dioxide. meters or 3000 liters. If the gas consumption for purging is 10 liters per minute, then a 10-liter cylinder must be enough for 300 minutes or for 1 cassette of 0.8 wire weighing 5 kg, or a "large" cylinder of 40 liters for 4 cassettes of 5 kg each.
Question: I want to put a gas boiler in my dacha and be heated from cylinders, how long will one cylinder last?
Answer: In a 50-liter "large" propane cylinder there are 21 kg of liquefied gas or 10 cubic meters of gas in gaseous form. We find the boiler data, for example, we take the very common AOGV-11.6 boiler with a capacity of 11.6 kW and designed for heating 110 sq. meters. The ZhMZ website indicates the consumption immediately in kilograms per hour for liquefied gas - 0.86 kg per hour when operating at full capacity. 21 kg of gas in a cylinder is divided by 0.86 kg / h = 18 hours of continuous burning of such a boiler on 1 cylinder, in reality this will happen if it is -30C outside with a standard house and the usual requirement for the air temperature in it, and if on the street is only -20C, then 1 cylinder will be enough for 24 hours (day). We can conclude that in order to heat an ordinary house of 110 sq. meters of balloon gas in the cold months of the year, you need about 30 cylinders per month. It must be remembered that due to the different calorific value of liquefied and natural gas, the consumption of liquefied and natural gas at the same power is different for boilers. To switch from one type of gas to another in boilers, it is usually necessary to change jets / nozzles. When making calculations, be sure to take this into account and take the flow data specifically for the boiler with nozzles for the correct gas.
Calorific value of natural gas kcal m3
How much gas is in the bottle Oxygen, argon, helium, welding mixtures: 40 liters bottle at 150 atm - 6 cubic meters Acetylene: 40 liters bottle at 19 atm - 4.5 cubic meters Carbon dioxide: 40 liters bottle - 24 kg - 12 cubic meters .m Propane: 50 liters cylinder - 42 liters of liquid gas - 21 kg - 10 cubic meters. The oxygen pressure in the cylinder ...
A quick reference for a beginner welder
How much gas is in the bottle
Oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, welding mixtures: 40-liter cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cu. m / helium 1 kg, other compressed gases 8-10 kg
Acetylene: 40-liter cylinder at 19 kgf / cm2 - 4.5 cubic meters m / 5.5 kg of dissolved gas
Carbon dioxide: 40 liter cylinder - 12 cu. m / 24 kg of liquid gas
Propane: 50 liter cylinder - 10 cu. m / 42 liters of liquid gas / 21 kg of liquid gas
How much do the cylinders weigh
Oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, welding mixtures: the weight of an empty 40-liter cylinder is 70 kg
Acetylene: the weight of an empty 40-liter cylinder is 90 kg
Propane: the weight of an empty 50-liter cylinder is 22 kg
What is the thread on the cylinders
Thread for valves in the necks of cylinders in accordance with GOST 9909-81
W19.2 - 10-liter and smaller cylinders for any gases, as well as carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
W27.8 - 40-liter oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, as well as 5, 12, 27 and 50 liters of propane
W30.3 - 40 liter acetylene
М18х1,5 - fire extinguishers (Attention! Do not try to fill powder fire extinguishers with carbon dioxide or any compressed gas, but propane can be filled.)
Valve thread for connecting the gearbox
G1 / 2 ″ - often found on 10-liter cylinders, an adapter is needed for a standard reducer
G3 / 4 ″ - standard for 40-liter oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, welding mixtures
SP 21.8 × 1/14 ″ - for propane left thread
Oxygen or argon pressure in a fully charged cylinder depending on temperature
40C - 105 kgf / cm2
-20C - 120 kgf / cm2
0C - 135 kgf / cm2
+ 20C - 150 kgf / cm2 (nominal)
+ 40C - 165 kgf / cm2
Helium pressure in a fully filled cylinder depending on temperature
40C - 120 kgf / cm2
-20C - 130 kgf / cm2
0C - 140 kgf / cm2
+ 20C - 150 kgf / cm2 (nominal)
+ 40C - 160 kgf / cm2
Acetylene pressure in a fully filled cylinder versus temperature
5C - 13.4 kgf / cm2
0C - 14.0 kgf / cm2
+ 20C - 19.0 kgf / cm2 (nominal)
+ 30C - 23.5 kgf / cm2
+ 40C - 30.0 kgf / cm2
Welding wire Sv-08, weight of 1 kilometer of wire in length depending on diameter
0.6 mm - 2.222 kg
0.8 mm - 3.950 kg
1.0 mm - 6.173 kg
1.2 mm - 8.888 kg
Calorific value (calorific value) of natural and liquefied gas
Natural gas - 8570 kcal / m3
Propane - 22260 kcal / m3
Butane - 29415 kcal / m3
Liquefied gas LPG (averaged propane-butane mixture) - 25800 kcal / m3
According to the calorific value, 1 cubic meter of liquefied gas = 3 cubic meters of natural gas!
Differences between household bottled propane reducers from industrial
Household reducers for gas stoves such as RDSG-1-1.2 "Frog" and RDSG-2-1.2 "Baltika" - throughput 1.2 m3 / hour, outlet pressure 2000 - 3600 Pa (0.02 - 0.036 kgf / cm2).
Industrial reducers for gas-flame processing of BPO-5 type - throughput 5 m3 / h, outlet pressure 1 - 3 kgf / cm2.
Basic information about gas welding torches
Torches of type G2 "Baby", "Zvezdochka" are the most widespread and universal welding torches, and when buying a torch for general purposes it is worth purchasing them. The burners can be equipped with different tips and, depending on the installed tip, have different characteristics:
Tip No. 1 - thickness of the welded metal 0.5 - 1.5 mm - average acetylene / oxygen consumption 75/90 l / h
Tip # 2 - thickness of the welded metal 1 - 3 mm - average acetylene / oxygen consumption 150/180 l / h
Tip No. 3 - thickness of the welded metal 2 - 4 mm - average consumption of acetylene / oxygen 260/300 l / h
It is important to know and remember that acetylene torches cannot operate stably on propane, and for welding, brazing, heating parts with a propane-oxygen flame, it is necessary to use gas-fired burners and others specially designed to work on propane-butane. It should be borne in mind that welding with propane-oxygen flame gives worse weld characteristics than welding with acetylene or electric welding, and therefore it should be resorted to only in exceptional cases, but soldering or heating with propane can be even more comfortable than with acetylene. The characteristics of propane-oxygen burners, depending on the installed tip, are as follows:
Tip # 1 - average propane-butane / oxygen consumption 50/175 l / h
Tip # 2 - average propane-butane / oxygen consumption 100/350 l / h
Tip # 3 - average propane-butane / oxygen consumption 200/700 l / h
For correct and safe operation of the burner, it is very important to set the correct gas pressure at the inlet to it. All modern burners are injection burners, i.e. the suction of combustible gas in them is performed by an oxygen stream passing through the central channel of the injector, and therefore the oxygen pressure must be higher than the pressure of the combustible gas. Typically, the following pressure is set:
Oxygen pressure at the burner inlet - 3 kgf / cm2
Acetylene or propane pressure at the burner inlet - 1 kgf / cm2
Injector burners are the most resistant to flame backfire and are recommended to be used. In old, non-injector burners, the pressure of oxygen and combustible gas is set equal, due to which the development of a back blow of the flame is facilitated, this makes such a burner more dangerous, especially for beginner gas welders who often manage to dip the torch tip into the weld pool, which is extremely dangerous.
Also, the correct sequence of opening / closing the burner valves should always be followed when lighting / extinguishing the burner. When ignited, oxygen always opens first, then combustible gas. When extinguishing, the combustible gas is first closed, and then the oxygen. Please note that when the burner is extinguished, popping may occur in this sequence - fear not, this is normal.
It is imperative to correctly set the ratio of gases in the burner flame. With the correct ratio of combustible gas and oxygen, the core of the flame (a small bright glowing area right next to the mouthpiece) is fat, thick, clearly outlined, does not have a veil around the flame in the flame. If there is an excess of combustible gas, there will be a veil around the core. With an excess of oxygen, the nucleus will become pale, sharp, prickly. To correctly set the composition of the flame, first give an excess of combustible gas so that a veil appears around the core, and then gradually add oxygen or remove the combustible gas until the veil disappears completely, and immediately stop turning the valves, this will be the optimal welding flame. Welding should be carried out with a flame zone at the very tip of the core, but in no case should the core itself be pushed into the weld pool, and not carried too far.
Do not confuse a welding torch and a gas torch. The welding torches have two valves and the torch has three valves. Two valves of the torch torch are responsible for the heating flame, and the third additional valve opens a stream of cutting oxygen, which, passing through the central channel of the mouthpiece, causes the metal to burn in the cutting zone. It is important to understand that a gas cutter cuts not by melting the metal from the cutting zone, but by burning it out with the subsequent removal of slag by the dynamic effect of a jet of cutting oxygen. In order to cut the metal with a gas cutter, it is necessary to ignite a heating flame, acting in the same way as in the case of ignition of a welding torch, bring the torch to the edge of the cut, heat a small local area of the metal to a red glow and suddenly open the cutting oxygen valve. After the metal ignites and a cut begins to form, the cutter begins to move in accordance with the required cutting path. At the end of the cut, the cutting oxygen valve must be closed, leaving only the heating flame. The cut should always start only from the edge, but if there is an urgent need to start the cut not from the edge, but from the middle, then you should not "punch" the metal with a cutter, it is better to drill a through hole and start cutting from it, it is much safer. Some acrobatic welders manage to cut thin metal with conventional welding torches, deftly manipulating the flammable gas valve, periodically shutting it off and leaving pure oxygen, and then re-igniting the burner on the hot metal, and although this can be seen quite often, it is worth warning that to do this dangerous, and the quality of the cut is poor.
How many cylinders can be transported without issuing special permits
The rules for the carriage of gases by road are regulated by the Regulations for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (POGAT), which in turn are consistent with the requirements of the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods (ADR).
Clause POGAT 1.2 states that “The actions of the Rules do not apply to. carriage of a limited amount of hazardous substances in one vehicle, the carriage of which can be considered as the carriage of non-hazardous goods. A limited amount of dangerous goods is defined in the requirements for the safe transportation of a specific type of dangerous goods. When determining it, it is possible to use the requirements of the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). "
According to ADR, all gases belong to the second class of hazardous substances, while different gases can have different hazardous properties: A - asphyxiant gases, O - oxidizing substances, F - flammable substances. Asphyxiating and oxidizing gases belong to the third transport category, and flammable gases belong to the second. The maximum quantity of dangerous goods, the carriage of which does not fall under the Regulations, is indicated in ADR clause 1.1.3.6, and is 1000 units for the third transport category (classes 2A and 2O), and for the second transport category (class 2F) the maximum quantity is 333 units ... For gases, one unit is understood as 1 liter of vessel capacity, or 1 kg of liquefied or dissolved gas.
Thus, according to POGAT and ADR, the following number of cylinders can be freely transported by car: oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium and welding mixtures - 24 cylinders of 40 liters each; carbon dioxide - 41 cylinders of 40 liters each; propane - 15 cylinders of 50 liters, acetylene - 18 cylinders of 40 liters. (Note: acetylene is stored in cylinders dissolved in acetone, and each cylinder, in addition to gas, contains 12.5 kg of the same combustible acetone, which is taken into account in the calculations.)
When transporting different gases together, ADR clause 1.1.3.6.4 should be followed: "If dangerous goods belonging to different transport categories are transported in the same transport unit, the sum of the quantity of substances and articles of transport category 2 multiplied by" 3 ", and the amount of substances and articles of transport category 3 should not exceed 1000 units. "
Also in ADR paragraph 1.1.3.1 there is an indication that: “The provisions of ADR do not apply. to the carriage of dangerous goods by private persons when these goods are packaged for retail sale and intended for their personal consumption, domestic use, leisure or sports, provided that measures are taken to prevent any leakage of the contents under normal conditions of carriage. "
Additionally, there is an explanation of the DOBDD Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 26, 2006, ref. 13 / 2-121, according to which “Transportation of compressed argon, dissolved acetylene, compressed oxygen and propane in cylinders with a capacity of 50 liters. without observing the requirements of the Rules for the carriage of dangerous goods by road, it is possible to carry out on one transport unit in the following quantities: dissolved acetylene or propane - no more than 6 cylinders, argon or compressed oxygen - no more than 20 cylinders. In case of joint transportation of two of the indicated dangerous goods, the following ratios are possible in terms of the number of cylinders: 1 cylinder with acetylene and 17 cylinders with oxygen or argon; 2 and 14; 3 and 11; 4 and 8; 5 and 5; 6 and 2. The same ratios are possible in the case of transportation of propane and oxygen or argon compressed. When transporting compressed argon and oxygen together, the maximum number should not exceed 20 cylinders, regardless of their ratio, and when transporting acetylene and propane together, 6 cylinders, also regardless of their ratio. "
Based on the above, it is recommended to be guided by the instructions of the DOBDD Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 26, 2006, ref. 13 / 2-121, the least is allowed there and the quantity is directly indicated, what is possible and how. In this instruction, of course, they forgot about carbon dioxide, but you can always say that it is equal to argon, traffic police officers, as a rule, are not great chemists and this is enough for them. Remember that POGAT / ADR is completely on your side, carbon dioxide can be transported through them even more than argon. The truth will be yours anyway. As of 2014, the author is aware of at least 4 successful lawsuits against the traffic police, when they tried to punish people for transporting fewer cylinders than is covered by POGAT / ADR.
Examples of using the above data in practice and in calculations
Question: How long will gas and wire last when welding with a semiautomatic device with a wire cassette of 0.8 mm weighing 5 kg and a carbon dioxide cylinder with a volume of 10 liters?
Answer: Welding wire SV-08 with a diameter of 0.8 mm weighs 3,950 kg 1 kilometer, which means about 1200 meters of wire on a 5 kg cassette. If the average feed speed for such a wire is 4 meters per minute, then the cassette will leave in 300 minutes. Carbon dioxide in a "large" 40-liter cylinder of 12 cubic meters or 12000 liters, if you count on a "small" 10-liter container, then it will contain 3 cubic meters of carbon dioxide. meters or 3000 liters. If the gas consumption for purging is 10 liters per minute, then a 10-liter cylinder must be enough for 300 minutes or for 1 cassette of 0.8 wire weighing 5 kg, or a "large" cylinder of 40 liters for 4 cassettes of 5 kg each.
Question: I want to put a gas boiler in my dacha and be heated from cylinders, how long will one cylinder last?
Answer: In a 50-liter "large" propane cylinder there are 21 kg of liquefied gas or 10 cubic meters of gas in gaseous form, but it is impossible to convert directly into cubic meters and calculate the flow rate from them, because the heat of combustion of liquefied propane-butane is 3 times higher than the heat of combustion of natural gas, and on boilers they usually write the consumption of natural gas! It is more correct to do this: we find the boiler data immediately for liquefied gas, for example, we take the very common AOGV-11.6 boiler with a capacity of 11.6 kW and designed for heating 110 sq. meters. The ZhMZ website indicates the consumption immediately in kilograms per hour for liquefied gas - 0.86 kg per hour when operating at full capacity. 21 kg of gas in a cylinder is divided by 0.86 kg / h = 18 hours of continuous burning of such a boiler on 1 cylinder, in reality this will happen if it is -30C outside with a standard house and the usual requirement for the air temperature in it, and if on the street is only -20C, then 1 cylinder will be enough for 24 hours (day). We can conclude that in order to heat an ordinary house of 110 sq. meters of balloon gas in the cold months of the year, you need about 30 cylinders per month. It must be remembered that due to the different calorific value of liquefied and natural gas, the consumption of liquefied and natural gas at the same power is different for boilers. To switch from one type of gas to another in boilers, it is usually necessary to change jets / nozzles. And now, who is interested, you can count through the cubes. On the same site of ZhMZ, the consumption of the AOGV-11.6 boiler is given for natural gas, it is 1.3 cubic meters per hour, i.e. 1.3 cubic meters of natural gas per hour is equal to the consumption of liquefied gas 0.86 kg / hour. In gaseous form, 0.86 kg of liquefied propane-butane is approximately equal to 0.43 cubic meters of gaseous propane-butane. Remember that propane-butane is three times more powerful than natural gas. Check: 0.43 x 3 = 1.26 cubes. Bingo!
Question: I bought a burner of type GV-1 (GVN-1, GVM-1), connected it to the cylinder through the RDSG-1 "Frog", and it barely burns. Why?
Answer: For the operation of gas-air propane burners used for gas-flame treatment, a gas pressure of 1 - 3 kgf / cm2 is required, and a household reducer designed for gas stoves produces 0.02 - 0.036 kg / cm2, which is clearly not enough. Also, household propane reducers are not designed for high throughput to work with powerful industrial burners. In your case, it is necessary to use a BPO-5 type reducer.
Question: I bought a gas heater in the garage, found a propane reducer from a BPO-5 gas cutter, connected the heater through it. The heater burns with fire and is unstable. What to do?
Answer: Household gas appliances are usually designed for a gas pressure of 0.02 - 0.036 kg / cm2, this is exactly what a household reducer of the RDSG-1 "Frog" type produces, and industrial balloon reducers are designed for a pressure of 1 - 3 kgf / cm2, which is at least 50 times more ... Naturally, when such excess pressure is blown into a household gas appliance, it cannot work correctly. You need to study the instructions for your gas appliance and use the correct reducer that produces exactly the same gas pressure at the inlet to the appliance as it requires.
Question: How Much Acetylene and Oxygen Are Sufficient When Welding Plumbing Pipes?
Answer: A 40-liter bottle contains 6 cu. m of oxygen or 4.5 cubic meters. m of acetylene. The average gas consumption of a G2 type burner with an installed tip # 3, which is most often used for plumbing work, is 260 liters of acetylene and 300 liters of oxygen per hour. This means that there is enough oxygen for: 6 cubic meters. m = 6000 liters / 300 l / h = 20 hours, and acetylene: 4500 liters / 260 l / h = 17 hours. Total: a pair of fully charged 40-liter cylinders of acetylene + oxygen will last approximately 17 hours of continuous burning of the burner, which in practice usually amounts to 3 shifts of the welder's work, 8 hours each.
Question: Is it necessary or not, according to POGAT / ADR, to issue special permits for the carriage of 2 propane cylinders and 4 oxygen cylinders in one car together?
Answer: According to ADR clause 1.1.3.6.4, we calculate: 21 (weight of liquid propane in each cylinder) * 2 (number of propane cylinders) * 3 (coefficient from ADR clause 1.1.3.6.4) + 40 (volume of oxygen in a cylinder in liters, compressed oxygen in a cylinder) * 4 (number of oxygen cylinders) = 286 units. The result is less than 1000 units, such a number of cylinders and in this combination can be transported freely, without any special documents. In addition, there is an explanation of the DOBDD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 26, 2006, ref. 13 / 2-121, which explicitly states that such transportation is allowed without complying with the requirements of POGAT.
A quick reference for a beginner welder
A quick guide for a novice welder How much gas is in the cylinder Oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, welding mixtures: 40-liter cylinder at 150 atm - 6 cu. m / helium 1 kg, other compressed gases 8-10 kg
Natural gas quality - this is the compliance of the values of its physical and chemical indicators with the established regulatory documents.
According to the interstate GOST 5542-87 “GASES, COMBUSTIBLE, NATURAL FOR industrial and domestic use. TECHNICAL CONDITIONS ", in terms of physical and chemical parameters, natural combustible gases must comply with the requirements and standards specified in the table.
| Indicator name | Norm | Test Method |
| 1. Low heat of combustion, MJ / m 3 (kcal / m 3), at 20 ° С 101.325 kPa, not less | 31,8 (7600) | GOST 27193-86 GOST 22667-82 GOST 10062-75 |
| 2. Range of values of the Wobbe number (higher), MJ / m 3 (kcal / m 3) | 41,2-54,5 (9850-13000) | GOST 22667-82 |
| 3. Permissible deviation of the Wobbe number from the nominal value,%, no more | 5 | - |
| 4. Mass concentration of hydrogen sulfide, g / m 3, no more | 0,02 | GOST 22387.2-83 |
| 5. Mass concentration of mercaptan sulfur, g / m 3, no more | 0,036 | GOST 22387.2-83 GOST 22387.3-77 |
| 6. Volume fraction of oxygen,%, no more | 1,0 | GOST 23781-83 |
| 7. Mass of mechanical impurities in 1 m 3, g, no more | 0,001 | GOST 22387.4-77 |
| 8. Intensity of gas odor at a volume fraction of 1% in the air, point, not less | 3 | GOST 22387.5-77 |
Determination of the qualitative indicators of gas entering Ukraine, that is, determining the compliance of its physical and chemical indicators (hereinafter - FHP) with those stipulated by contracts, is carried out at gas metering stations and points for measuring gas consumption (GIS and PIRG), which are located at the inlet of main gas pipelines to Ukraine. GIS and PIRG are equipped with modern main and backup automated gas metering systems with a fiscal non-volatile archive of gas quantity and composition, as well as interventions. Determination of FCP of gas entering the territory of Ukraine is carried out on a daily basis in chemical analytical laboratories and using flow chromatographs installed at the hot water supply system.
Control over the operation of the measuring complexes and the flow of gas into the Ukrainian GTS is carried out by representatives of the National Joint Stock Company Naftogaz of Ukraine,
which are constantly on each DHW. FHP of gas coming from the gas transmission system to the gas distribution networks is measured and monitored at gas distribution stations (GDS), which are installed at the exit from the gas transmission system. To analyze the quality of gas in the DC "Ukrtransgaz" there are 69 chemical-analytical laboratories, accredited and certified by Derzhspozhivstandart. All chemical analytical laboratories comply with sanitary standards, rules and requirements of labor protection and fire safety, equipped with modern equipment - chromatographs, photocolorimeters, moisture meters, hygrometers, analytical scales, etc ... ..
The quality control of gas supplied from the gas transmission system to the gas distribution networks is carried out once a week. The results of the analysis of gas FHP are drawn up in the form of a gas quality protocol, which is approved by the head of the line-production department of DC Ukrtransgaz, one copy of which is provided to enterprises operating gas distribution networks.
The relationship between gas supplying organizations and consumers, legal entities,
are determined by the "Rules for Gas Metering During its Transportation by Gas Distribution Networks, Supply and Consumption", approved by order of the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry dated December 27, 2005 No. 618 and registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on January 26, 2006, No. 5.19. The parties to the contract can exercise control and be present during the performance of work to determine the physical and chemical parameters of gas.
Checking the quality (calorific value) of natural gas used by the population can be carried out at the request of citizens,
on the conditions stipulated by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 9, 1999. N 2246 and Resolution of the NERC of Ukraine dated December 29, 2003 No. 476 “On Approval of the Procedure for Reimbursement of Losses Caused to the Consumer of Natural Gas Due to Violation of the Gas Supply or Gas Transportation Organization“ Rules for Provision of Gas Supply Services to the Population ”.
That is, in case of doubt, the consumer can independently order an additional analysis of the FCP of gas.
In addition, the analysis of the quality of natural gas in the oil and gas industry of Ukraine has been performed by UkrNIIgaz for almost 20 years, which since 1999 has been entrusted with the functions of the industry center for gas quality control of the National Joint Stock Company Naftogaz of Ukraine.
According to the results of analyzes of this Center, the calorific value of lower (calorific value) of natural gas in Ukraine varies within 8,000-8250 kcal / m3, which exceeds the value of gas calorific value established by GOST 5542-87 - not less than 7600 kcal / m3.
Gas distribution
Gas meters with a diaphragm (diaphragm gas meter) are the most common type of gas meters for measuring the volume of gas consumption (to pay for gas for household consumers and small industries).
The principle of operation of a gas meter with a diaphragm
In the gas meter, a measured volume is made, separated by a flexible diaphragm - two measured volumes are obtained: gas enters volume A, gas is squeezed out of volume B by a diaphragm. In the next cycle, gas enters volume B, and is squeezed out of volume A.
The principle of operation of a gas meter with a diaphragm consists in counting the number of gas squeezing out to the consumer.
Obviously, the gas meter does not count the mass of the supplied-sold combustible gas, but the volume of gas.
Reduced gas pressure automatically increases the gas price
Reduced gas pressure reduces the density of the gas supplied to the consumer, and hence its mass in cubic meters. That is, the price of natural gas per kilogram is increasing.
Are there seasonal adjustment factors applied? In winter, in frosts, is it considered that the gas is denser?
Since that is why in winter, when the consumer burns more gas for the sake of heat, it is also beneficial for the gas distribution company - "gorgaz" - "oblgas" (in general, the national fuel gas distribution corporation) to have gas in the gas pipe at a reduced pressure.
Do you have information on what kind of gas is entering your home?
For example, I did not find natfuel.com on the National Fuel Gas Company site (Western New York and Pennsylvania is a natural gas supplier). The site has everything - how to pay for gas, how to read gas meter readings, about gas household appliances, even about working for a company.
But I did not find a description of the item - for what the gas company collects money from consumers, that is, a description of the gas itself - how much is its calorific value per cubic meter according to the meter: pressure, gas composition.
Are they hiding?
The gas meter counted 100 cubic meters of gas.
And how much heat did the gas company actually supply me?
Such "household gas meters SGBET G6" Pegas "(with electronic temperature compensation) ITRON (Germany), made in the city of Engels" ...
By the way, natural gas meters are calibrated (checking the meter's accuracy) by air, according to the verification method.
Or American Meter AC-250 Diaphragm Gas Meter from IMAC Systems, Inc. (Tullytown, PA).
Imported Chinese mechanical diaphragm gas meter G series "Hangzhou Beta Gas Meter Co. has a more frank description - it is intended to measure the volume of gases: natural gas, LPG and all non-aggressive gases:
Total pressure loss ≤ 200 Pa
Working pressure in the range of 0.5 ~ 50 kPa
Cyclic volume 1.2 dm3 (liter).
Yes, gas meters measure the flow of a certain gas, but this makes the consumer warmer by an unknown number of degrees.
And the memorizing manometer, according to the readings of which it is possible to judge the density of natural gas, that is, the mass of the purchased gas, is completely absent in the gas meter. That is, the principle operates pay for an unknown amount of gas (in calories) and be happy.
The gas price (natural gas, propane, fuel gas, fuel gas, natural gas, propane) is determined by the gas supplier in money (euros, dollars, etc.) per cubic meter of gas.
The consumer (subscriber, apartment) gas meter measures the volume of gas, but the heat-calories are given to the consumer by the mass of burnt hydrocarbon-natural gas.
The higher the pressure - the higher the density of the gas, the mass of a cubic meter of gas - the greater the calorific value of a cubic meter of gas.
Here is the main way to deceive consumers of natural gas equipped with a gas meter - to supply gas with a lower pressure.
Cubic meters of gas are considered under standard conditions (pressure 0.101325 MPa, temperature 20 ° C), but from the gas distribution station gas is supplied to the house wiring under pressure - low pressure gas pipelines have excess pressure before 0.005 MPa. And under what pressure the gas is supplied to the consumer, it is an absolute secret.
Selling gas in cubic meters is like selling gas in liters, only ten times more profitable. Gasoline is supplied to a gas station in tons, and sold in liters. Naturally, a kilogram of gasoline is more expensive in summer than in winter - due to the different density depending on the temperature.
Gas composition and heat of combustion
For an example of the composition of natural gas in various gas pipelines of the Russian Federation, see (1), the average composition of natural gas, its heat of combustion, and density.
Gas composition, in percent by volume - CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, CO2, N2, H20, He
density of natural gas - kg / m3 (kilogram per cubic meter at atmospheric pressure - normal conditions) - from 0.712 to 1.036.
How much heat is a cubic meter of gas?
The calorific value of a cubic meter of gas is from 45.85 (10950) to 28.30 (6760) MJ / m3 (Kcal / m3).
And the household tariffs for gas supply do not indicate how much heat the consumer will receive for the purchased cubic meter of gas, which was counted by the gas meter.
LPG, LPG (propane) - liquefied gas has the same problem, but to a lesser extent: if propane, then propane, if methane, then methane; with a very specific heat of combustion of a kilogram of "gas". Besides, liquefied gas is sold in specific kilograms, not in conventional cubic meters of gas. It is not a conventional cat in a bag that is bought, but a specific heat. Question: which is more profitable? Mains gas or gas cylinders / gas holder?
Answer: it is not profitable to buy either one or the other, but it is more profitable not to buy gas for fuel at all - see about the self-home
Good morning dear friends. Over a short period of time, we have been asked the same question quite a few times. We decided to answer it in this article.
What is the heat of combustion of liquefied gas?
Let's start with the main thing, what is the heat of combustion (it is also the calorific value) - this is the amount of heat released as a result of the complete combustion of this type of fuel with a volume of 1 m 3 or a mass of 1 kg (the heat of combustion of liquefied gas can be calculated both by mass and by volume and is measured in MJ / kg and MJ / L, respectively).
The greater the calorific value of liquefied gas (and liquefied gas can be hydrocarbon - LPG - or natural), the less fuel is needed to obtain the same amount of heat.
The calorific value of liquefied gas (propane-butane) is at the level of 46.8 MJ / k or 25.3 MJ / l. When converting the indicators of liquefied hydrocarbon gas from megajoules (MJ) to kilowatt-hours (kW * h), we obtain the specific heat of combustion of gas equal to 13.0 kW * h / kg or 7.0 kW * h / l.
The calorific value of liquefied petroleum gas makes this type of fuel the cheapest among the alternatives (electricity, diesel fuel, coal, firewood), with the possible exception of natural gas methane. However, do not forget that liquefied propane-butane gas is much cheaper when connected (with autonomous gasification) than methane from a centralized gas pipeline.
The price of main gas is growing rapidly, while the price of liquefied hydrocarbon fuel (propane-butane gas) remains stable in the region of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. And the growing popularity of autonomous gas makes the industry even more competitive by increasing the consumption of liquefied fuel.
The cost of 1 kW * h due to the use of gas is much lower than that of alternative fuels: with a specific heat of combustion of 46.8 MJ per 1 kg and a density (approximate) of 0.555 kg / l, the existing efficiency of gas tanks is at the level of 95% and the cost of gas RUB 18.50 for 1 liter, we get 2.7 rubles. for 1 kW * h (a similar figure is obtained for methane gas). Whereas for diesel fuel the cost of 1 kW * h will exceed 4.5 rubles.
The calorific value depends on the exact composition of the gas - propane-butane is divided into "summer" and "winter". In the first case, the percentage of propane and butane is approximately the same - 50% of each gas. In the case of "winter" LPG, propane predominates in the composition - up to 90% of the volume. The heat of combustion of "summer" and "winter" propane-butane will slightly differ, but such a division is necessary to ensure the safe operation of the autonomous gas supply system and to prevent a situation when the propane-butane storage tank gets damaged or explodes due to too strong expansion of gases.
That's something like this, dear friends. I hope we were able to once again answer your question. If you have any question on our topic, write to us, we will be happy to write an article or advise you online.