The greatest discoveries and inventions of mankind. History of inventions and scientific discoveries

Great discoveries of mankind Is a reflection of human evolution. For thousands of years of existence, many useful things have been created. You can learn more from the article about the most important inventions, but this time we will look at exactly the discoveries that contributed to the emergence and development of progress. From the beginnings to the present day. From West to East. From the beginning of evolution to the 21st century. Ready? In this case, we bring to your attention the Top 10 discoveries thanks to which the modern world exists.

10 most important and greatest inventions of mankind!

Opens the ranking of the most important discoveries Humanity - Language. The most ancient and important achievement of people. Used to transfer information. Without language, there would be nothing, including communication, communications, professions and systems. Like many thousands of years ago, people would simply not be able to understand each other. It is difficult to imagine what society would look like, it would be at all, without the existence of language. Currently, the world knows several thousand languages, dozens of dialects. Only due to this discovery did civilization emerge.

After the emergence of language, the next stage of evolution in the field of information transmission was writing. The value of this discovery lies in the ability to leave knowledge to ancestors. With the help of this achievement, we can find out how our predecessors lived, learn, and gain new knowledge. Today it is impossible to do without writing at any enterprise. Every country has educational institutions that exploit this method of transferring information. If there was no written language, one teacher would have to be searched for for each student.

Many people may not understand why wheels are among the most important discoveries, but this is the beginning of all beginnings in the field of geometry and other sciences. It is thanks to the appearance of the wheel that today there is a colossal number of equipment, machines, professions. Without this adaptation, people would never have learned to build trains, cars, electrical installations. After the appearance of this product, they began to build bridges, roads, carts, airplanes. All these objects are closely related to the first wheel, which was presented to the world in ancient times.

By far one of the most important discoveries is electricity. With the advent of the first light bulb, life has changed dramatically. With this invention, people were able to enjoy light even in the dark of the day. The need for the use of candles has disappeared. Thus, many got rid of the dangers that entailed appliances on fire. Today, life cannot be imagined without electricity. modern man... All enterprises, devices and equipment operate on this energy source.

A communication tool that has contributed to a real breakthrough in the field of information transmission. Thanks to the advent of the fax, people were able to transmit information at a distance. As a result, we learned to communicate through letters by mail. Naturally, the fax did not arise without the existence of the first two discoveries in this rating. Thus, the relationship between the main achievements of people is clearly visible. Later, thanks to fax, landline telephones appeared. Thanks to them, they managed not only to exchange letters, but also to talk in real time.

Antibiotics are the most serious discovery of humanity in the field of medicine. Before the invention of these drugs, there were many incurable ailments that took millions of lives a year. With the advent of antibiotics, the number of deaths has been reduced by several times. At the end of the 19th century, mankind managed to defeat a colossal number of diseases that were considered "invincible". These include:

• sepsis;
• pneumonia;
• plague;
• other.

Medicine does not stop at the achieved result. Today, Israel is testing drugs that are likely to help defeat AIDS.

The emergence of the film industry must be attributed to the best discoveries of mankind in the field of entertainment. It is unlikely that today anyone remembers how difficult the directors were given the first films with black and white picture... But it was their works that served as a start for the emergence of the current variety of films, cartoons, serials and television programs. Today, thanks to cinema, we can not only have a good time, but also develop, learn a lot of new things.

With the advent of computers, the life of mankind has changed dramatically. With the help of modern PCs, you can control production, cars, write books, get any information. Computerized technology has minimized the need for human resources... With their help, it was created great amount discoveries that humanity had no idea about. Various research, testing and production unique materials... All this is possible thanks to the presence of computers. At the same time, many scientists have already announced the possibility of exploring the endless expanses of space. Without computing, we would not have been named for such an opportunity.

From time to time, revolutionary inventions change our world beyond recognition, and not always for the better.

For example, because of smartphones, people stopped communicating live, and plastic bags spoil the view when the wind blows them around.

This is especially true for third world countries and those that are on the path of development. In short, for half the Earth.

However, the wheel and the "world wide web" are quite useful inventions. It's not that simple.

10. Sailboat

Ancient Mesopotamia, 6000 BC NS.

The Age of Sail is the era that brought global trade and transport links between continents to our lives.

An additional confirmation of this is the phenomenon of the archaeological culture of Ubeida. It is believed that within a vast area in the territory of the Middle East there was an intensive interaction of Eneolithic societies, as a result of which there is a certain similarity in the features of material culture.

Simply put, the same ceramics are found in different nations... These people clearly traded with each other.

Probably, the sailors of Ancient Mesopotamia sailed along the Tigris and Euphrates, linking the peoples who inhabited the region.

9. Wheel

Like the sailboat, the wheel has revolutionized transport, trade and fun tourism. It is not known for certain where exactly it was invented, but Mesopotamia or Asia of the Early Bronze Age are the most likely candidates.

8. Nail

Ancient Egypt, 3400 BC NS.

The Egyptians were not only glorified by the pyramids. The ancient inhabitants of the Nile Delta also invented one of the foundations of carpentry and construction - an elegant but strong nail.

Three millennia later, the Romans were the first to mass-produce nails, which they forged from iron blanks.

7. Soap

Ancient Mesopotamia, 2800 BC NS.

The improvement of hygiene and sanitation is a merit of the soap. This reduced the likelihood of an epidemic and led to an increase in the urban population.

The first household toilet appeared in Scara Brae, Scotland in 3000 B.C.

Around the same time, "cleansing soaps" were invented in ancient Mesopotamia. And "soaps" were made from wood ash and animal fat.

6. Counting board

Ancient Mesopotamia, 2700 BC NS.

This thing is the forerunner of electronic calculators and computers. Abacus appeared in Mesopotamia about 4,700 years ago to disappear into the era of mechanics and electronics.

The Sumerians used abacus for computation based on their relatively complex number system.

This “smart” gadget played a key role in international trade and the financial system of the ancient world.

5. Compass

China, 206 BC NS.

The invention of this contraption fundamentally changed the way sailors navigate the sea. Ultimately, it may even have brought the era of the great geographical discoveries closer.

It is known for certain that it was invented as a tool for fortune-telling. The Chinese did not use the compass as a navigation device until the 11th century.

4. Paper

China, 105 BC NS.

The invention of paper was critical because it allowed for more efficient exchange of knowledge, record keeping and storage of information.

Despite the fact that the ancient Egyptians made writing material from algae as early as the 4th century BC (papyrus), the Chinese nevertheless created paper in the form that we know today.

The technology for making "classical" paper from cellulose raw materials was developed by the Minister-Counselor of the Imperial Court Tsai Lun.

3. Powder

China, 142

It may have been invented much earlier, but the first mentions of it are found in a Taoist treatise written by the alchemist Wei Boyan in 142 AD.

Gunpowder has had a major impact on world history, changing the way war is waged. Until now, black powder is the basis of many modern species weapons.

2. Mechanical watches

China, 725

Another super-know-how from the Middle Kingdom. The world's first "mechanical chronometer" was assembled by an astronomer, mathematician, inventor, engineer and Buddhist monk during the Tang dynasty. His name was Yi Xing. He was assisted by military engineer Liang Lingzan.

The clock was part of a bronze celestial globe. Images of the constellations and the celestial equator were engraved on the surface of the device.

Such a gadget is called an "armillary sphere". It is used to determine equatorial or ecliptic coordinates. celestial bodies relative to the Earth.

Probably, the sphere was created on behalf of the imperial court in order to facilitate the process of predicting solar eclipses in connection with the reform of the calendar.

1. Printing press

Holy Roman Empire, 1440

The founding invention of Johannes Gutenberg helped to reduce the cost of books so much that they became available to many segments of the public, not just the elite.

Gutenberg actually ushered in the era of mass media. The significance of his invention cannot be overstated.

0° Thermometer

Republic of Venice, 1612

Modern medical diagnostics, scientific research, manufacturing processes and much more require accurate measurement of the degrees of heat.

In 1592, Galileo Galilei developed the thermoscope, the progenitor of all modern thermometers.

However, the first thermometer familiar to our eyes was created by the Venetian physician Santorio in 1612.

Radio, television, the first artificial satellite, color photo and much more is inscribed in the history of Russian inventions. These discoveries marked the beginning of the phenomenal development of various fields in the field of science and technology. Of course, everyone knows some of these stories, because sometimes they become almost more famous than the inventions themselves, while others remain in the shadow of their high-profile neighbors.

1. Electric car

The modern world is hard to imagine without cars. Of course, not one mind had a hand in the invention of this transport, but in the improvement of the machine and bringing it to its present state, the number of participants increases significantly, geographically bringing together the whole world. But we will separately note Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, since he owns the invention of the world's first electric car. In 1899, in St. Petersburg, an engineer presented a four-wheeled carriage designed to carry two passengers. Among the features of this invention, it can be noted that the diameter of the front wheels significantly exceeded the diameter of the rear ones. Maximum speed equaled 39 km / h, but very a complex system recharging allowed only 60 km to travel at this speed. This electric car became the forefather of the trolleybus known to us.

2. Monorail

And today monorail roads make a futuristic impression, so one can imagine how incredible by the standards of 1820 was the “road on pillars” invented by Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov. A horse-drawn trolley moved along a beam, which was installed on small supports. To Elmanov's great regret, there was no philanthropist who was interested in the invention, which is why he had to abandon the idea. And only 70 years later the monorail was built in Gatchina, St. Petersburg province.

3. Electric motor

Boris Semenovich Yakobi, an architect by education, at the age of 33, while in Konigsberg, became interested in the physics of charged particles, and in 1834 he made a discovery - an electric motor operating on the principle of rotation of a working shaft. Instantly Jacobi becomes famous in academia, and among the many invitations to further training and he chooses the development of St. Petersburg University. So, together with Academician Emiliy Khristianovich Lenz, he continued work on the electric motor, creating two more options. The first was designed for a boat and rotated paddle wheels. With the help of this engine, the vessel was easily kept afloat, moving even against the current of the Neva River. And the second electric motor was the prototype of the modern tram and rolled a man in a cart on the rails. Among Jacobi's inventions, one can also note electroforming - a process that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. This discovery has been widely applied to decorate interiors, houses and more. Among the achievements of the scientist is also the creation of underground and submarine cables. Boris Jacobi became the author of about a dozen designs of telegraph devices, and in 1850 invented the world's first direct-printing telegraph apparatus, which worked on the principle of synchronous movement. This device has been recognized as one of the greatest achievements in electrical engineering. mid XIX century.

4. Color photography

If earlier everything that happened tried to get on paper, now all life is aimed at obtaining a photograph. Therefore, without this invention, which has become a part of a small but rich history of photography, we would not have seen such a “reality”. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky developed a special camera and presented his brainchild to the world in 1902. This camera was capable of taking three shots of the same image, each of which was filtered through three completely different light filters: red, green, and blue. And the patent received by the inventor in 1905 can be considered, without exaggeration, the beginning of the era of color photography in Russia. This invention becomes much better than the developments of foreign chemists, which is important fact due to the massive interest in photography around the world.

5. Bicycle

It is generally accepted that all information about the invention of the bicycle before 1817 is doubtful. This time also includes the story of Efim Mikheevich Artamonov. The Ural serf inventor made the first bike ride in about 1800 from the Ural worker of the Tagil factory village to Moscow, the distance was about two thousand miles. For his invention, Efim was granted freedom from serfdom. But this story remains a legend, while the patent of the German professor Baron Karl von Drez from 1818 is a historical fact.

6. Telegraph

Humanity has always looked for ways to transfer information as quickly as possible from one source to another. Fire, campfire smoke, various combinations of sound signals helped people transmit distress signals and other emergency messages. The development of this process is undoubtedly one of the most important tasks facing the world. The first electromagnetic telegraph was created by the Russian scientist Pavel Lvovich Schilling in 1832, presenting it in his apartment. He came up with a certain combination of symbols, each of which corresponded to a letter of the alphabet. This combination appeared on the apparatus with black or white circles.

7. Incandescent lamp

If "incandescent lamp" is pronounced, then the name of Edison immediately sounds in the head. Yes, this invention is no less famous than the name of its inventor. However, comparatively a small amount of people know that Edison did not invent the lamp, but only improved it. Whereas Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, being a member of the Russian Technical Society, in 1870 proposed using tungsten filaments in lamps, twisting them into a spiral. Of course, the history of the invention of the lamp is not the result of the work of one scientist - rather, it is a series of successive discoveries that were in the air and were necessary for the world, but it was the contribution of Alexander Lodygin that became especially great.

8. Radio receiver

The question of who is the inventor of radio is controversial. Almost every country has its own scientist who is credited with creating this device. So, in Russia, this scientist is Alexander Stepanovich Popov, in favor of whom many weighty arguments are given. On May 7, 1895, the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance were demonstrated for the first time. And Popov was the author of this demonstration. He was not only the first to use the receiver in practice, but he was also the first to send a radiogram. Both events occurred before the patent of Marconi, who is considered the inventor of radio.

9. Television

The opening and widespread distribution of television broadcasting has fundamentally changed the way information is disseminated in society. Boris Lvovich Rosing was also involved in this most powerful achievement, who in July 1907 applied for the invention of the "Method electric transmission images at a distance ". Boris Lvovich was able to successfully transmit and receive an accurate image on the screen of the still simplest device, former prototype picture tube of a modern TV, which the scientist called an "electric telescope." Among those who helped Rosing with experience was then a student of the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology Vladimir Zvorykin - it was he, and not Rosinga, who would be called the father of television in a few decades, although the principle discovered by Boris Lvovich in 1911 year.

10. Parachute

Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov was a troupe actor People's House on the Petersburg side. At the same time, impressed by the death of the pilot, Kotelnikov began developing a parachute. Before Kotelnikov, pilots escaped with the help of long folded "umbrellas" attached to the plane. Their design was very unreliable, and they greatly increased the weight of the aircraft. Therefore, they were used extremely rarely. Gleb Evgenievich proposed his completed project for a knapsack parachute in 1911. But, despite successful tests, the inventor did not receive a patent in Russia. The second attempt was more successful, and in 1912 in France, its opening was legally binding. But even this fact did not help the parachute to begin widespread production in Russia because of the fears of the head of the Russian air force, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, that at the slightest malfunction, the aviators would leave the airplane. And only in 1924 he finally receives a domestic patent, and later transfers all the rights to use his invention to the government.

11. Movie camera

In 1893, working with the physicist Lyubimov, Iosif Andreevich Timchenko created the so-called "snail" - a special mechanism with which it was possible to intermittently change the sequence of frames in the stroboscope. This mechanism later formed the basis for the kinetoscope, which Timchenko is developing together with the engineer Freudenberg. The demonstration of the kinetoscope took place the following year at the congress of Russian doctors and naturalists. Two films were shown: "The Lancer" and "The Galloping Horseman", which were filmed at the Odessa Hippodrome. There is even documentary evidence for this event. Thus, the minutes of the section meeting reads: “Representatives of the meeting got acquainted with the invention of Mr. Timchenko with interest. And, in accordance with the proposals of the two professors, we decided to express gratitude to Mr. Timchenko. "

12. Automatic

Since 1913, the inventor Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov begins work on testing an automatic rifle (firing in bursts) chambered for 6.5 mm caliber, which was the fruit of his development. Three years later, soldiers of the 189th Izmail regiment are already being armed with such rifles. But the serial production of automatic machines was only possible after the end of the revolution. The weapons of the designer were in service with the domestic army until 1928. But, according to some reports, during the period Winter War with Finland, the troops nevertheless used some copies of the Fedorov assault rifle.

13. Laser

The history of the invention of the laser began with the name of Einstein, who created the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter. At the same time, Alexei Tolstoy, in his famous novel"The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" wrote about the same. Until 1955, attempts to create a laser were not successful. And only thanks to two Russian physics engineers - N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov, who developed a quantum generator, the laser began its history in practice. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

14. Artificial heart

The name of Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov is associated with more than one operation, which was performed for the first time. Surprisingly, Demikhov was not a doctor - he was a biologist. In 1937, being a third-year student of the biological faculty of the Moscow state university, he created a mechanical heart and put it to the dog instead of the real one. The dog lived with a prosthesis for about three hours. After the war, Demikhov got a job at the Institute of Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and created a small experimental laboratory there, in which he began to engage in research on organ transplantation. Already in 1946, he was the first in the world to perform a heart transplant from one dog to another. In the same year, he also performed for the first time a heart and lung transplant in a dog at the same time. And most importantly, Demikhov's dogs lived with transplanted hearts for several days. It was a real breakthrough in cardiovascular surgery.

15. Anesthesia

Since ancient times, humanity has dreamed of getting rid of pain. This was especially true of treatment, which was sometimes more painful than the disease itself. Herbs and strong drinks only dulled the symptoms, but did not allow serious actions accompanied by serious pain sensations. This significantly hampered the development of medicine. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, a great Russian surgeon, to whom the world owes many important discoveries, made a huge contribution to anesthesiology. In 1847, he summarized his experiments in a monograph on anesthesia that was published all over the world. Three years later, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia. Also Nikolai Ivanovich is the author of topographic anatomy, which has no analogues in the world.

16. Airplane Mozhaisky

Many minds around the world have worked on solving the most difficult problems of aircraft development. Numerous drawings, theories and even test designs did not give a practical result - the plane did not lift a person into the air. The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft. Having studied the works of his predecessors, he developed and supplemented them using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience... Its results fully resolved the issues of its time and, despite a very unfavorable situation, namely the lack of actual material and technical capabilities, Mozhaisky was able to find the strength to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. But the surviving documentary materials, unfortunately, do not allow the necessary details to give a description of AF Mozhaisky's aircraft and its tests.

17. Aerodynamics

Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky developed theoretical basis aviation and methods of calculating aircraft - and this was at the time when the builders of the first aircraft argued that "an aircraft is not a machine, it cannot be calculated", and most of all they hoped for experience, practice and their intuition. In 1904, Zhukovsky discovered the law that determines the lift of an aircraft wing, determined the main profiles of the wings and propeller blades of an aircraft; developed the vortex theory of the propeller.

18. Atomic and hydrogen bomb

Academician Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the twentieth century and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, has an exceptional role in the development of scientific and scientific-technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution to this the most difficult task, the creation in a short time of the nuclear shield of the Motherland in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of the problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main business of his life. It was under his leadership that the most terrible weapon of the post-war period was created and successfully tested in 1949. No room for error, otherwise - shooting ... And already in 1961, a group of nuclear physicists from the Kurchatov laboratory created the most powerful explosive device in the entire history of mankind - the AN 602 hydrogen bomb, which immediately became quite appropriate historical name- "Tsar bomb". When this bomb was tested, the seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled the globe three times.

19. Rocket and space technology and practical astronautics

The name of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev characterizes one of the brightest pages in the history of our state - the era of space exploration. The first artificial Earth satellite, the first manned flight into space, the first space walk of an astronaut, many years of work orbital station and much more is directly related to the name of Academician Korolev - the first Chief Designer of rocket and space systems. From 1953 to 1961, Korolev's every day was scheduled by the minute: at the same time he worked on projects for a manned spacecraft, an artificial satellite and an intercontinental rocket. October 4, 1957 became a great day for world cosmonautics: after that, the satellite flew through Soviet pop culture for another long 30 years and even registered in Oxford Dictionary like "sputnik". Well, about what happened on April 12, 1961, suffice it to say "a man in space", because almost every our compatriot knows what this is about.

20. Helicopters of the "Mi" series

During the Great Patriotic War, Academician Mil worked in the evacuation in the village of Bilimbay, mainly engaged in improving combat aircraft, improving their stability and controllability. His work has received five government awards. In 1943, Mil defended his Ph.D. thesis "Criteria for aircraft controllability and maneuverability"; 1945 - doctoral: "Dynamics of a rotor with hinged blades and its application to the problems of stability and controllability of an autogyro and helicopter." In December 1947, M.L. Mil became the chief designer of the experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. After a series of tests in early 1950, a decree was issued to create an experimental series of 15 GM-1 helicopters under the designation Mi-1.

21. Aircraft of Andrey Tupolev

In the design bureau of Andrey Tupolev, more than 100 types of aircraft were developed, 70 of which in different years were produced in series. With the participation of his aircraft, 78 world records were set, 28 unique flights were performed, including the rescue of the crew of the steamship "Chelyuskin" with the participation of the ANT-4 aircraft. Non-stop flights of the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov to the United States through the North Pole were carried out on airplanes of the ANT-25 model. In scientific expeditions "North Pole" by Ivan Papanin, ANT-25 aircraft were also used. A large number of bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat operations in Velikaya World War II 1941-1945. In peacetime, among the military and civil aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev were the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet Tu-12 jet bomber, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile bomber, the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 (built on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber), the first turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner Tu-114, short- and medium-haul aircraft Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154. Together with Alexey Tupolev, a supersonic passenger aircraft Tu-144 was developed. Tupolev's aircraft became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet and were also operated in dozens of countries around the world.

22. Eye microsurgery

Millions of doctors, having received a diploma, are eager to help people, dreaming of future achievements. But most of them are gradually losing their former fervor: no aspirations, the same thing from year to year. Fedorov's enthusiasm and interest in the profession only grew from year to year. Just six years after the institute, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, and in 1960, in Cheboksary, where he worked then, he carried out a revolutionary operation to replace the lens of the eye with an artificial one. Similar operations were carried out abroad before, but in the USSR they were considered pure charlatanism, and Fedorov was fired from his job. After that, he became the head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. It was here that the "Fedorov empire" began in his biography: a team of like-minded people gathered around the irrepressible surgeon, ready for revolutionary changes in eye microsurgery. People from all over the country came to Arkhangelsk with the hope of regaining their lost sight - and they really saw their sight. The innovative surgeon was also appreciated "officially" - together with his team he moved to Moscow. And he began to create absolutely fantastic things: to do vision correction using keratotomy (special incisions on the cornea of ​​the eye), to transplant the donor cornea, developed new method operating on glaucoma, became a pioneer of laser eye microsurgery.

23. Tetris

Mid 80s. A time covered with legends. The idea of ​​Tetris was born to Alexey Pazhitnov in 1984 after he got acquainted with the American mathematician Solomon Golomb's Pentomino Puzzle. The essence of this puzzle was quite simple and painfully familiar to any contemporary: from several figures it was necessary to assemble one large one. Alexey decided to make computer version pentomino. Pajitnov not only took the idea, but also supplemented it: in his game, collecting figures in a glass was to be done in real time, and the figures themselves consisted of five elements and during the fall could rotate around their own center of gravity. But the computers of the Computing Center were unable to do this - the electronic pentomino simply did not have enough resources. Then Alexey decides to reduce the number of blocks that made up the falling figures to four. So from pentamino it turned out to be tetrimino. Alexey calls the new game “Tetris”.

Human history is history scientific discoveries who made this world more technological and perfect, improved the quality of life, helped to understand the world... In this review, 15 scientific discoveries that have provided key attention to the development of civilization and which people still use today. ...

1. Penicillin

As you know, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (the first antibiotic) in 1928. If this had not happened, then people would probably still die from things like stomach ulcers, tooth abscesses, tonsillitis and scarlet fever, staphylococcal infection, leptospirosis, etc.

2. Mechanical watch

It is worth noting that there is still a lot of controversy as to what can be considered the first mechanical watch. However, as a rule, their inventor is considered to be the Chinese monk and mathematician I-Xing (723 AD). This groundbreaking discovery allowed people to measure time.

3. Screw pump

One of the most significant ancient Greek scientists, Archimedes is believed to have developed one of the first water pumps, which pushed water up a pipe. This has completely transformed irrigation.

4. Gravity

It's good famous story- the famous English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton discovered the force of gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. His discovery explains why things fall to earth and why planets revolve around the sun.

5. Pasteurization

Discovered by the French scientist Louis Pasteur in the 1860s, pasteurization is a heat treatment process that destroys pathogens in certain foods and beverages such as wine, beer, and milk. This discovery had a huge impact on public health.

It is common knowledge that modern civilization grew thanks to the Industrial Revolution, the main cause of which was the steam engine. In fact, this engine was not invented overnight, but rather it was gradually developed over about a hundred years thanks to 3 British inventors: Thomas Severi, Thomas Newcomen and (most famous) James Watt.

7. Electricity

The fateful discovery of electricity belongs to the English scientist Michael Faraday. He also discovered the basic principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis. During his experiments, Faraday also created the first generator that produces electricity.

8.DNA

Many people believe that American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA in the 1950s, but in fact, deoxyribonucleic acid was first identified in the late 1860s by Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. Then, in the decades after Miescher's discovery, other scientists conducted many scientific research, which helped to understand how organisms pass on their genes and how they control the work of cells.

9. Pain relief

Rough forms of anesthesia such as opium, mandrake, and alcohol were used as early as 70 AD. But it was not until 1847 that the American surgeon Henry Bigelow determined that ether and chloroform could be anesthetics, thereby making painful surgery much more bearable.

10. Theory of relativity

Albert Einstein's two interrelated theories - special relativity and general theory Relativity - were published in 1905. They transformed theoretical physics and astronomy in the 20th century, replacing Newton's 200-year-old theory of mechanics. This theory has become the basis for much of modern science.

11. X-rays

German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 when he studied the phenomena that accompany the passage of electric current through extremely low pressure gas. For this groundbreaking discovery, Roentgen was awarded the first ever Nobel Prize in physics in 1901.

12. Periodic table

In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleev, studying the atomic weights of elements, noticed that chemical elements can be formed into groups with similar properties. As a result, he managed to create the first periodic table, which became one of the most important discoveries in the field of chemistry.

Infrared radiation was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel in 1800 while he was studying the heating effect different colors light with a prism and thermometers. In modern days, infrared light is used in many fields, including tracking systems, heating, meteorology, astronomy, and more.

Today it is used as a very accurate and effective diagnostic device in medicine. And for the first time, nuclear magnetic resonance was described and measured by the American physicist I. Rabi in 1938. For this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944.

15. Paper

Although precursors to modern paper such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean and pre-Columbian America, respectively, these materials were not real paper. For the first time, the papermaking process was recorded in China during the Eastern Han period (25-220 AD).

Today man makes discoveries not only on earth, but also in space. That's just. They are really impressive!

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Although it seems that scientists around the world are focused solely on the creation of newcomers mobile phones, technology development in other areas too goes complete progress. In our top 5 again got the innovation of Elon Musk, whose name now and then flickers in the news about the achievements of researchers. In addition to his plans for the construction of an advanced subway, we will also tell you about other amazing inventions. We'll start with the most important thing - a life-saving device.

/ Inventions

Although February was not marked by the variety of events in the world of innovation as January, this month scientists have prepared a lot of interesting innovations for us. We will tell you about 5 original inventions: from a space rocket to headphones-translators!

/ Inventions

The progressive future has already arrived, corporations release the most powerful computers and smartphones, Elon Musk again surprises everyone around, and new technologies are literally capable of saving the lives of millions of people. Read on for details in our selection of hot technology news from October 2017.

/ Inventions

Many remember the statement that need is the mother of invention, but what then can be called its father? The ability to notice things and phenomena around them is precisely the characteristic that allows attentive people to make an important invention out of little things that are inconspicuous for others. 10 of the most amazing inventions, born partly by chance, but not without the display of commendable ingenuity of inventors.