Oxford english dictionary online. Oxford English Dictionary
| This article is missing information.
The history of development
In 1933, the dictionary was republished and contained 12 volumes with a one-volume addition. Then it acquired its current name - "Oxford English Dictionary". With the release of 1 volume in 1972, a 3-volume additional edition of the dictionary began. 4 more volumes were added between 1972 and 1986. In 1989 the second edition of the dictionary in 20 volumes was published. There is also a micro-reprint in 2 volumes of the "Compact edition of the Oxford English dictionary", and abridged versions of "Shorter Oxford English dictionary" and "Concise Oxford dictionary of current English" are systematically reprinted. A completely revised edition is due for release in 2017. The publication will be in electronic form only (i.e. no paper version will be released). Currently, 80 specialists are working on the publication, who, according to data from March 24, 2011, have reached the word Ryvita. The Oxford Dictionary includes all words that have been or have been used in the English literary and colloquial language since 1150. It gives their detailed etymological, semantic, spelling, spelling and grammatical description. On the basis of examples and excerpts, an attempt is made to trace changes in the meaning, spelling, pronunciation and use of each word in different historical intervals. The first edition of the dictionary contains about 500 thousand words and about 2 million citations from 20 thousand works by more than 5 thousand authors. Editions
Write a review on Oxford English DictionaryLinks
Notes (edit) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
Excerpt Characterizing The Oxford English Dictionary
- What is it??? - Afraid to frighten off, I whispered softly. - Could this be real? ..“This is the Holy City, honey. The city of our Gods. He has been gone for a very long time ... - said Istain quietly. - It is from there that we all once came ... Only on Earth no one remembers him - then suddenly, realizing himself, he added: - Careful, dear, it will be hard for you. Don't look anymore.
But I wanted more! .. Some kind of scorching thirst burned my brain, begging me not to stop! The unfamiliar world beckoned and bewitched with its primordiality! .. I wanted to go into it headlong and, plunging deeper and deeper, scoop it up endlessly, without missing a single moment, without losing a single precious minute ... which, as I understood, from I was left here very, very little ... Each new plate opened before me in thousands of stunning images that were surprisingly bright and now for some reason already understandable, as if I had suddenly found a magic key long lost by someone. Time flew by, but I did not notice it ... I wanted more and more. And it was very scary that right now someone would definitely stop, and it would be time to leave this wonderful storehouse of someone's incredible memory, which I will never again be able to comprehend. It was very sad and painful, but, unfortunately, I had no way back. I chose my life myself and was not going to renounce it. Even if it was incredibly difficult ...
- Well, that's all, honey. I can't show you anymore. You are an “apostate” who did not want to know ... And the way here is closed for you. But I am sincerely sorry, Isidora ... You have a great Gift! You could easily LEAD it all ... If you wanted to. It was not so easy for everyone ... Your nature longs for it. But you chose a different path, so you must leave now. My thoughts will be with you, child of Light. Go with VERA, let her help you. Goodbye, Isidora ...
The room disappeared ... We found ourselves in some other stone room, also filled with many scrolls, but they already looked different, perhaps not as ancient as the previous ones. I suddenly felt very sad ... Painfully in my soul, I wanted to comprehend these other people's "secrets", to see the wealth hidden in them, but I left ... never to return here.
- Think, Isidora! - as if sensing my doubt, Sever said quietly. - You haven't left yet, stay.
I just shook my head ...
Suddenly my attention was attracted by a familiar, but still incomprehensible phenomenon - as we advanced, the room here lengthened as we passed on. But if in the previous room I did not see a soul, then here, as soon as I looked around, I saw a lot of people - young and old, men and women. There were even children here! .. They all very carefully studied something, completely withdrawing into themselves, and detachedly comprehending some "wise truths" ... Not paying any attention to those who entered.
- Who are all these people, Sever? Do they live here? I asked in a whisper.
- These are the Witches and the Vedunas, Isidora. Once upon a time your father was one of them ... We train them.
My heart ached ... I wanted to howl like a wolf's voice, feeling sorry for myself and my short lost life! KNOWLEDGE! Burning tears were about to pour down like a river, but I tried my last bit to hold them back somehow. It was impossible to do this in any way, since tears were another “forbidden luxury” to which I had no right if I imagined myself to be a real Warrior. The warriors did not cry. They fought and won, and if they died, then certainly not with tears in their eyes ... Apparently, I was just very tired. From loneliness and pain ... From constant fear for relatives ... From the endless struggle, in which she had not the slightest hope of emerging victorious. I really needed a breath of fresh air, and this air for me was my daughter, Anna. But for some reason, she was nowhere to be seen, although I knew that Anna was here, with them, on this wonderful and strange, “closed” land.
| Date of publication | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1888 | A | A New ED | Vol. 1 |
| 1893 | C | NED | Vol. 2 |
| 1897 | D | NED | Vol. 3 |
| 1900 | F | NED | Vol. 4 |
| 1901 | H | NED | Vol. 5 |
| 1908 | L | NED | Vol. 6 |
| 1909 | O | NED | Vol. 7 |
| 1914 | Q | NED | Vol. eight |
| 1919 | Si | NED | Vol. 9/1 |
| 1919 | Su | NED | Vol. 9/2 |
| 1926 | Ti | NED | Vol. 10/1 |
| 1928 | V | NED | Vol. 10/2 |
| 1928 | all | NED | 12 vols. |
| 1933 | & sup. | Oxford ED | 13 vols. |
| 1972 | A | OED Sup. | Vol. 1 |
| 1976 | H | OED Sup. | Vol. 2 |
| 1982 | O | OED Sup. | Vol. 3 |
| 1986 | Sea | OED Sup. | Vol. 4 |
| 1989 | all | OED 2nd Ed. | 20 vols. |
| 1993 | all | OED Add. Ser. | Vols. 1-2 |
| 1997 | all | OED Add. Ser. | Vol. 3 |
Oxford English Dictionary(eng. Oxford English Dictionary, OED) is one of the most famous academic dictionaries of the English language published by the publishing house "Oxford University Press". The 2005 edition contains approximately 301,100 articles (350 million printable characters).
The dictionary is known by the colloquial unofficial name "Murray Dictionary" ( Murray's) (named after the first editor-in-chief - James Murray).
The history of development
The dictionary was conceived by the London Philological Society back in 1857. The draft of the future dictionary was formulated in 1859 when a detailed Proposal for the publication of a new English dictionary was published. James Murray was appointed editor. Henry Bradley and William Craigie also worked on the dictionary.
Editions
- Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, edited by John Simpson and Edmund Weiner, Clarendon Press, 1989, twenty volumes, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861186-2
Links
- Oxford English Dictionary website
| Oxford University | ||
|---|---|---|
| Colleges | All Souls Balliol Brasenose Christ Church Corpus Christi Exeter Green Templeton Harris Manchester Hertford Jesus Keble Kellogg Lady Margaret Hall Linacre Lincoln Magdalen Mansfield Merton New College Nuffield Oriel Pembroke Queen "s St Anne" s St Antony "s St Catherine" s St Cross St Edmund Hall St Hilda "s St Hugh" s St John "s St Peter" s Somerville Trinity University Wadham Wolfson Worcester | |
| Museum research activity |
Ashmolean Museum Natural History Museum Radcliffe Observatory Institute of Oriental Studies Botanical Garden | |
| Publishing and library activities |
Bodleian Library · Publishing · English Dictionary· Dictionary of Classical Antiquity · Dictionary of Byzantium | |
| Recreation and sports | University Regatta Oxford University A.F.C. Oxford United F.C. Alumni Society |
|
| Architecture | Sheldon Theater Tom Tower Bridge of Sighs Radcliffe Chamber | |
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Oxford University
- Oxford University
See what the "Oxford English Dictionary" is in other dictionaries:
Oxford English Dictionary- Explanatory Dictionary of Modern England ... Wikipedia
English- lang. mixed. By its origin, it is associated with the western branch of the Germanic group Yaz. (cm.). It is customary to share the history of A. Yaz. for the following periods: Old English (450-1066), Middle English (1066-1500), New English (from 1500 to our ... ... Literary encyclopedia
Oxford University- (Oxford) ... Wikipedia
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium- English. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
Etymological Dictionary- An etymological dictionary is a dictionary containing information about the history of individual words, and sometimes morphemes, that is, information about the phonetic and semantic changes that they have undergone. Large explanatory dictionaries can also contain ... ... Wikipedia
Reverse dictionary- Reverse dictionary a dictionary in which words are sorted alphabetically, taking into account reverse reading, i.e. not by initial, but by final letters. For the convenience of searching, the alignment of the list of words in such a dictionary goes not to the left, but to the right ... Wikipedia
New Comprehensive English-Russian Dictionary- (NBARS) edited by Academician Y.D. Appesyan was one of the most voluminous and detailed bilingual dictionaries in the world (250 thousand entries in three volumes). First published by the publishing house "Russian language" in 1993, then ... ... Wikipedia
Google- (Google) The largest Google search engine, Google services and tools History of Google search, owners and management Google, Google Apps, Google Maps, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Picasa, Google Video, Google Images Google +, ... ... Investor encyclopedia
Murray, James Augustus Henry- Sir James Augustus Henry Murray, 7 February 1837, Denholm (southern Scotland) 26 July 1915, Oxford British lexicographer. Editor of the New Dictionary of the English Language (later famous ... Wikipedia
American Empire- Zenith of the American Empire (2004) American Empire is a term that refers to the political, economic, military, and cultural influences of the United States. America's concept ... Wikipedia
Stavropol State University
Oxford Dictionary Online
Astakhova S.S., undergraduate
Taking into account the peculiarities of the linguistic situation in the modern world, when a foreign language is a means of intercultural communication, the role and place of the dictionary in people's lives are obvious and do not require special justification. With the development of Internet lexicography in modern applied lexicography, Internet versions of well-known dictionary editions have become widespread (3, 70).
According to A. Bejua, it is the English-speaking countries that are distinguished by the maximum amount of reference literature in comparison with all others. Moreover, Great Britain occupies one of the leading places in the modern world of dictionaries (8, 75). The UK has the largest number of reputable lexicographic publishers known worldwide for the high quality of their products: Cambridge University Press, Harper Collins Publishers, Longman Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (3, 102).
According to a number of scholars, among the British versions of educational dictionaries posted on the Internet, namely Oxford Advanced Learner "s dictionary(http // www.oxforddictionaries.com) is an ideal reference book created with the aim of teaching a foreign language to a user (8, 10). The online version of the dictionary is one of the most popular and respected among learners of English as a foreign language.
The priority of the online dictionary is due to a number of advantages of the electronic directory over the printed one. First of all, Internet dictionaries cover more information than printed publications. Only online dictionaries allow us to talk about the continuity of the process of updating information ( information update), since the compilers of the dictionary have a direct opportunity to correct the dictionary entries.
Moreover, users themselves can take part in updating the corpus of some dictionaries. In the online reference, you can search for headwords in all grammatical forms.
The user himself decides what information he wants to find, since traditionally only part of the dictionary entry is displayed on the screen, most of the labels are hidden behind icons (5, 5). Hyperlinks allow you to jump to another dictionary entry in seconds. The preference for the Internet version of the Oxford Advanced Learner "s dictionary is also due to its wide availability, the ability to use it as a classroom reference tool in classes for teaching English as a foreign language.
Determining the type of Oxford dictionary, we relied on an integrated approach developed by domestic and foreign lexicographic schools (Dubichinsky, 1998; Karpova, 1977; Stupin, 1985; Bejoint, 1994; Svensen, 1993; L. Zgusta, 1971), in which the following parameters are distinguished dictionary characteristics:
- According to the object of description, the Oxford Advanced Learner "s dictionary is linguistic. (It should be noted that in the UK, as in many other Western European countries, the traditional opposition of dictionaries by the object / method of describing input units (linguistic - encyclopedic) is becoming less relevant. with the migration of the population (and, as a consequence, a change in the user profile), an intermediate type of dictionary appears - the explanatory-encyclopedic one (3, 120).
- Monolingual, depending on the language used to describe the input units.
- By the order of the input units - alphabetical.
- By design - computer (Internet dictionary).
- By volume - big, (in English lexicographic terminology - unabridged) (Grinev, 1996). In accordance with the traditional division, reference books can be large (big), medium (concised) and small (pocket). However, dictionaries of a new format have recently appeared in this series - gem dictionaries, which are especially popular among students and schoolchildren due to their convenient format and compact presentation of the material (3, 83).
- From the perspective of describing the language, it is synchronous.
- In terms of the scope of vocabulary (in this case, in relation to the addressee), it is special, since educational dictionaries, in turn, can also be both general and special, this guide can be characterized as educational for general purposes).
- Depending on the type of linguistic activity, it is receptive-productive.
- By function, it is prescriptive.
- By approach to lexicographic description - anthropocentric dictionary.
Turning to the question of the structure of the dictionary, many researchers distinguish between macrotext and microtext in the dictionary. In this case, the macrotext is understood as the entire dictionary, considered as a single whole, and the microtext is a separate dictionary entry. Accordingly, the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary are distinguished. Macrostructure means the general structure of the dictionary and the nature of the representation in the dictionary of lexical units. Microstructure is understood as the format of a dictionary entry and the nature of its filling (1, 161).
The macrostructure of the dictionary is characterized by the fact that when the search window is opened, in certain cases, alternatives to the input units with the selected word are offered: a simple word, a complex word, a phrase.
Having opened a window with any of them, you can use a hyperlink to go to a related dictionary entry. For example, working with a noun feature, the user, if desired, refers to individual articles with a description of phrases double feature or feature film.
The microstructure of the dictionary is distinguished by high information content and clarity of the information presented. A dictionary entry consists of the following areas: input unit, definition, additional semantic and functional characteristics, illustrative (verbal) example, references.
In order for the user not to waste time looking for the desired meaning in the dictionary entry, in the Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary short explanations are highlighted in capital letters and in bold type, combining several close meanings, and only then a detailed definition follows.
Illustrative examples (full sentences) taken from the corpus also contain short paraphrases of difficult-to-understand expressions. The latter circumstance reduces the need to additionally resort to a bilingual dictionary.
Features of the grammatical compatibility of a word are revealed by means of a label indicating a part of speech; the reference also uses codes that determine the subclass of a given part of speech: for nouns, for example, countable (C) or uncountable (U). As an additional tool (in particular, to indicate agreement in number, morphological class), comments are used in parentheses in the dictionary:
Piece (...) noun
(C) - (of smth) (used especially with of and uncountable nouns)
The English language, in its various styles and spheres of use, is represented in the directory at its present stage of development, which was achieved through the use of the 100 millionth British National Corpus, the 40 millionth Oxford American English Corpus as sources. For the user, this can serve as a guarantee that in the publication it is possible to obtain reliable information on the issue of interest, to get acquainted with authentic material that reveals the features of modern word usage.
All of the above indicates that the Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary fully meets the requirements for their products.
English language communication lexicography
Sources of
- 1. Grinev S.V. Introduction to terminography. - M .: Mosk. ped. un-t, 1996 .-- 161 p.
- 2. Dubichinsky V.V. The art of creating dictionaries: lexicography notes. Kharkov, 1994 .-- S. 18-23.
- 3. Karpova OM New trends in modern lexicography // Vocabulary and lexicography / otv. ed. SOUTH. Short. Issue 11. - M., 2000. - S. 63-72.
- 4. Karpova OM English lexicography: textbook. manual for stud. philol. fac. higher. study. institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010. - 176 p. Isn't Karpova too much? maybe leave big work?
- 5. Moiseev M.V. Lexicography of the English language: teaching aid: for students of specialties 022900 "Translation and Translation Studies" and 022600 "Theory and Methods of Teaching Foreign Languages." - Omsk: Publishing house of OmSU, 2006 .-- 92 p.
- 6. Stupin L.P. Theory and practice of English lexicography. Tutorial. - L .: Leningrad State University, 1982 .-- 76 p.
- 7. Bejtint H. Modern lexicography. Oxford 2001. P. 208-214.
- 8. Zgusta L. Manual of lexicography. Praha: Academia, 1971. - 360p.
- 9. Oxford Advanced Learner "s Dictionary CD-Rom. Oxford, 2000
- 10. Oxford Dictionaries: http://www.oup.com.
5 Oxford English Dictionary
General vocabulary: Oxford English Dictionary (normative explanatory dictionary of the English language in 12 volumes) , The Great Oxford Dictionary (20 volumes in the 1989 edition)
6 come around
1) General vocabulary: change your mind, regain consciousness (source - Oxford Dictionary) , take place, change opinion, belief, change direction, advance (approach), go around, go around, turn (about the ship), come, agree (with smb., smth. - to), take place (about regularly recurring events)
2) Slang: agree (with something, with someone else's opinion)
3) Swearing: joy that the fear of pregnancy was in vain, delayed menstruation
4) Makarov: come back (to the topic, etc.) , arise, stop by, stop in for a while, stop in, change for the better, go to another tack, change opinion, change beliefs, put up, go around, go around, turn, approach, appear, get closer, come to your senses, happen, happen, settle
5) Taboo vocabulary: start menstruating after a long delay
7 Concise Oxford Dictionary
8 OED
Brit. lingual (world famous dictionary)
A. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) = The Big Oxford Dictionary (BOS) was first published in 1933, although work on them began in 1879, but back in 1857 the London Philological Society published its main thesis: “Dictionary there is a historical monument, the history of a nation ”. In 1989, the 2nd edition appeared in 20 volumes on 21,730 pages and weighing 62.6 kg (on 2 CDs it weighs about 34 g), having more than 615 thousand words and about 2.5 million citations. The most frequently cited author is Shakespeare. In 1993-1994. 3 additional volumes were released. Now a lot of money has been thrown into its reprint (Revision): until 2010, the British have allocated as much as 34,000,000 pounds of people's money! It is clear that they do not mind the "monument" ...
Since August 2010, the publishers of the Big Oxford Dictionary have canceled the paper version. The annual subscription to the OED online option costs UK citizens £ 240 (about $ 372) and Americans $ 295.
9 Oxford Dictionary of English
lingual
Formerly called The New Oxford Dictionary of English (this is not the same as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED)). The first edition of this dictionary was published in 1998, the goal of its creators was to reflect in the book the state of the "living" English language. The second edition was released in 2005 and included about 355 thousand words.
10
Brit. lingual Oxford English Dictionary (world famous dictionary)
11 Pocket Oxford Dictionary
12 Pod
lingual Pocket Oxford Dictionary (POD) = Pocket Oxford Dictionary for about 50 thousand words, 140 thousand meanings - shocking simplicity + superconception in the presentation of current English vocabulary with an obviously very frivolous name, it has been published since 1924 - it is far from being the smallest among " Oxfords ". A lot of information is given: examples-illustrations for each meaning of a word, etymology, combination of words and phraseology. Pronunciation is not provided, but a Text-to-Speech converter can be used. It’s amazing how a small “no-frills” dictionary can provide so much useful information that it greatly expands the possibilities of its application. To avoid a terrible disappointment, you should "start" with the POD, and not with the OED. And the parallel "paper" version will be cheaper. Well, and finally, the main argument: If the laptop is very old, with a small hard disk, and you need to have a compact dictionary (4Mb), then start installing POD without hesitation. You will not regret. For everyone will find in him something for himself: everything in him - both “what” and “how” - is simply amazing!
13 Shorter Oxford Dictionary
lingual The Shorter Oxford Dictionary (SOD) - The Abbreviated Oxford Dictionary in 2 volumes has been published since 1933, gives a fairly complete semantic and historical description of 165 thousand modern, obsolete and dialect words, repeating information from the biofeedback in a smaller volume. Both of these dictionaries are intended for scientists, linguists, philologists, in short - specialists engaged in the study of the history of the English language, theoretical problems of its development. The average reader won't find them easy to work with. The Concise Oxford Dictionary is designed for a wide range of quasi-ordinary readers, as well as for learners of English as a foreign language.
14 SOD
lingual The Shorter Oxford Dictionary (SOD) - The Abbreviated Oxford Dictionary in 2 volumes has been published since 1933, gives a fairly complete semantic and historical description of 165 thousand modern, obsolete and dialect words, repeating information from the biofeedback in a smaller volume. Both of these dictionaries are intended for scientists, linguists, philologists, in short - specialists engaged in the study of the history of the English language, theoretical problems of its development. The average reader won't find them easy to work with. The Concise Oxford Dictionary is designed for a wide range of quasi-ordinary readers, as well as for learners of English as a foreign language.
15 (The) Oxford English Dictionary
Brit. lingual Oxford English Dictionary (world famous dictionary)
16 Webster "s New International Dictionary of the English Language
lingual Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass. - Original, encyclopedic. The American Standard for Authority and Comprehensiveness. Must be in every court and administrative institution. First original Webster came out in 1828 (this first edition can still be bought on Amazon on the Internet), and in the modern 3rd edition came out in 1961, reissued with additions on CD in 2000 (again the 3rd edition). 450 thousand words, special terminology is 23.5%. 200 thousand literary citations are given in the interpretation of individual meanings of words. Based on a 10 million citations file. By comparison: The Great Oxford Dictionary is based on a 5 million citations file. However ... there is one very significant "BUT"! - The dictionary does not contain proper names and no information about the origin of names can be found there: Where did, for example, the names Bill, Gerry, etc. come from? - Look for ...
In the Collegiate format, the company publishes a dictionary with an annual reprint for universities and updating of new terminology (both words and meanings) in the volume of about 150 thousand words. In general, an unthinkable number of Webster dictionaries are published in the world that have nothing to do with the original. Self-respecting publishers point out directly that their Webster is "not the one" (well, in very small print, really). Others are trying to cash in without saying anything at all. The very same G. & C. Merriam Co. - not so long ago - acquired Encyclopedia Britannica (that's why Webster appeared in it)!
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
17 O.E.D.
Oxford English Dictionary
18 o.e.d.
Oxford English Dictionary
19 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
[, ʃɔːtər, ɔksfəd, ɪŋglɪʃ "dɪkʃənrɪ]
"Small Oxford English Dictionary" (an abridged edition of the Oxford English Dictionary; larger than the Concise Oxford Dictionary. Published since 1933)
full "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles"
20 OED
abbr. from Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary