Finno-Ugrians their place in the history of the Russian nation and the Russian state is an academic question. However, in the past twenty years, at the yellow press level, the issue of Finns and Ugrians undertook to discuss the delitants. I do not consider myself a specialist in anthropology, but I am able to identify the main problematic joint points that do not allow Ukrainians and Russians to find a common language and adhere to the thread of the discussion.

The main problems with the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples standing on the way to mutual understanding are the following

Low level of education in the age of the Internet... Unfortunately, the bulk of people do not strive for knowledge of the academic ( scientific) part of the question slavs (including their appearance, jewelry, myths, fairy tales, religion and culture) in the history of Russia. Alas, it is difficult to read academic literature because of the way the material is presented. And so it is! Read the yellow press on the topic " slavs"(or similar) with loud anti-Ukrainian phrases and extreme statements is very simple and, most importantly, is remembered quickly and easily! Unfortunately! Moreover, having access to the Internet does not help to resolve the issue, but on the contrary, complicates it. Exciting prospects" shut up "the mouth of the opponent on the forum and mix everything in one heap outweighs common sense and - rushed its own mythology and zombie about the Finno-Ugric peoples ...

The unwillingness of the authorities to meet people halfway. For the Russian authorities, this position of Russian citizens is extremely beneficial: no spending on the part of Russia on the publication and agitation of academic literature; the tabloids are published not at the expense of the state, of course, and it spreads with lightning speed. A lot of such literature on the topic Finno-Ugric(and not only) was published in the last or before last century, and today the newfangled clever people have not come up with anything new on this issue, but relay those old sources, without even bothering to revise them for refutations. In addition, it is much easier to manage the stupid and embittered - point your finger and say: "Fas!"

As a result, the following problem comes up: looking for himself and cannot find(or afraid). However, Russia was already "found" by Karamzin. Since that Karamzin's story influenced to some extent another Russian historian, Klyuchevsky. And so it has been since then - the main favorable provisions of the history of the Russian state of Karamzin flow from one textbook to another, forgetting about the population and equating it with the state, which is extremely wrong! In fact, the story of Karamzin became the first custom-made political version of the history of Russia., after which history moved from the plane of science to the plane of politics. It is possible that no one in Russia had studied history as a science before Karamzin. Otherwise, Karamzin would not have had to write it under the order of the Tsar.

What can help in resolving the issue of the Finno-Ugric peoples?

Separate language and DNA issues. So it turns out that according to DNA (roots, genus) the population of Russia really consisted mostly of Finno-Ugric peoples ( read below). However, who said that the Finno-Ugric people cannot master the Slavic language and, being essentially Finno-Ugric, speak Russian and beat themselves in the chest with a fist?

Having read about the Ukrainians of all sorts of things of the time of Tsar Pea, the Russians, for some reason, accuse the Ukrainians of dislike for the Finno-Ugric. We (Ukrainians) do not show dislike for the Finno-Ugric peoples... We oppose the fact that Russians themselves show dislike for the Finno-Ugrians, trying to disown their kinship with them. As a result, Russians are trying disown a large part of ourselves, and fill in this part, to which they have no relation. I am not saying that the Russians Dont Have nothing to do with, but the Russians put the question this way that we (Ukrainians) are out of work. As a result, the Russians themselves, by their behavior and lack of education, cause negativity on the part of the Ukrainians, calling them names. Guys, Ukrainians cannot, by definition! The question is, why do Russians disown their part of the Finno-Ugric heritage ???

Lack of information breeds rumors and fiction... In question with Finno-Ugric heritage on the territory of Russia, the situation is similar. actively opposes filling in the blank spots in their Finno-Ugric history and this "forces" the Ukrainians (gives every reason and reason) to fill these blank spots for the Russians, while setting out, of course, your vision of the issue... But for all this a responsibility are the Russians themselves - do not be silent! Themselves actively analyze (and do not invent) and thereby you will deprive your opponents of the agrument. Who's in the way?

Additionally on the Finno-Ugric topic ...

According to the successful comparison of Academician Orest Borisovich Tkachenko, world famous Meryanista (discipline in Finno-Ugric studies, studying the people of Mery): " The Russian people, maternally associated with the Slavic ancestral home, had a Finn as their father. On the paternal side, Russians go back to the Finno-Ugric peoples"This explanation makes clear a lot of cultural facts in the life and development of the Russian nation. In the end, both Moscow Russia and Novgorod developed precisely on the lands inhabited by the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Chudi, Meri and Meshchera, as well as on the Mordovian, Vepsian, Vod-Izhora , Karelian and Perm territories.

The Slavs did not assimilate the Finnish tribes a. it Finno-Ugric peoples adapted to new language and took part of the Byzantine spiritual culture. Therefore, the Russians have a choice. Realize your rootedness in this land, see in the ancestors not only and not so much Slavs, feel that the culture of the Russian people is based on the Finno-Ugric basis.

Who are the Finno-Ugric peoples (related literature)

Finno-Ugrians- ethno-linguistic community of peoples, numbering more than 20 million people. Everything Finno-Ugric peoples are indigenous to their territories. Finno-Ugric ancestors lived in Eastern Europe and the Urals since the Neolithic (new stone Age). From the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia, from the forest-steppes of the Russian Plain to the coast of the Arctic Ocean - primordial Finno-Ugric lands and Samoyed peoples close to them.

Linguistically Finno-Ugric are divided into several subgroups. The Perm-Finnish subgroup is made up of Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. Volga-Finnish group: Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and Mari. The Baltic-Finns are: Finns, Finns-Ingrian, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, mysterious Vod, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of Mary. The Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Muroma most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

Anthropologically Finno-Ugric peoples heterogeneous. Some scientists point out a special Uralic race, transitional between Caucasians and Mongoloids... All peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. For the rest, these features are either equally, or the Caucasian component dominates. But this does not testify in favor of the Indo-European origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples; Indo-European anthropological features should be distinguished from the linguistic Indo-European community.

Finno-Ugric all over the world are united by a common material and spiritual culture. All real Finno-Ugrians live in harmony with nature, with the world around them and with neighboring peoples. Only the Finno-Ugric peoples at the beginning of the third millennium preserved their traditional culture in Europe to the fullest extent, including, paradoxically, Russian. However, this paradox is understandable. Unlike many peoples, the Finno-Ugric try to preserve in their culture as many customs and traditions as possible, including and (perhaps in Russia this explains the rather large number of preserved ancient traditions and elements of the times of Russia).

The Karelian-Finnish epos "Kalevala" was preserved for history by the White Sea Karelians, not the urbanized Finns; almost all of the most ancient Russian fairy tales, epics and legends (epic folklore is the oldest of all forms of oral folk culture) were recorded by ethnographers at the end of the 19th century in the areas inhabited by Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the Arkhangelsk province. Most of the monuments of Old Russian wooden architecture we inherited from the Finno-Ugric lands. Several years ago, the epic of the Erzya people "Mastorava" was recorded and restored, which is unique in itself.

The spiritual life of the Finno-Ugric people is impossible without folk beliefs. Even long-baptized peoples have retained a huge layer of culture associated with pre-Christian beliefs. And some, like the Mari, still adhere mainly to the traditional faith. These beliefs should not be confused with paganism. The Mari, Erzyans, part of the Udmurts, and the Ob Ugrians have national religions.

Finno-Ugric question- this is undoubtedly a Russian question. The issue of ethnic identification of the Great Russian ethnos. In all the territories of the Russian Plain, where Russians now live, the Finno-Ugrians used to live. The big problem is what was the nature of the Slavic colonization. After all, the Russians preserve the same material and spiritual traditional culture with the Finno-Ugric peoples, and not with the South Slavs or Turks. The psychological characteristics of the population, its national character, especially in the north, north-west and north-east of the European part of Russia (the most indigenous part of Russia), Russians and Finno-Ugric peoples are also common.

I hope that the above information on the topic of Finno-Ugric peoples and Russia will help to find problem areas in the history of Russia and understand in which direction the history of Russia itself should be built, leaving politics aside.

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Komi language is included in Finno - Ugric language family, and with the Udmurt language, which is closest to it, forms the Permian group of Finno-Ugric languages. In total, the Finno-Ugric family includes 16 languages, which in ancient times developed from a single base language: Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty (Ugric group of languages); Komi, Udmurt (Permian group); Mari, Mordovian languages ​​- Erzya and Moksha: Baltic - Finnish languages ​​- Finnish, Karelian, Izhorian, Vepsian, Vodian, Estonian, Livonian languages. A special place in the Finno-Ugric family of languages ​​is occupied by the Sami language, which is very different from other related languages.

The Finno-Ugric languages ​​and the Samoyedic languages ​​form the Uralic family of languages. The Amodian languages ​​include the Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, Kamasin languages. The peoples who speak the Samoyed languages ​​live in Western Siberia, except for the Nenets, who also live in northern Europe.

Hungarians moved to the territory surrounded by the Carpathians more than a thousand years ago. The self-name of the Hungarians, Modior, has been known since the 5th century. n. NS. Writing in Hungarian appeared at the end of the 12th century, and the Hungarians have a rich literature. The total number of Hungarians is about 17 million. In addition to Hungary, they live in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Mansi (Voguls) live in the Khanty-Mansiysk District of the Tyumen Region. In Russian chronicles, they, together with the Khanty, were called Yugra. Mansi use writing on the Russian graphic basis, they have their own schools. The total number of Mansi is over 7000 people, but only half of them consider Mansi their native language.

Khanty (Ostyaks) live on the Yamal Peninsula, the lower and middle Ob. Writing in the Khanty language appeared in the 30s of our century, however, the dialects of the Khanty language are so different that communication between representatives of different dialects is often difficult. Many lexical borrowings from the Komi language penetrated the Khanty and Mansi languages

The Baltic-Finnish languages ​​and peoples are so close that the speakers of these languages ​​can communicate with each other without an interpreter. Among the languages ​​of the Baltic-Finnish group, the most common is Finnish, it is spoken by about 5 million people, the self-name of the Finns is Suomi. In addition to Finland, Finns also live in the Leningrad region of Russia. Writing originated in the 16th century, from 1870 the period of the modern Finnish language begins. The epic "Kalevala" sounds in Finnish, and a rich original literature has been created. About 77 thousand Finns live in Russia.

Estonians live on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, the number of Estonians in 1989 was 1,027,255. Writing has existed from the 16th century to the 19th century. two literary languages ​​developed: South and North Estonian. In the XIX century. these literary languages ​​converged on the basis of the Middle Estonian dialects.

Karelians live in Karelia and the Tver region of Russia. There are 138 429 Karelians (1989), a little more than half of them speak their native language. The Karelian language consists of many dialects. In Karelia, Karelians study and use the Finnish literary language. The most ancient monuments of Karelian writing date back to the 13th century; in the Finno-Ugric languages, by antiquity, this is the second written language (after Hungarian).

The Izhora language is unwritten, it is spoken by about 1,500 people. Izhorians live on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the river. Izhora, a tributary of the Neva. Although the Izhorians call themselves Karelians, it is customary in science to single out an independent Izhorian language.

Vepsians live on the territory of three administrative-territorial units: Vologda, Leningrad regions of Russia, Karelia. In the 1930s there were about 30,000 Vepsians, in 1970 there were 8,300 people. Due to the strong influence of the Russian language, the Vepsian language differs markedly from other Baltic-Finnish languages.

The Vodian language is on the verge of extinction, since there are no more than 30 people left speaking this language. Vod lives in several villages located between the northeastern part of Estonia and the Leningrad region. The Vodian language is unwritten.

The Livs live in several seaside fishing villages in northern Latvia. Their number in the course of history has sharply decreased due to the devastation during World War II. Now the number of Livonian speakers is only about 150 people. Writing has been developing since the 19th century, but now the Livs are switching over to the Latvian language.

The Sami language forms a separate group Finno-Ugric languages, since there are many specific features in its grammar and vocabulary. The Sami live in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. There are only about 40 thousand of them, including about 2000 in Russia. The Sami language has a lot in common with the Baltic-Finnish languages. The Sami writing system develops on the basis of different dialects in the Latin and Russian graphic systems.

Modern Finno-Ugric languages ​​are so far apart from each other that at first glance they seem to be completely unrelated to each other. However, a deeper study of the sound composition, grammar and vocabulary shows that these languages ​​have many common features that prove the former common origin of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​from one ancient proto-language.

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages ​​are included in the Altaic language family. Turkic languages: about 30 languages, and with dead languages ​​and local varieties, the status of which as languages ​​is not always indisputable, - more than 50; the largest ones are Turkish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Uyghur, Tatar; the total number of speakers of the Turkic languages ​​is about 120 million people. The center of the Turkic area is Central Asia, from where, during historical migrations, they also spread, on the one hand, to southern Russia, the Caucasus and Asia Minor, and on the other - to the northeast, to eastern Siberia up to Yakutia. Comparative historical study of the Altai languages ​​began as early as the 19th century. Nevertheless, there is no generally accepted reconstruction of the Altai proto-language, one of the reasons is the intensive contacts of the Altai languages ​​and numerous mutual borrowings, which complicate the use of standard comparative methods.

Read also:

AVITO notebook Vkontakte group in Vkontakte
II. HYDROXYL GROUP - HE (ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS)
III. CARBONY GROUP
A. Social group as a fundamental determinant of living space.
B. Eastern group: Nakh-Dagestan languages
The influence of the personality on the group. Small group leadership.
Question 19 Typological (morphological) classification of languages.
Question 26 Language in space. Territorial variation and interaction of languages.
Q.30 Indo-European family languages. General characteristics.
Question 39 The role of translation in the formation and improvement of new languages.

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There was one and Väinemöinen,
The eternal songwriter, -
The virgin is beautiful,
He was born from Ilmatar ...
Old Faithful Väinämöinen
It wanders in the womb,
He spends thirty years there,
Zim spends exactly the same amount of time
On waters full of slumber
On the waves of the misty sea ...
He fell into the blue sea,
He grabbed the waves with his hands.
The husband is given to the mercy of the sea,
The hero remained in the midst of the waves.
He lay at sea for five years,
It has been in it for five years and has been swinging for six,
And another seven years and eight.
Finally floats to dry land
To an unknown shoal
I swam to the treeless shore.
Here Väinämöinen has risen,
I got my feet on the coast,
On an island washed by the sea
On a plain without trees.

Kalevala.

Ethnogenesis of the Finnish race.

In modern science, it is customary to consider the Finnish tribes together with the Ugric tribes, uniting them into a single Finnish-Ugric group. However, the studies of the Russian professor Artamonov, devoted to the origin of the Ugric peoples, show that their ethnogenesis took place in an area covering the upper reaches of the Ob River and the northern coast of the Aral Sea. It should be noted that the role of one of the ethnic substrates for both the Ugric and Finnish tribes was played by the ancient Paleozoic tribes, akin to the ancient population of Tibet and Sumer. This relationship was discovered by Ernst Muldashev using a special ophthalmological study (3). This fact allows us to speak of the Finno-Ugric people as a single ethnos. However, the main difference between the Ugrians and the Finns is that different tribes acted as the second ethnic component in both cases. So the Ugric peoples were formed as a result of the mixing of the ancient Paleasians with the Turks. Central Asia, while the Finnish peoples were formed as a result of the mixing of the former with the ancient Mediterranean (Atlantic tribes), presumably related to the Minoans. As a result of this confusion, the Finns inherited from the Minoans a megalithic culture that died out in the middle of the second millennium BC. Due to the death of its metropolis on Santorini Island in the 17th century BC.

Subsequently, the settlement of the Ugric tribes took place in two directions: downstream of the Ob and to Europe. However, due to the low passionarity of the Ugric tribes, they only in the 3rd century AD. reached the Volga, crossing the Ural ridge in two places: in the area of ​​modern Yekaterinburg and in the lower reaches of the great river. As a result, the Ugric tribes reached the territory of the Baltic only by the 5-6th century AD, i.e. just a few centuries before the arrival of the Slavs to the Central Russian Upland. While the Finnish tribes have lived in the Baltic region, at least since the 4th millennium BC.

Currently, there is every reason to believe that the Finnish tribes were carriers ancient culture, which archaeologists conventionally call the "culture of funnel-shaped cups". This name arose due to the fact that a characteristic feature of this archaeological culture is the special ceramic cups that are not found in other parallel cultures. According to archaeological data, these tribes were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and raising small ruminants. The main hunting weapon was a bow, arrows of which were equipped with bone tips. These tribes lived in the floodplains of large European rivers and occupied, during the period of their greatest distribution, the northern European lowlands, which were completely freed from the ice sheet in about Vth thousand... BC. The famous archaeologist Boris Rybakov describes the tribes of this culture as follows (4, p. 143):

In addition to the aforementioned agricultural tribes, who entered the territory of the future "ancestral home of the Slavs" from the Danube south, because of the Sudetenland and the Carpathians, foreign tribes also penetrated here from the North Sea and the Baltic. This is the "funnel beaker culture" (TRB), associated with megalithic structures... She is known in southern England and Jutland. The richest and most concentrated finds are concentrated outside the ancestral home, between it and the sea, but individual settlements are often found along the entire course of the Elbe, Oder and Vistula. This culture is almost synchronous and pricked, and Landel, and Trypillian, coexisting with them for more than a thousand years. The peculiar and rather high culture of funnel-shaped cups is considered the result of the development of local Mesolithic tribes and, in all likelihood, non-Indo-European, although there are supporters of attributing it to the Indo-European community. One of the centers of development of this megalithic culture lay, probably, in Jutland.

Judging by the linguistic analysis of the Finnish languages, they do not belong to the Aryan (Indo-European) group. Renowned philologist and writer, professor at Oxford University D.R. Tolkien devoted a lot of time to the study of this ancient language and came to the conclusion that it belongs to a special language group. It turned out to be so isolated that the professor constructed on the basis of the Finnish language the language of the mythological people - the elves, the mythical history of which he described in his fantasy novels. So, for example, the name of the Supreme God in the mythology of the English professor sounds like Iluvatar, while in Finnish and Karelian it is Ilmarinen.

By their origin, the Finno-Ugric languages ​​are not related to the Aryan, belonging to a completely different language family - Indo-European. Therefore, the numerous lexical convergences between the Finno-Ugric and Indo-Iranian languages ​​testify not to their genetic relationship, but to the deep, diverse and long-term contacts of the Finno-Ugric and Aryan tribes. These ties began in the pre-Aryan period and continued in the general Aryan era, and then, after the division of the Aryans into "Indian" and "Iranian" branches, contacts were made between the Finno-Ugric and Iranian-speaking tribes.

The circle of words borrowed by Finno-Ugric languages ​​from Indo-Iranian is very diverse. This includes numbers, kinship terms, animal names, etc. Particularly characteristic are words and terms related to the economy, the names of tools of labor, metals (for example, "gold": Udmurt and Komi - "zarni", Khanty and Mansi - "weeds", Mordovian "sirne", Iranian "zarnya" ", Modern Ossetian -" zerin "). A number of correspondences are noted in the field of agricultural terminology ("grain", "barley"); From the Indo-Iranian languages, the words used in various Finno-Ugric languages ​​are borrowed to designate a cow, heifer, goat, sheep, lamb, sheep skin, wool, felt, milk and a number of others.

Such correspondences indicate, as a rule, the influence of the economically more developed steppe tribes on the population of the northern forest regions. Examples of borrowing into Finno-Ugric from Indo-European languages ​​of terms related to horse breeding ("foal", "saddle", etc.) are also indicative. The Finno-Ugrians got acquainted with the domestic horse, apparently as a result of ties with the population of the steppe South. (2, 73 pages).

The study of the basic mythological plots shows that the core of Finnish mythology differs significantly from the general Aryan. The most complete presentation of these plots is contained in the Kalevala, a collection of Finnish epics. The main character The epic, unlike the heroes of the Aryan epic, is endowed not only and not so much with physical as with magical power, which allows him to build, for example, a boat with the help of a song. The heroic duel is again reduced to competitions in magic and versification. (5, p. 35)

He sings - and Joukahainen
Up to the hip went into the swamp,
And up to the waist in the quagmire,
And up to the shoulders in free-flowing sand.
It was then that Joukahainen
I could comprehend with my mind
I went the wrong way
And took a vain path
Compete in chants
With Väinämöinen the mighty.

The Scandinavian "Saga of Halfdan Eistayson" also reports on the outstanding witchcraft abilities of the Finns (6, 40):

In this saga, the Vikings face off against the leaders of the Finns and Biarm, the terrible werewolves.

One of the leaders of the Finns, King Floki, could shoot from a bow with three arrows at the same time and hit three people at once. Halfdan chopped off his arm so that it flew into the air. But Floki put out his stump, and the hand was attached to it. The other king of the Finns, meanwhile, turned into a giant walrus, which crushed fifteen people at the same time. Harek, the king of biarm, has turned into a fearsome dragon. The Vikings with great difficulty managed to deal with the monsters and master magic land Biarmia.

All these and many other elements indicate that the Finnish tribes belong to some very ancient race... It is the antiquity of this race that explains the "slowness" of its modern representatives. After all, the older the people, the more life experience they have accumulated, and the less vain they are.

Elements of the culture of the Finnish race are found mainly among the peoples living along the shores of the Baltic Sea. Therefore, otherwise the Finnish race can be called the Baltic race. It is characteristic that the Roman historian Tacitus in the 1st century A.D. pointed out that the people of the Estyians living on the shores of the Baltic Sea have many similarities with the Celts. This is very important note because it was through the Celtic culture that the ancient Finnish nation managed to preserve its historical heritage. In this sense, the most interesting from the point of view of studying ancient Finnish history is the Frisian tribe. In ancient times, this people lived in the territory of modern Denmark. The descendants of this tribe still live in this territory, although they have long lost their language and culture. However, the Frisian chronicle "Hurray Linda Brook" has survived to this day, which tells how the ancestors of the Frisians sailed to the territory of modern Denmark after a terrible catastrophe - the flood that destroyed Plato's Atlantis. This chronicle is often cited by Atlantologists as confirmation of the existence of a legendary civilization. As a result, the version of the antiquity of the Baltic race receives one more confirmation.

Also, each nation can be identified by the nature of its burials. The main funeral rite among the ancient Balts it is the laying of stones on the body of the deceased. This rite has survived in both Ireland and Scotland. Over time, it was modified and was reduced to installing a tombstone on the grave.

Such a ritual indicates a direct cultural connection between the Finnish / Baltic race and megalithic structures found mainly in the Baltic Sea basin and adjacent territories. The only place that falls out of this area is the North Caucasus, however, there is an explanation for this fact, which, however, cannot be given within the framework of this work.

As a result, it can be stated that one of the essential elements of the ethnic substrate of the modern Baltic peoples is the ancient Finnish race, whose origin is lost in the depths of millennia. This race went through its own, different from the Aryan, history of development, as a result of which it formed a unique language and culture, which are part of the genetic heritage of the modern Balts and Finns.

Separate tribes.

The overwhelming majority of ethnographers agree that the tribes inhabiting northeastern Europe and adjacent territories, immediately before the beginning of the Slavic and German colonization of this region, were Ugro-Finns in their ethnic composition, i.e. by the 10th century A.D. Finnish and Ugric elements in the local tribes mixed quite strongly. The most famous tribe living on the territory of modern Estonia, after which the lake is named, located on the border of the Slavic and German colonization zones, is Chud. According to legend, the Chudins possessed various witchcraft abilities. In particular, they could suddenly disappear into the forest, they could be under water for a long time. It was believed that the strange-white-eyed one knows the spirits of the elements. During the Mongol invasion, the Chud went into the forests and disappeared forever from the chronicle history of Russia. It is believed that it is she who inhabits the legendary Kitezh-grad, located at the bottom of Beloozero. However, in Russian legends, Chudyu is also called an older dwarf people who lived in prehistoric times, and in some places lived as a relic until the Middle Ages. Legends about the dwarf people are usually common in areas where there are clusters of megalithic structures.

In the Komi legends, this undersized and dark-skinned people, for whom the grass looks like a forest, sometimes acquires animal features - it is covered with wool, and miracles have piggy legs. Miracles lived in fairy world abundance, when the sky was so low above the ground that miracles could reach it with a hand, but they do everything wrong - they dig holes on arable land, feed cattle in a hut, mow hay with a chisel, reap bread with an awl, store threshed grain in stockings, pound oat into ice holes. A weird woman insults Yen because she stains the low sky with filth or touches it with a yoke. Then Yen (the god-demiurge of the Komi) raises the sky, tall trees grow on the earth, and the white ones do not replace miracles tall people: miracles leave them in their pits underground, because they are afraid of agricultural tools - sickle, etc ...

… There is a belief that miracles turned into evil spirits that hide in dark places, abandoned dwellings, baths, even under water. They are invisible, leave behind traces of bird paws or children's feet, harm people and can replace their children with their own ...

According to other legends, chud are, on the contrary, ancient heroes, to whom Pera and Kudy-osh belong. They also go underground or turn into stones, or find themselves imprisoned in the Ural Mountains after Russian missionaries spread the new Christian religion. Ancient settlements (kars) remained from the Chud, Chud giants could be thrown with axes or clubs from the settlement to the settlement; sometimes they are credited with the origin of lakes, the founding of villages, etc. (6, 209-211)

The next large tribe was the Vod. Semenov-Tyanshansky in the book “Russia. Complete geographical description of our Fatherland. Lake District "1903 wrote about this tribe as follows:

“Vod once lived to the east of Chud. This tribe is ethnographically considered to be transitional from the western (Estonian) branch of the Finns to other Finnish tribes. Vodi settlements, as far as can be judged by the prevalence of Vodian names, occupied a vast area within the limits of the river. Narova and up to the river. Msty, reaching in the north to the Gulf of Finland, in the south, going beyond Ilmen. Vod took part in the alliance of the tribes who summoned the Varangian princes. For the first time it is mentioned in the "Charter of the bridge", attributed to Yaroslav the Wise. The colonization of the Slavs pushed this tribe to the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Vod lived on friendly terms with the Novgorodians, participating in the campaigns of the Novgorodians, and even in the Novgorod army a special regiment consisted of "vozhans". Subsequently, the area inhabited by water became part of one of the five Novgorod regions under the name of "Vodskaya pyatina". From the middle of the 12th century, the Swedes began their crusades to the Vodi country, which they called "Vatland". A number of papal bulls are known to encourage Christian preaching here, and in 1255 a special bishop was appointed for Watland. The connection between the Vod and the Novgorodians, however, was stronger, the Vod gradually merged with the Russian and strongly channelized. The remains of the Vodi are considered to be a small tribe called Vatyalayset living in Peterhof and Yamburg districts. "

It is also necessary to mention the unique Setu tribe. Currently, it lives in the Pskov region. Scientists believe that it is an ethnic relic of the ancient Finnish race, which first began to populate these lands as the glacier melted. Some national characteristics of this tribe allow us to think so.

Most full collection Finnish myths managed to save the Karelian tribe. So the basis of the famous Kalevala (4) - the Finnish epic - is based on mostly Karelian legends and myths. The Karelian language is the most ancient of the Finnish languages, containing the minimum number of borrowings from languages ​​related to other cultures.

Finally, the most famous Finnish tribe that has preserved its language and culture to this day is the Livs. Representatives of this tribe live in the territory of modern Latvia and Estonia. It was this tribe that was the most civilized in the initial period of the formation of the Estonian and Latvian ethnic groups. Occupying the territory along the coast of the Baltic Sea, representatives of this tribe came into contact with the outside world earlier than others. For several centuries, the territory of modern Estonia and Latvia was called Livonia, after the name of this tribe.

Comments.

It can be assumed that the description of this ethnic contact, which occurred in distant antiquity, was preserved in the Kalevala in the second rune. (1), where it is indicated that a small hero in copper armor came out of the sea to help the hero Väinämöinenen, who then miraculously turned into a giant and cut down a huge oak that covered the Sky and eclipsed the Sun.

Literature.

1. Tolkien John, The Silmarillion;
2. Bongard-Levin G.E., Grantovsky E.A., "From Scythia to India" M. "Thought", 1974
3. Muldashev Ernst. "Who did we come from."
4. Rybakov Boris. "Paganism of the ancient Slavs." - M. Sofia, Helios, 2002
5. Kalevala. Translated from Finnish Belsky. - SPB .: Publishing house "Azbuka-classic", 2007
6. Petrukhin V.Ya. "Myths of the Finno-Ugrians", M, Astrel AST Transitbook, 2005

Finno-Ugric peoples

Finno-Ugric peoples: history and culture. Finno-Ugric languages

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The peoples of the Finno-Ugric language group

The Finno-Ugric language group is part of the Ural - Yukaghir language family and includes the peoples: Sami, Veps, Izhorians, Karelians, Nenets, Khanty and Mansi.

Sami live mainly on the territory of the Murmansk region. Apparently, the Sami are the descendants of the oldest population Northern Europe, although there is an opinion about their resettlement from the east. For researchers, the greatest mystery is the origin of the Sami, since the Sami and Baltic-Finnish languages ​​go back to a common base language, but anthropologically, the Sami belong to a different type (Uralic type) than the Baltic-Finnish peoples who speak languages ​​that are closest to them. kinship, but mainly of the Baltic type. To resolve this contradiction, many hypotheses have been put forward since the 19th century.

The Sami people are most likely descended from the Finno-Ugric population. Presumably in the 1500-1000s. BC NS. the separation of the proto-Saami from the common community of native speakers begins, when the ancestors of the Baltic Finns, under the Baltic and later Germanic influence, began to switch to a sedentary lifestyle of farmers and pastoralists, while the ancestors of the Sami on the territory of Karelia assimilated the autochthonous population of Fennoscandia.

The Sami people, in all likelihood, were formed by the amalgamation of many ethnic groups. This is indicated by the anthropological and genetically differences between the ethnic groups of the Sami living in different territories. Genetic studies in recent years have revealed common features of modern Sami with descendants ancient population Atlantic coast of the Ice Age - modern Basque and Berbers. Such genetic traits were not found in the more southerly groups of northern Europe. From Karelia, the Sami migrated further and further to the north, fleeing the spreading Karelian colonization and, presumably, from taxation. Following the migrating herds of wild reindeer, the ancestors of the Sami, at the latest during the 1st millennium AD. e., gradually came to the coast of the Arctic Ocean and reached the territories of their current residence. At the same time, they began to switch to the breeding of domesticated reindeer, but this process reaches a significant extent only by the 16th century.

Their history over the past one and a half millennia represents, on the one hand, a slow retreat under the onslaught of other peoples, and on the other hand, their history is an integral part of the history of nations and peoples that have their own statehood in which an important role is assigned to the Sami taxation. A prerequisite reindeer husbandry was that the Sami wandered from place to place, driving herds of reindeer from winter pastures to summer ones. In fact, nothing hindered the crossing of state borders. The basis of the Sami society was a community of families, which united on the principles of joint land ownership, which provided them with a means of subsistence. The land was allocated by families or by genera.

Figure 2.1 Dynamics of the Sami population in 1897 - 2010 (compiled by the author based on materials).

Izhorians. The first mention of Izhora occurs in the second half of the 12th century, where it is spoken of pagans, who half a century later were already recognized in Europe as strong and even dangerous people... It is from the 13th century that the first mentions of Izhora appear in Russian chronicles. In the same century, the Izhora land was first mentioned in the Livonian Chronicle. At dawn on a July day in 1240, the elder of the Izhora land, while on patrol, discovered the Swedish flotilla and hastily sent a report on everything to Alexander, the future Nevsky.

It is obvious that at this time the Izhorians were still very close ethnically and culturally with the Karelians living on the Karelian Isthmus and in the Northern Ladoga area, north of the area of ​​the supposed distribution of the Izhorians, and this similarity persisted until the 16th century. Quite accurate data on the approximate population of the Izhora land were first recorded in the Scripture Book of 1500, but the ethnicity of the inhabitants was not shown during the census. It is traditionally believed that the inhabitants of the Karelian and Orekhovets districts, most of whom had Russian names and nicknames of Russian and Karelian sound, were Orthodox Izhorians and Karelians. Obviously, the border between these ethnic groups ran somewhere on the Karelian Isthmus, and, possibly, coincided with the border of the Orekhovetsky and Karelian counties.

In 1611, this territory was taken over by Sweden. For 100 years of the entry of this territory into Sweden, many Izhorians left their villages. Only in 1721, after the victory over Sweden, Peter I included this region into the Petersburg province of the Russian state. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, Russian scientists began to record the ethno-confessional composition of the population of the Izhora lands, then already included in the Petersburg province. In particular, to the north and south of St. Petersburg, the presence of Orthodox residents is recorded, ethnically close to the Finns - Lutherans - the main population of this territory.

Vepsians. At present, scientists cannot finally resolve the issue of the genesis of the Vepsian ethnos. It is believed that by origin the Vepsians are associated with the formation of other Baltic-Finnish peoples and that they separated from them, probably in the 2nd half. 1 thousand n. BC, and by the end of this thousand settled in the southeastern Ladoga area. The burial mounds of the X-XIII centuries can be defined as ancient Veps. It is believed that the earliest mentions of the Vepsians date back to the 6th century AD. NS. Russian chronicles from the 11th century have called this people all. Russian scribes, the lives of saints and other sources often know the ancient Vepsians under the name Chud. In the inter-lake area between the Onega and Ladoga lakes, the Vepsians lived from the end of the 1st millennium, gradually moving to the east. Some groups of Vepsians left the inter-lake area and merged with other ethnic groups.

In the 1920s and 1930s, in places of compact residence of the people, Veps national areas, as well as Veps village councils and collective farms.

In the early 1930s, the introduction of the teaching of the Veps language and a number of academic subjects in this language began in primary school, textbooks of the Vepsian language based on the Latin script appeared. In 1938, Vepsian-language books were burned, and teachers and others public figures arrested and deported from their homes. Since the 1950s, as a result of the intensification of migration processes and the associated spread of exogamous marriages, the process of assimilation of the Vepsians has accelerated. About half of the Vepsians settled in cities.

Nenets. History of the Nenets in the 17th-19th centuries rich in military conflicts. In 1761, a census of yasak foreigners was carried out, and in 1822 the "Charter on the management of foreigners" was put into effect.

Excessive monthly extortions, arbitrariness of the Russian administration have repeatedly led to riots, accompanied by the defeat of Russian fortifications, the most famous is the uprising of the Nenets in 1825-1839. As a result of military victories over the Nenets in the 18th century. the first half of the 19th century. the area of ​​settlement of the tundra Nenets has expanded significantly. By the end of the XIX century. The settlement territory of the Nenets has stabilized, and their number has increased compared to the end of the 17th century. by about half. Throughout the Soviet period, the total number of the Nenets, according to censuses, also steadily increased.

Today the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. The share of the Nenets who consider the language of their nationality to be their native language is gradually decreasing, but still remains higher than that of most other peoples of the North.

Figure 2.2 Number of Nenets peoples 1989, 2002, 2010 (compiled by the author based on materials).

In 1989, 18.1% of the Nenets recognized Russian as their native language, and in general they were fluent in Russian, 79.8% of the Nenets - thus, there is still a fairly noticeable part of the language community, adequate communication with which can only be ensured by knowledge of the Nenets language. The preservation of strong Nenets speech skills among young people is typical, although for a significant part of them the Russian language has become the main means of communication (like among other peoples of the North). A certain positive role is played by teaching the Nenets language at school, popularizing national culture in the media, and the activities of Nenets writers. But first of all, the relatively favorable linguistic situation is associated with the fact that reindeer husbandry - the economic basis of the Nenets culture - as a whole was able to remain in its traditional form, despite all the destructive tendencies of the Soviet era. This type of production activity remained entirely under the jurisdiction of the indigenous population.

Khanty- a small indigenous Ugric people living in the north of Western Siberia.

Povolzhsky center of cultures of the Finno-Ugric peoples

There are three ethnographic groups Khanty: northern, southern and eastern, with the southern Khanty mingling with the Russian and Tatar population. The ancestors of the Khanty penetrated from the south into the lower reaches of the Ob and settled the territories of the modern Khanty-Mansiysk and southern regions of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, and from the end of the 1st millennium, on the basis of the mixing of aborigines and alien Ugric tribes, the ethnogenesis of the Khanty began. The Khanty called themselves more along the rivers, for example, "the people of Konda," the people of the Ob ".

Northern Khanty. The genesis of their culture archaeologists associate about the Ust-Poluy culture, localized in the basin of the river. Ob from the mouth of the Irtysh to the Ob Bay. This is a northern, taiga fishing culture, many of the traditions of which are not followed by the modern northern Khanty.
From the middle of the 2nd millennium A.D. the northern Khanty were strongly influenced by the Nenets reindeer herding culture. In the zone of direct territorial contacts, the Khanty were partially assimilated by the tundra Nenets.

Southern Khanty. They settle up from the mouth of the Irtysh. This is the territory of the southern taiga, forest-steppe and steppe, and culturally it gravitates more towards the south. In their formation and subsequent ethno-cultural development, a significant role was played by the southern forest-steppe population, which was layered on the general Khanty basis. The Russians had a significant influence on the southern Khanty.

Eastern Khanty. They settle in the Middle Ob region and along the tributaries: Salym, Pim, Agan, Yugan, Vasyugan. This group, to a greater extent than others, retains the North Siberian cultural traits that go back to the Ural population - draft dog breeding, dugout boats, the predominance of swing clothes, birch bark utensils, and a fishing economy. Within the modern territory of their habitation, the eastern Khanty actively interacted with the Kets and Selkups, which was facilitated by belonging to the same economic and cultural type.
Thus, in the presence of common cultural features characteristic of the Khanty ethnos, which is associated with the early stages of their ethnogenesis and the formation of the Ural community, which, along with the mornings, included the ancestors of the Kets and Samoyed peoples, the subsequent cultural "divergence", the formation of ethnographic groups, to a greater extent was determined by the processes of ethnocultural interaction with neighboring peoples. Muncie- a small people in Russia, the indigenous population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The closest relatives of the Khanty. They speak the Mansi language, but due to active assimilation, about 60% use Russian in everyday life. As an ethnos, the Mansi developed as a result of the merger of local tribes of the Ural culture and the Ugric tribes, moving from the south through the steppes and forest-steppe of Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan. The two-component nature (a combination of the cultures of taiga hunters and fishermen and steppe nomadic pastoralists) in the culture of the people is preserved to this day. Initially, the Mansi lived in the Urals and its western slopes, but the Komi and Russians in the XI-XIV centuries drove them out to the Trans-Urals. The earliest contacts with the Russians, primarily the people of Snovgorod, date back to the 11th century. With the annexation of Siberia to To the Russian state at the end of the 16th century, Russian colonization intensified, and already at the end of the 17th century the number of Russians exceeded the number of the indigenous population. The Mansi were gradually pushed to the north and east, partially assimilated, and in the 18th century they were converted to Christianity. The ethnic formation of the Mansi was influenced by various peoples.

In the Vogul cave, located near the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva in the Perm Territory, traces of the presence of the Voguls were found. According to local historians, the cave was a temple (pagan sanctuary) of the Mansi, where ritual ceremonies... Bear skulls with traces of blows from stone axes and spears, shards of ceramic vessels, bone and iron arrowheads, bronze plaques of the Permian animal style with the image of an elk man standing on a lizard, silver and bronze jewelry were found in the cave.

Finno-Ugrians or Finno-Ugric- a group of peoples with related linguistic features and formed from the tribes of northeastern Europe since the Neolithic, inhabited Western Siberia, Trans-Urals, northern and middle Urals, the territory north of the upper Volga, Volgookskoe interfluve and the middle Volga region until midnight of the modern Saratov region in Russia.

1. Title

In Russian chronicles they are known under the unifying names chud and Samoyeds (self-name Suomaline).

2. Resettlement of Finno-Ugric ethnic groups on the territory of Russia

On the territory of Russia there are 2,687,000 people belonging to the Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. In Russia, the Finno-Ugric peoples live in Karelia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia. According to the chronicle mentions and linguistic analysis of toponyms, the Chud united several tribes: Mordva, Muroma, Merya, Vesps (The whole, Veps) and etc..

The Finno-Ugric were the autochthonous population of the interfluve of the Oka and the Volga, their tribes were Esty, all, Merya, Mordovians, Cheremis were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanarich in the IV century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (ugrofiniv): chud, livs, waters, pit (Ӕm), all (also Sѣvero ѿ them on Bѣlѣ ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, ), cheremis, casting, zimѣgola, kors, nerom, Mordovians, merya (and to Rostov ѡzerѣ Merѧ and to Kleshchinѣ and ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt mѣrѧ same), muroma (and Ѡtsѣ rѣtsѣ where flow into the Volga ӕzyk zyk Moshchey of Murom.) and Muscovites all local tribes named Chudyu from the native Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through the Moscow weird, weirdo, weird. Now these peoples are completely assimilated by the Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, adding to the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic geographical names.

These are all the names of rivers with ending-va: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries, the names of which end na-va, in Finnish means "water". The Muscovite tribes from the very beginning felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric place names are found not only where these peoples now constitute a significant part of the population, form autonomous republics and national districts. The area of ​​their distribution is much larger, for example, Moscow.

According to archaeological data, the area of ​​settlement of the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Starting from the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of present-day Russia were gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.

Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Polovtsians and Khazars, but were at a significantly lower level than the rest social development, in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest ones. At that time, these were the primitive and most culturally backward tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphages (eaters of people), and Nestor the chronicler, already during the period of the Russian state, called them Samoyeds. (Samoѣd).

The Finno-Ugric tribes of the primitive collective hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists argue that the Moscow people received the greatest admixture Mongoloid race through the assimilation of the Finno-Ugric who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed the Caucasian admixtures even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components led to the ethnogenesis of the Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes of the Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Ugrofinams, and later the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, the Russians have an anthropological type that differs from the Kiev-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: "The eye is narrow, the nose is utterly Russian". Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the phonetic system of Russians took place (akanya, gekanya, ticking). Today's" Ural "features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: medium height, wide face, nose, called" snub-nosed ", A thin beard The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongol fold - epicanthus, they have very wide cheekbones, a thin beard, but at the same time light and red hair, blue and gray eyes. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with growing up, they are dark-haired and braced, others are more like Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.

According to the research of the Merianist Orest Tkachenko, "In the Russian people, on the maternal side associated with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, the Russians descended from the Finno-Ugrians." It should be noted that according to modern studies of the Y-chromosome halotype, in fact, the situation was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, Russians are an ethnic mixture, in which the Finns own 4/5, and the Slavs -1/5. The remnants of the Finno-Ugric culture in the Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among others. Slavic peoples: women's kokoshnik and sundress, men's shirt-shirt, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bath, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone scale of singing, a-touch and vowel reduction, paired words like stitches, paths, arms and legs, alive and well, so and so, turnover I have(instead of I am, typical for other Slavs) fabulous start"once upon a time", the absence of a Rusal cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch, not oak.

Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames of Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, and they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Vedeno Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today the Ugrofins do not constitute the majority of the population, even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, dissolving into the mass of Russians (rus. Russians), The Ugrofins retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian) .

According to the overwhelming majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and meek disposition. This is how the Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, stating that there were no military clashes, because written sources do not remember anything like that. However, as noted by the same V.O.Klyuchevsky, "in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that flared up in some places have survived."

3. Toponymy

Place names of Merian-erzyan origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Vexa, Voxenga, Yelenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, Leht, Meleksa, Nadoxa, Nero (Inero), Nux, Nuksh, Palenga, Pelenga, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonokhta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shekhroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yahrenga, Yakhrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mesenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (twinkling), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toekhta, Urma, Shunga,(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vasopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landekh, Nodoga, Paksh, Palekh, Parsha, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarohta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma and others. (Ivanovo region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshmy, Shuya and others. (Vologda region), "Valdai, Koy, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatiha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaks, Velga, Voyinga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Motra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama, Moscow, Nudol, Pakhra, Taldom, Shukhroma, Yakhroma etc. (Moscow region)

3.1. List of Finno-Ugric peoples

3.2.

FINNO-UGORSK PEOPLES

Personalities

Ugrofinams by origin were Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum - both Mordovians, Udmurts - physiologist V.M.Bekhterev, Komi - sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Mordvin - sculptor S. Nefedov-Erzya, who took the name of the people as his pseudonym; Pugovkin Mikhail Ivanovich - Russified Merya, his real name sounds in Meryan - Pugorkin, composer A.Ya. Eshpai - Mari, and many others:

See also

Sources of

Notes (edit)

Map of the approximate settlement of the Finno-Ugric tribes in the 9th century.

A stone gravestone with the image of a warrior. Ananyinsky burial ground (near Yelabuga). VI-IV centuries BC.

The history of the Russian tribes inhabiting the Volga-Oka and Kama basins in the 1st millennium BC e., is distinguished by significant originality. According to Herodotus, Budins, Tissagets and Iirks lived in this part of the forest belt. Noting the difference between these tribes from the Scythians and Sauromats, he points out that their main occupation was hunting, which delivered not only food, but also furs for clothing. Herodotus especially notes horse hunting with the help of dogs. The information of the ancient historian is confirmed by archaeological sources indicating that hunting really occupied a large place in the life of the studied tribes.

However, the population of the Volga-Oka and Kama basins was not limited only to those tribes mentioned by Herodotus. The names given by him can be attributed only to the southern tribes of this group - the direct neighbors of the Scythians and Savromats. More detailed information about these tribes began to penetrate into ancient historiography only at the turn of our era. Tacitus probably relied on them when he described the life of the tribes in question, calling them Fenes (Finns).

The main occupation of the Finno-Ugric tribes in the vast territory of their settlement should be considered cattle breeding and hunting. Slash farming played a secondary role. A characteristic feature of the production of these tribes was that along with the iron tools that came into use from about the 7th century. BC BC, bone tools were used here for a very long time. These features are typical for the so-called Dyakovskaya (between the Oka and Volga rivers), Gorodetskaya (southeast of the Oka) and Ananyinskaya (Prikamye) archaeological cultures.

The southwestern neighbors of the Finno-Ugric tribes, the Slavs, during the 1st millennium AD. NS. significantly advanced in the area of ​​settling the Finnish tribes. This movement caused the displacement of part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, as the analysis of numerous Finnish river names in the middle part of European Russia shows. The processes under consideration were slow and did not violate the cultural traditions of the Finnish tribes. This makes it possible to connect a number of local archaeological cultures with the Finno-Ugric tribes already known from Russian chronicles and other written sources. The descendants of the tribes of the Dyakovo archaeological culture were probably the tribes of the Merya, the Murom, the descendants of the tribes of the Gorodets culture - the Mordovians, and the origin of the chronicle Cheremis and Chudi goes back to the tribes that created the Ananyin archaeological culture.

Many interesting features of the life of the Finnish tribes have been studied in detail by archaeologists. The oldest method of obtaining iron in the Volga-Oka basin is indicative: iron ore was smelted in clay vessels that stood in the middle of open fires. This process, noted in the settlements of the 9th-8th centuries, is characteristic of the initial stage of the development of metallurgy; later, ovens appeared. Numerous items made of bronze and iron and the quality of their manufacture suggest that already in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. NS. among the Finno-Ugric tribes of Eastern Europe the transformation of domestic industries into handicrafts, such as foundry and blacksmithing, began. Among other industries, the high development of weaving should be noted. The development of cattle breeding and the incipient development of crafts, primarily metallurgy and metalworking, led to an increase in labor productivity, which in turn contributed to the emergence of property inequality. Yet the accumulation of property inside clan communities The Volga-Oka basin was rather slow; due to this, up to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. NS. ancestral settlements were relatively weakly fortified. Only in subsequent centuries the settlements of the Dyakovo culture were strengthened with powerful ramparts and ditches.

The picture of the social structure of the inhabitants of the Kama region is more complex. The grave inventory clearly indicates the presence of property stratification among local residents... Some burials, dating back to the end of the 1st millennium, allowed archaeologists to suggest the appearance of some kind of unequal category of the population, possibly slaves from among the prisoners of war.

Settlement area

On the position of the tribal aristocracy in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. NS. evidenced by one of the striking monuments of the Ananyinsky burial ground (near Yelabuga) - a tombstone made of stone with a relief image of a warrior armed with a dagger and a battle hammer and decorated with a hryvnia. The rich inventory in the grave under this slab contained a dagger and hammer made of iron, and a silver gryvnia. The buried warrior was undoubtedly one of the tribal leaders. The isolation of the clan nobility especially intensified by the 2nd-1st centuries. BC NS. It should be noted, however, that at this time the clan nobility was probably relatively small in number, since low labor productivity still severely limited the number of members of society who lived at the expense of other people's labor.

The population of the Volga-Oka and Kama basins was associated with the Northern Baltic, Western Siberia, the Caucasus, Scythia. Many objects came here from the Scythians and Sarmatians, sometimes even from very distant places, such as, for example, the Egyptian statuette of the god Amon, found in a settlement excavated at the spit of the Chusovaya and Kama rivers. The shapes of some iron knives, bone arrowheads and a number of vessels among the Finns are very similar to similar Scythian and Sarmatian items. The connections of the Upper and Middle Volga regions with the Scythian and Sarmatian worlds can be traced back to the 6th-4th centuries, and by the end of the 1st millennium BC. NS. are made permanent.

The Komi language is a part of the phi nno - ug o rsk language family, and with the Udmurt language, which is closest to it, it forms the Permian group of Finno - Ugric languages. In total, the Finno-Ugric family includes 16 languages, which in ancient times developed from a single base language: Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty (the Ugric group of languages); Komi, Udmurt (Perm group); Mari, Mordovian languages ​​- Erzya and Moksha: Pr and B a lty with k o - finsky languages ​​- Finnish, Karelian, Izhorian, Vepsian, Vodian, Estonian, Livonian languages. A special place in the Finno-Ugric family of languages ​​is occupied by the Sami language, which is very different from other related languages.

The Finno-Ugric languages ​​and the Samoyedic languages ​​form the Ural family of languages. The Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, Kamasin languages ​​are referred to the samod and k and m languages. The peoples who speak the Samoyed languages ​​live in Western Siberia, except for the Nenets, who also live in northern Europe.

The question of the origin of the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples has long been of interest to scientists. The ancient ancestral home was searched for in the Altai region, on the upper reaches of the Ob, Irtysh and Yenisei, and on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Modern scientists, based on the study of the vocabulary of the flora of the Finno-Ugric languages, came to the conclusion that the ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples was located in the Volga-Kama region on both sides of the Ural mountains. Then the Finno-Ugric tribes and languages ​​divided, became isolated, and the ancestors of the present-day Finno-Ugric peoples left the ancient ancestral home. The first chronicle mentions of the Finno-Ugric peoples already find these peoples in the places of their current residence.

Hungariansmore than a millennium ago they moved to the territory surrounded by the Carpathians. The self-name of the Hungarians, Modior, has been known since the 5th century. n. NS. Writing in Hungarian appeared at the end of the 12th century, and the Hungarians have a rich literature. The total number of Hungarians is about 17 million. In addition to Hungary, they live in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Mansi (Voguls)live in the Khanty-Mansiysk district of the Tyumen region. In Russian chronicles, they, together with the Khanty, were called Yugra. Mansi use writing on the Russian graphic basis, they have their own schools. The total number of Mansi is over 7000 people, but only half of them consider Mansi their native language.

Khanty (Ostyaks)live on the Yamal Peninsula, the lower and middle Ob. Writing in the Khanty language appeared in the 30s of our century, however, the dialects of the Khanty language are so different that communication between representatives of different dialects is often difficult. Many lexical borrowings from the Komi language penetrated the Khanty and Mansi languages. The total number of Khanty is 21,000. The traditional occupation of the Ob Ugrians is reindeer husbandry, hunting, and fishing.

Udmurtsthe least advanced from the territory of the Finno-Ugric ancestral homeland; they live on the lower reaches of the Kama and Vyatka rivers, except for the Udmurt Republic, they live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El, Vyatka region. Udmurts in 1989 were 713 696 people, writing arose in the XVIII century. The capital of Udmurtia is Izhevsk.

Marilive on the territory of the Volga left bank. About half of the Mari live in the Republic of Mari El, the rest live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Udmurtia. Writing in the Mari language arose in the 18th century, there are two versions of the literary language - meadow and mountain, they have a major difference in phonetics. The total number of Mari is 621,961 people (1989). The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola.

Among the Finno-Ugric peoples in terms of population, the 3rd place isMordovians... There are more than 1,200 thousand of them, but the Mordovians live very widely and fragmented. Their more compact groups can be found in the basins of the Moksha and Sura (Mordovia) rivers, in the Penza, Samara, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, and Nizhny Novgorod regions. There are two closely related Mordovian languages, Erzya and Moksha, but the speakers of these languages ​​explain themselves to each other in Russian. Writing in the Mordovian languages ​​appeared in the 19th century. The capital of Mordovia is Saransk.

Baltic-Finnish languages ​​and peoples are so close that those who speak these languages ​​can communicate with each other without an interpreter. Among the languages ​​of the Baltic-Finnish group, the most common isFinnish, it is spoken by about 5 million people, the self-name of the Finnssuomi... In addition to Finland, Finns also live in the Leningrad region of Russia. Writing originated in the 16th century, from 1870 the period of the modern Finnish language begins. The epic "Kalevala" sounds in Finnish, and a rich original literature has been created. About 77 thousand Finns live in Russia.

Estonianslive on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, the number of Estonians in 1989 was 1,027,255. Writing has existed from the 16th century to the 19th century. two literary languages ​​developed: South and North Estonian. In the XIX century. these literary languages ​​converged on the basis of the Middle Estonian dialects.

Karelianslive in Karelia and the Tver region of Russia. There are 138 429 Karelians (1989), a little more than half of them speak their native language. The Karelian language consists of many dialects. In Karelia, Karelians study and use the Finnish literary language. The most ancient monuments of Karelian writing date back to the 13th century; in the Finno-Ugric languages, by antiquity, this is the second written language (after Hungarian).

Izhorathe language is unwritten, it is spoken by about 1,500 people. Izhorians live on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the river. Izhora, a tributary of the Neva. Although the Izhorians call themselves Karelians, it is customary in science to single out an independent Izhorian language.

Vepslive on the territory of three administrative-territorial units: Vologda, Leningrad regions of Russia, Karelia. In the 1930s there were about 30,000 Vepsians, in 1970 there were 8,300 people. Due to the strong influence of the Russian language, the Vepsian language differs markedly from other Baltic-Finnish languages.

Vodskythe language is on the verge of extinction, since there are no more than 30 people speaking this language. Vod lives in several villages located between the northeastern part of Estonia and the Leningrad region. The Vodian language is unwritten.

Do youlive in several seaside fishing villages in the north of Latvia. Their number in the course of history has sharply decreased due to the devastation during World War II. Now the number of Livonian speakers is only about 150 people. Writing has been developing since the 19th century, but now the Livs are switching over to the Latvian language.

Samithe language forms a separate group of Finno-Ugric languages, since there are many specific features in its grammar and vocabulary. The Sami live in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. There are only about 40 thousand of them, including about 2000 in Russia. The Sami language has a lot in common with the Baltic-Finnish languages. The Sami writing system develops on the basis of different dialects in the Latin and Russian graphic systems.

Modern Finno-Ugric languages ​​are so far apart from each other that at first glance they seem to be completely unrelated to each other. However, a deeper study of the sound composition, grammar and vocabulary shows that these languages ​​have many common features that prove the former common origin of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​from one ancient proto-language.

ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF "COMI LANGUAGE"

Traditionally, the Komi language is understood as all three Komi dialects: Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Perm and Kozh-Yazvinsky. Many foreign Finno-Ugric scholars do not distinguish Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permian languages ​​separately. However, in Soviet ethnography, two ethnic groups are distinguished - the Komi-Zyryans and the Komi-Perm, and in linguistics, respectively, two languages. Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permians communicate freely among themselves in their languages, without resorting to Russian. Thus, the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permian literary languages ​​are very close.

This closeness is clearly visible when comparing the following two sentences:

1) Komi-Zyryan literary language -Ruch vidzodlis gogorbok and ydzhid koz vylys adzis uros, kodi tov kezhlo dastis tshak .

2) Komi-Permian literary language -Ruch vidzotis gogor i ydzhyt koz yilis kazyalis urokos, coda tov kezho zaptis tshakkez .

"The fox looked around and at the top of a tall spruce saw a squirrel that was stocking up mushrooms for the winter.".

Studying the Komi-Zyryan literary language, in principle, makes it possible to read everything written in the Komi-Permian literary language, as well as to communicate freely with the Permian Komi.

LOCATION AND NUMBER OF KOMI

A special ethnographic group of the Komi are the Komi-Yazvins whose language is very different from the modern Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permian dialects. Komi-Yazvins live in the Krasnovishersky district of the Perm region along the middle and upper reaches of the river. Yazva, left tributary of the river. Vishera, flowing into the Kama. Their total number is about 4,000 people, but at present the Komi-Yazvins are rapidly becoming Russified.

In the Afanasyevsky district of the Kirov region live the so-called "Zyuzda" Komi, the dialect of which stands, as it were, between the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Perm dialects. In the 50s, there were more than 5,000 Zyuzda residents, but then their number began to decrease.

Komi-Zyryanslive in the Komi Republic in the basins of the Luza, Vychegda and its tributaries Sysola, Vymi, in the basins of the Izhma and Pechora rivers, which flows into the White Sea r. Mezen and its tributary Vashke. Accordingly, ethnographic groups of the Komi are subdivided along the rivers - the Luz Komi, Sysolsk, Vychegodsk, Vymsk, Udora, Izhemsk, Upper Pechora Komi, etc. About 10% of the Komi-Zyryans live outside the republic: in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk region, in many villages of the lower Ob and along its tributaries, on the Kola Peninsula in the Murmansk region in the Omsk, Novosibirsk and other regions of Siberia.

Komi-Permlive in isolation from the Komi-Zyryans, to the south, in the Perm region, in the area of ​​the Upper Kama, on its tributaries Kos, Inva. The capital of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Region is the city of Kudymkar.

The total number of the Komi population (Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Perm), according to population censuses, has been constantly increasing: 1897 - 254,000; 1970 - 475,000; 1926 - 364,000; 1979 - 478,000; 1959 - 431,000; 1989 - 497 081.

Demographers have noticed a tendency for a sharp decline in the growth of the Komi population in recent decades. If for 1959-1970. the increase was 44,000 people, then for 1970-1979. - only 3,000 people. For 1979 p. in the USSR, there were 326,700 Komi-Zyryans and 150,768 Komi-Permians. In the Komi SSR, there were 280,797 Komi-Zyryans, which amounted to 25.3% of the republic's population.

In 1989, among the population of the Komi SSR, the Komi made up 23%. According to the 1989 census, 345,007 Komi-Zyryans and 152,074 Komi-Permians lived in the USSR. However, the number of people speaking the Komi language is decreasing. So, in 1970, the Komi language was called their native language by 82.7% of the Komi-Zyryans and 85.8% of the Komi-Permians. In 1979, 76.2% of Komi-Zyryans and 77.1% of Komi-Permians called the Komi language their native language. For 10 years, the Komi language collective has decreased by 33,000 people. The decline in the number of speakers of the Komi language continues. According to the 1989 census, 70% of all Komi in the USSR called the Komi language their native language, that is, now every third Komi no longer speaks the mother tongue.

From the book "KOMI KYV: Self-Study of the Komi Language" by E A Tsypanov 1992 (Syktyvkar, Komi Book Publishing House)

The names of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric language group will occupy almost all letters of the alphabet. The inhabitants of Mari El, the Khanty-Mansiysk District, Karelia, Udmurtia and other regions of Russia are very different and still have in common. Let's tell.

The Finno-Ugrians are not the largest linguistic group in terms of numbers, but rather large in terms of the number of peoples. Most of the peoples live partially or completely on the territory of Russia. Some number in the hundreds of thousands (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts), while others can be counted on one hand (as of 2002, only 73 people were registered in Russia, calling themselves Vod). but most of Finno-Ugric speakers live outside of Russia. First of all, these are Hungarians (about 14.5 million people), Finns (about 6 million) and Estonians (about a million).

Who are the Finno-Ugric peoples

In our country, the most big variety Finno-Ugric peoples. This is primarily the Volga-Finnish subgroup (Mordvinians and Mari), the Permian subgroup (Udmurts, Komi-Permians and Komi-Zyryans) and the Ob subgroup (Khanty and Mansi). Also in Russia there are almost all representatives of the Baltic-Finnish subgroup (Ingrians, Setos, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Vods and Sami).

The Old Russian chronicles have retained the names of three more peoples, which have not survived to our time and, apparently, completely assimilated by the Russian population: the Chuds who lived along the banks of Onega and the Northern Dvina, the Meria - in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka and Murom - in the Oka basin.

Also, the archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the Dalnekonstantinovsky Museum of the Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Nizhny Novgorod University is now investigating in detail another ethnic subgroup of the Mordovians that have disappeared quite recently - the Teryukhans, who lived in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics and autonomous okrugs within Russia - the republics of Mordovia, Mari El, Udmurtia, Karelia, Komi and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug).

Where live

Initially living in the Urals and Western Siberia, the Finno-Ugrians eventually settled west and north of their ancestral lands - up to modern Estonia and Hungary. At the moment, there are four main areas of their settlement:

• The Scandinavian, Kola Peninsulas and the Baltic States;
• the middle reaches of the Volga and the lower reaches of the Kama;
• Northern Urals and Northern Ob region;
• Hungary.

However, over time, the boundaries of the Finno-Ugric population are becoming less and less clear. This is especially evident in the last 50 years, and this process is associated with labor migration both within the country (from villages to cities) and interstate (especially after the creation of the European Union).

Languages ​​and Anbur

The language is actually one of the main features of this community, otherwise it can hardly be said that Hungarians, Estonians and Mansi are relatives simply by their appearance. In total, there are about 35 Finno-Ugric languages, divided into only two sub-branches:

• Ugric - Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi;
• Finno-Permian - all the rest, including the dead Murom, Meryan, Meshchersky, Kemi-Sami and Akkala.

Researchers and linguists believe that all the current Finno-Ugric languages ​​had a common ancestor, named for the linguistic classification the Prafin-Ugric language. The most ancient of the known written monuments (late 12th century) is the so-called "Funeral Oration and Prayer", which is written in Latin in Old Hungarian.

We will be more interested in the so-called Anbur - the ancient Permian writing, which was used on the territory of Perm the Great in the XIV-XVII centuries by the peoples inhabiting it: the Permian Komi, Zyryan Komi and Russians. It was created by a Russian Orthodox missionary, Ustyuzhanin Stephen of Perm in 1372 on the basis of the Russian, Greek alphabets and tamga - runic Perm symbols.

Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Muscovite state systematically and rather quickly expanded in the direction, as usual, baptizing new citizens

Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Moscow state systematically and rather quickly expanded in the direction, as usual, baptizing new citizens. The latter, by the way, were not particularly against it (if we are talking about Perm and Zyryans). However, with the gradual expansion of the Moscow principality and the inclusion of the entire Great Perm in it, the Anbur is completely replaced by the Russian alphabet, since, in general, all literate people in those places already speak Russian. In the XV-XVI centuries, this writing is still used in some places, but already as a secret writing - it is a kind of cipher, familiar with which a very limited number of people. TO XVII century Anbur is completely out of circulation.

Finno-Ugric holidays and customs

Currently, most of the Finno-Ugrians are Christians. The Russians are Orthodox, the Hungarians are mostly Catholics, the Baltic peoples are Protestants. However, there are many Finno-Ugric Muslims in Russia. Also, in recent years, traditional beliefs have been reviving: shamanism, animism and the cult of ancestors.

As is usually the case during Christianization, the local holiday calendar was timed to coincide with the church one, churches and chapels were erected in place of sacred groves, and the cult of locally revered saints was introduced.

The Khanty, who are mainly engaged in fishing, revered the "fish" gods more, while the Mansi, who are mainly engaged in hunting, - various forest animals (bear, elk). That is, all peoples prioritized depending on their needs. The religion was quite utilitarian. If the sacrifices brought to some idol did not have any effect, then the same Mansi could easily whip him with a whip.

The pre-Christian religion of the Finno-Ugric peoples was polytheistic - there was a supreme god (as a rule, the god of the sky), as well as a galaxy of "smaller" gods: sun, earth, water, fertility ... The names of all peoples for the gods were different: in the case of the supreme deity, god the sky near Finns called Yumala, u Estonians- Taevataat, u Mari- Yumo.

Moreover, for example, Khanty who are mainly engaged in fishing, the "fish" gods were revered more, but among mansi, mainly engaged in hunting, are various forest animals (bear, elk). That is, all peoples prioritized depending on their needs. The religion was quite utilitarian. If the sacrifices made to some idol did not have an effect, then his same mansi could easily be whipped.

Also, some of the Finno-Ugrians still practice dressing up in animal masks during the holidays, which also puts us in the time of totemism.

Have Mordovians, engaged mainly in agriculture, the cult of plants is highly developed - the ritual significance of bread and porridge, which were mandatory in almost all rituals, is still great. Traditional holidays of the Mordovians are also associated with agriculture: Ozim-purya - prayer for harvesting bread on September 15, a week later for Ozim-purya of Keremet molyans, Kaldaz-Ozks, Velima-biwa (world beer) are celebrated near Kazan.

Mari celebrate U Ii Payrem ( New Year) from December 31 to January 1. Shortly before this, Shorykyol (Christmastide) is celebrated. Shorykyol is also called "sheep's leg". This is because on this day the girls went from house to house and always entered the sheepfolds and pulled the sheep by the legs - this was supposed to ensure the well-being of the household and the family. Shorykyol is one of the most famous Mari holidays. It is celebrated during the winter solstice (from December 22) after the new moon.

Roshto (Christmas) is also celebrated, accompanied by a procession of mummers led by the main characters - Vasli kuva-kugyza and Shorykyol kuva-kugyza.

In the same way, almost all local traditional holidays are timed to church holidays.

It should also be noted that it was the Mari who gave a strong rebuff to Christian missionaries and still, on traditional holidays, visit the sacred groves and sacred trees, conducting rituals there.

Have Udmurts traditional holidays were also timed to the church, as well as to agricultural work and the days of the winter and summer solstices, the spring and autumn equinoxes.

For Finns the most important are Christmas (as for decent Christians) and Midsummer's (Johannus). Johannus in Finland is the holiday of Ivan Kupala in Russia. As in Russia, the Finns believe that this is a holiday in honor of John the Baptist, but it is immediately clear that this is a pagan holiday, which could not eradicate itself, and the church found a compromise. As with us, on Midsummer's Day, young people jumped over the fire, and the girls threw wreaths on the water - whoever caught the wreath would be the groom.

This day is also revered by Estonians.

legion-media

The rite of karsikko is very interesting. Karelians and Finns... Karsikko is a tree cut or cut down in a special way (always coniferous). The ceremony can be associated with almost any significant event: a wedding, the death of an important and respected person, a good hunt.

Depending on the situation, the tree was chopped down or all its branches were completely chopped off. They could have left one branch or only the top. All this was decided on an individual basis, known only to the performer of the ritual. After the ceremony, the tree was watched. If his condition did not worsen and the tree continued to grow, that meant happiness. If not, grief and misfortune.

Where can you get acquainted with the life and history of the Finno-Ugric peoples

Seto: Museum-Estate of the Seto people in the village of Sigovo http://www.museum-izborsk.ru/ru/page/sigovo

Vepsy: Natural Park Vepsian Forest, as well as

Lyantor Khanty Ethnographic Museum http://www.museum.ru/M2228

Komi: Finno-Ugric Cultural Center of the Komi Republic http://zyrians.foto11.com/fucenter

Karely: Center of National Cultures and Folk Art

Finno- ugric peoples -

After slavic and Turkic, this group of peoples is the third largest among of all peoples Of Russia ... Out of 25 million Finno-Ugric planets more than 3 million live now on territory Of Russia. We have them represented by 16 peoples, five of which have their own national-state, and two - national-territorial formations. The rest are dispersed throughout the country.

According to the 1989 census, in Of Russia there were 3,184,317 representatives Finno-Ugric peoples. Of these, the number of Mordovians was 1,072,939 people, Udmurts - 714,833, Mari- 643698, Komi - 336309, Komi - Perm - 147269, Karelians - 124921, Khanty - 22283, Vepsians - 12142, mansi- 8279, Izhorians - 449. In addition, 46390 Estonians, 47102 Finns, 1835 Sami, 5742 Hungarians, other representatives of small numbers lived here Finno-Ugric peoples and ethnic groups such as Setos, Livs, vod and etc.

significant portion Finno-Ugric lives in "titular" subjects Federation : republics Karelia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurt Republic, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Khanty Mansiysk autonomous region. There are diasporas in the Vologda, Kirovskaya , Leningrad , Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Pskov, Samara, Saratov , Sverdlovsk, Tverskoy, Tomsk , Ulyanovsk regions, as well as in the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions, in the republics Bashkortostan , Tatarstan , Chuvashia .

Russian finno ugric peoples apart from the Permian Komi, they have one thing in common: living in a nationally mixed environment, where they constitute a minority. For their ethnocultural, linguistic and social development, factors such as the compactness of settlement and specific gravity in national administrative entities.

Subjects of the Federation in which finno ugric peoples, federal organs authorities, pay a lot of attention to the development of the cultures and languages ​​of these peoples. Laws have been developed and adopted on culture, in a number of republics - about languages ​​(the republics of Komi, Mari El), in other republics, language bills are in preparation. Regional programs for the national and cultural development of peoples have been prepared and are operating, in which a significant place is occupied by specific measures on issues of national culture, education, languages.

The history of the Finno-Ugric peoples and languages ​​goes back many millennia. The formation process of the modern Finnish, Ugric and Samoyed peoples was very complicated. The real name of the Finno-Ugric or Finno-Ugric family of languages ​​was replaced by the Uralic, since it was discovered and proven belonging to this family of Samoyed languages.

Ural language family is divided into the Ugric branch, which includes the Hungarian, Khanty and Mansi languages ​​(while the latter two are united under the general name "Ob-Ugric languages"), into the Finno-Permian branch, which unites the Permian languages ​​(Komi, Komi-Permian and Udmurt ), the Volga languages ​​(Mari and Mordovian), the Baltic-Finnish language group (Karelian, Finnish, Estonian, as well as the languages ​​of Vepsians, Vodi, Izhora, Livs), Sami and Samoyed languages, within which the northern branch is isolated (Nganasan, Nenets, Enets languages) and the southern branch (Selkup).

The number of peoples speaking the Uralic languages ​​is about 23 - 24 million people. The Uralic peoples occupy a vast territory that stretches from Scandinavia to the Taimyr Peninsula, with the exception of the Hungarians, who, by the will of fate, found themselves aloof from other Uralic peoples - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

Most of the Uralic peoples live in Russia, with the exception of the Hungarians, Finns and Estonians. The most numerous are Hungarians (over 15 million people). The Finns are the second largest nation (about 5 million people). There are about a million Estonians. On the territory of Russia (according to the 2002 census) live Mordovians (843,350 people), Udmurts (636,906 people), Mari (604,298 people), Komi-Zyryans (293,406 people), Permian Komi (125,235 people), Karelians (93344 people) , Vepsians (8240 people), Khanty (28678 people), Mansi (11,432 people), Izhora (327 people), Vod (73 people), as well as Finns, Hungarians, Estonians, Sami. Currently, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Karelians have their own national-state formations, which are republics within the Russian Federation.

Komi-Permians live on the territory of the Komi-Permyak district of the Perm Territory, the Khanty and Mansi - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra of the Tyumen Region. Vepsians live in Karelia, in the north-east of the Leningrad region and in the north-western part of the Vologda region, the Sami - in the Murmansk region, in the city of St. Petersburg, the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia, Izhora - in the Leningrad region, the city of St. Petersburg, the Republic of Karelia ... Vod - in the Leningrad region, in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Finno-Ugric peoples

Documents of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament:

The situation of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. Report. Committee for Culture, Science and Education. Speaker: Katrin Saks, Estonia, Socialist Group (Doc. 11087, 26 October 2006): http://www.mari.ee/rus/scien/topical/Katrin_Saks_Report.html

Resolution 1171 (1989). Uralic minority cultures in danger (in English): http://www.suri.ee/doc/reso_1171.html

The Institute's Statement, signed by an employee of the Institute of Human Rights, linguist, Professor Mart Rannut, of the Institute notes that the diversity of nationalities and cultures is a world wealth, and therefore it is necessary to stop the forced assimilation of ethnic minorities that speak Finno-Ugric languages, carried out by officials and the educational and administrative system of Russia.

“Until now, the participation of the Finno-Ugric peoples in public life is limited folk art, the state funding of which is made according to not entirely clear criteria, which allows Russian officials to carry out everything on their own, without taking into account the needs of the national minorities themselves, ”the institute said.

The Institute draws attention to the fact that in 2009 the opportunity to take the state exam in the Finno-Ugric languages ​​was eliminated; in addition, minorities do not have the opportunity to take part in decision-making concerning themselves; also missing the legislative framework to study the languages ​​of national minorities and use them in public life.

“Very rarely local place names are used in the Finno-Ugric territories, in addition, the conditions for the development and vitality of the linguistic environment of national minorities have not been created in the cities. The share of television and radio broadcasts in the languages ​​of national minorities is decreasing, which leads to a forced change of language in many areas of life.

The Russian Federation has so far consistently prevented national minorities from using alphabets other than the Cyrillic alphabet, although this is one of the fundamental rights of national minorities, ”the statement says.

The Institute emphasizes that over the past ten years, the Finno-Ugric population of Russia has decreased by almost a third. Discrimination of national minorities and their languages ​​continues, interethnic strife and intolerance are incited.

“The aforementioned direct violations of human rights have been documented by many international human rights organizations, including in the report of the Council of Europe,” the statement says.

The Institute for Human Rights calls on the Russian Federation to respect the rights of national minorities, including the rights of the Finno-Ugric peoples, and to comply with its obligations under international treaties in this area.

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I told you 3 fantastic stories, and this is not science fiction, but fantasy (from the English. fantasy- "fantasy"), science fiction[eng. science fiction< science - наука, fiction>- fiction; fiction, fantasy]... None of the aforementioned countries, not only did not enter their troops into the territory of the Russian Federation, but did not even plan to do so, although they have exactly the same reasons for this as Russia has for the introduction of troops into the territory of sovereign Ukraine.

I would like to ask questions to the Russian-speaking readers of "7x7 Komi", who, like myself, do not belong to the indigenous nationality of our Republic for a long time, but many have lived in it all their lives: How many of us know the Komi language? Do we have a desire to know the language of the people on whose land we live, their customs and culture? Why? Why in any of the national republics of the Russian Federation, knowledge of the Russian language is mandatory for all residents of this republic, including for the indigenous population, and knowledge of the language of the indigenous population is not mandatory for the non-indigenous population? Isn't this a manifestation of Russian imperial thinking? Why does any "guest worker" who comes to any place in the Russian Federation try to master the Russian (but not the local) language? Why does the Russian-speaking population of Crimea, which has been a part of Ukraine for 60 years, consider the duty to know its state language a violation of their rights, and the population of Western Ukraine after its entry into the USSR (recall that this "entry" took place when the USSR was an ally of Hitler's Germany) was obliged learn and know Russian? Why does any Russian who has moved to any country in the non-post-Soviet space for permanent residence consider it natural to master the language of this country in the first place, but does not think so while living in the former Soviet republics? Why does Russia still consider them, including Ukraine, its fiefdom, which can dictate its terms from a position of strength?