Birthday.

Childhood

July 6, 1887 (June 24 at the old style) in Vitebsk, in a simple jewish family Born Moisha Segal. His father Zakhar was a portrait from the herring merchant, Fagiga-Itta's mother held a small shop, the grandfather served as a teacher and the carter in the synagogue. As a child, Moisha visited the initial Jewish religious school, then - the gymnasium, despite the fact that in Tsarist Russia, the children of Jews were forbidden in secular schools. At the age of nineteen, despite the categorical protests of the Father, but thanks to the influence of the mother, Moisha entered training in the private "school of painting and drawing of the artist Pan." He studied at this school only two months, but it was the beginning. Bold start. Peng was so struck by his bold work with color, which allowed us to attend his school for free.

Here is a little about Judel Moiseevich Pen . Russian and Belarusian painter, teacher, prominent leader of the Jewish Renaissance in the art of the early XX century. This is his self portrait.

In his paintings, Southell Peng showed the life of the Jewish poor ("Watchmaker", the "old tailor", the "old soldier", "after strike"). After 1905, religious motives appear in the work of Pan - "Jewish Rabbi"," Last Saturday" In the 1920s, creates paintings "Komsomolets Supozhnik" (1925), Swat (1926), "Seam" (1927), "Baker" (1928).

The artist was killed at home in Vitebsk on the night of February 28 to March 1, 1937. The circumstances of the murder are not found out so far. According to the official version: killed relatives who wished to take possession of inheritance. Buried on the Old Semenov Cemetery in Vitebsk.

This portrait of Mark Stegal, under which there is a signature "Yu. M. Peng "1914

Moisa was elder of nine children and all homemade, as well as neighbors and merchants and, and ordinary men were then his models. Wooden houses, lows of churches, a grocery shop of mothers, Jewish commandments, customs and holidays - this simple and difficult, but such a "solid" life joined the heart of the boy and the images of his beloved Vitebsk will constantly repeat in the artist's work.

St. Petersburg

In 1907, with 27 rubles in his pocket, Moisha Segal went to the Russian capital. Since the Russian discriminatory policy towards the Jews in St. Petersburg was much tougher, the young man was often forced to resort to help from influential Jews. In addition, it was very limited in the means and lived poorly, sometimes on the verge of poverty. But all these burdens, of course, had little meaning for young artistIn order to the whirlpool of the art life of the capital at the junction of two revolutions.

Public revolutionary sentiments are always embodied in cultural life - avant-garde journals who then served as peculiar unifying centers for new ideas, innovative exhibitions are organized, doors open to acquaintance with modern Western art: French Futurism, German expressionism, Italian futurism and many other currents. All this has a huge impression on the formation of a young artist.

But, learning and absorbing everything new, Moisha is holding away from a variety of associations and groups, starting to form its own unique style.

In his early works, it is already obvious to search for their own fine language. Already begins to appear fabulousness and metaphoricity of images in life-owned plots: "Birth", "Death", " Holy Family".

Birth (1910 g) Death (1908)

Holy Family (1909)

For several years of life in St. Petersburg, he studied in private School Zaidenberg, he worked in the editorial office of the Jewish magazine "Sunrise", two years studied at the Lion Baksta at the Svan School. According to the memories of Stegal, Bakst gave him to "feel the breath of Europe" and prompted to go to study to Paris. Moisha also visited the class of artist Novator Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. In the spring of 1910, the first exhibition took place in the editorial office of the avant-garde magazine Apolon.

Leon Nikolaevich Bakst (Real Name - Leib Haim Israelich, or Lev Samoilovich Rosenberg; 1866 - 1924) - Russian Artist, Scenic, Book Illustrator, Master of easel painting and theatrical graphics, one of the most prominent figures of the Union of Art and theatrical and artistic projects S.P. Dyagileva.

Lion Rosenberg was born on February 8 (January 27) of 1866 in Grodno in a poor Jewish family of the Talmudist. After graduating from the gymnasium, he studied by the Volo pilot inAcademy of Arts , growing illustrations of books.

At the first exhibition in 1889 he accepted the pseudonymBakst - The shortened surname of Grandma (Baxter). From the mid-90s adjacent to the circle of writers and artists who formed around Dyagilev and Alexander Benoitwhich later turned into the union "World of Art ". In 1898 Together with Dyagilev, participates at the base of the eponymous edition. Graphics published in this magazine brought Bastca fame.

The two most famous paintings of Baksta.

Dinner Portrait of Zinaida Hippius

In the summer of 1909, in Vitebsk, Marc Chagall met Bella Rosenfeld, Vitebsk Jeweler's daughter.
"... she is silent, I, too. She looks - Oh, her eyes! - I, too. As if we are a long time ago, and she knows everything: my childhood, my childhood, my present life And what will happen to me; As if he always watched me, was somewhere near, although I saw her for the first time. And I understood: this is my wife. Eyes shine on a pale face. Large, convex, black! These are my eyes, my soul ... "Mark Chagall," My Life ".
They will marry on July 25, 1915 and Bella will forever remain his first beloved, wife and muse.

Paris

In August 1910, Maxim Vinaver, deputy of the State Duma of 1905 and the patron, invites the artist a scholarship, giving the opportunity to go to study in Paris. Upon arrival, Moisha Segal takes himself a creative pseudonym. Now he is Marc Chagall, to the French manner.
The first year he removes the studio at the Ehrenburg artist on Montparnasse. Chagall visits various classes In the Free Art Academy, writes at night, and in the afternoon disappears at exhibitions, in the salons and galleries, absorbing the art of great masters: Delacroix, Kursbera, Cesanna, Gaugugen, Van Gogh and many others. Perfectly feeling color, it quickly masters and uses fusism techniques. "Now your paints sing", - says His Petersburg mentor Bakst.

In 1911, Chagall moves to the "hive", the building redeemed by Alfred Bush after the sale of the World Exhibition of 1889 and became a peculiar squat art center and a shelter for a variety of poor foreign artists. Here Chagall met many representatives of Paris Bohemia - poets, artists; Here, he masters the techniques of new trends - cubism, futurism, orfism, as always, overbabing them on their own way; Here makes the first valid successes: "violinist", "Dedication to my bride", "Calvary", "View of Paris from the window."

Violinist. 1911 - 1914

"Dedication to my bride (my narrowed)" 1911

"Calvary" 1912

"View of Paris from the window" 1913

Despite the complete, with a head of immersion in the Paris Art Wednesday, he did not forget his native Vitebsk. "Soon tobacco", "Seller of Cattle", "I and the Village" are permeated with nostalgia and love.

"Soon tobacco" 1912

"Seller livestock" 1912

"I and the village" 1911

In the spring of 1914, he climbs his works, several dozen canvases and about a hundred fifty watercolors at the exhibition in Berlin. Several personal and joint exhibitions with other artists take place with great success among the public. Then he leaves for the first time in Vitebsk to meet his relatives and see Bella. But the First World War begins and the return to Europe is postponed indefinitely.

Russia

Brother Bella Yakov Rosenfeld promotes the release of Stegal from the call to the front and helps with work: the artist receives a place in the military-industrial committee in Petrograd. Creativity Stegal to these stormy years Very multifaceted: visiting the native Vitebsk, it is immersed in nostalgia and with new energy and new experience takes for household casual motifs ("Window in the village").

Window in the village. 1915

But there is a war, he sees the wounded, sees human sorrows and deprivation and also pours his feelings for the canvas "War" in 1915

He also sees how in the war years they aggravated the persecution of Jews and a number of very religious works are born.

"Red Jew" 1915

"Holiday (Sukkot)" 1916

Lyrical canvases created during these years are filled with Love to Belle. Also at this time, Chagall begins to write the autobiographical book "My Life".

"Birthday" 1915

"Pink lovers" 1916

"Walk" 1917 - 1918

"Bella in a white collar" 1917

On August 9, 1918 in Petrograd, at a meeting dedicated to the Institution of the Ministry of Arts, Marc Chagalu propose a post of head of fine art, but he refuses. However, with the assistance of Lunacharsky, agrees to another proposal: authorized on arts in the Vitebsk province. The anniversary of the October Revolution, as it turned out, an excellent organizer, walked with a huge enthusiasm deacted Vitebsk, "withdrawing art in the masses." Also at this time, his article "Revolution in Art" is published. In full force under his leadership in Vitebsk there is a free academy, which has become a major creative center. It teaches many famous artists, local and visiting. But, once, by returning from Moscow, Chagall discovers that the Free Academy was turned into the Academy of Suprematism. This was the first result of the increasing discontent from the new government.

In the 1920s, Mark with Bella and his daughter, who was born in 1916, moved to Moscow, where he takes an active part in theatrical Life Capital - prepares sketches of decorations for performances. A convinced opponent of Suprematic Art, Chagall, At the same time, being in the center of new cultural trends, significantly revises his own letter of writing, in many ways to converge with a new, "revolutionary" style. However, the party criticism, which also contributes to the frankness and the uncompromising artist, increases, although it does not accept open forms, after all, Chagall is a world-famous artist and has to be considered.

On January 1, 1921, the premiere of the play "Miniatures" under the recent plays of the recently died famous Jewish writer Sholom Aleichem. Chagalu on this occasion is entrusted by the design of a small hall, in which it is planned to submit. He performs the painting of the walls, the ceiling, the curtain of nine monumental paintings, which, according to the artist's plan, a call to the cultural revival of the Jewish theater. " ... Finally, I can turn around and express what I consider it necessary for the revival of the National Theater". But his step remained incomprehensible, attacks and criticism of the" genuine revolutionary "artists and the party increased and after a year the People's Committee of Enlightenment sends Stegal to teach drawing to a colony for streets. Misunderstanding and rejection by the regime forcing the artist to leave the country.

France

After the departure, Chagall, Bella and Ida live in Berlin during the year, which became a refuge for emigrants from Russia and other countries. First, the artist is trying to get the money due to him for the exhibition of 1914, but unsuccessfully inflation did his job. All he managed to return is three paintings and a dozen watercolors.
In the spring of 1923, Paul Castirer, Berlin Publisher and Galerist, invites the artist to publish the book "My Life" with copyright illustrations. Chagall accepts a proposal and with his head plunges into the development of art engravings. And at the end of the summer of the same year, a letter comes from his old Paris friend: "Come back, you know. Vollar is waiting for you."
Returning to Paris, Chagall discovers another loss: Most paintings, thanks to which he is now known, left in the "ulle" eight years ago, lost. He is going with the forces and carefully, restoring the memory, drawings and reproductions, writes a second of the works of the first Paris period: "Birthday", "I and the Village", "Over Vitebsk" and others.

Ambruz Vollar, passionate book, collector, publisher, after the war, thinks the release of a series of books illustrated by famous modern artists and offers Shaghau cooperation. Chagall chooses the "dead souls" of Gogol and perfectly copes with the task. The metaphoric fiction schedule of the wizard, as it can not better reflects the acute Gogol Satire.

In Paris, Chagall again converges with old friends and makes new ones. Being a very sociable and cheerful person, it easily finds a common language with everyone, but this does not prevent him from being able to stay away from a variety of trends and associations. At the proposal of surrealists to join them, he responds with refusal: "I intentionally fantastic painting to me alone." Charters, manifestos and slogans he bypasses the side, preferring the pure freedom of creativity.
Fame brought him and freedom material - now he travels with family in France and European countries, gaining a sense of peace and peace after all over. New paintings are joyful, light and easy: "Rustic life", "double portrait", "Ida by the window."

"Rustic Life" 1925

Double portrait with a wine glass

I must say that during this period it creates not so many paintings, because most Time and Forces gives illustrating the "dead souls", "Bass" Lafontaine and Bible.

In 1931, the artist with his family visits Palestine, discovering the land of ancestors and feeling near the center of his faith. These few months spent on the Holy Land, according to the artist, made a strongest impression on him for life. Returning to Paris, he proceeds to a new project, illustrating the Bible, in which, who already consisted as an artist and as a person, he thinks and aware of the biblical symbols and plots on the etchings.

Outside the window - the end of the 30s. From Germany, the speeches of Hitler and the rumble of Nazi boots already clearly. New anti-Semitic laws are accepted, the exhibition "Degenerative Art" is held in Munich, on which the work of Stegal is presented. Europe is again immersed in the darkness of war. Thanks to the help of the Emergency Committee for the Rescue and the American Consul in Marseille, Chagall and Family sails on a ship in the USA.

USA

In America, who accepted many emigrants from Europe, the interest in european culture. In New York, a peculiar port for refugees, exhibitions are organized, united by the common theme "Art in Exile." Pierre Matisse, the Son of the famous artist, provides Chagola his gallery for work and exhibitions. Chagall works at this time mainly over unfinished paintings brought from old light.
In the spring of 1942, Leonid Myasin, the choreographer and the former dancer of the Russian ballet, invites Stegal to participate in the design of the ballet "Aleko". The artist performed the hind decorations and four huge colorful backgrounds, recreate the fabulous atmosphere of the Pushkin Poem. Chagalu also ordered the design of the play "Fire-Bird" George Balanchine, but did not like his scenery, Igor Stravinsky and preference was given to Picasso. But suits on sketches of Chagal, the manufacture of which was done by Ida, were adopted.

In August 1944, Chagalov's family will gladly find out about the liberation of Paris. The war is nearing an end and they will not wait quickly back to France. But literally a few days later, on September 2, Bella dies from Sepsis in a local hospital. "All covered with darkness." The artist is completely stunned by the overtaken grief and only nine months later he takes his brush to write two paintings in memory of her beloved: "Wedding lights" and "next to her."

"Wedding lights" 1945

He moves into a small house in the town of High Falls, where after a while it starts working on the illustrations for "thousands and one night". As a result, thirteen wonderful sparkling engravings are obtained, their colorful wealth of perfectly harmonious with Arab fairy tales.

France

In 1945, Ida, invited to help the translator from the French and daughter of the former British Consul Virginia McNill-Haggard. Virginia was almost twice as the artist, but she looked something like Bella. Chagall did not endure loneliness. And between them the novel broke out. In 1946 they had a son David (David) McNill. Virginia lived with Chagall for about 7 years, moved to Paris with him, but then he left the artist with her son. Thanks to success in the United States, including financial, in 1948, Shagulu finally managed to finally move to such a native and expensive heart France. Unfortunately, the friend and permanent customer of the artist Vollar dies at the beginning of the war. However, the Paris Publisher Tryyad redeems the heritage of Vollar and finally publishes the perennial works of Stegal in the field of books. Due to this, in 1948, "dead souls" of Gogol, in 1952 - "Basni" Lafontien, and in 1956 the Bible in French. The biblical theme will constantly accompany the artist's work and Chagall will return to it during late period own life. In addition to 105 etchings (1935-1939 and 1952-1956), to the publication of the French Bible, it will create many more paintings, engravings, drawings, ceramic images, stained glass windows, chopper on biblical topics. All this will be the "Biblical Message" of the artist of the world, especially for which in 1973 in Nice Chagall will be opened a kind of museum, and the French government recognizes this "temple" of the official national museum.

In 1952, the artist gets acquainted with Valentina Brodskaya, which becomes simply "willow" and the official wife of the artist. Their marriage turns out to be happy, although Bella still remains the artist's muse. In the 1950s, Chagalls with his family travels a lot, including Mediterranean - Greece and Italy. He admires the Mediterranean culture: frescoes, works of icon painters, all this inspires the artist for the creation of color lithographs for the work of the ancient Greek writer Long "Dafins and Chloe" (1960-1962), as well as to passionate the monumental techniques of frescoes and stained glass windows. Since the 1960s, Chagalls mainly goes to monumental arts - mosaic, stained glass windows, tag, and also enjoys sculpture and ceramics. In the early 1960s, by order of the Government of Israel, the mosaic and trellis for the Parliament building in Jerusalem. After that success, he becomes peculiar "Andrei Rublem" of his time and receives many orders for the design of Catholic, Lutheran temples and synagogue throughout Europe, America and Israel.

In 1964, Chagall paints the plastic of the Paris Grand Opera commissioned by the president of France Charles de Gaulle itself, in 1966 it creates two panels for the Metro in New York, and Chicago is decorated with the building of the National Bank with a mosaic "four time of the year" (1972).

"Painting of the Plafon for Paris Opera" 1963 - 1964

In 1966, Chagall moved to the house built specifically for him, which served simultaneously and the workshop located in the province of Nice - in St. Paul-de-Vance. In 1973, at the invitation of the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union, Leningrad and Moscow visits. He organizes an exhibition in the Tretyakov Gallery. The artist gives the USSR several of his work. In 1977, Mark Chagall was awarded the highest award of France - the Big Cross of the Honorary Legion, and in 1977-1978 an exhibition of works by the artist in Louvre, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the artist, was arranged. Contrary to all the rules, the works of an even health author were put up in the Louvre!

Until recent days, Shagal continued to write paintings, make mosaic, stained glass windows, sculptures, ceramics, work on scenery to productions in theaters. On March 28, 1985, on the 98th year of life, Mark Shagall died in the elevator, climbing after a whole day of work in the workshop. He died "in flight", as Gypsy once predicted him, and as he portrayed himself flying in his paintings.

Gallery of paintings Mark Stegal

stroll

Les Amoureux En Gris Huile Sur Toile

Above the city

I and the village

Flying wagon

Soldier

Soldiers

Seller cattle

Le Saint Cocher de Ficre

La Naissance.

Dédié à ma fiancée

De La Lune, Le Village Russe

lA MARCHANDE DE PAIN

Le Songe.

Le Peintre et Les Fiancés

Paris sky

LA REINE DU CIRQUE

Tsar David.

Evening by the window

La Madonne du Village

Bonjour Paris.

Aleko, Un Champ De Blé Par Un Après-Midi D "Été

Le Village en feu

Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel

L "Acrobate.

Village Russe.

Les Amoureux

L "ECUYèRE DE CIRQUE

Juif à la Torah Gouache

la Maison Bleue

Bella Au COL Blanc

Autoportrait à la Palette

Mania en Mangeant Kasher

Le Poète Allongé.

Le Juif En Rouge

Birthday

Le Violonniste.

"Alternatively, all the difficulties of our world in me have been preserved part of the inspired love, in which I was raised, and faith in a person who had loved love. In our life, as in the artist's palette, there is only one color capable of giving the meaning of life and art, the color of love. " Mark Shagal.

An outstanding artist of the 20th century Mark Chagall was born on July 7, 1887 in Vitebsk, within the borders of the settling, which were identified by Ekaterina II for the compact residence of the Jews.

Mark Chagal - the neborn walling Chagall, or in the Russian transcription of Movsha Hatskelevich Shagalov. The real name of the family - Segal, and on the memories of Mark Stegal, the father of the artist changed it to "Shagal". Mark was a ninth child in the family. The father of the artist Hatskel (Zakhar) Mordeh worked as a loader in the village of the Selenk Merchant, and was a man deeply religious, quiet and good. Mother Marka - Faga Ita, was the daughter of the butcher from Liosno. Unlike her husband, she was a woman word, cheerful and active. Chagall in his character and work united features and father and mother.

In 1906, Mark entered the school drawing and painting I.Pen in Vitebsk, and at the same time worked as a retoucher in the photoabeel.

In 1907, Mark went to St. Petersburg, received a temporary residence permit there, and entered the drawing school of the Imperial Society for the promotion of art, headed by Nikolai Roerich. He worked as a governer in a lawyer's family for the sake of earnings and student in the workshop of signs - to obtain an artisan certificate, which gave the right to accommodate in the capital. In 1908, Chagall moved to Art School E.N. Zvanteva, where he studied at L. Baksta and M. Dobzhinsky.

In 1910, leaving for the first time in Paris, he was angry with his father:

Listen, you have an adult son, an artist. When will you stop tidy as damned on your owner? See, I'm not dead in St. Petersburg? I have enough for cutlets? Well, so what will happen to me in Paris?

Leave the job? - The father was outraged. - And who will feed me? Isn't you? How, know.

Mom worried:

Son, do not forget the father with my mother. Write often. Asked what will be needed.

In 1910, Shagall first participated in the exhibition of student work in the editorial office of Apollo magazine. In the same year, thanks to the member of the Duma by the State M. Vinavaru, who served his paintings from him, and who had given money to him for the period of study, Shagal went to Paris. He removed the workshop in the famous refuge of the Paris Bohemia "La Ryush" ("Wive"), where many young avant-gardeists worked and worked and worked and worked, mainly emigrants: A.Modiliani, O. Schin, a little later - H. Sutin and others artists.

Chagall quickly entered the circle of Paris literary and artistic avant-garde. There, Chagall met with Avant-garde playing poets to Centram, Max Jacob and Guide Approliner, an expressionist of hundreds, Colorist Delonem and a cubist Jean Metszinger. Such a company was fruitful soil for the development of any direction in art. It was then that Shagal began to demonstrate and develop his unique art technique, whose primitives were manifested in St. Petersburg. For those four years in Paris, Shagal wrote the paintings "I and the village" in 1911, "Self-portrait with the seven fingers" in 1912, "Scripache" in 1912 and other works. Often, in his paintings, the careless heroes of pleasant outforth were appeared, with an oriental type of face and curly hair, in which it is not difficult to know the author.

In the period from 1911 to 1913, his work was exhibited in the autumn salon and the Salon of independent in Paris, in the gallery "Der Storm" in Berlin.

In addition, Chagall participated in the exhibitions of art associations in Russia. In 1914, with the assistance of G.Aapollyanner, the first personal exhibition of Stegal took place in the gallery "Der Storm". After her discovery, Shagal went to Vitebsk, and in connection with the first world war, he could not, as he intended to return to Paris, and remained in Russia until 1922.

In 1915, Shagall married the daughter of Vitebsk Jeweler Belle Rosenfeld, who played a huge role in his life and work. Chagall himself considered her his muse, and Bella became the frequent heroine of his paintings, such as the "double portrait with a glass of wine, created in 1917 and the" birthday "created in the period from 1915 to 1923. Mom Bella was extremely dissatisfied with the choice of her daughter: "You will disappear with him, a daughter, you will disappear. Artist! Where is it good? What will people say? "

Bella and Mark held a honeymoon in a rustic paradise silence. He told: "At noon, our room was similar to a magnificent panel - at least now in Paris exhibit." Then the first world flashed. Passport was taken away from Stegal and put a writer in some kind of military office.

Mark Chagall told: "The Germans won the first victories. The suffocating gases reached me even in the service, on the casting prospectus. Painting stalled. " Learning that somewhere in the center there is a pogot, Chagal ran there. He had to see it with his own eyes: "Suddenly, from around the corner, there are thoroughly in front of me - four or five, armed to the teeth. - liquid? - I hesitated a second, no more. Night, nothing to pay off, fail or run away. My death would be meaningless. I wanted to live ... ". But he was released. Without losing time, he ran further to the center. And I saw how they shoot, as robbed, and how to throw people into the river. "And then," he wrote, "Ides have shook at Russia. Madame Kerensky fled. Lenin delivered speech from the balcony. Gaping gave. Huge and empty. No bread. "

They had a daughter with Bella, which was called idiot. There was nothing. For several years they traveled between Vitebsk, Petrograd and Moscow. My parents have taken away everything. Tomtsh, took. Mom died. Father crushed the truck. The last rings wife changed on a piece of oil.

Chagalu offered to teach in the children's colony of the III of International. There were about fifty orphans. Chagall told: "They were all intervores, broken by criminals, remembered the brilliance of the knife, which their parents were killed, never forgetting the death rows of the father and mother. In their eyes, the belly was poured with rape sisters. And here I taught painting. How greedy they painted! They pounced on paint as animals on meat. Bosnutogiy, they gallery in vain: "Comrade Chagall! Comrade Chagall! " Only her eyes did not smile: they did not want or could not. "

Chagall supported the relationship with those who lived in Petrograd by artists and poets, participated in exhibitions. He participated in the "spring exhibition of modern Russian painting" in 1916 in the "Exhibition of Jewish Society for the Promotion of Arts" in the same 1916, and other exhibitions.

In 1917, Shagall went to Vitebsk again. Like many other artists, he enacted the October Revolution with enthusiasm, and was actively involved in organizing the new cultural life of Russia. In 1918, Shagal became the Commissioner of the Arts of the provincial department of the daisy of Vitebsk and, in the same year, developed a draft of the grand festive design of the streets and Square of Vitebsk in connection with the anniversary of the October Revolution. In early 1919, he organized and headed the Vitebsk People's Art School, which was invited as teachers I. Peng, M. Dobzhinsky, I. Pugi, E. Lisitsky, K. Malevich and other artists.

However, soon there were fundamental differences between him and Malevich regarding the tasks of art and teaching methods. Malevich believed that she was not enough "revolutionary". These disagreements turned into an open conflict, and in early 1920, Chagall left the school and went to Moscow along with his wife and his daughter, where before departure to the West in 1922 he worked in the Jewish chamber theater, which was A. Granovsky. Over the years, Chagall made a performance "Evening Shalha Aleichem" on his one-acting plays "Agent" ("Agents"), "Mazzltov!" ("Congratulations!") And performed several picturesque panels for the foyer of the theater. Chagall also collaborated with the "Habima" theater, which at that time headed Evgeny Vakhtangov.

Chagall took an active part in the art life - was a member of the artistic section of the culture leagues in Moscow. His joint exhibition with N. Alterman and D. Sheterberg, organized by the section, took place in the spring of 1922 in Moscow. Two personal exhibitions of Shagal were also held in 1919 in Petrograd and in 1921 in Moscow.

In 1922, Chagall finally decided to leave Russia, and left first in Kaunas for the device of his exhibition, and then to Berlin, where he fulfilled the Publisher P.Cassirera series of etchings and engravings for the autobiographical book "My Life".

At the end of 1923, Shagal settled in Paris, where he met many avant-garde poets and artists - P. Eluar, A. Malro, M. Ernst, as well as with the patron and publisher A. Vollar, who ordered him illustrations, including the Bible .

Starting to work on biblical drawings, Chagall in 1931 went to the Middle East. At the invitation of M. Dizengof, Shagal visited Eretz Israel, during the trip he worked a lot, wrote a significant number of sketches of "biblical" landscapes. At the same time visited Egypt. In 1924 he participated in the Almana "Halyastra", published by P.Markis.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Chagall traveled a lot with personal exhibitions. In 1922, an exhibition of his works in Berlin took place, in 1924 - in Brussels and Paris, in 1926 - in New York, in the 1930s - in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Amsterdam, Prague and other cities. He also studied classic art. In 1933, his retrospective exhibition was opened in Basel, and in the same year in Mannheim on the orders of Goebbels, a public burner of Stegal was arranged, and in 1937-39, his work was exhibited at the degenerative art exhibitions in Munich, Berlin, Hamburg and other cities of Germany.

In 1937, Chagall accepted French citizenship, and at the beginning of World War II due to the occupation of France, Shagall went away from Paris to the south of the country, and in June 1941, the day after German attack on the Soviet Union, at the invitation of the museum modern art He moved to New York.

In New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and other cities have passed many personal and retrospective exhibitions of Shagal. In 1942, Shagalova issued ballet on the music of Rachmaninov "Aleko" in Mexico City, in 1945 - "Fire-bird" Stravinsky in Metropolitan-Opera in New York.

In 1944, the wife of Stegal Bella died. Mark Chalgged for a long time could not force himself to take a brush in his hands, all the work began in the workshop were put face to the wall. Only after a year of silence, stepged again returns to work.

After the end of the war, in 1947, Mark Shagal returned to France and settled at the Holm villa near the city of Saint-Paul-de-Vanz on the Mediterranean Côte d'Azur.

Memoirs Bella "Burning Candles" with Shagal illustrations were published in 1946. In the same year, a retrospective exhibition of Stegal was held in New York, and in 1947, for the first time after the war, in Paris. It followed her exhibitions in Amsterdam, London and other European cities. In 1948, Chagall returned to France, settled not far from Paris, and in 1952 he married Valentina Brodskaya. In 1948, at the 24th Venetian Biennale, Chagola was awarded "Grand Prix" for engraving.

In 1951, Chagall visited Israel in connection with the opening of his retrospective exhibition at the Museum at the Betzalel School in Jerusalem, visited Tel Aviv and Haifa. In 1977, Chagola was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen Jerusalem.

Since the 1950s, Chagall worked mainly as a monumentalist and schedule. Since 1950, he began working on ceramics, in 1951 he made the first sculptural work, since 1957 he was engaged in stained glass windows, since 1964 - mosaic and trellis. Chagall created frescoes for the Watergate Foyer in London in 1949, a ceramic panel "Transition through the Red Sea" and stained glass windows for the Church in Assi in 1957, stained glass windows for cathedrals in Metz, Reims and Zurich in 1958-60s, Stained glass windows "Twelve Knees of Israel" for the synagogues of the Handass Medical Center in Jerusalem in the 1960-62s, a ceiling in the Grand Opera in Paris in 1964, Mosaic Punk for the UN Building in 1964, Metropolitan Opera In 1966 in New York, and many other works.

In 1967, an exhibition of the works of Stegal, combined into the Biblical Images cycle, took place in Louvre. In 1973, the National Museum "Biblical Images Mark Stegal" was opened in Nice in 1969. For the first time after the emigration, he visited Russia for the first time after the emigration, visited Leningrad and Moscow, where the exhibition of his lithographs was opened to the arrival of the artist, and was also extracted from the stoves and restored wall panels made in 1920 for the foyer of the Jewish chamber theater and those considered Lost. Chagall confirmed the authenticity of the panel, signing them. Since the 1950s in the largest galleries and exhibition Hall The world has passed the exhibitions of the works of Chagal, retrospective or dedicated to any topic or genre.

The picturesque system of Stegal was formed under the influence of various factors, paradoxically, but organically rethinking and forming a single integer. In addition to Russian art (including iconographic and primitive) and french art The beginning of the 20th century, one of the determining elements of this system is the self-sizing of the steps, inextricably linked for it with the vocation. "If I were not a Jew, as I understand it, I would not be an artist or would be a completely different artist," he formulated his position in one of the essays. From his first teacher I. Penal Shagal took the idea of \u200b\u200bthe National Artist, and the national temperament found an expression and in the peculiarities of its figurative system. In the fore independent work A visionary character of his work is clearly manifested by the visionary character of his creativity: the reality, transformed by the fantasy of the artist, acquires the features of a fantastic vision. However, all the irreal images are violinists on the roof, green cows, heads separated from the torso, people flying in the sky - not the arbitrariness of unrestrained fantasy, they contain a clear logic, a specific "message". Artistic techniques of Stegal are based on the visualization of sayings to the Yiddish and the embodiment of the images of Jewish folklore. Chagall made elements of Jewish interpretation even in the image of Christian plots in the works of "Holy Family" in 1910, "Dedication to Christ" ("Golgotha") in 1912. It remained faithful to this principle until the end of life.

In the first years of creativity, the place of its work was Vitebsk - street, square and house. During this period in the landscapes of Vitebsk Stegal, scenes from the life of the community were present the features of Grotesque. They resembled theatrical misanesmen subordinated to exactly calibrated rhythm. The color gamut of early works was mainly built on green and brown tones with the presence of purple, and the format of paintings was approaching the square - "Shabbat" in 1910.

The first period of stay in Paris from 1910 to 1914 played an important role in the work of Stegal: the artist was in touch with the new artistic directions, of which cubism and futurism had direct influence on him. To an even greater degree, we can talk about the effect of the atmosphere of artistic Paris of those years. It was during these years and that the "Russian period" followed, the basic principles of the art of Shagal, passing through all his work, were determined by constant symbolic types and characters. Purely cubistic, as well as pure futuristic works of Stegal a little, although they are found during the 1910s, in particular - Adam and Eve in 1912. Stegal style of this time can be determined rather as a cubeceristic, which was one of the important directions of the art of the avant-garde in Russia. The sharp ratios of yellow, red, blue, green and purple colors make up the basis color Gamma. Stegal, they often combined with black, sometimes constituent background.

The following "Russian period" followed from 1914 to 1922 was the time of the generalization of the accumulated experience. The topics and stylistics of Shagal were diverse - from Etudes of Vitebsk and portraits of close to symbolic compositions - "Mother on the sofa" in 1914, "The following poet" in 1915, "Above the City" from 1914 to 1918. The avant-garde focus was especially clear in the schedule of those years - "Movement" in 1921, and in works related to the theater - In 1920, Chagall was developed in 1920, a complex symbolism was developed, including elements of the Jewish tradition, encrypted comments on theatrical backstage Events, Chagal Declaration on the tasks of the Jewish Theater.

The first years after returning to Paris were the most calm in the life and work of Shagal. It seemed that the artist summed up his life - he, in particular, worked on the illustrated autobiographical book.

Almost until the end of the 1920s, Chagall was engaged, mainly graphics - book illustrations To the "dead souls" of Gogol, published in 1948 and "fables" J. AlFonen, published in 1952. During these years, Chagall continued to engage in painting, wrote a lot of internally sketches. His palette was breathed and became more motley, the compositions were abounded by details. Chagall returned to his old works, creating variations on their themes.

In the late 1930s, the feeling of the impending catastrophe found an expression in "Crucifixes" - "White Crucifix" in 1938 and "Martyr" in 1940. The composition and color gamut of these works went to the Russian icon, but Jesus was depicted in Tallitis, and all the attributes of the paintings were associated with Judaism (Torah, Menoraor Scrolls). Landscape and characters returned the viewer to Vitebsk and Hasidam.

IN late creativity Chagal prevailed religious topics. Made in the 1950s and 1960s of 17 large cloths included in the Biblical Images cycle, partly were based on earlier works of Stegal "Paradise", "Abraham and three angel" and "Song of the Songs". Painting the late period associated with biblical themes were inherent in expression and tragedy.

The monumental work stepped both on religious topics and dedicated to the theater, were stylistically close to "biblical images", but the specifics of the technique - light-base stained glass windows, dull flickering mosaic, deep tones of carpets - gave the artist additional opportunities. In addition, the symbolism, which has always played a big role in the works of Stegal, was particularly thoroughly thought out in the monumental works of the artist for religious topics. Thus, the location of the stained glass in the Handass synagogue - four groups of three stained glass in each - dictated by the location of the twelve knees of Israel around the tabernacle of the covenant on a privala in the Sinai desert, and the colors used in stages are determined by the colors of 12 stones (by the number of knees) high priest.

Painting Chagal in the 1970s and 1980s also included lyrical works that returned the artist in the past - to the image of the town, to the memories of loved ones. The work "Rest" in 1975 and the "bride with a bouquet" in 1977 were made by oil, and looked like pastels - blurred contours, multicolored Marevo create a feeling of ghost Visions-Mirage.

In 1973, the Museum of Chagal Museum was opened in Nice, and in 1977, a personal exposition of the artist's works appeared in Louvre. Through the poems, at the beginning of Yiddish and in Russian, and then in French. Lyrics Chagal was permeated with Jewish motifs, it can be found in it to the tragic events of Jewish history - for example, the poem of the memory of Jewish artists - victims of the catastrophe. " Many poems of Chagal are a kind of key to understanding his painting. A selection of poems Stegal - in translations from Yiddish and written in Russian was published in the collection M.Shagal. "Angel over the roofs. Poems, prose, articles, letters "in 1989.

Creativity Mark Stegal, in whose paintings there are also massive bouquets, and melancholic clowns, and soaring in the clouds in love, and mythical animals, and biblical prophets, and even violinists on the roof, has become a sign stage in the development of world artistic art.

Chagall lived long life - Almost a hundred years. He witnessed the terrible events, but the madness of the 20th century did not prevent the artist to perceive the world with bright sadness of a genuine sage. Mark Chagall lived until the end of his life in the French Riviera and died on March 28, 1985 in the elevator, rising in the workshop. He said about himself: "I lived life in the monastery of a miracle."

Only the country is mine - what's in my heart.
In which as your own, without any visas and species,
I go. My sadness and bitterness is visible.
She, my country, will lay down to sleep,
She touches me with a dishonled stone.
I think now go even reversed -
I will leave ahead, there,
To high-altitude, mountain gates.

In 1987, about Mark Shagale was removed documentary "Mark Chagall is an artist from Russia."

Your Browser Does Not Support The Video / Audio Tag.

The text has prepared Andrei Goncharov

Used materials:

Materials site www.artsait.ru.
Materials site www.eleven.co.il.
Text of Julia Korolkova

If we ask you to name one picture Mark Stegal, we guarantee: you will call the cloth "above the city." Have you seen how late the artist differ from early work? Did you know who he painted in all his female images and when began to predict the danger to the life of the Jews? Kyky together with the Bulbasha® brand, which releases a New Year calendar dedicated to Belarusian visual arts, decided to explore ten works Stegal to remember those who should be proud of. Well, to be, than to trump in a secular conversation at the company of Estetov.

"Old woman with a ball", 1906

In 1906, a year, when this picture was written, Mark Shagal was studied by visual art at the art school of the Vitebsky painter, Judel Pan, and then moved to St. Petersburg.

You read this material thanks to the Bulbasha® brand

In his book, "My Life", Chagall describes this period as follows: "Capturing twenty-seven rubles - the only money for the whole life, which the father gave me for an art education, - I, Ruddy and Curly Yunets, I go to Petersburg along with the friend. Solved! Tears and pride stood with me when I picked up from Paul Money - my father threw them under the table. Crawled and picked up. I, stout, replied that I want to go to school of arts ... which min he scrolled and what he said, I do not remember exactly. Or rather, first, I was silent, then, as usual, the samovar was laughed, poured myself for myself and then, with my mouth stuffed, said: "Well, go, if you want. But remember: I no longer have money. You know. That's all I can scrape. I will not send anything. You can not count. "

In St. Petersburg, Chagall was engaged in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of art, which was headed by Nikolai Roerich. To school with such a gentle name, by the way, he was accepted without an exam at once on the third course. And the "old woman with a ball" - a picture of Stegal, very characteristic of the described period of life of the artist. Pure expressionism, in which the expression prevails above the image.

"Model", 1910

When Chagall wrote the "model", he already lived in Paris. In this period of his life, he met new ones for himself as directions of art: cubism, fusism and expressionism. And, by the way, only in France began to call himself Mark, and not Moses, as was customary from birth.

The picture shows a girl writing a picture. Despite the fact that the artist is dressed in Parisian fashion, the carpet with a characteristic Slavic ornament is visible on the wall - a kind of tribute to his homeland. To start in clarification, whose artist is, we will not, but hint that Wikipedia considers him "Russian and French artist jewish originborn in the Vitebsk province. "

And although the lady on the canvas is calm, the color scheme of the picture is alarming. It is known that the red shades were associated from Stegal with anxiety: in childhood in Vitebsk, a small artist witnessed a fire. Then the future Creator barely escaped. It seems that in the picture Chagall embodied all his anxiety and anxiety related to the just happened to the move from St. Petersburg to Paris.

Skripach, 1912-1913

In the UK Jews, the violinist was always important: neither the birth, nor the funeral, nor the wedding did not work out without a musician. So the violinist became a symbol of all human life. In this picture there are almost all the pores of the year: in the foreground - yellow autumn, moving in spring. Back plan - Winter.

And violinists, too, as it were, consist of different areas that define its belonging to a specific people. In general, the whole picture is oversaturated with color transmitting the artist's energy. Do you know why the violinist plays on the roof? He walked right and left to left that it was not an artistic welcome: allegedly, he had a native uncle, who, when he drank a compote, climbed onto the roof so that no one could disturb him. It remains to believe the artist for the word.

"Blue lovers", 1914

The famous Series of Mark Stegal - "Blue Lovers", "Pink Lovers", "Gray Lovers", "Green Lovers" - was devoted to his beloved woman - the daughter of a successful Jeweler Belle Rosenfeld. These paintings were written during the period of their marriage, although after the death of Bella Shagall continued to enter her almost in all his female images. No wonder Rosenfeld was waiting for Shagal for four years while he was in Paris. After that, Chagall returned to Vitebsk to take Bella to France.

The painting "Blue lovers" is clearly a phantasmagoric. Space and objects are distorted, as if in a dream. Blue for the artist is the embodiment of the Mother of God, the kingdom of heaven. It was this color that I used to pass to convey the feeling of love, happiness and tenderness.

"Gate of the Jewish Cemetery", 1916

The world of the picture is spiritual and striking to the sky, at the same time shameful and chaotic. Consider: The monumental old gates open for new inhabitants are depicted here. View of the looking goes along the moonwalk to the graves that stand in the heart of the canvas.

Abstract color planes, contrasts, speakers moonlight And the night sky give the picture, as the researchers of the work of Stegal, the features of sacred painting. In fact, it is most important to understand that in 1916, Chagall premonished the global tragedy.

"Over the city", 1914-1918

Well, this picture you know exactly. Of course, guess that the artist and his spouse Bella are depicted here, easy. And they fly over Vitebsk - it is also clear.

Calendar Bulbash

Shagal seeks to show a person to the time of time, and how water he spends. The artist does not detail the objects of the painting, it is only a world of memories and dreams. There are neither the laws of physics, nor logic, only soaring souls in their romantic world. Walked, by the way, he painted flying not only lovers - for him, the flight was not at all the strange pastime of a person, and could come from different emotions of mental states.

And we also persistently ask you to see the left under the fence of the little man who copes the need - here it is, an understanding of Shagalov's romance. The world is indivisible, and the household irony is adjacent to the love lyrics. Everything like in life.

"Walk", 1918

Again a man and a woman. In addition to them, holding hand, at this moment there is nothing important in the world. These two are again the real people - Mark himself and his wife Bella. He stands on Earth. She is in heaven. And at the same time, they together, holding hands, combine the earthly world with the world of dreams.

These two pictures are "over the city" and "Walk" - which are most often associated with the work of Shagal, belong to the period of time between 1914 and 1918. It is possible to note the explicit portrait similarity of figures with Chagall and Rosenfeld himself, the poetting of the landscapes of Vitebsk. And the "walk" became part of Triptych. The "double portrait" and "above the city" fell into the same series. In the "double portrait" Bella sits on her husband's shoulders and is preparing for a jump, and in the painting "above the city" they already soaring in the sky. The "walk" was interpreted and as an escape from reality, which was then represented by the revolution. And Chagall himself wrote: "The artist should sometimes be in diapers" - apparently, having in mind that the outside world should not chop the Creator his peaceful fantasy flight.

"White Crucifix", 1938

The creation of Shagal, in which the vision of the artist modern for him is embodied. Remember the Jewish cemetery of the twenty years ago and compare how tragic it looks like this canvas. Pay attention to the white beam - it crosses the picture from top to bottom. Art historians believe that this item personifies God himself, but it is inaccurate. The Jewish prescription banned to portray God, and this beam, illuminating Christ, becomes the personification that death is destroyed. He makes us perceive Christ asleep, and not dead.

In the picture you can see a green figure with a bag behind the shoulders. This figure is present in several works of Shagal and interpreted as any Jewish traveler or the prophet Ilya. Also in the middle of the composition depicted a boat - an association with hope for salvation from the Nazis.

The picture was written right in front of the war - that year, when the Nazis arranged a whole series of killings of the Jewish people. The background of this picture just shows the scenes of disasters, pogroms and persecution. "White Crucifixion" is an explicit premonition of the coming Holocaust. By the way, this is a favorite picture of Pope Francis.

"Wedding lights", 1945

Like almost all the pictures on which women are depicted, this canvas devoted to the first wife of the artist - Belle. Chagall met her back in 1909 in Vitebsk, after several years of Parisian wanders, which we have already written, married and lived with her three decades, up to her death in 1944. Bela Stal the main woman In the life of Stegal and the main muse. After the death of his wife, the nine months did not write anything, and then, even entering the relationship with others, he always wrote only her for her. Two more famous Passia - the daughter of the former US consul in the United States Virginia Mankill-Haggard, who escaped from Mark with their son, and Valentina Brodskaya - Daughter of the Kiev manufacturer who lived with Chagall 33 years old and became an excellent manager for him. She totally stopped his communication with Virginia, the Son and many formerly familiar, but he worked very much during this period and became commercially successful.

"Night", 1953

Moving the artist, the events of his life changed the focus of his painting. The worldview of Shagal, dynamic and multi-layered, sometimes hardly makes it possible to understand the plots of his paintings. The picture is written in return to Paris after emigration in the United States. A year before that, he already met the owner of the London Salon's Salon Valentina Brodskaya and clearly began to change his view on the world and former life.

LLC "Zavod Bulbashe"
ONP 800009185

The mystical "night", as art historians noted, displays religious themes and transfers nostalgia by Vitebsk. Also, this work shows the love of Stegal to women, but the plot is incomprehensible without studying the color scheme. Red rooster - waiting for the artist of fast change and alarms. The rooster is connected with the religious glances of Stegal. The theme of flying people continues. Woman looks real. Flight symbolizes freedom. And the night on the background only emphasizes it: absolute freedom of traveling in dreams.

By the way, with the approval of Valentine's approval, Shagal began to draw sketches for church stained glass windows. So if you are in french cathedral St. Stephen in Metz, the German church of St. Martin and St. Stephen in Main, in the English Cathedral of all saints in Tudli, the UN building in New York - do not forget to ask him about him.

This year Bulbasch® thanks to the works of young authors who were inspired by the works of cult Belarus artists created an original calendar. Works in it are devoted to 12 famous masters Belarus: Piter Blume, Marc Chagalu, El Lisitsky, Yazepus Drozdovich, Napoleon Hard and others. The idea is revealed in the limited series of the product of Bulbash® special ART Edition, and in Bulbasha® calendars for 2018.

EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS HARMFUL TO YOUR HEALTH

Noticed a mistake in the text - select it and press Ctrl + Enter

MIDSUMMER NIGHT "S DREAM

Marc Chagall (1887-1985) WAS A Pioneer of Modernism. Also He Was a Vey Unusual Person. Chagall Gave One Biographer The Impression That He Was "Always Slightly Hallucinating." CHAGALL HIMSELF SAID HE WAS A DREAMER WHO NEVER WOKE UP.

Mark Chagall (1887-1985) became a pioneer of modernism and was a very unusual person. One biographer had the impression that Mark Chagall "was constantly in a light hallucination." Chagall and himself called himself a dreamer who never wakes up.

Movcha (Moses) Chagall Was, As He Put It, "Born Dead" on July 7, 1887, In The Belorussian Town of Vitebsk, Near The Polish Border. His Distraught Family Pricaked The Limp Body of Their Firstborn with Needles To Try to Stimulate A Response. With That Rude Introduction to Life, It's No Wonder That Marc Stuttered As a Boy and Was Subject to Fainting. "I Was Scared Of Growing Up. Even in My Twenties I Preferred Dreaming About love And. Painting It in My Pictures, "He Said.

Moisa (Moses) walked, as he himself said, "Born dead" on July 7, 1887 in the Belarusian city of Vitebsk, not far from the border with Poland. His relaxed body killed by grief, haggles, waiting for a scream. It is not surprising that Mark stuttered so unmixed in childhood and was inclined to faint. "I was afraid to grow. Even after twenty years about love, I preferred to dream and depict it in the pictures," he said.

In 1906, At Age 19, He Wangled A Small Sum Of Money From His Father and Left for St. Petersburg, Where He Enrolled In The Drawing School Of The Imperial Society for the Protection of Fine Arts. HIS WORLD BROADENED IN 1909 WHEN HE SIGED UP FOR AN ART CLASS IN TAUGHT by Leon Bakst, Who, Having Been to Paris, Carried An Aura of Sophistication. Bakst Indulged Chagall's Expressive, Unconmentional Approach to Painting and Dropped Names, Exotic To the Young Man's Ears, Such As Manet, Cézanne and Matisse.

In 1906, scoring a small amount of money from his father, he left for St. Petersburg, where he entered the school of art (drawing) of the Imperial Society for Fine Arts. His view of the world was expanded when in 1909 he entered the class of artist Leon Baksta, who brought the aura of "exquisite modernism" from Paris. Bakst encouraged the expressive, unusual letter of the letter of Shagala and raped with such names - exotic for the ears of the young step, - like Mana, Cesanne and Matisse.

"Paris!" Chagall wrote in his autobiography. "No Word Sounded Sweeter To Me!" By 1911, at Age 24, He Was There, Thanks to a Stipend of 40 Rubles a month from a supportive Member of the Duma Who Had Taken a Liking to the Young Artist. Went Directly To The Louvre to Look At The Famous Works of Art There. Often He'D Cut a Herring In Half, The Head for One Day, The Tail for the Next.. Friends Who Came to His Door Had to Wait While He Put On His Clothes; He Painted in The Nude to Avoid Staining His Only Outfit. Many Consider Chagall's Work During His Four-Year Stay in Paris His Most Boldly Creative.

"Paris!", "Wrote Shagal in his biography," "No word sounded sweet for me!". By 1911, at the age of 24, Chagall was already in Paris, thanks to scholarships from the Duma deputy, who liked the paintings of a young artist. Arriving in Paris, he went straight to the Louvre to see famous works art. Often he shared one searer for two days: he eaten the "head" in the first one, and in the second - "tail" part. To friends had to wait until he dress up to open the door to them, as he worked naked to not blur the only suit. Many consider the four-year period of life of Stegal in Paris the most brave in his work.

ABOVE THE TOWN.
Above the city

Returning to Vitebsk in 1914 with the intention of staying only briefly, Chagall Was Trapaped by the outbreak of World War. I. At Least That Meant Spending Time with His Fiancée, Bella Rosenfeld, The Beautiful, Cultivated Daughter of One Of The Town's Wealthiest Families. Despite Her Family's Worries That She Would Starve As The Wife of An Artist, The Pair Married In 1915; Chagall Was 28, Bella, 23. In His ABOVE THE TOWN. He and Bella Soar BlissFully Above Vitebsk.

Briefly returning to Vitebsk in 1914, Chagall fell under the beginning of the First World War (and could not leave). At least he could spend more time with his bride Bella Rosenfeld, a beautiful and cultural girl. Her family was one of the richest in the city. Despite the concerns of relatives that she would have to starve, coming out married the artist, they still got married in 1915. Chagall was 28 years old, and Belle 23 years old. In the picture "Above the city", he depicted as they with Bella, happy, fly over Vitebsk.

In 1917 Chagall Embrached the Bolshevik Revolution. Giving Up His Job As Commissar in 1920, Chagall Moved to Moscow. But Soviet Life, He Left for Berlin in 1922 and settled in Paris A Year and the Half Later Along with Bella and Their 6-Year-Old Daughter, IDA.

In 1917, Shagall accepted the Bolshevik revolution. In 1920, leaving the post of commissioner, he went to Moscow. But an unnecessary life at the councils, in the end in 1922 he went to Berlin, and after a year and a half she settled in Paris with his wife Bella and 6-year-old daughter.

In June 1941, Chagall and His Wife Boarded A Ship For the United States, Settling in New York City. The Six Years Chagall Sport in America Were Not His Happiest. HE NEVER GOT Used to the Pace of New York Life, Never Learned English. "IT TOOK ME THIRTY YEARS TO LEARN BAD FRENCH," HE SAID, "WHY SHOULD I TRY TO LEARN English?" When Bella, His Muse, Confidante and Best Critic, Died Suddenly in 1944 of a Viral Infection, "Everything TURNED BLACK," Chagall Wrote.

In June 1941, Chagall and his wife went on the ship to the United States and settled in New York. The six years, lived in America, were not happy with the happiest. He was not used to the high tempo of life in New York and did not learn English. "For thirty years I learned something (bad) to speak French," he said, - "Why should I try to teach english? "When Bella, his muse, a girlfriend and the best critic, unexpectedly died in 1944 from a viral infection," everything became black, "as Chagall wrote.

His Daughter, IDA, Found a French-Speaking English Woman, Virginia McNeil, To Be His Housekeeper. A Diplomat's Daughter, McNeil Had Been Born in Paris and Raised in Bolivia and Cuba, But Had Recently Fallen on Hard Times. She Was 30 and Chagall 57 WHEN THEY MET AND BEFORE long the Two Were Talking Painting, Then Dining Together. A FEW MONTHS LATER VIRGINIA LEFT HER HUSBAND AND WENT WENT CHAGALL TO LIVE IN HIGH FALLS, NEW YORK. They Bought a Simple Wooden House with An Adjoining Cottage for Him to Use As A Studio.

The daughter of Ida found him the housekeeper, Virginia Macnil - an Englishman who knows French. Daughter of the diplomat, McNell was born in Paris, and grew up in Bolivia and in Cuba, but now she was not worried best times. She was 30 years old, and Shagola 57, and soon they began to talk about painting, and then dine together. After a few months, Virginia left her husband and settled with Chagalls of High Falls in New York. They bought a simple wooden house with a separate cottage under the studio.

"I know i Must Live in France, But i Don't Want to Cut Myself Off from America," He Once Said. "France Is a Picture Already Painted. America Still Has To Be Painted. Maybe That's Why I Feel Freer There. But When I Work in America, It's Like Shouting in a Forest. There's no echo. " In 1948 He Returned to France with Virginia, Their Son, David, Born in 1946, And Virginia's Daughter. THEY EVENTUALLY SETTLED IN PROVENCE. But Virginia Abruptly Left Chagall in 1951, Taking the Two Children with Her. ONCE AGAIN THE RESOURCEFUL IDA FOUND HER FATHER A HOUSEKEEPER- THIS TIME IN THE PERSON OF VALENTINA BRODSKY, A 40-YEAR-OLD RUSSIAN LIVING IN LONDON. Chagall, Then 65, and Vava, As She Was Known, Soon Married.

"I know what should live in France, but I don't want to break away from America," he said once, "France is already a ready-made canvas (picture), and America is not yet written. Maybe therefore I feel Frequently. But working in America is the same as shouting in the forest. There is no echo. " In 1948, he with Virginia and their son David (as well as the daughter of Virginia from the first marriage) returned to France. But in 1951, Virginia suddenly threw Shagal, taking both children with them. And again enterprising Ida found the father of the housekeeper - this time in the face of Valentina Brodskaya, 40-year-old Russian from London. Soon the 65-year-old Chagall married "Wave" as Brodskaya called at home.

The New Mrs. Chagall Managed Her Husband's Affairs Wit An Iron Hand. She Tended to Cut Him Off from the World. But He Didn't Really Mind Because What He Needed Most Was a Manager to Give Him Peace and Quiet So He Could Get On With His Work. He Never Answered a Telephone Himself. IDA, WHO DIED IN 1994 AT AGE 78, Gradually Found Herself Seeing Less of their Father. But to all Aperances Chagall's Married Life Was a Contented One, And Images of Vava Appear in Many of His Paintings.

New Mrs. Chagall wondered her husband with an iron hand. She tried to cut him off the world. But he did not mind at all, as he really needed someone who would give him silence and peace so that he could constantly work. He never approached the phone. Daughter Ida, who deceased in 1994 at the age of 78, seen less and less with his father. But purely outward family life Shagal was happy, and the image of Vava is visible in many of his paintings.

WHEN HE DIED IN SAINT PAUL DEVEN ON MARCH 28, 1985, AT 97, CHAGALL WAS STILL WORKING, STILL THE AVANT-GARDE ARTIST WHO REFUSED TO BE MODERN. That WaS The Way He Said He Wanted It: "To Stay Wild, Untamed ... to Shout, Weep, Pray."

Chagall did not leave work until the death of March 28, 1985 in France (in Saint Paul de Vence) at the age of 97 years.

"WHEN MATISSE DIES," PABLO PICASSO REMARKED IN THE 1950S, "CHAGALL WILL BE THE ONLY PAINTER LEFT WHO Understands What Color Really Is". DURING HIS 75-YEAR CAREER HE PRODUCED AN ASTOUNDING 10,000 WORKS.

In the early 1950s, Pablo Picasso remarked: "When Matisse dies, Shagall will remain the only artist who truly understands the color." For the 75-year-old career of the artist Chagal created an incredible number of paintings - 10 thousand.

Mark Zakharovich Shagal - Great Artist Expressionist, Modernist. Born in Vitebsk (Belarus) on June 24, 1887. Painter, schedule and illustrator He often created completely surreal works. Despite the fact that most paintings are created on biblical and topics, the style of execution still seems very bold and unusual to many.

The first teacher of Shagal was the Vitebsky painter Yu. M. Peng. Soon Mark went to Petersburg, where he enrolled in the Society Society for the Promotion of Arts. It was extremely interested in all the flows in art, at an early stage, neoshimitivism, under the impression of which he created his first canvases, which are now hanging in European museums: the dead man, portrait of my bride in black gloves, family and others.

In 1910, Mark Chagall moves to Paris. Here he turns friendship with such poets and writers as: Apolliner, B. Sandrar, M. Jacob, A. Salmon. Apolliner even called his art with supernaturalism.

Stalling, despite the fact that the part of life spent in France, always called himself a Russian artist and constantly sent his paintings to Russian exhibitions. In Paris to his unique style, he added well-studied - cubism and orphism. All this contributed to its greater development. The paintings of this time are distinguished by a stressful emotional atmosphere, spirituality and bright subtext on the cycle of being - life and death, eternal and momentary.

In 1914, the artist returned to Vitebsk, where he found the beginning of the First World War. Here he lived, worked and worked his immortal work until 1941. Then at the invitation of the museum he moved along with his family to America. In America, Mark Shagal worked on theatrical sketches and the design of theatrical productions. In 1948, he finally moved to France. Nice, he built his own workshop - now it is the National Museum of France dedicated to the Great Artist. In St. Paul-de-Vans, the artist died 28.03.1985.

Adam and Eva

Annie. Portrait of sister

Birthday

Jew in prayer

Beauty in a white collar

Red nude

Flying wagon

Above the city

Bride with fan

Seller Newspapers

Seller cattle