The history of the creation of "Crime and Punishment. The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky The idea of creating the novel crime and punishment
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FM Dostoevsky nurtured the idea of the novel "Crime and Punishment" for six years: in October 1859 he wrote to his brother: "In December I will start a novel ... do you remember, I told you about one confession - a novel that I wanted to write after all, saying that I still have to go through it myself. The other day I completely decided to write it immediately ... All my heart will rely on this novel with blood. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment ... "- judging by the writer's letters and notebooks, we are talking precisely about the ideas of "Crime and Punishment" - the novel originally existed in the form of Raskolnikov's confession. Dostoevsky's rough notebooks contain the following entry: "Aleko killed. The awareness that he himself is unworthy of his ideal, which torments his soul. Here is a crime and punishment" (we are talking about Pushkin's "Gypsies").
The final plan is formed as a result of the great upheavals that Dostoevsky went through, and this plan combined two originally different creative ideas.
After the death of his brother, Dostoevsky finds himself in terrible material need. The threat of a debt prison hangs over him. All year Fyodor Mikhailovich was forced to turn to St. Petersburg usurers, interest-holders and other creditors.
In July 1865, he offered the editor of Otechestvennye zapiski AA Kraevsky a new work: "My novel is called" Drunken "and will be in connection with the current question of drunkenness. families, raising children in this environment, and so on ... and so on. " Due to financial difficulties, Kraevsky did not accept the proposed novel, and Dostoevsky went abroad to concentrate on creative work away from creditors, but there, too, history repeats itself: in Wiesbaden, Dostoevsky loses everything at roulette, right down to his pocket watch.
In September 1865, addressing the publisher M.N. Katkov to the journal Russkiy Vestnik, Dostoevsky described the novel's intention as follows: “This is a psychological account of one crime. The action is modern, this year. origin and living in extreme poverty, out of frivolity, shakiness in concepts, succumbing to some strange, "unfinished" ideas that are in the air, he decided to get out of his bad situation at once. ... in order to make her mother, who lives in the district, happy, to save her sister, who lives in companions with some landowners, from the voluptuous claims of the head of this landowner family - claims that threaten her with death, to complete the course, go abroad and then be all her life honest, firm, unswerving in the fulfillment of the "humane duty to humanity", which will, of course, "ameliorate the crime", if you can only call the press by bluntness this act over a deaf, stupid, evil and sick old woman who herself does not know why she lives in the world and who in a month, perhaps, would die of herself ...
He spends almost a month before the final disaster. There is no suspicion of him and cannot be. This is where the entire psychological process of crime unfolds. Unsolved questions rise up before the killer, unsuspecting and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, the earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being forced to convey to himself. Compelled, though to die in hard labor, but to join people again, the feeling of openness and disunity with humanity, which he felt immediately after the crime was committed, tortured him. The law of truth and human nature took their toll. The offender himself decides to accept the torment in order to atone for his deed ... "
Katkov immediately sends the author an advance. FM Dostoevsky has been working on the novel all autumn, but at the end of November he burns all the drafts: "... a lot was written and ready; I burned everything ... a new form, a new plan carried me away, and I started over again."
In February 1866, Dostoevsky informs his friend AE Wrangel: “About two weeks ago, the first part of my novel was published in the January book of the Russian Bulletin. It's called Crime and Punishment. I have already heard many enthusiastic reviews. new things".
In the fall of 1866, when Crime and Punishment is almost ready, Dostoevsky begins again: under a contract with the publisher Stellovsky, he was supposed to present a new novel by November 1 for 9 years "for free and as it pleases" to publish everything that will be written by Dostoevsky.
By the beginning of October, Dostoevsky had not yet begun writing The Gambler, and his friends advise him to turn to the help of shorthand, which at that time was just beginning to enter life. The young stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, invited by Dostoevsky, was the best student of the St. Petersburg stenography courses, she was distinguished by her outstanding intelligence, strong character and deep interest in literature. The Gambler was completed on time and handed over to the publisher, and Snitkina soon becomes the wife and assistant of the writer. In November and December 1866, Dostoevsky dictated to Anna Grigorievna the last, sixth part and the epilogue "Crime and Punishment", which were published in the December issue of the magazine "Russian Bulletin", and in March 1867 the novel was published as a separate edition.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment was written in 1866. The idea of the work appeared with the writer back in 1859, when he was serving a sentence in hard labor. Initially, Dostoevsky was going to write the novel "Crime and Punishment" in the form of a confession, but in the process of work the initial idea gradually changed and, describing his new work to the editor of the journal "Russian Bulletin" (in which the book was first published), the author characterizes the novel as "a psychological account of one works ".
"Crime and Punishment" refers to the literary movement realism, written in the genre of a philosophical and psychological polyphonic novel, since the ideas of the heroes in the work are equal to each other, and the author stands next to the characters, and not above them.
The chapter and chapter summary compiled on Crime and Punishment allows you to familiarize yourself with the key points of the novel, prepare for a literature lesson in grade 10 or test work. You can read the retelling of the novel presented on our website online or save it to any electronic medium.
main characters
Rodion Raskolnikov- a poor student, a young, proud, disinterested youth. He "was remarkably handsome, with beautiful dark eyes, dark Russian, above average height, thin and slender."
Sonya Marmeladova- the native daughter of Marmeladov, a drunkard, a former titular councilor. "A girl of small stature, about eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes."
Petr Petrovich Luzhin- Dunya's fiancé, a calculating, "prim, dignified, with a cautious and grumpy face" gentleman of forty-five.
Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov- a gambler with a controversial character, stepped over after several lives. "A man of about fifty, taller than average, burly."
Porfiry Petrovich- the bailiff of investigative affairs, who was engaged in the case of the murder of an old woman-pawnbroker. "A man of about thirty-five, shorter than average, stout and even with a belly, shaved, no mustache and no sideburns." An intelligent man, "a skeptic, a cynic."
Razumikhin- student, friend of Rodion. A very clever young man, although sometimes rustic, “his appearance was expressive - tall, thin, always thin-shaven, black-haired. Sometimes he got into a row and was known as a strong man. "
Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna) Raskolnikova- Raskolnikov's sister, "a firm, prudent, patient and generous, albeit with a fervent heart" girl. “She had dark blond, a little lighter than her brother; eyes are almost black, sparkling, proud and at the same time sometimes, for minutes, unusually kind. "
Other characters
Alena Ivanovna- the old woman-pawnbroker who was killed by Raskolnikov.
Lizaveta Ivanovna- the sister of an old woman-pawnbroker, "a tall, awkward, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, thirty-five years old, who was in complete slavery to her sister, who worked for her day and night, trembled in front of her and even suffered beatings from her."
Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov- Sonya's father, a drunkard, "a man of about fifty years old, of medium height and solid build, with gray hair and a large bald head."
Ekaterina Ivanovna Marmeladova- a woman of noble birth (from a ruined noble family), Sonya's stepmother, Marmeladov's wife. "A terribly thin woman, thin, rather tall and slender, with fine dark blond hair."
Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova- Rodion's mother, a woman of forty-three years old.
Zosimov- Doctor, friend of Raskolnikov, 27 years old.
Zametov- a clerk at a police station.
Nastasya- the cook of the hostess, from whom Raskolnikov rented a room.
Lebezyatnikov- Luzhin's roommate.
Mikola- a dyer who confessed to the murder of an old woman
Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova- Svidrigailov's wife.
Polechka, Lenya, Kolya- children of Katerina Ivanovna.
Part one
Chapter 1
The protagonist of the novel, Rodion Raskolnikov, is in a situation bordering on poverty, he ate almost nothing for the second day and owes the landlady a decent amount for rent. The young man goes to the old woman-pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna, pondering on the way a "mysterious" case, the thoughts of which have troubled him for a long time - the hero was going to kill.
Arriving at Alena Ivanovna, Raskolnikov pawns the silver watch, while carefully examining the furnishings of her apartment. Leaving, Rodion promises to return soon to lay a silver cigarette case.
Chapter 2
Entering the tavern, Raskolnikov meets the titular adviser Marmeladov there. Upon learning that Rodion is a student, the intoxicated interlocutor begins to talk about poverty, saying that "poverty is not a vice, it is truth, poverty is a vice," and tells Rodion about his family. His wife, Katerina Ivanovna, having three children in her arms, married him out of despair, although she was smart and educated. But Marmeladov wastes all the money, taking the last out of the house. In order to somehow provide for the family, his daughter, Sonya Marmeladova, had to go to the panel.
Raskolnikov decided to take the drunken Marmeladov home, since he was already badly on his feet. The student was struck by the beggarly furnishings of their home. Katerina Ivanovna begins to scold her husband that he again spent his last money on drink and Raskolnikov, not wanting to get involved in a quarrel, leaves, for reasons not clear to herself, leaving them a change on the windowsill.
Chapter 3
Raskolnikov lived in a small room with a very low ceiling: "it was a tiny cage, six paces long." The room had three old chairs, a table, a large ragged sofa, and a small table.
Rodion receives a letter from Pulcheria Raskolnikova's mother. The woman wrote that his sister Dunya was slandered by the Svidrigailov family, in whose house the girl worked as a governess. Svidrigailov showed unambiguous signs of attention to her. Upon learning of this, Marfa Petrovna, his wife, began to insult and humiliate Dunya. In addition, a forty-five-year-old court councilor, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, with a small capital wooed Dunya. Mother writes that soon she and her sister will arrive in St. Petersburg, as Luzhin wants to arrange the wedding as quickly as possible.
Chapter 4
Raskolnikov was greatly alarmed by his mother's letter. The young man understands that his relatives agreed to marry Luzhin and Dunya, only to end poverty, but the young man is against this marriage. Raskolnikov understands that he has no right to prohibit Duna from marrying Luzhin. And Rodin again began to think about the thought that had tormented him for a long time (the murder of the pawnbroker).
CHAPTER 5
Walking around the Islands, Raskolnikov decided to have a snack with a piece of pie and vodka. The young man had not drunk for a long time, so he almost immediately got drunk and, before reaching home, fell asleep in the bushes. He had a terrible dream: an episode from childhood in which men killed an old horse. Little Rodion cannot do anything, he runs up to the dead horse, kisses its face and, angry, throws himself at the peasant with his fists.
Waking up, Raskolnikov again thinks about the murder of the pawnbroker and doubts that he can decide on it. Passing the bazaar on Sennaya, the young man saw the old woman's sister - Lizaveta. From Lizaveta's conversation with the merchants, Raskolnikov learns that the pawnbroker will be home alone tomorrow at seven in the evening. The young man realizes that now "everything is finally decided."
Chapter 6
Raskolnikov accidentally overhears a conversation between a student and an officer that the old woman-pawnbroker is unworthy to live, and if she was killed, then her money could help very many poor young people. Rodion was very excited by what he heard.
Arriving home, Raskolnikov, being in a state close to delirium, begins to prepare for murder. The young man sewed a loop for an ax on the inside of his coat under his left armpit so that when the coat was put on, the ax would not be visible. Then he took out a "pawn" hidden in the gap between the sofa and the floor - a plaque the size of a cigarette box, wrapped in paper and tied with a string, which he was going to give the old woman to distract attention. Having finished preparations, Rodion stole an ax from the janitorial office and went to the old woman.
Chapter 7
Coming to the pawnbroker, Rodion worried that the old woman would notice his excitement and would not let him in, but she took a “pawn”, believing that it was a cigarette holder, and tried to untie the ribbon. The young man, realizing that it is impossible to hesitate, takes out an ax and lowers it on her head with the butt, the old woman settled down, Raskolnikov hits her a second time, after which he realizes that she has already died.
Raskolnikov takes the keys out of the old woman's pocket and goes into her room. As soon as he found the pawnbroker's wealth in a large stowage (chest) and began to fill the pockets of his coat and trousers with them, Lizaveta unexpectedly returned. Confused, the hero also kills the old woman's sister. He is seized with horror, but gradually the hero pulls himself together, washes the blood from his hands, ax and boots. Raskolnikov was about to leave, but then he heard steps on the stairs: clients came to the old woman. After waiting for them to leave, Rodion himself quickly leaves the pawnbroker's apartment. Returning home, the young man returns the ax and, entering his room, without undressing, fell into oblivion on the bed.
Part two
Chapter 1
Raskolnikov slept until three o'clock in the afternoon. Waking up, the hero remembers what he had done. In horror, he revises all the clothes, checking if there are any traces of blood on them. Immediately he finds the jewelry taken from the pawnbroker, which he completely forgot about and hides them in the corner of the room, in the hole under the wallpaper.
Nastasya comes to Rodion. She brought him a summons from the quarter: the hero had to appear at the police office. Rodion is nervous, but at the station it turns out that he is only required to write a receipt with the obligation to pay the debt to the landlady.
Already about to leave the station, Rodion accidentally hears the police talking about the murder of Alena Ivanovna and faints. Everyone decides that Raskolnikov is ill and is allowed to go home.
Chapter 2
Fearing a search, Rodion hides the old woman's valuables (a purse with money and jewelry) under a stone in a deserted courtyard surrounded by blank walls.
Chapter 3
Returning home, Raskolnikov wandered around for several days, and when he woke up, he saw Razumikhin and Nastasya next to him. The young man is given a money order from his mother, who sent money to pay for housing. Dmitry tells a friend that while he was sick, policeman Zametov came to Rodion several times and asked about his things.
Chapter 4
Another friend comes to Raskolnikov - medical student Zosimov. He begins a conversation about the murder of Alena Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta, telling that many are suspected of the crime, including the dyer Mikola, but the police have no reliable evidence yet.
CHAPTER 5
Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin comes to Raskolnikov. Raskolnikov reproaches the man that he is going to marry Duna only so that the girl will be grateful for the rest of her life for ridding her family of poverty. Luzhin tries to deny this. Angry Raskolnikov kicks him out.
Raskolnikov's friends leave after him. Razumikhin worries about his friend, believing that “he has something on his mind! Something motionless, gravitating. "
Chapter 6
Raskolnikov accidentally entering the tavern "Crystal Palace" meets Zametov there. Discussing the case of the murder of the old woman with him, Rodion expresses his opinion on how he would act in the place of the murderer. The student asks what Zametov would have done if he had turned out to be the murderer and almost directly says that it was he who killed the old woman. Zametov decides that Rodion is crazy and does not believe in his guilt.
Walking around the city, Raskolnikov decides to drown himself, but, having changed his mind, in a half-delirium goes to the house of the murdered old woman-pawnbroker. There is a renovation and the student starts talking to the workers about the crime that has happened, everyone thinks that he is crazy.
Chapter 7
On the way to Razumikhin, Raskolnikov sees a crowd gathered around the accidentally knocked down, completely drunk Marmeladov. The victim is taken home, he is in serious condition.
Before his death, Marmeladov asks Sonya for forgiveness and dies in his daughter's arms. Raskolnikov gives all his money to Marmeladov's funeral.
Rodion feels that he is recovering and goes to visit Razumikhin. Dmitry escorts him home. Approaching Raskolnikov's house, students see light in its windows. When the friends went up to the room, it turned out that his mother and sister had come to Rodion. Seeing loved ones, Raskolnikov fainted.
Part three
Chapter 1
Having come to his senses, Rodion asks his relatives not to worry. Talking with his sister about Luzhin, Raskolnikov demands that the girl refuse him. Pulcheria Alexandrovna wants to stay to look after her son, but Razumikhin persuades the women to return to the hotel.
Razumikhin really liked Dunya, he was attracted by her beauty: in her appearance, strength and self-confidence were combined with softness and grace.
Chapter 2
In the morning Razumikhin visits Raskolnikov's mother and sister. Discussing Luzhin, Pulcheria Alexandrovna shares with Dmitry that in the morning they received a letter from Pyotr Petrovich. Luzhin writes that he wants to visit them, but asks that Rodion not be present during their meeting. Mother and Dunya are going to Raskolnikov.
Chapter 3
Raskolnikov feels better. A student tells his mother and sister about how he gave all his money yesterday for a funeral to a poor family. Raskolnikov notices that his relatives are afraid of him.
They talk about Luzhin. It is unpleasant for Rodion that Pyotr Petrovich does not show due attention to the bride. They talk to the young man about the letter from Pyotr Petrovich, he is ready to do what his relatives think is right. Dunya believes that Rodion must certainly be present during Luzhin's visit.
Chapter 4
Sonya came to Raskolnikov with an invitation to Marmeladov's funeral. Despite the fact that the girl's reputation does not allow her to communicate on an equal footing with Rodion's mother and sister, the young man introduces her to those close to her. Leaving, Dunya bowed to Sonya, which very much embarrassed the girl.
When Sonya was walking home, some stranger who turned out to be her neighbor began to pursue her (further on in the plot it becomes clear that it was Svidrigailov).
CHAPTER 5
Raskolnikov and Razumikhin go to Porfiry, as Rodion asked a friend to introduce him to the investigator. Raskolnikov turns to Porfiry with the question of how he can claim his right to the things that he pledged to the old woman. The investigator says that he needs to submit an ad to the police, and that his things have not disappeared, since he remembers them among those seized by the investigation.
Discussing the murder of the pawnbroker with Porfiry, the young man realizes that he is also suspected. Porfiry recalls Raskolnikov's article. In it, Rodion sets out his own theory that people are divided into "ordinary" (the so-called "material") and "extraordinary" (talented, able to say "a new word") ":" ordinary people should live in obedience and have no right to overstep law ". "And the extraordinary have the right to commit all sorts of crimes and in every possible way to break the law, in fact, because they are extraordinary." Porfiry asks Raskolnikov whether he considers himself to be such an "extraordinary" person and whether he is capable of killing or robbing, Raskolnikov replies that "very much may be."
Clarifying the details of the case, the investigator asks Raskolnikov if he saw, for example, during his last visit to the usurer, the dyers. Delaying with the answer, the young man says that he did not see. Razumikhin is immediately responsible for his friend, that he was with the old woman three days before the murder, when the dyers were not there yet, because they were working on the day of the murder. Students leave Porfiry.
Chapter 6
A stranger was waiting near Rodion's house, who called Rodion a murderer and, not wanting to explain himself, leaves.
At home Raskolnikov again began to suffer from fever. The young man dreamed of this stranger, who beckoned him to the apartment of the old woman-pawnbroker. Rodion hit Alena Ivanovna on the head with an ax, but she laughs. The student tries to escape, but sees around a crowd of people condemning him. Rodion wakes up.
Svidrigailov comes to Raskolnikov.
Part four
Chapter 1
Raskolnikov is not happy with the arrival of Svidrigailov, as Dunya's reputation has been seriously damaged because of him. Arkady Ivanovich expresses the opinion that he and Rodion are very similar: "the same field of berries." Svidrigailov tries to persuade Raskolnikov to arrange a meeting with Dunya, since his wife left the girl three thousand, and he himself would like to give Duna ten thousand for all the troubles caused to her. Rodion refuses to arrange their meeting.
Chapters 2-3
In the evening, Raskolnikov and Razumikhin visit Rodion's mother and sister. Luzhin is outraged that the women did not take into account his request, and does not want to discuss the details of the wedding under Raskolnikov. Luzhin reminds Dunya of the disastrous situation her family is in, reproaching the girl for not realizing her happiness. Dunya says that she cannot choose between brother and groom. Luzhin is angry, they are quarreling, and the girl asks Pyotr Petrovich to leave.
Chapter 4
Raskolnikov comes to Sonya. "Son's room looked like a barn, looked like a very irregular quadrangle, and this gave it something ugly." During the conversation, the young man asks what will happen to the girl now, because she is now wearing an almost crazy mother, brother and sister. Sonya says that she cannot leave them, because without her they will simply starve to death. Raskolnikov bows to Sonya at the feet, the girl thinks that the young man is insane, but Rodion explains his act: "I bowed not to you, I bowed to all human suffering."
Rodion draws attention to the New Testament lying on the table. Raskolnikov asks to read to him the chapter on the resurrection of Lazarus: "The stub has long been extinguished in a crooked candlestick, dimly illuminating in this beggarly room the murderer and the harlot, who have strangely come together to read the eternal book." Leaving, Rodion promises to come the next day and tell Sonya who killed Lizaveta.
All their conversation was heard by Svidrigailov, who was in the next room.
CHAPTER 5
The next day Raskolnikov comes to Porfiry Petrovich with a request to return his things to him. The investigator again tries to check the young man. Unable to bear it, Rodion, very nervous, asks Porfiry to finally find him guilty or innocent of the murder of the old woman. However, the investigator avoids answering, saying that there is a surprise in the next room, but does not tell the young man which one.
Chapter 6
Unexpectedly for Raskolnikov and Porfiry, the dyer Mikola is brought in, who, in front of everyone, confesses to the murder of Alena Ivanovna. Raskolnikov returns home and, on the threshold of his apartment, meets that mysterious tradesman who called him a murderer. The man apologizes for his words: as it turned out, he was the "surprise" prepared by Porfiry and was now repenting of his mistake. Rodion feels calmer.
Part five
Chapter 1
Luzhin believes that Raskolnikov is solely to blame for their quarrel with Dunya. Pyotr Petrovich thinks that in vain he did not give the Raskolnikov money before the wedding: this would solve many problems. Wanting to take revenge on Rodion, Luzhin asks his roommate Lebezyatnikov, who is well acquainted with Sonya, to call the girl to him. Pyotr Petrovich apologizes to Sonya that he will not be able to attend the funeral (although he was invited), and gives her ten rubles. Lebezyatnikov notices that Luzhin is up to something, but does not yet understand what it is.
Chapter 2
Katerina Ivanovna arranged a good memorial service for her husband, but many of those invited did not come. Raskolnikov was also present here. Ekaterina Ivanovna begins to quarrel with the owner of the apartment, Amalia Ivanovna, because she invited just anyone, and not "better people and precisely the acquaintances of the deceased." During their quarrel, Pyotr Petrovich comes.
Chapter 3
Luzhin reports that Sonya stole a hundred rubles from him, and his neighbor Lebezyatnikov is a witness to this. The girl is at first lost, but quickly begins to deny her guilt and gives Pyotr Petrovich his ten rubles. Not believing in the guilt of the girl, Katerina Ivanovna begins to turn out her daughter's pockets in front of everyone and a hundred-ruble bill falls out. Lebezyatnikov understands that Luzhin has tied him into an awkward situation and tells those present that he remembered how Pyotr Petrovich himself slipped money into Sonya. Raskolnikov defends Sonya. Luzhin shouts and gets angry, promises to call the police. Amalia Ivanovna kicks Katerina Ivanovna out of the apartment with her children.
Chapter 4
Raskolnikov goes to Sonya, wondering whether to tell the girl who killed Lizaveta. The young man understands that he must tell everything. Tormented, Rodion tells the girl that he knows the killer and that he killed Lizaveta by accident. Sonya understands everything and, sympathizing with Raskolnikov, says that there is no one more miserable than him in the whole world now. She is ready to go after him even to hard labor. Sonya asks Rodion why he went to kill, if he didn't even take the loot, to which the young man replies that he wanted to become Napoleon: "I wanted to dare and killed ... I just wanted to dare, Sonya, that's the whole reason!" ... “I had another need to find out whether I could step over or I could not! Am I a trembling creature or have the right. "
Sonya says that he needs to go and confess what he has done, then God will forgive him and "life will send again."
CHAPTER 5
Lebeziatnikov comes to Sonya and says that Katerina Ivanovna has gone crazy: the woman made the children beg for alms, walks down the street, hits the pan and makes the children sing and dance. They help Katerina Ivanovna to be taken to Sonya's room, where the woman dies.
Svidrigailov approached Rodion, who was with Sonya. Arkady Ivanovich says that he will pay for Katerina Ivanovna's funeral, arrange the children in orphanages and take care of Sonya's fate, asking to tell Duna that he will spend the ten thousand that he wanted to give her. When Rodion asked why Arkady Ivanovich became so generous, Svidrigailov replies that he heard all their conversations with Sonya through the wall.
Part six
Chapters 1-2
Funeral of Katerina Ivanovna. Razumikhin tells Rodion that Pulcheria Alexandrovna is ill.
Porfiry Petrovich comes to Raskolnikov. The investigator declares that he suspects Rodion of murder. He advises the young man to come to the police station with a confession, giving two days for reflection. Nevertheless, there is no evidence against Raskolnikov, and he has not yet confessed to the murder.
Chapters 3-4
Raskolnikov understands that he needs to talk to Svidrigailov: "in this man there was some kind of power over him." Rodion meets Arkady Ivanovich at the tavern. Svidrigailov tells the young man about his relationship with his late wife and that he really was very much in love with Dunya, but now he has a bride.
CHAPTER 5
Svidrigailov leaves the inn, after which, in secret from Raskolnikov, meets with Dunya. Arkady Ivanovich insists that the girl go to his apartment. Svidrigailov tells Duna about the conversation between Sonya and Rodion overheard. The man promises to save Raskolnikov in exchange for Dunya's affection and affection. The girl wants to leave, but the door is locked. Dunya takes out a hidden revolver, shoots the man several times, but does not hit, and asks to let her go. Svidrigailov gives Duna the key. The girl, having thrown down her weapon, leaves.
Chapter 6
Svidrigailov spends the whole evening in taverns. Returning home, the man went to Sonya. Arkady Ivanovich tells her that he may leave for America. The girl thanks him for arranging the funeral and helping the orphans. The man gives her three thousand rubles so that she can live a normal life. The girl at first refuses, but Svidrigailov says that he knows that she is ready to go to hard labor for Rodion and she will definitely need the money.
Svidrigailov wanders into the wilderness of the city, where he stays at a hotel. At night, he dreams of a teenage girl who died long ago because of him, drowning herself after a man broke her heart. Going out into the street at dawn, Svidrigailov shot himself in the head with Dunya's revolver.
Chapter 7
Raskolnikov says goodbye to his sister and mother. The young man tells his relatives that he is going to confess to the murder of the old woman, promises to start a new life. Rodion regrets that he could not cross the cherished threshold of his own theory and his conscience.
Chapter 8
Raskolnikov goes to Sonya. The girl puts on him a cypress pectoral cross, advising him to go to the intersection, kiss the ground and say out loud "I am a killer." Rodion does as Sonya said, after which he goes to the police station and confesses to the murder of the old money-lender and her sister. There, the young man learns about Svidrigailov's suicide.
Epilogue
Chapter 1
Rodion is sentenced to eight years in hard labor in Siberia. Pulcheria Alexandrovna fell ill at the beginning of the trial (her illness was nervous, more like insanity) and Dunya and Razumikhin took her away from Petersburg. The woman comes up with a story that Raskolnikov left and lives with this invention.
Sonya leaves for a party of prisoners, in which Raskolnikov was sent to hard labor. Dunya and Razumikhin got married, both plan to move to Siberia in five years. After a while, Pulcheria Alexandrovna dies of longing for her son. Sonya regularly writes to Rodion's relatives about his life in hard labor.
Chapter 2
In hard labor, Rodion could not find a common language with other prisoners: everyone did not like him and avoided him, considering him an atheist. The young man reflects on his fate, he is ashamed that he ruined his life so ineptly and stupidly. Svidrigailov, who managed to commit suicide, seems to the young man stronger in spirit than himself.
All the prisoners fell in love with Sonya, who came to Rodion, and when they met, they took off their hats in front of her. The girl gave them money and things from loved ones.
Raskolnikov fell ill, is in the hospital, recovering heavily and slowly. Sonya visited him regularly and one day Rodion, crying, rushed to her feet and began to hug the girl's knees. Sonia was frightened at first, but after that she realized "that he loves, loves her endlessly." "They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of another."
Conclusion
In the novel "Crime and Punishment" Dostoevsky examines the issues of human morality, virtue and the human right to kill one's neighbor. Using the example of the protagonist, the author shows that any crime is impossible without punishment - student Raskolnikov, who, wishing to become as great a person as his idol Napoleon, kills the old woman pawnbroker, but cannot bear the moral torment after what he did and himself confesses his fault. In the novel, Dostoevsky emphasizes that even the greatest goals and ideas are not worth human life.
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Crime and Punishment is the most famous novel by F.M. Dostoevsky, who made a powerful revolution in public consciousness. Writing a novel symbolizes the discovery of a higher, new stage in the work of a genius writer. In the novel, with the psychologism inherent in Dostoevsky, the path of the restless human soul through the thorns of suffering to the comprehension of the Truth is shown.
History of creation
The way of creating the work was very difficult. The idea of the novel with the underlying theory of the "superman" began to emerge while the writer was in hard labor, it matured for many years, but the very idea of revealing the essence of "ordinary" and "extraordinary" people crystallized during Dostoevsky's stay in Italy ...
The beginning of work on the novel was marked by the merger of two drafts - the unfinished novel "Drunken" and the outline of the novel, the plot of which is based on the confession of one of the convicts. Subsequently, the plot was based on the story of a poor student Rodion Raskolnikov, who killed an old woman-lender for the good of his family. The life of the big city, full of drama and conflict, became one of the main characters of the novel.
Fyodor Mikhailovich worked on the novel in 1865-1866, and almost immediately after graduation in 1866 it was published in the journal "Russian Bulletin". The response among reviewers and the literary community at the time was very stormy - from wild admiration to bitter rejection. The novel has undergone repeated dramatization and was subsequently filmed. The first theatrical performance in Russia took place in 1899 (it is noteworthy that it was staged abroad 11 years earlier).
Description of the work
The action takes place in a poor area of St. Petersburg in the 1860s. Rodion Raskolnikov, a former student, pawns the last valuable thing to the old woman-usurer. Filled with hatred for her, he is plotting a terrible murder. On the way home, he looks into one of the drinking establishments, where he meets the completely degraded official Marmeladov. Rodion listens to painful revelations about the unfortunate fate of his daughter, Sonya Marmeladova, who, at the suggestion of her stepmother, was forced to earn a living for her family by prostitution.
Soon Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother and is horrified by the moral violence against his younger sister Dunya, which was perpetrated on her by the cruel and depraved landowner Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov's mother hopes to arrange the fate of her children by marrying her daughter to Pyotr Luzhin, a very wealthy man, but at the same time everyone understands that there will be no love in this marriage and the girl will again be doomed to suffering. Rodion's heart breaks with pity for Sonya and Duna, and the thought of killing the hated old woman is firmly entrenched in his mind. He is going to spend the money of the pawnbroker, earned in an unrighteous way, on a good cause - the deliverance of suffering girls and boys from humiliating poverty.
Despite the aversion to bloody violence rising in his soul, Raskolnikov nevertheless commits a grave sin. In addition, in addition to the old woman, he kills her meek sister Lizaveta, an unwitting witness to a serious crime. Rodion hardly manages to escape from the scene of the crime, while he hides the old woman's wealth in a random place, without even assessing their real value.
Raskolnikov's mental suffering causes social alienation between him and those around him, and Rodion falls ill from his experiences. Soon he learns that another person is accused of the crime he committed - a simple village guy Mikolka. Painful reactions to the conversations of others about the crime become too noticeable and suspicious.
Further, the novel describes the grievous ordeals of the soul of a student-murderer, trying to find peace of mind, to find at least some moral justification for the crime committed. A bright thread runs through the novel Rodion's communication with the unfortunate, but at the same time kind and highly spiritual girl Sonya Marmeladova. Her soul is troubled by the inconsistency of inner purity with a sinful way of life, and Raskolnikov finds a kindred spirit in this girl. Lonely Sonya and university friend Razumikhin become a support for the tormented former student Rodion.
Over time, the investigator in the murder case, Porfiry Petrovich, finds out the detailed circumstances of the crime and Raskolnikov, after long moral torment, recognizes himself as a murderer and goes to hard labor. Selfless Sonya does not leave her closest friend and goes after him, thanks to the girl, the spiritual transformation of the main character of the novel takes place.
The main characters of the novel
(Illustration by I. Glazunov Raskolnikov in his closet)
The duality of emotional impulses lies in the surname of the protagonist of the novel. His whole life is permeated with the question - will violations of the law be justified if they are committed in the name of love for neighbors? Under the pressure of external circumstances, Raskolnikov, in practice, goes through all circles of moral hell associated with murder for the sake of helping loved ones. Catharsis comes thanks to the most dear person - Sonya Marmeladova, who helps the soul of a restless murderer student to find peace, despite the difficult conditions of a convict existence.
Wisdom and humility bears the image of this amazing, tragic, and at the same time sublime heroine. For the sake of the well-being of her neighbors, she trampled on the most precious thing she has - her female honor. Despite her way of earning money, Sonya does not cause the slightest contempt, her pure soul, adherence to the ideals of Christian morality delights the readers of the novel. Being a faithful and loving friend of Rodion, she goes with him to the very end.
The mysteriousness and ambiguity of this character makes you once again think about the versatility of human nature. A cunning and vicious person on the one hand, by the end of the novel he shows his care and concern for his orphaned children and helps Sonya Marmeladova restore her damaged reputation.
A successful entrepreneur, a person with a respectable appearance, makes a deceptive impression. Luzhin is cold, greedy, does not shun slander, he wants from his wife not love, but exclusively servility and obedience.
Analysis of the work
The compositional construction of the novel is a polyphonic form, where the line of each of the main characters is multifaceted, self-sufficient, and at the same time actively interacts with the themes of the other characters. Also, the peculiarities of the novel are the amazing concentration of events - the time frame of the novel is limited to two weeks, which, with such a significant volume, is a rather rare phenomenon in world literature of that time.
The structural composition of the novel is quite simple - 6 parts, each of them, in turn, is divided into 6-7 chapters. A feature is the lack of synchronization of Raskolnikov's days with the clear and laconic structure of the novel, which emphasizes the confusion of the protagonist's inner state. The first part describes the three days of Raskolnikov's life, and from the second, the number of events grows with each chapter, reaching an amazing concentration.
Another feature of the novel is the hopeless doom and tragic fate of most of its heroes. Until the end of the novel, only young characters will remain with the reader - Rodion and Dunya Raskolnikovs, Sonya Marmeladova, Dmitry Razumikhin.
Dostoevsky himself considered his novel "a psychological account of one crime," he is sure that mental anguish prevails over legal punishment. The main character departs from God and is carried away by the ideas of nihilism, popular at that time, and only towards the end of the novel there is a return to Christian morality, the author leaves the hero with a hypothetical possibility of repentance.
Final conclusion
Throughout the novel "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov's worldview is transformed from one close to Nietzsche, who was obsessed with the idea of a "superman", to a Christian one with his teaching of Divine love, humility and mercy. The social concept of the novel is closely intertwined with the evangelical teaching of love and forgiveness. The entire novel is imbued with the true Christian spirit and makes us perceive all the events and actions of people taking place in life through the prism of the possibility of spiritual transformation of mankind.
UMK line, ed. T.F. Kurdyumova. Literature (5-9)
Literature
The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"
The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"
The origins of the novel
In 1850, Dostoevsky was sent to hard labor in Omsk. It was this difficult experience that became the moment of the birth of the idea of the novel "Crime and Punishment". Later Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote to his brother: “Do you remember, I told you about one confession-novel, which I wanted to write after all, saying that I still have to go through it myself. The other day I completely decided to write it immediately. All my heart with blood will rely on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment of sadness and self-decay ... ". Reflecting on the novel, the writer was going to build a narrative in a confessional form on behalf of the protagonist. All anxieties, torments, mental throwing, hard labor experience were to become the basis of the work. But the emphasis was placed not only on the deep personal experiences of Rodion Raskolnikov, but also on the behavior and personalities of other characters - strong ones who had trampled the hero's long-standing beliefs.
Illustration by D. Shmarinov
Physical fatigue, the difficult life of an exiled convict did not allow him to start work in Omsk. However, the writer has already well thought out the plot of the future work. Not only crime, not only punishment, but the whole life of the people of the nineteenth century in its undisguised and, at times unsightly, reality: "My whole heart will rely with blood in this novel." Despite the fact that the idea of the book was hatched for several years, the main idea of an ordinary and extraordinary person was born only in 1863 in Italy.
For six long years, while the novel "Crime and Punishment" was only an idea, Dostoevskaya wrote several works: "The Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead" and "Notes from the Underground". All of the books dealt with the fate of the poor and their confrontation with the harsh reality. On June 8, 1865, Fyodor Mikhailovich offered his novel "The Drunken" to the publisher of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski AA. Kraevsky. It was in this work that the characters of the Marmeladov family appeared. However, the writer was refused. In dire need of money, Dostoevsky entered into an agreement with another publisher on difficult conditions for him: he gave the rights to his collected works in three volumes and undertook to write a new novel by November 1 of the following year.
"Two giants", "blocks", "giants", "two geniuses of the golden age of Russian culture", "the greatest writers in the history of culture." This was the name given by the contemporaries of two great Russian writers - Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy. And these high ranks remain with them to this day: no one has ever competed for them.
Beginning of work
Having completed the deal, Dostoevsky paid off his creditors and went abroad. But, being a gambler, in just five days the writer lost all his money and again found himself in a difficult position. In the place where he stayed then (Wiesbaden, Germany), in view of the fact that the guest was insolvent, the hotel owners refused him first in the lunches, and then in the light. It was here that the time came for the creation of the novel: in the absence of light and food, Dostoevsky began working on a book that would become one of the greatest in world literature.
To finish the novel by the deadline, Dostoevsky had to work very hastily. About his work, he writes that this is a "psychological account of one crime." It was here, in the hotel, that the idea of the novel changed - it was no longer just a confession of a person who had committed a crime. The writer added the once invented and described events about the difficult fate of one family - this is how Marmeladov's story appeared in the novel "Crime and Punishment". As a result, the author himself became the narrator, not the killer character.
It is believed that the plot about the murder of an old money-lender with an ax was suggested to the writer by a real crime. In January 1865, a twenty-seven-year-old resident of Moscow, Gerasim Chistov, a schismatic by his religious convictions, killed two elderly women with an ax and stole valuables and money. It is known that Dostoevsky was familiar with the report on this case and, apparently, took the history of this crime as a basis. The author explained the reason for the murder committed by Raskolnikov simply: the old woman was stupid and evil, no one needed, and her money could save the relatives and friends of the young man.
Writing process
In November 1865, Dostoevsky declared the written material unusable and destroyed the notes, starting to write again. Now a new thought has been added to the old ideas. Raskolnikov not only wants to kill and rob the old woman, by his act he literally wants to do good to those around him: “I am not the kind of person to allow the bastard to be defenseless weakness. I will intercede. I want to intervene. "
Since the deadline for submitting the work to the publisher approached, and the novel was not ready, Dostoevsky interrupted to write his other novel, The Gambler. Having thus fulfilled the promise given to the publisher, Fyodor Mikhailovich again returns to Crime and Punishment. A month later, the writer presented the initial pages of the novel to the publisher of the Russian Bulletin magazine M. Katkov and then sent the novel in parts as it was written. In 1866, the Russian Bulletin published the first part of the book.
Illustration by D. Shmarinov
Published in the magazine enjoyed great success with readers. The novel was being finished in Russia on the estate of his sister near Moscow. By the end of the year, the work was completed. In Fyodor Mikhailovich's workbooks, there are many entries that allow one to comprehend the full depth of the author's thoughts and torments. The writer chose whether to leave the duality of character to Raskolnikov or not. Deciding that the hero in his "throwing" is more complete, Dostoevsky emphasized the change in the characters and views of the young man. It was in the final version of the novel that the very Napoleonic idea of "trembling creatures" and "masters" appeared. Now Raskolnikov is no longer just a savior, but also a vain man hungry for power: “I am taking power, I am getting strength — whether it’s money or power — not for the bad. I bring happiness. "
A character like Raskolnikov could not simply end up with self-forgiveness, trial or suicide. Dostoevsky wanted to create the finale of God's salvation for the repentant sinner. However, the representative of such a higher court was not Christ, but a man - Sonechka Marmeladova. In the last edition of the novel, Dostoevsky wrote: “The idea of the novel. I. Orthodox view, what is Orthodoxy. There is no happiness in comfort; happiness is bought by suffering. This is the law of our planet, but this direct consciousness, felt by the everyday process, is such a great joy that can be paid for by years of suffering. Man is not born to be happy. A person deserves happiness, and always suffering. There is no injustice here, because vital knowledge and consciousness is acquired by experience “for” and “against”, which needs to be dragged on oneself. " And the work had to end with the words: "Inscrutable are the ways in which the god of man finds." However, as we know, "Crime and Punishment" ends with completely different lines.
"Two giants", "blocks", "giants", "two geniuses of the golden age of Russian culture", "the greatest writers in the history of culture." This was the name given by the contemporaries of two great Russian writers - Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy. And these high ranks remain with them to this day: no one has ever competed for them.
The result of writing a novel for Dostoevsky
The reaction of contemporaries
Dostoevsky's collaboration with the Russkiy Vestnik magazine began in an unusual way. After the writer sent Katkov the plan for the novel, the publisher sent an advance payment to Wiesbaden without any clarification. By that time, Dostoevsky had already left the city without receiving the money on time. Then the writer sent the first pages of "Crime and Punishment", but did not receive any letters with a response from the editorial board. Weeks dragged on, and Dostoevsky could not comprehend the fate of his novel. Finally tormented, the writer sent a letter where he asked, in case of rejection of the work, his manuscript back.
Finally, a reply came from the publisher, in which the editorial staff explained the hitch and reported that the beginning had already gone to press. Later Dostoevsky learned that his novel literally saved the magazine - there was a "lull" in writing, nothing came from either Turgenev or Tolstoy. At this very time, the first pages of "Crime and Punishment" came. The editors feared Dostoevsky, but due to difficulties they agreed to publish his novel. Suddenly, the collaboration became successful for everyone: Dostoevsky received the money he needed so much, and the circulation of the magazine, thanks to the interesting work, increased dramatically.
Contemporaries assessed the novel differently. Some critics (for example, G. Eliseev) passionately attacked the writer, scolding the writer for excessive bitterness, an unaesthetic description of the area and situation (N. Akhsharumov), condemnation of the existing way of life and the student body in general. In Iskra magazine, Dostoevsky was called almost a plagiarist and a writer of caricatures of nihilists. In the work they saw hints of something that the novel by no means carried, for example, "The Week" condemned for the parallel between people engaged in natural sciences, but becoming murderers and prostitutes.
Each critic, according to personal convictions, saw something of his own in the novel. For example, D. Pisarev believed that the reason for Raskolnikov's behavior lies only in his material difficulties. There would be no cramped circumstances - there would be no crazy ideas. An empty pocket became the real reason for Rodion's "infection", and the developed theory and consequences - a riotous blooming disease.
Despite the claims of critics, "Crime and Punishment" became a great and recognized work already during F.M. Dostoevsky. In Europe, the writer was known long before his significant novels. After the release of the novel "about the murder of an old woman," the work was translated into other languages: into German - in 1882, into French - in 1884, and into English - in 1886.
Today, in world literature, Dostoevsky's novels and, in particular, "Crime and Punishment" are recognized as one of the most significant works of all times and peoples.
From the textbook, you can glean detailed information about the works of classical Russian literature of the 19th century.
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FM Dostoevsky nurtured the idea of the novel “Crime and Punishment” for six years: in October 1859 he wrote to his brother: “In December I will start a novel. do you remember, I told you about one confession - a novel that I wanted to write after all, saying that I still need to
Survive. The other day I completely decided to write it immediately. All my heart with blood will rely on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment. "- judging by the writer's letters and notebooks, we are talking about the ideas of" Crime and Punishment "- the novel originally existed in the form of Raskolnikov's confession. In Dostoevsky's rough notebooks one can find the following entry: “Aleko killed. The awareness that he himself is not worthy of his ideal, which torments his soul. Here is a crime and punishment ”(we are talking about Pushkin's“ Gypsies ”).
The final plan is shaped by the big shocks that
Dostoevsky survived, and this plan combined two originally different creative ideas.
After the death of his brother, Dostoevsky finds himself in terrible material need. The threat of a debt prison hangs over him. All year Fyodor Mikhailovich was forced to turn to St. Petersburg usurers, interest-holders and other creditors.
In July 1865, he offered the editor of Otechestvennye zapiski, AA Kraevsky, a new work: “My novel is called“ Drunken ”and will be in connection with the current question of drunkenness. Not only the question is sorted out, but all its ramifications are presented, mainly the pictures of families, the upbringing of children in this environment, and so on. and so on. ”. Due to financial difficulties, Kraevsky did not accept the proposed novel, and Dostoevsky went abroad to concentrate on creative work away from creditors, but there, too, history repeats itself: in Wiesbaden, Dostoevsky loses everything at roulette, right down to his pocket watch.
In September 1865, addressing the publisher MN Katkov to the Russian Bulletin magazine, Dostoevsky described the novel's intention as follows: “This is a psychological account of one crime. The action is modern this year. A young man expelled from university students, a philistine by birth and living in extreme poverty, out of frivolity, out of shakiness in concepts, succumbing to some strange, "unfinished" ideas that are floating in the air, decided to get out of his bad situation at once. He decided to kill an old woman, a titular counselor who gives money for interest. in order to make her mother, who lives in the district, happy, to save her sister, who lives in companions with some landowners, from the voluptuous claims of the head of this landowner family - claims threatening her with death, to finish the course, go abroad and then be honest, firm all my life , unswerving in the fulfillment of the “humane duty to humanity”, which will, of course, “obliterate the crime”, if one can only call this act a crime against an old deaf, stupid, evil and sick woman who herself does not know why she lives in the world and who in a month, perhaps, she would have died of herself.
He spends almost a month before the final disaster. There is no suspicion of him and cannot be. This is where the entire psychological process of crime unfolds. Unsolved questions rise up before the killer, unsuspecting and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, the earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being forced to convey to himself. Compelled, though to die in hard labor, but to join people again, the feeling of openness and disunity with humanity, which he felt immediately after the crime was committed, tortured him. The law of truth and human nature took their toll. The offender himself decides to accept the torment in order to atone for his cause. "
Katkov immediately sends the author an advance. FM Dostoevsky has been working on the novel all autumn, but at the end of November he burns all the drafts: “. much has been written and ready; I burned everything. a new form, a new plan carried me away, and I started over again. "
In February 1866, Dostoevsky informs his friend AE Wrangel: “About two weeks ago, the first part of my novel was published in the January book of the Russian Bulletin. It's called Crime and Punishment. I've already heard many rave reviews. There are bold and new things there. ”
In the fall of 1866, when Crime and Punishment is almost ready, Dostoevsky starts again: under a contract with the publisher Stellovsky, he was supposed to present a new novel by November 1 (we are already talking about The Gambler), and in case of non-fulfillment of the contract, the publisher will receive the right for 9 years "for free and as it pleases" to publish everything that will be written by Dostoevsky.
By the beginning of October Dostoevsky had not yet begun writing The Gambler, and his friends advise him to turn to the help of shorthand, which at that time was just beginning to enter life. The young stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, invited by Dostoevsky, was the best student of the St. Petersburg stenography courses, she was distinguished by her outstanding intelligence, strong character and deep interest in literature. The Gambler was completed on time and handed over to the publisher, and Snitkina soon becomes the wife and assistant of the writer. In November and December 1866, Dostoevsky dictated to Anna Grigorievna the last, sixth part and the epilogue "Crime and Punishment", which were published in the December issue of the magazine "Russian Bulletin", and in March 1867 the novel was published as a separate edition.
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