Description of the abodes of the fortress, the captain's daughter. Belogorsk fortress: characteristics of the inhabitants

Visualize the picture, which is enclosed in just one phrase: "The river has not yet frozen, and its lead waves sadly blackened in the monotonous banks covered with white snow." Describe the epithets that are used here.

Lead waves create a stark contrast to the snow-covered white shores. Before us is a landscape of the beginning of winter, depicted graphically. It closely resembles an engraving, and its outlines create a disturbing mood. Not only the colors of the beginning of winter appear before the viewer, but a certain mood is also created. So, the epithet lead conveys the heavy movement of freezing water.

Carefully read the description of the Belogorsk fortress and compare it with the imaginary fortress that Petrusha expected to see. How could an idea of ​​a mighty fortress be formed in the mind of an undergrowth?

Petrusha did not read much, but even in the fairy tales that he could hear from his mothers and nannies, there were fabulous palaces and impregnable fortresses. They are always drawn in our minds as mighty, built of powerful stones and leaving their walls and towers upward. It is worthwhile to imagine such a fortress for a minute, and then re-read the description of the poor and neglected structure, which was the Belogorsk fortress. At the same time, you will immediately feel the power of the disappointment that should have seized Petrusha.

Describe the first appearance of a new officer at the commandant of the fortress. How does the narrator feel about this scene? How is this description related to the second epigraph of the chapter ("Ancient people, my father")? Let us remind you that these are the words from DI Fonvizin's "Minor". Who says this phrase in a comedy?

Let's not forget that the story is told from the perspective of Pyotr Grinev, who has matured and remembers his youth. The scene of Petrusha's appearance at the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress is described with a feeling of sympathy and a slight smile from the elder over a naive ignoramus who found himself in a new environment. The simplicity and patriarchy of the life of the inhabitants of the fortress evoke affection and help to immediately appreciate the new participants in the events of the story. These are really "old people". But such a definition does not diminish their dignity in any way. The patriarchy of everyday life, unswerving adherence to customs only maintain the atmosphere of sympathy that arises when reading.

There is no irony in the epigraph to the chapter. Let us remind you that these are the words of Mrs. Prostakova from the comedy "The Minor" (third act, phenomenon V).

Give portraits of those "old people" whom Grinev recognized in the Belogorsk fortress.

The story about the people that Pyotr Grinev recognized in the Belogorsk fortress can be told in the order of their appearance on the pages of the chapter. The first was an "old invalid" who, sitting on a table, was sewing a patch on the elbow of his green uniform. He immediately said to the newcomer: "Come in, father, our houses."

The "old woman in a quilted jacket" who, together with the "crooked old man in an officer's uniform," unwound the threads, was Vasilisa Yegorovna - the commandant's wife - the main person in this provincial world.

She tells Grinev about Shvabrin and summons the sergeant Maksimych, a young and stately Cossack.

Grinev settles in his new environment. It becomes obvious to the reader that the relations of people in the Belogorsk fortress are completely determined by the words from "The Minor".

Those interested can prepare a story - a genre sketch of the life of the Belogorsk fortress in peacetime.

The story about the peaceful course of life in the Belogorsk fortress may well coincide with the retelling chapter III"Fortress". It is worth talking about a very modest strengthening, patriarchal way of life, and about the inseparable connection with official decisions, which are nevertheless made in peacetime, about how the military service is going. You can enter into this story, for example, a description of how the hut was chosen for Grinev's residence. “Take Pyotr Andreevich to Semyon Kuzov. He, a swindler, let his horse into my garden ”. This is the motive for the stay of the newly arrived officer.

Read carefully short description landscape, opening from the window of Semyon Kuzov's hut, to which Grinev was assigned to the post. What role does this description play in the chapter?

The place where Grinev was determined to live was on the very edge of the fortress, on the high bank of the river. “A sad steppe stretched before me. Several huts stood obliquely; several chickens roamed the street. The old woman, standing on the porch with a trough, called the pigs, which answered her with a friendly grunt. This description prepared the reader to realize the state of the young officer: "And this is the direction in which I was condemned to spend my youth!"

In 1836, the Sovremennik magazine published historical story A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", which takes place in terrible years the Pugachev uprising in the years 1773-1775. The writer in his works has repeatedly turned to historical themes trying to find answers to modern questions in the events of the past. An example is such works of the author as "Boris Godunov", "Arap of Peter the Great", "Poltava", "Snowstorm" and others.

Arrival of Peter Grinev to the Belogorsk fortress

The main character the story is an officer. He was sent to military service to one of the most remote corners of the country. Belogorsk fortress was located in the steppe and at first seemed to the young man a real wilderness, where he was destined to vegetate in boredom and inaction. The area seemed to him dull and nondescript, since it did not resemble a military garrison, but a poor village.

However, the very first acquaintance with its inhabitants changed the idea of ​​Pyotr Andreevich about his place of service. And in fact, in the story "The Captain's Daughter" played a big role: after all, it was here that he met his love, went through terrible trials, but did not lose his honor and remained loyal to the empress. The inhabitants of this fortification turned out to be extremely simple people, which immediately earned the sympathy of the young man.

Inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress: the spouses of the Mironovs

The captain of the garrison was Ivan Mironov - a good-natured and simple-minded person who treated his subordinates well, respected his wife, Vasilisa Yegorovna, and was very fond of his only daughter, Marya Ivanovna. His wife not only managed household chores, but also took an active part in leading the military.

She perceived the Belogorsk fortress as a household, and therefore she rather skillfully coped not only with her functions, but also with her husband's military problems. Vasilisa Yegorovna enjoyed general respect among the inhabitants and had a reputation as a strict but fair woman. The image of this heroine is one of the most successful in the story.

Masha Mironova

The main character is Captain's daughter, Marya Ivanovna, ordinary girl without education and manners. However, her sensitivity and kindness immediately attracted Peter Grinev, who found her smart and reasonable. Thanks to this sympathy, the Belogorsk fortress no longer seemed boring to him, on the contrary, he quickly got used to a new life and began to find a lot of positive things in it.

The hero's love for Masha Mironova, of course, largely determined his attitude to his existence in the garrison. At a time when both hoped to get married, Pyotr Grinev was full of hopes for the future and believed in a happy fate. However, after his father's refusal to marry, the hero completely lost his taste for life, and the Belogorsk fortress began to seem empty and dull to him.

The rest of the inhabitants of the fortress: Shvabrin, Ivan Ignatievich, Palashka

When characterizing the story "The Captain's Daughter" great importance has the way Peter is shown on this topic should be accompanied by a description of his relations with other inhabitants of the garrison, primarily with Shvabrin. Alexey Ivanovich was also an officer, but he was complete opposite the main character.

From the very beginning, he makes an unpleasant impression, which is later confirmed by his attempts to interfere with the relationship between Peter and Masha. He viciously and caustically ridicules Vasilisa Yegorovna, insults Masha, unfairly wounds Grinev in a duel, taking advantage of the fact that he was distracted by Savelich. He betrays his oath and goes over to the side of Pugachev and, finally, at the trial he gives false testimony against his former rival.

They make a different impression minor characters- the servants of the Mironovs: Ivan Ignatievich, an old invalid, who, however, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign, for which he was hanged, and the maid Palashka, who difficult minutes helps his young lady, Marya Ivanovna. These heroes, as it were, set off the image of the Belogorsk fortress, showing that simple, but honest and noble people live in the very hinterland of the country.

General characteristics of the garrison

Pyotr Grinev's duty station plays important role in the narrative: after all, this is where everything happens major events in his life. Here he witnessed the terrible massacre of Pugachev over Captain Mironov, Ivan Ignatievich, Vasilisa Egorovna. He himself miraculously escaped death and by strange coincidence made friends with Pugachev.

He rushed to this place to save Masha Mironova from Shvabrin, again in danger of being executed by the rioters. Then fate brought him back to Pugachev, who this time helped him free his bride. In the fortress, Grinev finally explained with Marya Ivanovna about their upcoming marriage. Here he said goodbye to Pugachev forever in order to see him after a while on the block. The Belogorsk fortress, the description of which was presented in this essay, played a decisive role in the fate of Pyotr Grinev.

Goes to the place of his future service. As far as the road from Simbirsk to Orenburg was full of stormy experiences and extraordinary incidents, so the way from Orenburg to the Belogorsk fortress was dull and monotonous. If the steppe before Orenburg was rebellious and formidable (remember the blizzard), now it appears calmed and sad. "The road went along the steep bank of the Yaik. The river was not frozen yet, and its leaden waves were sadly black on the monotonous banks covered with white snow. Behind them stretched the Kyrgyz steppes." The word “stretched” alone allows us to imagine the vast, tedious in their monotony spaces beyond the Yaik River. There are few colors: white snow and blackening "lead waves". So in a few words Pushkin conveys the mood of the sad winter Orenburg steppe. The road reflections of the young traveler are sad. General R.'s words - "you will be in the command of Captain Mironov, kind and honest man... There you will be in the real service, you will learn discipline "- they made Grinev imagine the future boss as a strict, angry old man who knows nothing but his service. And yet Grinev is waiting for new impressions - after all, he is going to the fortress!" sides, expecting to see formidable bastions, towers and a rampart. "However, instead of formidable bastions, he saw log fences, instead of towers - stacks of hay and a twisted mill with lubok, lazily lowered wings. What did remotely resemble a fortress? ...
At the commandant's house, Grinev is greeted by a duty officer - an old invalid who "sewed a blue patch on the elbow of a green uniform." It can be seen that the "old woman in a quilted jacket" is in command, as it turned out, the commandant's wife: "Ivan Kuzmich is not at home, he went to visit Father Gerasim; but all the same, father, I am his mistress." How does the comic depiction of the "commandant's mistress" deepen? She interrupts Ivan Ignatievich, starts a conversation with the young Grinev herself and immediately begins to tell about the officer Shvabrin, who is still unknown to Grinev. But Vasilisa Yegorovna at the same time attracts the reader with cordiality and hospitality. She affectionately meets an unknown officer: "Please, love and favor. Sit down, father." She decisively interrupts Ivan Ignatievich's curiosity: "You see, the young man is tired from the road, he has no time for you ..."
Vasilisa Yegorovna's dialogue regarding Grinev's device is interesting. But her master's actions are not fair. We see why Grinev ends up in Semyon Kuzov's apartment and not Ivan Polezhaev's. Vasilisa Yegorovna disposes of the fortress at her own discretion, uncontrollably disassembles petty quarrels, is cool in decisions.
Before us is the life of a small abandoned fortress, in which there is nothing military, except for a single cannon, an officer's diploma hanging on the wall in a frame under glass, and shabby uniforms on a disabled person and Ivan Ignatievich. Grinev's new acquaintances are slightly comical, and we cannot help smiling when reading about them, as they do not coincide with our ideas about military people. The most "militant" of them is Vasilisa Yegorovna, and this enhances the comedy of the picture of the captain's house. But it is impossible not to notice: something good-natured, open, ingenuous bribes us in the Mironovs.
And how does Grinev's first day in the fortress end? He goes to the house of Semyon Kuzov. Everything tells him that life in the fortress will be dull, joyless. "... I began to look out the narrow window. A sad steppe stretched in front of me. Several huts stood obliquely; several chickens wandered along the street. An old woman, standing on the porch with a trough, called the pigs, which answered her with a friendly grunt. And this is in which direction. I was condemned to spend my youth! Longing took me ... "- writes Grinev.
We see that the landscape, which begins and ends the chapter, played a big role in the idea of ​​the Belogorsk fortress, which was created in our imagination. Pay attention to important feature Pushkin's language: landscapes are unusually stingy, laconic, as well as descriptions of people's moods. Pushkin, as it were, allows the reader himself to draw in his imagination what surrounds Grinev, to imagine him state of mind, expressed in the words: "melancholy took me," "I walked away from the window and went to bed without supper."

How do Grinev's impressions of the fortress and its inhabitants expand on the second day of his stay in it? Grinev notices the poverty and wretchedness of the fortress, the weakness of its military training. He saw the commandant of the fortress on the platform, who was training the soldiers. They were old invalids, dressed in shabby uniforms. Vasilisa Yegorovna says to the commandant: "Only glory that you teach the soldiers: neither they are given the service, nor you know any sense in it. I would sit at home and pray to God, it would be better." An important detail: Ivan Kuzmich commands the soldiers "in a cap and a Chinese dressing gown."
We are once again convinced that the fortress, which was destined to take the blow of the rebels, was abandoned, poorly equipped, infinitely peaceful. V wooden house Mironovs Life is going as usual, a small circle gathers, dine, dine, pass on gossip. "In the God-saved fortress there were no reviews, no teachings, no guards," recalls Grinev (Chapter IV). No one controls the actions of the commandant, no one thinks about the military equipment of the fortress. General R. in Orenburg is more busy with his apple orchard than with military affairs. Meanwhile, in the area of ​​the Belogorsk fortress, events of great importance are brewing.
Grinev arrives at the fortress in the late autumn of 1773. Are there any hints in the story that the general excitement of the local regions reaches the log fence of the Belogorsk fortress? Vasilisa Yegorovna asks at Grinev the police officer, the Cossack Maksimych: "Well, Maksimych, is everything all right?" - "Everything, thank God, is quiet," the Cossack replies. And how is the appearance of the sergeant portrayed? This is a "young and handsome Cossack". We know there were soldiers and Cossacks in the garrison. What comparison begs? The commandant had only disabled people during the training, and among the Cossacks there were strong and young people capable of fighting. Maksimych is associated with the Cossacks, he will be in the ranks of the rebels. And here's another detail: Vasilisa Yegorovna says that she is used to the fact that large crowds of "lynx hats" appear in the steppe. They have appeared now, "they are prowling around the fortress."

One of the works school curriculum, written by the Russian writer Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, is "The Captain's Daughter". In this article, we will analyze the meaning of the place in which the youth Petrusha grew spiritually and turned into a man of Peter Grinev. This is the Belogorsk fortress. What role does she play in general idea works? Let's figure it out.

How was the work created?

Before proceeding to the question of what plot and semantic functions the Belogorsk fortress performs and all the episodes that took place in it, it is necessary to turn directly to the history of the creation of the story. No analysis artwork cannot do without analyzing the events that served as an impetus for the creation of this or that creation, without searching real prototypes heroes.

The origins of the novel go back to the middle of 1832, when Alexander Sergeevich first addressed the theme of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev in 1773-1775. The writer first accesses classified materials with the permission of the authorities, then, in 1833, he went to Kazan, where he was looking for contemporaries of those events who had already become old people. As a result, from the collected materials, the "History of the Pugache revolt" was formed, which was published in 1834, but did not satisfy Pushkin's artistic research.

Thought directly about major work, with a renegade hero in starring, who ended up in the Pugachev camp, was ripening with the author since 1832, during the time of work on no less famous novel"Dubrovsky". At the same time, Alexander Sergeevich had to be extremely careful, because the censorship could consider such a work "free-thinking" because of any trifle.

Grinev's prototypes

The essential components of the story changed several times: for some time, Alexander Sergeevich was looking for a suitable surname for the key character, until he finally settled on Grinev. By the way, such a person was indeed listed in real documents. During the uprising, he was suspected of conspiring with the "villains", but as a result he was released from arrest due to the lack of proof of his guilt. However, the prototype of the protagonist was made by another person: it was originally supposed to take the second lieutenant of the 2nd grenadier regiment Mikhail Shvanovich, but later Alexander Sergeevich opted for another participant in the described events, Basharin, who was taken prisoner by the rebels, but fled, and eventually began to fight on the side of the suppressors of the rebels.

Instead of the conceived one nobleman, two of them appeared on the pages of the book: the antagonist Shvabrin, "a vile villain", was added to Grinev. This was done in order to bypass censorship obstacles.

What is the genre?

The work in which the Belogorsk fortress will play an essential role was interpreted by the author himself as historical novel... However, today most researchers of literary studies, due to the small volume literary work, refer it to the genre of the story.

Belogorsk fortress: what did it look like?

The fortress appears in the narrative after the main character, Petrusha Grinev, reaches the age of 16. The father decides to send his son to serve in the army, which the young man thinks about with joy: he assumes that he will be sent to Petersburg, where he can continue to lead a riotous, cheerful life. However, everything turns out a little differently. Where does the young Grinev end up as a result? In the Belogorsk fortress, which, however, turned out to be even worse than the young man imagined.

Located in the Orenburg province, it was, in fact, a village surrounded by a wooden log palisade! Here Captain Mironov, the managing commandant, who, in Petrusha's opinion, should have been a firm, stern, stern old man, turned out to be affectionate and gentle, met young man in a simple way, like a son, but he did military exercises in a "cap and a Chinese dressing gown." The brave army consisted entirely of old invalids who could not remember where the right was and where the left was, and the only defensive weapon in the fortress was an old cast-iron cannon, from which it is not known when the last shot was fired.

Life in the Belogorsk Fortress: how Peter's attitude is changing

Over time, however, Grinev changed his mind about the Belogorsk fortress: here he studied literature, he was surrounded by kind, bright and wise people with whom he loved to talk - this especially applied to the Mironov family, that is, to the commandant himself, his wife and daughter Masha. For the latter, Peter's feelings flared up, because of which the young man stood up to defend the girl's honor and his attitude towards her in front of the vile, envious, jealous Shvabrin.

A duel took place between the men, as a result of which Grinev was dishonestly wounded, but this only brought him closer to Masha even more. Despite the lack of blessing from Father Peter, the beloved continued to remain loyal friend friend in words and deeds.

After the conquest of the fortress by Yemelyan Pugachev and his bandit gang, the idyll collapses. At the same time, Peter continues to remember and honor the best moments of his life spent here and does not betray this place even after it is in the hands of the rebels. He flatly refuses to swear allegiance to Pugachev, and even the fear of death does not frighten him. The main character is ready to follow the commandant and other killed defenders of the fortress. However, the leader of the uprising agrees to spare Grinev for his decency, honesty, and loyalty to honor.

Grinev will find himself in the Belogorsk fortress, an essay about which is presented in detail in this article, and after the events described, because he will return here in order to save his beloved Masha, captured by the defector Shvabrin. As you can see, the fortress is one of the central places in the work. Going on here a large number of important from the point of view of the plot and development of the action, episodes.

Meaning

The composition "Belogorsk Fortress" cannot end without describing the meaning of this place in the semantic structure of the story. The fortress is one of the most important components of the formation of the hero's personality. It is here that Grinev meets with serious love, here he collides with the enemy. As a result, it is within the walls of the fortress that Peter turns from a boy into a mature man, a man capable of taking responsibility for his actions.

Here he thinks about many truly philosophical matters, for example, about the meaning of life, about honor, about the value of human life. Here his morality and purity are finally crystallized.

It's obvious that better place it was simply impossible to come up with - Pushkin's genius showed that he was not so important appearance like life itself, way of life, traditions, culture of a certain place. The Belogorsk fortress is an element that accumulates everything truly Russian, folk, and national.

The father of Petrusha Grinev, a retired military man, hardly guessed himself, sending his son to serve in the Belogorsk fortress, that such childish tests would fall to his lot. Little else was known about the popular revolt, about its "senselessness and ruthlessness". But the fact that the son should not "wind and hang out" in St. military service... "Serve faithfully to whom you swear" - that was his command.

A small garrison, where Pyotr Grinev went to serve, stood far from the cultural and political centers of Russia. Life here was boring and monotonous, the commandant of the fortress, captain Mironov taught the soldiers the intricacies of military service, his wife, Vasilisa Yegorovna, delved into everything, managing the fortress as seriously as in her house. Their daughter, Marya Ivanovna Mironova, "a girl of eighteen years old, chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair combed smoothly behind her ears," was the same age as Grinev, and, of course, he immediately fell in love with her. In the house of the commandant, Grinev was accepted as a native, and from the ease of such a service, as well as from falling in love, he even began to write poetry.

By their literary experiences Petrusha shared with Alexei Shvabrin, an officer exiled to the Belogorsk fortress from St. Petersburg for a duel. It soon became clear that Shvabrin was also in love with Masha, but was refused. Offended, he spoke about Masha Grineva, in the hope that the comrade would doubt her decency and stop caring for her. But Grinev challenged the slanderer to a duel and was wounded. The commandant's family tenderly nursed the wounded, and Shvabrin harbored even greater anger at Grinev.

Once this completely peaceful life of the inhabitants of the fortress was disrupted: the siege of the fortress by rioters led by Pugachev began. The forces were clearly unequal and, although Mironov's soldiers stood to death with their only cannon, Pugachev conquered the fortress. This is where the character of the inhabitants of the fortress manifested itself: neither the "coward" Masha, nor Vasilisa Yegorovna agreed to leave Mironov and take refuge in Orenburg. The captain himself, realizing that the garrison was doomed, ordered to shoot back to the end, tried to raise the garrison to attack, strike at the enemy. This is a brave act of an elderly and quiet man, considering that Pugachev took many fortresses without a fight. Mironov did not recognize the impostor as emperor and accepted death, as befits a Russian officer. After him, Vasilisa Yegorovna died, calling Pugachev a poor convict before her death.

Masha managed to hide in the house of the priest, the frightened Shvabrin swore allegiance to Pugachev, and Grinev was preparing to accept death as fearlessly as the Mironovs, but suddenly the false emperor recognized him. Grinev also remembered the night when he and Savelich, on their way to serve in the Belogorsk fortress, fell into a blizzard and lost their way. They were then led to the inn by a man who had come from nowhere, whom he and Savelich conditionally called a counselor. Then, to the displeasure of the uncle, Grinev presented the counselor with a sheepskin coat from the master's shoulder, because he noticed how lightly dressed he was. Now Pugachev recognized Grinev and in gratitude for this let him go.

Shvabrin took Marya Ivanovna prisoner, forcing her to surrender to him. She managed to pass the letter to Grinev and he rushed to rescue her. Pugachev again showed generosity and freed the girl. He did not change his mind and learned that this girl was the daughter of the rebellious commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. Seeing off Grinev, he almost admitted that he was an impostor and did not believe in the happy outcome of his venture.

So ended what seemed at first serene life inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress. The usual course of events was changed by her sudden siege. Extreme events have revealed the characters of its inhabitants.