They defeated incurable diseases. The main diseases of the Russian population of the XVI - XVII centuries

There is quite a lot about the life of our ancestors. Information collected by historians and archaeologists, the chronicles and legends, sufficiently recreate the pictures of the past. There are many historical monuments of writers who describe the heroic past or casual life . There are evidence among them folk Medicine, containing long-term forgotten, little-known and poorly studied recipes and tips, reflecting the identity of the Russian people. All this is the findings of folk intuition, which were transmitted from generation to generation, passing the test of time. Many of these tips of the old Russian drugs did not lose their medical meaning And if you carefully treat them, they can bring their "fellow benefits," as they sometimes loved, according to eyewitnesses, Peter the first.

What were the patients of the then drugs? According to legends in the fifteenth century, the Russian was a robust, strong, surprisingly patient and unpretentious in human food. However, in behavior, he was distinguished by passivity, phlegmaticity and even some lethargy. The people acted rigid, where there was no place weak and weak. They died back in infancy, and no one really tried to save them. But the survivors differed in particularly resistant to the adverse circumstances of the environment. Very early children took away from the chest. In the third month, he was already translated by a goat or cow's milk, giving a vigorous meakish ("doll") from black bread wrapped into the ochlocked cloth. After a while, the child was completely translated into food by those products that they consumed adults. In addition to the rough shirts of clothes, this child was not. Half-roll and bare guys were rushed through the streets of the villages to the very first snow. At a very early age, the children began to work, performing the heavy peasant work.

Peasant lunch during the harvest. Artist Konstantin Egorovich Makovsky

The life of a Russian person has little to excesses. The main diet included cereal, black rye bread, Various roots, onions, fish and kvass. Often in numerous families of products lacked. Malnutrition contributed to constantly observed religious posts. In search of the Earth and the best places of residence, Russian people were launched on a trip, mastering Eastern lands, suffering strules and angry, durable by the then rulers.
Despite the excellent and fortress of the body, the medium Russian was a peace-loving person, did not love to fight. Unlike the Germans who were very often hired into different troops and took part in almost all european wars, Russians were kept by bad warriors.

The average life expectancy was not large. Frequent, diseases caused by adverse life conditions, did not allow the river life to fully fully and carried into the world of other masses of the population.
The disease caused by the cold very often did not pay attention. She was called "Poplard" and it was believed that everything would be going through. Diseases associated with nervous systemexplained as damage, evil eye or conspiracy. Among the diseases often overwhelmed, simple people distinguished the gentle, interior pain, edema, dry shot, stone disease, loft, deafness, hernia (hernia), dental pain and so on.

The fellow man first turned to healing prayers. It was believed that God gave a disease as a test, which means he is heal, if he is convinced of the hard faith of his Chad. Prayers strict post, touching the miraculous icons and relics of saints is the main weapon against the diseases of the then Russian person. But, along with such methods, practical ways existed. They were the first evidence of the origin of medicine in Russia. Some methods were based on early achievements of medicine and practiced monasticherycamine. Others - folk signs who inherited them since the times of paganism. For many of these signs, they recognized considerable power. There are evidence that to cure a patient with their own ways, the meaningal should be removed native Cross. And only then his efforts could bring the result. Most often there were women with such signs. It was believed that the gift of the wicked, the departments are transmitted mainly on the female line as the woman was the first one who succumbed to the devilish influence.

The church has negatively belonged to the signs, and she also took responsibility not only for the spiritual, but also the bodily health of people. The very first hospitals appeared just with church institutions. Especially famous for those days Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Rev. Anthony was considered magnificent. Another Alimpiy's healer distinguished himself that he managed to raise the legs and already half a man.
But among the signs also grabbed the skillful healers. Some specialized in jerking teeth, others were played with hernia or bones, the third "took" damage, and someone had versed in healing herbs. There were peculiar unicumes that relied in treatment only on their fantasy. So one Moscow Venne has saved people from headaches with strong landfills. He argued that, embraced in the head, scared and turns to the enemies of the patient.
Cognition of herbs called in a cue. Even the princes and resorted to their services. Vintage sources say that one day, Boris Godunov himself addressed the services of such a "specialist". A certain boyars wife boasted that her husband dismantled in herbs and then the king ordered urgently to deliver this person to him. He himself strongly suffered from gout attacks. But the boyar was distinguished and began to say that he could not treat herbs, in this all his wife specifically substituted him in this way. For the stubbornness of the character, it was ordered to vote and if not formed after a while, cut off. Frightened herbalist agreed to treat the king. From his estate near Serpukhov, various herbs were delivered, from which baths and decoctions were prepared. Having accepted all the procedures, the king unexpectedly felt herself healthy. Then he ordered to quickly truck the unfortunate meaning, for hiding his abilities and rewarded it with various gifts, among whom were serfs.

Fedor Alekseev - Red Square

There were in Russia and doctors. They arrived mainly from Bohemia and England. They used big confidence among royal people, but there were no problems. They were experiencing special difficulties in the treatment of species of female, which could not be "to contemplate without fullesting them." The diagnosis could be put only from the words of the patient of the type "hurts in the sideline itself", "pulls from the back", "grind in the right side" and the like. In addition, after the adoption, an instant effect was expected. And if this was not, the drug was recognized as unsuitable for treatment and the requirement was put forward so that the doctor makes another. All the failures were put in the guilt of the drug, which was accounted for, as if walking along the blade. So the Bohemian healer Anton Erenztein who was in Moscow at Ivan Ivan, could not save the stayed in the capital of Tatar Prince Karakchu. For which he was issued to his son, who squealed his head "Yako Sheep" on the banks of the river in the retaield. He lost his head on the plate, built on the Dwelvanovka, a certain "Mistra Leon", which failed in the treatment of the Son Ivan the Third. The execution took place under the approving exclamations of Muscovites: "Fucking Warmer and Flour!"
Not knowing about the steep Moscow orders and in the hope of ease of foreign erosion, they fell into a difficult situation. If you wish to return home to the homeland, it is necessary to resolve only the king itself.
but ordinary people It was not enough and the "right" medicine was not available for them. With Mikhail Romanov in Moscow, there was a single pharmacy. To obtain a medicine, it was necessary for the permission of the sovereign itself. And the Lecari Inogenians did not use much popularity, and they were considered to be treated with sin. Specially did not love in Moscow, Jews, who ended up dangerous more than other foreign people. A lot of time passed while people began to trust the professional qualities of the healer, not paying attention to its origin and religion.

The Russian educated appeared at the beginning of the eighteenth century. His name was Peter Vasilyevich Non. He successfully graduated from the university in Padua, and then significantly became famous in his homeland.
However, development modern medicine not overshadily vintage recipes. Over time, they began to collect and write. The people began to walk various "herbalists" and "hospital". There were translations of foreign books. One of these books was born in 1580 by order of Serpukhov's governor and was a translation from Polish. It contained information about herbs, alcohol tinctures, about the treatment of stones and the like. Unfortunately, the book burned down in 1812, and the certificate of its existence can be found in Karamzin.
For a while, against the treatment of herbs, the official church was sharply opposed, but at the end of the seventeenth century the storm subsided, and the church heads themselves were not bent to use popular recipes.

The mystery of the mysterious Russian soul for many centuries was trying to comprehend foreign guests and merchants attending at first Russia, and then - Russian Empire. Worldwide famous classics russian literature Also, they were not left aside from the decision of the riddles of the Russian mentality - in their works they tried to describe Russian men and women and as fully uncover the edges of their character and the peculiarities of the worldview. But nevertheless, even now, the majority of foreigners are Russians seem mysterious and in many ways incomprehensible, and Russians themselves can unmistakably distinguish their compatriots among the crowd of foreigners in another country. But what is the peculiarity of the mentality and psychology of Russians, what makes them such unlike representatives of other peoples?

National Features of Russians

The national characteristics of the nature of the Russians were formed over the centuries, and the basis of the unique mentality of the nation began to be laid during the days of the Middle Ages, when most Russians lived in the villages and led the collective farm. It is from those centuries for the Russian opinion of society and their own position in the team began to mean a lot. Also at that time began to form and such national trait Russians, as and commitment to patriarchal traditions - From the cohesion of the collective and on the presence of a strong leader, the survival and well-being of the entire village, parish, etc. depended in many ways.

These features are inherent in the psychology of Russians and now - most of the representatives of the nation are confident that the country needs a strong leader, do not consider themselves the right to openly criticize and challenge the decisions of superior persons, and are ready to support the government anyway. In relation to the role of each individual in society, the Russian mentality, as well as geographical position Russia, is located between the "West" and "East": It is difficult for representatives of this nation to adopt the Western European model of society, in which the individuality of each individual is considered unconditional value, but also to such a privilege role of a team over an individual, as it is typical of the Chinese, the Russians do not have . We can say that the Russians were able to find " golden middle"Between collectivism and individualism - they give great importance Public opinion and its role in the team, but at the same time be able to appreciate the individuality and uniqueness of the personality of each person.

One more national feature The nature of the Russians, which distinguishes it from the mentality of other nations, is considered the "latitude" of the soul of the Russian man. Of course, the soul can not be wide in the literal sense of the word, and under this expression it is understood that Russian people have the following features of nature:

Russian psychology in personal life and in everyday life

Most Russian people believe that spiritual is more important than material, so they do not make the goal of their lives earn millions, but choose other priorities - family, self-development, etc. representatives of this people are characterized by "light" attitude to money - The Russian person will not be too much to lose heart during, as well as often prefer to spend money on something pleasant for himself, and not to save finances for the future.

However, despite this attitude to finance, the Russians love luxury and courage, so they do not regret money on expensive renovation in housing, fashionable gadgets and status items. In the homes of Russians, in addition to furniture and household appliances, there are many interior decorations - a variety of souvenirs, figurines and other cute baubles. It is also not uncommon when there will be any unnecessary things in the storeroom or at home - Russian people from the time of existence of the USSR still did not quite get rid of the habit of keeping about the reserve everything that mayoretically come in handy in the future.

In love relationships, Russian men are gallant, romantic, generous and cavulus and always seek to surround their heart lady to the maximum concern. Russian women are able to completely dissolve in the beloved person, are ready to go for victims for the sake of love and are sure that "with a cute paradise and in the chaolache." In most Russian families between husband and wife, an equal relationship, but still care for children and household affairs are predominantly female business, And making money for the whole family - male.

N. Kostomaraov

Russians generally went to the bath very often: she was the first need for domestic life, both for cleanliness and for some pleasure. Almost every wealthy house had its own soap (...]; Moreover, for prosecution and for visitors, there were public or royal soaps everywhere in the cities, where the money was paid for the entrance, which constituted the branch of royal revenues throughout the state. According to the news of Cumchina, the greatestly gathered in this way to two thousand rubles from all the soaps that were in the deputy courtyard. My soaps were generally treated every week alone, and sometimes two times. In the summer heat, they were forbidden to stir into fire prevention, with some exceptions for patients and herds, in the will of the governor. Then the royal soaps were especially filled; However, the prohibition of drowning their own concerned more subsidence and peasants; people higher meaning Always used an exception. The sauna for Russian was as needed that therefore for the prohibition of healing them, the inhabitants threatened to spread apart from their homes.

Usually went to the soap after dinner, without being afraid of this harmful consequences. The heat was unbearable. On the benches and shelves, the hay was bent, which was covered with a web. Russian went to him and ordered himself to beat to fatigue, then ran into the air and rushed in the summer in the lake or the river, beyond which was usually built soapy, and in the winter rode in the snow or poured cold water On the frost. You always walked into the soap, he was soared: it was universal custom. There were two branches in public soaps: male and female; They separated one from the other partitions, but the entrance and to the other was one; And men and women, entering and leaving at one door, met with each other Nagishk, were closed by brooms and they talked between them without special confusion, and sometimes they ran out of soap and rode the snow together. In a more distant old antique, it was in the custom and men and women to wash in one soap, and even Chernitsa and the blueberries werehed and bathed together.

[...] Banya was the most important medicine from all diseases: since Russian will feel unhealthy soon, immediately drinks vodka with garlic or pepper, climbs onions and goes to the bath.

For a simple people, the bath was a school of that amazing insensitivity to all the extremes of temperature, what the Russians differed, surprising these foreigners. But as for the highest classes of society, then, with sedentary life, the baths gave rise to inaction and extension; In particular women higher state They differed and seemed hushed and obese.

[...] With the ability and willingness to endure the works and deprivation, the Russian people, although they did not differ in durability, but used generally good health. Of the disease only epidemic, sometimes significant devastation was applied, because measures against them were weak and were limited to the inexperienced effort to prevent infection to spread from place to place. Sea tetry often left terrible traces across Russia. From ordinary diseases, which Russians most often undergoed, were hemariordinal, so characteristic of our climate, referred to in ancient under different names of headache seizures, blood flow, constipation (mortgage), back pain and the like. Nervous diseases, if not too frequent, but they paid attention to their phenomena: epileptic, cataleptic, hysterical seizures were attributed to the damage and influence of mysterious forces, with evil spirits; Diseases these had different folk names, such as: Kamchyg, Frynchug, launcher, relaxation, shaking, IKOT, and so on.; Some cases took place from real diseases, other from imagination. In the XVIV, a syphilitic disease is listed in Russia (secret bent), and in the next century it rather spread and applied emptying in the black people. Walled diseases rarely hit the Russian, accustomed to air and temperature change. As special cases, mentioned in ancient: stone disease, swelling, dry tok, hernia, toothache, deafness, notch, blindness, shutter, who originated from uncertainty, which often spawned other diseases, so approved, had a harmful effect on vision. In general, from diseases were looking for funds most of all in church rites and also resorted to the herbers who made up the class of self-taught - drugs, were given to them often with an extreme chamber. Scientists of physicians were foreigners and were only under the royal court and that small quantity. Under Ivan Vasilyevich, the leakage Inogen was the necessary person for the king, but it was possible to be treated with him, it was possible not otherwise how to bring petitions about it. Also respected for a long time and subsequently, when the number of doctors at the courtyard increased. Under Mikhail Fedorovich, one pharmacy existed in Moscow, from which medications were released on the petition and, moreover, that those who were not very significant, was allowed on the petition not what is needed, but the fact that it was cheaper worth it, not paying attention could Does it bring real benefits. Sometimes Lekary was sent to the war with a medicine and there, in general, a little brought benefit. Under Alexei Mikhailovic, in Moscow there were two pharmacies, but only from one they sold the inhabitants of medicines, and even at high prices, and therefore this pharmacy has much less caused the income of the treasury than the Kabak standing next to her. Of course, the doctors called from abroad were not always good, and at the call of the Russian king, charlatans hurried to Russia. Therefore, it was determined that the doctor who comes to Russia, before in the border city, showed the degree of his art and cured someone. Doctors who lived at the courtyard were extremely stronger than customs and prejudices. In their classes did not respected science, did not put their arts above the Skarsky. Often the kings themselves turned to herbers and signs, as it were, in progress, the doctors, held at their yard. When the doctor used a female person, belonging to the royal family, the strict eastern ceremonies were not disturbed for him, which always surrounded this particular person. The medic should use the patient and guess the disease, without seeing her personally, but only following the stories of the servants. If, with this method, he will be mistaken, he was mistaken in guilt. He was not allowed to recognize the effect of medication on the body of the patient: if the disease was not eased from one reception - according to the concepts of Russians, it meant that the medicine would not help, the physician was ordered to give another and did not allow them to repeat the same several times. As for the people, in general, he did not believe ingenic doctors. The clergy recognized as a sin to be treated in a person of the uninusited faith and, in particular, armed against the Medikov-Jews, so Russian in the XVIVEK, for the fact that he resorted to the Jew's benefit was subjected to excommunication from the church. The time, however, took its own and in this regard: under Alexei Mikhailovic, with the king so pious, one of the courtesy doctors was a Jew.

Sketch of the domestic life and the morals of the Great Russian people in the XVI and XVII centuries. St. Petersburg., I860. P. 98-103.

Miniature: Ryabushkin Andrei Petrovich. Family family in the XVII century.

Hemecari professionals appeared mainly from the Magi Waxes, Kudesnikov, Languarians, Kordunov - this was facilitated by natural observation, the desire to find the solutions of the phenomena of nature, the secrets of the human body. Respect for the natural knowledge of the magicians, many early chronicles are penetrated.

The magicians were "potions" connoisseurs, i.e. medicinal plants. Magi successfully performed in the role of children's doctors, assisted women with infertility, they were invited to houses to patients suffering from infectious diseases, to the wounded and "ulceous" patients.

In early monuments of writing dominates the complete absence of the concepts of "Volkhv", "ORGINE", "HERE", "ZELYNY", "COLOR". By old Russian ideaMagic is high art, Mastery ("Vylic Hytridness"), and Volkhv - there is a "premol", a person with great experience and knowledge.

To show a special depth of medical knowledge from doctors, old Russian literature Assigned epithets of "wise", "Sunters", "Philosofov".

Medicine in Novgorod as an example of medicine in Russia

Novgorod was in the first place among the largest cities of Northern Europe in their sanitary culture and improvement.
Here earlier than in Paris and London on the squares and the streets there were wooden bridges, an extensive underground drainage network of wooden pipes.
Novgorod residents before Kiev (at the end of the IX - early X centuries) began to build wooden lines.
Bath B. Ancient Russia It was widespread much wider than in any european country. Novgorod healers understood well healing power Ban.
Soap at that time imported from abroad and there was a beautiful and comfortable clothing - not only the manifestation of tastes and fashion different epochs, but also a kind of indicator of the sanitary culture of the population. Novgorod residents in the XI - XIII centuries. Dressed in clothes, well maintaining warmth, and reliably protecting the skin from mechanical damage, dust, dirt, insect bites, non-peculiar movements.

For the washing of clothing and washing the body, Novgorod used ragged soils, minerals that have in its composition fat and ash. The linen was boiled in barrels with ash water.

Novgorodians were strong people. Physical work, simple, healthy food, long stay on fresh air increased their resistance to the destructive action of microorganisms.

But the brutal beach of hunger, the epidemic was carried away by many lives. From mid xii to early XVIII in. Plague, OPA, Siberian ulcer, Tif - 17 times the cause of devastating epidemics for Novgorod was caused. Everyone who was capable of fled from the city, leaving him to the care of secular and monastic drugs.
With a constant risk for life, they managed yards and streets. Feed the patients, passing them to eat through the flame of the fire. Drove the dead to distant cemeteries.

The first hospitals were based, mainly in the monasteries. Wooden hospitals were usually located inside a quadrangular space formed by monastic walls. In large monasteries, along with hospitals, the baths and "penetrating" (laundry) were built.

Starting from the XV century. The foci with a hole in the ceiling instead of the chimney replaced the ovens, on the shift, with the time the system of intrauterine pipes with hot air circulating on them came. The windows were closed with mica plate. Patients slept on wooden bars. Instead of mattresses, dry moss were used, straw, reed.

The widespread use of medicines of plant and animal origin was supplemented by techniques from the arsenal of surgical art.
Honor in the ancient Novgorod were surrounded by "Realists" (surgeons). Using the masting extract and the opium tincture, they carried out rather complex operations on the amputation of the limbs, the trepanitations of the skull, waste.

In some chronicles, you can find a description of medical actions. So, judging by the "sophistons of Svyatoslav" (1073, 1076), then the doctor had to, first of all, be a cutter (Surgeon - MM), able to cut the tissues, amputate limbs, produce therapeutic cavities with hot iron, i.e. . Motor Metal: "Iron not news, which makes, but the Doctor of Mest Action Iron." In other chronicles, peculiar illustrations of medical topics attract attention. Thus, the "facial chronicle arch", which covers the period from the "community of the world" to 1567, contains the drawings of the ancient Russian prostheses called the "Wood" or "Toyagi". They were intended for people with amputated limbs. Crutches, also wooden, sometimes with complex devices, used to support the shoulder, knee. In the "arch" there was even a miniature illustrating the process of manufacturing in the forge of an iron attachment to the crutch.

Medical information in the ancient Russian chronicles were most often related to diseases strong Mira of this So, in the "Tale of Bygone Years" (1044) the constant bandage on the themes about the congenital brain hernia made by Prince Vslav. In the Ipatiev Chronicles (1289) there is a documentary and colorful description of the Disease of Prince Vladimir Vasilyevich Volynsky, thanks to which a modern medic can recognize the disease, which is more likely: Most likely, it was cancer of the lower lip. Unfortunately, the Ipatiev Chronicle does not report how they treated the prince - maybe, also because the outcome of treatment was fatal.

Much more and skilled in the chronicler illuminates Vasily III (Father Ivan Grozny), leads an almost clinical description of the course of the disease, which was, in all likelihood, purulent inflammation of the hip joint (purulent arthritis).

A peculiar "history stories" of the RUCK princes, covered in the chronicles, testify to the use and various surgical treatment methods so, in the Nikonovsky chronicles described, as in the "summer 6949" (i.e. in 1441), Dmitry Yuryevich Red Dmitry Dmitry Dmitry during communion Predated qualified medical care His confessor's monk is a Father Osia: with strong bleeding, he successfully used the Tamponada method.
Old Russian historians reported the use of the caustic method (using a burning cloud). According to the Nikonovsky Chronicles, in the "Summer 6970" (in 1462), in the treatment of Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich, who suffered from the "dry disease", was applied to the method of treatment - moxibustion. Unfortunately, the applied method did not help.

One of the few famous names is the legendary EPRAXIA (1108-1180), Vladimir Monomakh's granddaughter, Daughter of Prince Mstislava. In 1122, she was married to the son of Emperor Byzantium Alexei Komnen and, when crowned, called Zoe. In Byzantium, she studied greek language And "I did a lot in the favorite area of \u200b\u200bmy doctor, perhaps the medical writings (Hippocratic, Galen, etc.) could have reread it, and as a result, herself wrote a guide to medicine.

This is a guide - one of the oldest Russian Mazi hospitals (Alimma): The only surviving copy of this leadership was kept in Florence, in the library Lorenzo Medici. IN late XIX. A century Russian historian Hmloparov discovered this work in Florence and acquired a copy of the Greek manuscript "Alimma". In a manuscript, consisting of five parts, various disparate medical information were given in a certain system, in particular, "outdoor diseases" are described and the recipes of various drugs recommended for diseases of the skin and teeth, it was described about heart and stomach diseases. As the most common drugs in the manuscript, all sorts of ointments were given, why, probably, all the work was called "Alimma". This work, which summarized a number of medical observations of that time and attributed Zoe, was obviously familiar and was used by the leaders of ancient Russia. What was the "medical estate" of ancient Russia?

In existing monastic and church hospitals, educated monks, professionals of their work worked. Of course, the main occupation of monk scientists, which represented a very thin layer of intellectual culture carriers, was most likely not to heal the sick or study and correspondence antique literature, and theology, which absorbed the main intellectual aspirations of the spiritual estate. But still, as evidenced historical sources, there was a lot of them among them and the so-called Mosonastra doctors.

In addition to educated (in one way or another) monks who used their patients in monasteries, numerous worldly doctors acted in medieval Russia, who had fastened the basics of their profession in the order of handicraft student, often in the families of hereditary healers. Among them were dominated by the specialists of the "therapeutic" profile - the rheumatism (on the treatment of lobs, in a modern understanding - rheumatism), full-time (they were engaged in the treatment of eye diseases), chepucked (Syphilis specialists), those who treated from "damage" (ancestors of modern psychoneurologists ) and etc.

The fact that in medieval Russia treatment for the surgeon was commonplace, it is possible to speak quite definitely. These methods were used in practice. Medical, incl. Surgical, assistance to the simple people, in particular the treatment of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to some extent been ensured by law
We were among the worldly doctors and the years of the "surgical" profile - Rezanniki: Among them were distinguished Kostoprava ("Traumatologists"), Kneneschers (specialists in the treatment of urinary bubble diseases), young masters (engaged in the treatment of keel, i.e. hernia), Chechens ( treated hemorrhoids). Later, in Hu-Hu1 centuries, alchemists, the "Lekari of the Polish breed" are also mentioned in the evidence of contemporaries, and DR.

True, about their affairs, about their practice, about their treatment methods in the ancient Russian chronicles speak to extremes. Probably the reasons for this were somewhat, for example, the ignorance of chroniclers in medicine; But the main reason may have been originally skeptical attitude of the church to these treatments, which, along with the methods of antique and traditional medicine, were used and severely persecuted by the Orthodoxy ways of wicked, which came from the pagan times. However, it is impossible to be excluded, however, the element of peculiar competition with monk doctors, with monastic medicine.

Pharmacology in Russia

So, a disease that modern doctors call the Qing, our ancient colleagues won the infusion of rosehip, garlic, onions. By the way, the bow was considered a universal tool, there was even a saying: "Onions from seven ailment." It was drilled from skin diseases, carrots - from Malokrovia, the seeds of the pumpkin expelled worms. It is believed that even a complex decoction existed, which included mercury: it was used at the "adhered" (venereal) diseases. The use of some of therapeutic agents was to be accompanied by conspiractions. FROM end of XVII The centuries in hospitals are evidently found a lot of "medical" prayers and experience conspiracies, borrowed part of the folk epic antiquity, part of the books of apocryphic: all these prayers and conspiracy were, of course, peculiar psychotherapeutic medications and sometimes helped the patients.
Teriak - the reference to this panacea from all the troubles has every doctor who left the mark in history, ranging from Galen, ending Avichene, and further - up to the newest times. Teriak is included in the arsenal of Tibetan medicine and wider -Medicin of all east.

Historians and doctors are trying in ancient sources of information to find the recipe of this drug, but so far unsuccessfully. But it would be interesting to know about it in more detail and, perhaps, (why not?) To revive him to life. There is a suspicion that the terrais and today in the arsenal of the trouble-free funds of traditional medicine.

There were also side effects of the use of mercury - stomatitis, as well as ways of their warning.
Old Russian healers used minerals for treating diseases.

The lags were used as a laxative and for the treatment of intermittent fever.
Diamond was used to lubricate the edges of purulent wounds and ulcers, as well as for the treatment of adhesion in the queen.
The use of agate is mentioned in the "Svyatoslav flavor". From it in ancient Russia, vessels were made for transportation and storage of drugs. Already in those days, the agate was considered a drug. It was used in the form of powders or ointments with busted wounds. In the hospital describes the variety of agate - onyx, which was used for the manufacture of tools for bloodletting. Amethyst valued in Russia. It was used as an antidote with alcohol poisoning.

In ancient Russia, a method for treating diseases with certain organs, bile, animal juices, bird eggs, hoods from bodies of insects was widely distributed. Raw materials for such drugs were mined in Russia, and brought from other countries. Many raw materials were brought from Eastern countries.

The most popular tool at any stomach disorders was considered the "Scarlet Stone", which was found in the intestines of many animals.
There is another means of animal origin, used in Russia - the secret of the Kabargy gland is a source of musk. It was used in diseases of the heart, as well as with epilepsy diseases, mentally ill with depression, treated them and rips.

Movie "Disprints" - Panta used great popularity among the doctors of the Moscow state spotted deer. In Russia, Panta "Disripes" were prescribed during epilepsy), with gastric and uterine bleeding, with paralymps patients drank them with wine and water during heart disease.
Particularly appreciated in Russia, the substances that have been beneficial on the heart, soothing nerves, giving vigor. In the ancient Russian hospitals they were called gentle smear name: "Labor", "Zelie Milo", "Gift of Heaven" and so on.

But the main place in ancient Russian medicine was occupied by medicine of plant origin. They are currently more studied, and many of them successfully apply to modern doctors. So, the carnation was recommended for visual visibility, with diseases of the stomach, liver, hearts. Pepper (black) was considered from Russian drugs of real panacea from all diseases. Tried to them and rheumatic diseases. Ginger gave anti-infinite funds. He was taken in vinegar for the night.

Muscant nuts, nutmeg, which were brought from India were popular. They were used as a diuretic and for the excitation of chronic patients.

It was used as disinfecting agents in ancient Russia, a wormwood, a row, etc. in the Kyiv-Pechersk Catema Catering (16 V.) Senna and rhubaries were mentioned, which were used as laxatives.

However, it was not easy to preserve hospitals and herbalists. To keep them at home was unsafe. On such a person could write a denunciation, judge, all the property to pick up in the treasury, and a person to exit into some distant monastery. And there were many such cases in Russia.

Despite this, hospitals and herbalists continued to be secretly stored in many houses, so we have an idea of \u200b\u200bmany elements of traditional medicine ancient Russia.

In the hospitals of Russian medicine, plants acquire great importance. The billet of medicinal plants is first place by introducing a natural service, as well as thanks to expeditions of herbalists of the pharmaceutical order. Special "authority" had all the family of onions, and especially garlic and onions. In ancient herbalists, their ability to stimulate skin regeneration in burns, bruises, injuries.

Surgery Rus

In the handwritten hospitals, the wounds differed "arrings", "secheny" and "chipped", and special attention was not paid to the "fresh" wounds, but at frequently encountered complications - "old", who did not heal wounds. Conservative treatment methods prevailed using various ointments. For the dressing was used or dried mycelions of the mushroom, "lips of raincoats", or "woody moss", assembled mainly "from the Christian trees": this moss was considered, moreover, a good hemostatic, wounds and ulcers were irrigated by different healing fluids. Used grazing and washing.

Attails were used, digging wound smoke. Deep wounds ("fistulas") sang.