End of Georgian surnames meaning. The value and origin of Georgian surnames
Before the revolution due to the circumstances of the circumstances, Ossetian surnames in South Ossetia, with rare exceptions, was written with georgian endings ("-Hvili", "-Dze", "-" (*), etc.), besides, often deformed beyond recognition. This is confirmed by many historical documents, as well as inscriptions on grass stones. For employees of the Georgian Diocese, such distortions of Ossetian surnames were in the order of things.
This is what the historian of G. Tashvili writes in the book "Georgian-Ossetian relationships in the XV-CHVS of Vz.:" On the territory of Georgia, especially in the regions where the plain prevailed, the Christian religion of Ossetians was one of the reasons for the rationale for these lands. The books of complaints often emphasize the fact that one or another Ossetian is "a new Christian", "Naosari" (released from Ossetians) or Oskopil (former Ossetian). In all three cases, this means belonging to christian vera That Ossetian, to which these concepts belong. It also means that the residence of such an Ossetian among the Christian Georgian population is natural and it is very desirable, for if he is a Christian, then Ossetian in the full sense of this word is no longer, it is already considered a Georgian (ed. "Sabchota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi, 1969, p. 205).
The transformation of Ossetian surnames to Georgian was also facilitated by the stationery officials of Georgia, in order to speed up the process of assimilation of Ossetians. There should be an absence of necessary literacy of some deacons and registrar officials in remote Ossetian villages, which simply did not know how to adequately record, one or other Ossetian surname in the Georgian language, since the phonetic laws of these languages \u200b\u200bdiffer significantly from each other. And another important reason for the transformation of Ossetian surnames - the desire of a certain part of Ossetians, which were as a result of migration processes among Georgians, to be recorded under Georgian surnames. Perhaps they believed that the Georgian sound of their surnames would give them certain privileges, will be honorable. It is equivalent to how Georgians seemed to russian sound Their surnames (Tsizianov, Tserelev, Andronnikov, Mardzhanov, etc.) more honorable.
There is information that as a result tragic events The early 1990s in South Ossetia, part of the Ossetians remaining in Georgia, is also forced to change their names. All this led to the fact that many Ossetian surnames are so distorted in the Georgian nomenclature that it is difficult to establish their authenticity. Especially got the name Driaiev - more than half of them were recorded as "Meladze", (Georgians. "Mela" - "Lisa", i.e. translated into Russian surname means "Lisicins"). (See also "Okroperidze", etc.).
Georgian surnames have a characteristic structure and are easily recognized due to their end elements. In most cases, etymology is unclear. The most common elements "-Dze" and "-shvili". The first of them initially had the meaning of "born", the second - "Son." Currently, however, the semantic differences between them erased, and both of them play the role of patronymic suffixes. There is also a chronological difference between them: "Dze" is found in more ancient names, "-shvili" - in more modern. In general, it can be said that the names on "-Dze" and "-shvili" are not formed in parallel from the same basics.
Part of the surnames are formed from baptismal names, i.e. given at birth: Nichradze, Tamaridze, Georgadze, Davitashvili, Matiashvili, Ninoshvili, and others. There are surnames formed from Muslim names of various origins: Japaridze ("Jafar", if only this surname is not formed From the Persian Dzapar - "Postman"), Narimanidze, etc. Most of the names (especially on "-Dze") are formed from other less clear foundations: Vachnadze, Kavtaradze, Chkhaidze, Yenukidze, Ordzhonikidze, Chavchavadze, Svanidze (from "Svan") , Lominadze (Lomi- "Lion"), Gaprindashvili, Khananashvili Kalandarishvili (from Persian. Kalantar - "First people in the city"), Jugashvili ("Dzug" - "Otara", "Freight" / Seaste./ G. Kodaev, h . Bagaev. "Who are you, Stalin?", 1995, p.5) In addition to these two main types (patronized by origin), there are other, less common, but also very fully presented types of surnames pointing to a place or family, From which their carrier come true. One of these types are surnames on "-li" (rarely "-a"): Rustaveli, Tsereteli, etc. A number of surnames ends on "-i". "-At", "-": Dzimiti, Ossetia, Hvbbet, Chinate, etc.
Another type is the names on "-ani": Dadiani (rulers of Megrelia), Akhwelediani, Chikovani, etc. Megrelian surnames are characterized by specific endings of "-iya", "", "-ua", "-Ava", "" "(" -Uli "): Beria, Quirkelia, Deltera, Jordan, Gulia, Schengeleai, Dondua, Sturua, Huchua, Okudzhava, Lyzhava, Eliava, Cyclauri, Sulakauri.
Surnames on "-nti", rather rare, have Svan or Changanic origin: Glondi, Zgesty. Among them there is a group of professions names with the involved prefix "Me-" ("M-"): Mdivani
- "Cheric" (from Persian. "Divan" - "Council"); Fabric - "Gorny" ("Buki" - "Rog"); Menabda - "Bug Manufacturer" ("Nabadi" - "Burk"). Surname "Amilambar" - "Konya", Persian
Origin is also a bessfixing education.
Penetrating Russian onomastics, georgian surnames Usually did not undergo distortion, despite their length and unusual combination of sounds. However, individual cases of their "division" are still found: orbeliani - orbell; Schengeleai (Shenghelia) - Shengheli; Mushelishvili - Musheli; Bagration - Bagration; Jashvili - Yashvili; Eristavi ("Letters" Head of People ") - Eritista. Some Georgian surnames were attached to the suffixes of" -OV "," -Ev "," -v ": Panchulidzev, Sulacadze, in the names for" -shvili "are often reduced during Russifications: Avalishvili - Avalov, Andronikashvili - Andronnikov, Javakishvili - Javakhov, Sumbatoshvili - Sumbatov, Tsizishvili - Tsizianov, Manvelishvili - Manwell, Shalikoshvili - Shalikov, Baratashvili - Baratov. Examples with another type of surnames: Gamrekels - Gamrerechov, Tsereteli.
Abkhaz surnames should be added to the discussed cabinets. Abkhaz language belongs to the North Caucasus group. Currently, the abkhazians make up only about 15% of the population of Abkhazia. This is probably due to those, among other things, that many Abkhazians wear Georgian or Megrelian surnames. There are, however, and specifically Abkhaz surnames with the end element "-B.": Lacoba, Ashba, Agzhuba.
Georgian surnames among all others are fairly easy to recognize. They differ in the characteristic structure and notable ending. Georgian surnames are formed using two parts. They are root and ending. With a good orientation, this topic can be said exactly in most cases, which region of Georgia is owned by one or another surname. There are only thirteen species of various endings belonging to Georgian surnames.
Georgian surnames - the origin of Georgian surnames
Several millennia has the history of Georgia. When there were times of antiquity, the country did not possess common title, and divided into two parts. Collide was called Western Georgia, and Iberia - Eastern Georgia. Heveria was in contact with Iran and Syria, she slightly contacted an antique world. In the fifth century, Georgia turned into a Christian country. By the thirteenth century, Georgia became a powerful state of the region, she had reliable trade relations both with the East and Europe. The whole history of Georgia is filled with the struggle for independence. At the same time, the population of Georgia created a peculiar and high culture.
It is believed that the true Georgian surnames will end on "Dze". Such surnames occur with the help of a genitive case. People who have the surname ends at the "Shvili", often belong to those people who do not have a completely carnier roots. FROM georgian language This suffix means "Son." If the Georgian surname of the person ends at Ani, then you have a person with a very noble origin. Such surnames on origin belong to very ancient. Armenians also have such names. Only they will end in "Uni". Georgian surnames that end on the "UA" and "IA" have Mingral origins. There are still many family suffixes, but they are rarely used.
Georgian surnames - List of Georgian surnames
Still, the most common among Georgian surnames are those that end in "Dze" and "Shvili". In almost the entire territory of Georgia, you can find surnames with Dze. Very often they are found in Guria, Adjara and Imereti. Rarely they are found in the eastern part of the country. The surnames ending on "Shvili" are preferably found in Kartli and Kakheti, which are located in the eastern part of Georgia. Translated from Georgian to Russian, these endings mean "Born" or "Son", respectively. Right now in modern timeIt is customary to consider the end of the "Dze" belonging to the oldest pedigree. The end of the "Shvili" is considered belonging to a more modern pedigree. Informal statistics numbered about three million People with such last names.
When the baptism of the newborn is carried out, he is assigned a name. The beginning of some parts of Georgian surnames begins with this name. Several similar examples can be given. This is Matiashvili, and Davitashvili, and Nikardze, and Georgadze, and Tamaridze. There are many examples. Another part of Georgian surnames takes their origins from Persian and Muslim words. When the surnames are studying, small controversial moments arise. For example. If learn the roots of the name Japaridze. This surname can occur as from muslim name Jafar and the Persian Dzapar, which translated from this language means "postman".
Georgian surnames - endings of Georgian surnames, meaning of Georgian surnames
The Special Group of Families can be attributed to Georgian surnames that end in the "ethi", "ate", "Ati" and "ITI". You probably have heard such Georgian surnames as Rustaveli and Tsereteli. The most common Georgian surnames are Hwarbets, Dzimiti, Chinate. To another group of Georgian surnames include the names that end on Ani. Examples can also bring a lot. This is Dadiani, Akhvelediani, and Chikovani. Pedigree, which belongs to these surnames, begin with the well-known rulers of Megrelia. Not so common, but still there are surnames belonging to this group that end on the "uli", "uri", "Ava", "Aya", "UA" and "ia". Among them are many representatives of star surnames, such as Beria, Deltera and Okudzhava.
Very rarely there are Georgian surnames that end on "NTI." They have Changsky or Svan origin. For example, such names like harness, Glondi. Among these surnames can be found in the names that contain the name of the profession and the involuntary prefix "Me". Examples: Mdivani. This surname comes from the Persian word Nodivan, translates as advice. Mdivani means a clerk. Interest is the name of Amilambar. She is Persian origin and represents the usual bessfixing education. Georgian surname fabric is translated from Persian as a cityist, and the name Menabdes is a bug manufacturer.
Georgian surnames - the division of Georgian surnames
When Georgian surnames penetrated Russian onomastics, they were not distorted, even despite the unusual combination of sounds and their length. But you can meet some cases of the division of Georgian surnames. For example, the Georgian surname turned into the surname of the Orbel, and the name Mushelishvili - in the surname of Musheli. Some Georgian surnames contain "eva", "s" and "c" attached suffixes. There are many examples of such surnames: Sulacadzev, Panchulidzev. When Russification, the very often reduced Georgian surnames that end on "Shvili". The last name Avalov is formed from the Georgian surname Avalishvili, Andronnikov - Andronikashvili, Sumbatov - Sumbatoshvili, Tsizianov - Tsitishvili, Baratashvili, Manvelov - Manvelishvili and many other names that we used to consider Russian.
It is worth adding Abkhaz surnames to the Carvetle last names, which were considered. Abkhaz language belongs to the North Caucasus group. In modern times, fifteen percent of the population of the entire Abkhazia make up the Abkhazians. This in most cases is explained by the fact that a larger number of Abkhaz residents are worn by Megrelian or Georgian family names. There are specific Abkhaz surnames, the final element of which is "ba." This is Ashba, and Lacoba, and Agzhba.
Georgian surnames
Georgian surnames all formed one by one general rule: accession to the main component, gradually lost independent lexical meaning and turning into a suffix. And there are about a dozen such suffixes.
Surnames on "-shvili" often, but not always, belong to people with not quite carpense roots. This suffix comes from the Georgian word "son."
Surnames on "-ani", "-oni" belong to people of very noble origin. This is very ancient by the origin of the surname, and the Armenians are similar (on "-").
Surnames on "-IA", "-ua" - Mingral origin.
There are some more family suffixes, but they are used much less often.
All Georgian surnames consist of 2 parts - root and end. At the end of 70% of cases, you can understand which part of Georgia is a native person. There are 13 varieties of endings:
1. Dze - only 1649222 people (data taken from the book of "Georgia's names" for 1997).
This end is the most common, meets almost everywhere, less often in the East. Basically, such surnames are common in Imereti, Guria, Adjara, are also found in Kartli and Racha-Lechumi. Translated the ending means - Son.
Examples: Gongadze (Imeretius), Dumbadze (Guri), Silagadze (Herchumi), Archuadze (Racha). Because of the widespread dissemination of this end, it is difficult to determine the origin, in this case it is necessary to pay attention to the root of the name.
2. Shvili - only 1303723 people. The translation denotes - a descendant (in Russian there is no direct analogue of this word, this is the combined concept of the son and daughter, although in the 19th century this word was just a son, but later the meaning of the word was expanded). This ending occurs mainly in Eastern Georgia. In Kakheti, most surnames wear exactly that this is the end. There are also many such surnames in Kartli. Less often meets in Western Georgia.
Examples: Aslanikashvili (Aslan root), Glyigvashvili (this is the name of cysts - Ingush living in Kakheti), Peikrishvili, Kululashvili, Eledashvili (Kakheti), etc.
3. Ia - as you noticed, this is a MEGREL end. Total 494224 people. Apparently, it is a megrelsky equivalent of Dze or Shvili.
Examples: Changturia, Zarandia, Kwaracelia and so on.
4. Ava - 200642 of a person. Also the megrel ending.
For example: Eliava, Cuprav, lying and so on.
5. Jaani -129204 person. This is the Svan ending, but now it is also found in other regions of Western Georgia. Mostly in Lechumi, less often in Racchi and Imereti. In eastern Georgia do not meet.
Examples: Gazdeliani (Svanetia), Dadshkeliani (Svanetia, princely surname), Moskadiani (Leahumi), Ahvlotiani (Herhumi), Gelovani (Herhumi, Prince Last Name), Ioseliani (Imereti), Georgesoliani (Imereti), Chikovani (Megrelia), Dadiani (Megrelia - Prince Last Name, they were the owner of all Megrelia). This surname, in principle, is a former title later become the last name (I will tell about such names later).
There are also surnames that are simultaneously occurring from different regions.
For example: Chhetyani - this surname is both Svan and Herchum. The root at the surname Svan "Chkhty" means "pebbles" (in Georgian "Kenchi"), but in the middle eyelids part of the clan (Svana lived with clans) left in Lechumi. And the genus was divided. Now the halo of the natural spread of Chkhetyani (except for major cities - Tbilisi, Kutaisi) covers in the Svan Chchetyani - the Mesal district (Upper Svanetia) and our Kodor's gorge, and Herechumsky Chkhetyani live in the Tsagen district. Similarly, chikovani is also divided - there are megrelskiy chikovani, and there is a Herechumsky. There are a lot of such examples.
6. Uri - 76044 people. This ending occurs mainly in the Eastern Highlanders, such as Hessuras, Pshava, Tschi, Mthiuma, Hevens, and so on.
For example: Middlehauri, Keetueluri, Patashuri (Erzo).
7. UA - 74817 people, MEGRELL END.
Examples: Chkadua, Tokaou, Gogua.
8. Fir - 55017 people. This ending occurs in Raccho - Harevy, Inskirvel. In Svanetia, only one surname with such an end - Pyrrhily (transformed means "first"). It is also found in Imereti and Guria. Also in Kartli, but in the form of an exception, already mentioned by me by the princely surname of Machabeli.
9. Uli - 23763 people. This ending occurs mainly in the Eastern Highlanders, such as Hessuras, Pshava, Tschi, Mthiuma, Hevens, and so on.
For example: Chincharauli, Jarajuli, etc.
10. Shea is only 7263 people. Basically meets in Adjara and Guria.
For example: Halwashi (Adjara), Tugushi (Adjara-Guria).
11. Skiri - only 2375, MEGRELL END. I only know one such surname Zuuleiskiri, maybe there is still, but I do not remember.
12. Chkori - only 1831, MEGREL END.
For example: Hegechkin.
13. KVA - only 1023, MEGRELL END.
For example: Ingorokva.
V. A. Nikonov among colleagues from
Azerbaijan (Frunze, September
1986)About the author: Nikonov, Vladimir Andreevich (1904-1988). Famous scientist, one of the largest specialists in the onomastics. The author of numerous works in the most diverse directions and problems of this science: toponymics, anthroponymics, cosmonimics, zonimics, etc. For more than 20 years, he was led by a group of onomastics at the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was the initiator and organizers of several conferences on the fog of the Volga region (the first one took place in 1967).
Work shows multifaceted scientific interests V. A. Nikonova and is devoted to Georgian surnames, the geography of their distribution. Famous narrow circle of Onomasts, this work is almost unknown in a wide circle People interested in Georgian last names.
A red-colored digit in square brackets labels the beginning of the page in the print version of the article. Weekend see after the text of the article.
[p. 150] Although Georgian surnames for several centuries older than the Russians, the first of them arose in the XIII century. or even earlier. The bulk of the surnames appeared, probably when Georgia was fragmented by disobeds and warring feudal possessions. Political, economic, cultural processes in them proceeded differently, developed in different ways and language. These differences gave rise to the variety of forms of surnames. But nevertheless, language relationships and similar historical features combined all the carvelastic ethnographic groups into certain family groups: they are formed by the addition of the second component, gradually turning into the suffix (i.e., losing an independent lexical value). A total of 7-8 such formants form surnames 3.5 million. Georgians, repeating the graceful number [p. 151] Wah, each on a certain territory. Their statistical and geographical ratios show historical formation Georgian nation. All clarified calculations are made by the author and are published for the first time *.
* Valuable assistance was provided by G. S. Reader, Sh. V. Dzizguri, A. V. Glondi, I. N. Bakradze, S. A. Harutyunov, V. T. T. Tutsuria, A. K. Chkaduya, G. V. Tsuada, P. A. Tshadi, as well as Sh. T. apritony, M. Chabashvili, N. G. Volkova, R. Topchishvili, R. M. Shamedashvili, M. S. Mikadze, L. M. Chchenkeli and Republican team Archive of the registry office.
Sources: 1) Complete population census of 1886, the documents of which are stored in the Central Historical Archive of Georgia 1 (located in Tbilisi); 2) acts of registers; 3) voter lists; 4) telephone and other directories; 5) Lists of surnames in studies 2, articles 3, dissertations 4. It is clear that in a single statistical table they are not all reduced. Halfmillion is calculated by half a million Georgians in all districts (the eastern part of Georgia is completely, except for cities; in the Western areas of materials less - the census fund died in the Kutaisky branch of the archive) in the amount sufficient for statistically reliable indicators.
Absolutely predominate in the number of media, and in terms of territorial coverage, two forms of surnames: with components -Dze in the western part of the republic and -Shvili - Eastern. The initial meaning of both formants is similar: -Dze - "Son, descendant"; -Shvili - "Child", "born." They are typologically identical to the names of other nations: in germanic languages sen. (syn, sleep, zones) - "son"; In Turkic -One - "son", -Kyz - "Daughter, Girl"; All formants joined to the base, meaning father, indicate whose son. "
Names from the names of canonical - Giorgadze, Leonidze, Nikolaiishvili, etc. - cover only a minority, more often the names come from non-church names: Milube, Mchedlishvili, etc. However, it is impossible to directly bind these surnames with nominal magheli. - "Wolf"; mitchley - "Kuznets". The first Milladze name, as well as his Russian "single-fampots" of wolves, was a son not a wolf, and the wolf is a carrier of the personal name of Molhela.
Another necessary warning. The surnames with an ethnonym at the heart (Swanidze, Javakhidze, Jawahishvili) especially attract the historian and ethnographer, but it is dangerous to forget the principle of relative negative names of their own: these surnames could not arise in the medium of Ca [p. 152] Mich Sobans or Javakhov (where everyone was a savan or javakh), but only outside it. Their foundation could not even be denoted by the Svahan or Javakha, but only a person, something similar to them (in clothes or other signs) who had visited them or who traded them.
Surnames formed with -Dze (Connected with the basis of vowels or or depending on the vowel bases) suggest those that have arisen in the XIII century. They are absolutely dominated in Imereti. In the regions of Ordzhonikidze, Truzhol names on -Dze Covers more than 70% of all residents as they remove from this core their frequency decreases. On the south-western turn of the Imereti, in the Vani area, more than 2/3 of the population belongs to them (1961), west, in Guria (Maharadze, Lunchchi regions), more than half. On the opposite northeast flank, in Lechumi, they are almost half of the population, as further - in Racha (now they are the district). Only in the northwest, in the Upper Megrelia, Formant -Dzenegast: in the area of \u200b\u200bGegechkin - only 7%; In the minority he and the North-West coast. In Svaneti Surname with Formant -Dze Make up less than 1/10. Where the trait ran, the west of which prevails -Dzeeast - -Shvili? The boundary between Western and Eastern Georgia is considered to be a Surasky (Likhsky) ridge, the transverse ridges of the Greater and Small Caucasus, he crosses Georgia in a narrow place. But dialectologists had to make amend, finding that the PA southern Eastern talks sound significantly west of Borjomi. And the surnames collected by me have shown that the predominance of Western -Dze The north of the chickens are advanced "towards", east of the suras. In the south, the data of 1886. Scubli, in Borjomi, Bakuriani Georgian was then little. In Chukishevi, there are only 573 Georgians, of which 435 - with the "Western" surnames on -Dze. Another south-west, in Akhalkalaksky district, according to documents 1970-1971. (in Baraleti, Vachaiani, Gahesky, Dilisk, Chongchch), surnames on -Dze Even the Georgian population is covered. In the strip stretched along the middle course of the chicken (in the past part of the Kartli), Formant -Dze It prevails only in the West - in the Hashursk district, it cuts into a deep pointed wedge into the east through the Kareli district (they and in 1886 they prevailed in the villages of Abisi, Arabulani, Oreheti, etc.) to the Gori district (village of Churchli and Arashend ) where the surname with this formant breaks down (in p. Arashevi lived 93 carriers of the names -Dze and 91 - on -Shvili).
[p. 153] Embosses on the map according to modern administrative division, the data of 1886, we get a strikingly clear profile of this band from the west to the East (in brackets are given countdowns on the documents of the regulations 1970-1971), in%:
Acts of registers, in contrast to the census, cover only a part of the population, but a clearly uniform trend with a sufficiently large amount of counting suggests that the quantitative expression of "rivalry" -Dze and -Shvili It is mostly difficult: the border of Eastern and Western Georgia in the forms of surnames is east of the Surrass Range.
Thus, about the zone of statistical vibration -Dze / --Shvili You can speak the language of numbers, but a diachronic will have to be compared.
Eastern Sururant Range -Dze It is much less likely: in Kakheti - only 3-7%. Somewhat more often they are between Tianeti and Telavi. In northeastern Georgia, the name on -Dze there were only separate nests; Several such nests for the military-Georgian road, between Kazbegi and Mtskheta.
But two large "islands" surnames with Formant -Dze It is necessary to consider especially. In the extreme-east of Georgia, in the gorges of the main Caucasian ridge At the boundaries with Chechen-Ingushetia and Dagestan, on the territory, completely cut off the prevalence of the prevalence of formant -Dze (Former. Rn Omalo, later included in Akhmetsky), live tushy. Almost 2/3 of them (1886) had names with Formant-Dze, only 23% - -Shvili and 10% - -ti, uri. The centuries-old cutoff of trees, all connections with which were interrupted annually for 6 months 5, affected everything, and the withdrawal is clear. Penetration of Formant -Shvili From neighboring Kakheti [p. 154] Naturally: Tushy, the basis of the life of which was sheepship, could not exist without a summer chip of sheep in the Valley of Alazan and her tributaries, delivering to the King of Kakheti annually 500 warriors and 600 sheep. But where as and when could be the predominant West German Formant -Dze? Came tools from the West. Model names on -Dze Not kartvaya, and Imeretinskaya, however, such a remote focus of Tushin researchers do not know. Some pre-revolutionary researchers even expressed their guess that the carcasses arose outside of Georgia, but there are no grounds for this from science 6. Dating is difficult: the emergence of the names can not be attributed to the depths of the centuries, and therefore the far resettlement of the whole people was difficult to slip away from historians. Tushes on their modern territory could have brought with them since the surnames, but their future foundation -Dze.
It remained not only not explained, but also unnoticed by the characteristic detail: as opposed to different frequencies of coupling vowels ( -I, A.) In the names of Tushin appeared only and. For example, in p. Gogrults are all eight surnames (81 people - Bukuridze, Joharidze, etc.), in p. Given - 82 people with Sidze (Tataridze, Chapeidze, etc.) and not a single name with -pzea. In 1886, 2660 Tushin was named after Sidze And only 162 - with -pzea. Such a relationship, excluding the accident, requires the attention of researchers - it is essential for the history of Tushin and their language. Is it not connected with the Megrel-Imereti law of appearance and after the foundation with the final -but (Tushinsky surnames Bardidze, Caidze, Gochilladze, etc.). Or cause other? Maybe this feature will help researchers in search of an old focus of Tushin. But still most Tushinsky surnames - without connecting -but-: Bahhoridze, Hutidze, etc. And one more detail on which no one pointed out: a combination --- (often recorded -: Omaidze, Idijdze, Tsijdze, etc. - the correspondence sheets are written in Russian) - Tushinsky surnames retained an ancient Gruzin form. It was noticed by L. M. Chchenkeli, which the author is grateful.
Another "island" names on -Dze - Tbilisi. Although the city is located on the territory of the predominance of the names on -ShviliFor each capital absorbs the features of all parts of the country. Curious Paradox: In Tbilisi, surnames on -Dze less than on -Shvili, and the number of their carriers is the opposite: -Dze about 45% at 30% -Shvili. The most frequent names of the capital: Japaridze (their [p. 155] there are more than 4 thousand), dalia, kalandadze, Lordkipanidze.
In most easient Georgia, the names formed by Formant prevail -Shvili. He is also ancient, known from the XIV century. (Burdasshenshvili in the "Monument of Erybyov", but unknown, the surname is or a sliding duty). In the names of Kakheti, according to the census of 1886, he is monopoly: in the former Telava. Formant -Shvili covered more than 9/10 of all residents. In the northeastern Georgia (former Cottage and Tienetsky counties), except the slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range, to the surnames CO -Shvili belonged to 2/3 of the population, as well as west at the Kartalinia (Mtskhetsky and Gori district) in the western part of Georgia name -Shvili either not one, in rach and harm, they are only a little less often than with -Dze. Even in the very center of predominance -Dze Surname S. -Shvili Today it is covered by almost ¼ of the population, and in the southwest (Guri) - about 1/5. But in the north-west, they are rare: in Megrelia - about 5%, and 1% is not reached in Svanetia.
Formant -Shvili Formed several surnames from female names: Tamarashvili, Shushanashvili, Zhuzhanashvili, Daredzhanishvili, Sulikashvili. It is impossible to bind all these surnames with the extramarital children; Perhaps they arose when the widow on his shoulders suffered the upbringing of children and the farm 7. Apparently, the regional elevation of the frequency of the surnames from the women's foundations is obliged to the historical and household features of the region (in the French, according to A. Dose, characteristic of Normandy).
In the west of Georgia, a noticeable magnitude is the names on -Ya, -ua: Tschakai, ready (a host of vowels, avoidable by the Russian language, in Russian pronunciation of Yothenian, spelling Cucca, reading). Formant comes from the Mekrelian language, near the relatives of Georgian. Researchers see in this form more early shape -Iani. followed by truncation of the final part. Initially, such naming, apparently, served as definitions, by the meaning of the 8th adjective 8. In the basics of surnames a lot of words, actually Megrelskiy (Chkonya from Megrel. chclony - "Oak", or streamed from Megrel. topuri. - "Honey").
On the territory between the Black Sea, Abkhazia, Svanetia and the lower currents of the rion rivers and her right influx of Tskhenis-Tskali names on -Ya, -ua The majority of the population are covered: in the Gegechkin region, according to documents 1970-1971, they cover 61%, in the area of \u200b\u200bHo [p. 156] bi - 52%; Among them are surnames on -Ia (Zhvania, Chada) meet several times more often than on -Au (Dondua, Sturua). They are in Svanetia (Chkadua) and in the neighboring Abkhazia. And to the south of Rioni, the frequency of them sharply falls: in Guria they do not exceed 1/10, east, in Imereti, even less - 3%, then they are only one (except for Tbilisi, where they rank third after -Dze and -Shvili - about 9%, i.e. more than 100 thousand people). Significantly less (and quantitatively and geographically) common names on --Ava, also Megrelian origin: Papava, Lyzhava, Chicobava, etc. Etymology of many surnames with --Ava Unclear. The words from which they arose are lost and restored only by historical reconstruction (in particular, with the help of the dictionary A. S. Chikobava) 9. On the Black Sea coast, north of the mouth of Rioni, surnames with --Ava occupy second place, yielding only names on -Ya, -ua; For example, in the Khobi area, they cover about 1/5 of the entire Georgian population (especially their many in the village. Patars-Poti on Rioni, but the range is small). Even near, in Guria, it belongs only about 3%, east, throughout Imeretin, they do not even reach 1% everywhere, and then represented only by single families, with the exception of Tbilisi, where they are 3-4%.
Formant --Ava It seemed N. Ya. Marru changed Abkhaz -ba. But such a connection (apparently inspired by territorial proximity), illusory. Her convincingly rejected S. Janashia, he suggested the origin --Ava From Megrelsky -wolly With the truncation of the final -N.. This supported G. V. Rogava 10. However, later, another explanation is put forward: Megrelo --Ava Comes from Georgian-Svan eL-A., transition l. in half-circuing sound in - result of labialization (cuddling) l. eleven . For the scarce arguments, the dispute is early to recognize solved.
In the live speech of megrelov intervocal in often falls I. --Ava pronounced as long but 12, but this is not reflected in the letter.
In Svanetia, more than 4/5 people are surnames formed by Georgian and Svan Formants Yani, -Iani.. ON developed various shades of values \u200b\u200bfrom "belonging to" to "possessing than", as well as a collectivity - leliani - "Kamyshi". This formant formed many Georgian words ( mariliani - "Salted" from marili - "Salt"; tsoliani. of cOLO - "wife", etc.). In the inversion ("reverse") the Georgian dictionary [p. 157] Language is given 4197 words on -an., of them 3272 - on -Iani.. The initial values \u200b\u200bof the surnames formed by them: Zurabiani - "belonging to Zurab" (i.e., the descendant of Zurab); Orbeliani - "belonging to the family of orbel"; Oniani - "Arriving from them" (they are the center of related to the Svanetia district).
Map 1. Distribution zones of Georgian surnames with endings on:
1 ---dzea; 2 - -shvili; 3 - -Ah, -ua; 4 - -ani (-Iani); 5. - -Ava; 6. - -Ali, - Huri; 7. - - (n)
Solid lines mean the predominant form, intermittent - the form is less frequentSAMI frequent last name Svanov - Lithelnavani. It is widespread in the lower Svanet (village of Lentech, Heledy, Hopuri, Chaluri, etc.). Her basis - liparians (loss of medium and naturally due to reduction in the Svan speech) in which -l - "suffix of origin" (cf. Familia Cutters from a nominal cuttians - "Kuutais", i.e. who arrived from Kutaisi). But the values \u200b\u200bof the suffix are not limited to an indication of the place, and significantly wider, it joins personal names, and to the nominal one. Holding it, we find the foundation liparite. Georgian has long known male personal name Liparite and patronize from him - Liparitet. The oldest example is the liparity at the court of Tamar Tamara (1036). In 1615, Lipartian is known - the ruler of Megrelia. For the first time about naming -et He wrote in 1849 by Georgovyded Choice: "The form will give, the surname, very archaic and no more than two or three times in Georgian memories [p. 158] kakh: liparity, son of liparite "14. This observation slipped unnoticed. After a hundred years, S. Janashia, Casually mentioned: "The form of liparity is one of the forms of Georgian surnames" 15. But only later V. Dondua dedicated her meaningful note, having collected numerous examples from documents, mainly XIII century. (Kononette, Ionoset, Pavleets, etc.), rightly indicating that they are "not noticed or interpreted incorrectly" 16. He sees in Formante -et multiplicity indicator (with what is connected and formant -yti, the usual in the Georgian names of the countries - Osseta, the "country country", i.e. Ossetians). But doubtfully recognize these examples by last names: perhaps, this is also generic names, so to speak, "Prafamilia", in best case "Protofamilia". But most likely, the appearance of the name on the soil of the Svan language in which the prefix ly- Extremely frequent, forming nouns and adjectives.
Surnames formed with Yani, -Iani., very frequent in lechimi - in the mountain valleys of the southern slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range at the borders of Svanetia. There surnames with -ani cover 38% of the total population (yielding only surnames with -Dze). Of course, this is not the way of the shots from the valleys in the mountains, on the contrary, they came from Collitch. But the Svants did not bring surnames with themselves from the south-west, but they acquired them already on their modern homeland, the south-east flank of which was the territory of Herhumi.
Formant -an. - Common for Georgians. He is often in the names outside the Svanetia (abastiani, mibchuani, etc.), but only in Tbilisi and in Racter (neighboring with Herhi and Svanetia) reaches 4%; Over all western Georgia, such surnames are 1-3%, and in Eastern Georgia - less than 0.1%.
Other surnames sound in the mountains and foothills in the north of East Georgia. In the inhabitants of her hevsurov, Pshavov, Methiumov dominated by the names formed by Formant -ti (-Huri), Ancientgrusin, but alive and soynet ( rusuli - "Russian"). Basics of the names of Aludauri, Ciscarium, Chincharauli, etc. - Vintage Hevsur noncumber male names, Some values \u200b\u200bare lost, some are clear: Hevsur. chinchara - "nettle". Perhaps the surname is inspired by the formula, who has recently pronounced the pronounced priest at the Mthiol wedding: "So that the offspring has multiplied as nettle" 17. Among the basics of all surnames with -ti, -churi There is not a single church name, although Christianity has the Highlanders of the Central Caucasus for several centuries older than the names. This is substantial [p. 159] The contradiction is not observed by the researchers. Sure, church name got everyone, but in everyday life The usual, native, in the same way as customs or clothing resistant remained steadily.
The time of the occurrence of gorsky surnames is unknown, but there is a relative date "no later": the hero folk tales Apciauri raised the people to fight feudal beginning of XVII in. Choice r / L. In these surnames, phonetically dissimed with respect to the base: if there is l.then in the suffix appears r (Cyclauri), and if at the heart rthen in the suffix - on the contrary l. (Arabuli).
Hevsur has this form of the names of almost Monopolna. In the northernmost mountain villages of Gudani, Guli, she covered 95%: out of 2600 people only 130 wore other names. In the Zone of the Justic Center of Barisakh, seven villages (800 people) were only carriers of the names on - Heri (-Hli), and in three smaller villages, 202 carriers of the surname of Licocheli lived. On black Aragve (Gudamakari Gorge) surnames with "Yury accounted for 85% (all data 1886).
Map 2. Migration of the parts of the PSHAV and hevsur
1 - Arabuli; 2 - apuiauri; 3 - cyclauries; 4 - Chincharauli
surnames (according to 1886)South, at the pshavov associated with Kakhetians is more close than the isolated high ridges of Hevsurs, the name of the names with -ti, -churi less than travel than in hevsuretia; She covered the third of Pshav, as well as mthiumlov on r. White Aragvi. Along the Military Georgian Road from Dusheti to Kazbegi Same Names on -Shvili and even -Dze, but also in the dysubskih low-level Arags names on -Huli nevertheless confused 20%. They applied and south-west - on Kuru: in p. Shubati (now in the southern part of the Kaspi region), the census of 1886 registered Bekauri, Cyclauri, Apcianuri, quite like on black Aragve, i.e. names [p. 160] directly indicate, from where and where the migration of the mountaineers was.
The return of the mountaineers in the valleys from the highland gorges, where their former invasions were pushed out, began long ago. Documents report repeated resettlements in the second half of last century. They were accomplished and gradually, close to distances, but there were long transitions. A considerable material about them collected R. A. Topchishvili in its dissertation, indicating the literature of the issue 18. But not even be a single document, it is enough to put the name of the names on the map to get a picture of migration in the lower reaches of Aragva, Iori, Alazaia, and in some places and further - up and down in Kura. Tens of pages would take a story about all this stream, but you have to confine ourselves to the example of two surnames, the lowering name of the villages and the number of carriers. Surname Cyclauri was recorded in 35 villages - from Kazbek along the Aragva and Iori south almost to Mtskheta, to the southeast almost to Telavi; Surname Chincharaululi - in 17 villages - from Shaul (at the boundaries with Chechen-Ingushetia) south to Dusheti and Tianty. In Tianetsky y. and the northwestern part of Telovsky. Media carriers with Formant -ti, -churi In 1886, he was from 20 to 30% of the population, televi and on, they barely reached 2%. Some sedied and in Tbilisi.
In contrast to the plain Georgia, where the villages are multiphamal, in the northeast is characterized by extremely high concentration: sometimes not only whole villages, but also groups are populated by one-fampots. According to the census of 1886 in the villages of Goveleti, Datvishi, Osaehyevi, chirdili all 73 courtyards with 314 inhabitants were surname Arabuli, in s. Guro All 220 inhabitants were Gogoids, in with. Bloom all 192 inhabitants - Gigauri. This is no exception. It is not surprising that the name of the village was often identical with the last name of the inhabitants. In the mountains, the mixture of the population is difficult, the influx from outside there is weaker. A similar phenomenon in the upper megrelia noted P. A. Tshadaiy 19. But probably, another factor was even more accepted: the pressure of community mistake, due to which they settled and moved not by individual families, but by whole groups of them - patronyms. The surnames form huge arrays: Arabuli is met in 20 villages - 1158 people, Chinchelli - in 17 villages - 885 people (1886), etc.
Families were extremely large. In the census materials of 1886, a family of 20-30 people are not uncommon. At the gests [p. 161] Gudamkar Gorge In the 20s of our century, families were preserved in 30-40 people 20. The process of decay of big families proceeded already in the XIX century. - In the correspondence sheets of 1886, the markings are constant: "Seven years we have been giving separately without a sentence of society" (in the village of Middelauri, where 49 people were signed by Middelauri), i.e. the family stood out unrest The community for many years refused to legalize the section.
The ratio of the components of the names is historically changeable. So, at Pshavov for the last century, new names, arising in crushing large families, formed by Formant -Shvili, but not -Eur or -ul (told G. Jawahishvili and R. Topchishvili). By the lucky coincidence from the ethnographic expedition from the Black Aragvi ethnographer of the Academy of Sciences of the GSSR T. Sh. Tsagareshvili brought material about modern names on Black Aragve and we were able to put our data next to each village. For 100 years there have been considerable changes in the life of the Highlanders to eliminate the exploitative classes, the shift of the population from the high mountain gorges in the valleys, the disappearance of small high-mountainous settlements. But the ratios of the following names are still close: in kitokhi and surrounding points today the same names (Bekauri, Cyclauri), as well as a hundred years ago, however, they left the names on -Shviliwhich and 100 years ago were apparent.
In general, the closure of the names is noticeably declining everywhere. For comparison, consider the ratio of media names on -ti, -churi In these areas and in adjacent territories (in bringing to modern administrative division) in relation to the entire population, in%:
1886 (census) 1970-1971 (registry office) Kazbegy district 42 26 North of the dush district 95 85 That is, in these areas to the indigenous population, arriving visitors from different ends of Georgia. The local population also does not stay still - throughout Georgia you can find surnames with Formant -ti, -churi. The total number of their carriers - several dozen you [p. 162] Xian, of which approximately 15 thousand - in Tbilisi (1% of the inhabitants of the city).
Non-numerous media formed by Formant -l (Meteners, Tsereteli), which was already discussed, and these surnames themselves are only a few dozen. They are scattered with nests in many places in Georgia. At the heart of these surnames - toponyms (Mtatsmindel from Mtatsminda - "Holy Mountain" above Tbilisi), ethnonyms (pshaveli), anthroponym (baratres) or nominal. The biggest nest of surnames on -l We meet on far North Eastern Georgia, in the center of Hevsuretia. There in the middle of the solid mass of the names with Formant -Huli The census of 1886 recorded 202 people by the surname of the Licocheli (in the villages of Chan, Karta and others, where there was not a single person with another name). Other Formant sockets -l We find in areas they, Mtskheta, Tianeti, Telavi; In Tbilisi, media names on -l Make up more than 2% - Tsereteli, Amasukeli, messenger, gamrells, etc. It is notable to warn that they are not one-names in which the end -l Not a suffix forming them. For example, the surname Amaglowdres of Otglang - the communion "elevator", and the Guardstels from citel - "Red". Many surnames with this format are provided by another Formant (Gogeliani, Kwarazhelia et al.).
Very few surnames on - (n) teBut they are very often repeatable: Zhenti, Glondi. The focus of their strictly outlined territorially - Guria in the south-west of Georgia (Districts of Lanchhuti, Maharadze, Choshaturi). But here they make up about 1%, except for individual villages as Akety in the Lanchhuti area, where there is particularly much glonde. This formant - Zansky (Laz) language origin, in it -N. - connecting component. Estimated communication - (n) te with Obruzinsky -t. 21 does not clarify its occurrence and initial value.
Laz language dominated Kolchide antique era. Back in the XIX century. Lases there were numerous; Most of them turned out to be in Turkey, some of the beginning of our century lived in north - in Imereti and Abkhazia. I. R. Megrelidze led 23 lazium surnames published in the Laz newspaper "Murchy Murzhuli", which was published in 1929 in Sukhumi 22 - all with the end -Sho. Basically, the Lases merged with nearby megreals. From their language and reached Formant -Showhich in Guria formed the name Tugushi, Halwashi, Tsulushi, [p. 163] Kutushi, Naughty, etc. (if the base ended the sonorous consonants p, l, n, m, instead -Sho sounds -Com). Megrel, these surnames end on - Naia (Surname Janashia). In Laz language, this formant formed adjectives with the value of the accessories. Half a century ago, these endings were no longer perceived as a suffix, completely drained with the basis. The names of these are much more than with - (n) te But by the number of carriers, the ratio is back. Today they are often frequent in Lanchhut and Makharadzevsky districts.
Some Georgians borrowed surnames with -ba (Abhaz. ba. - "Child"), the only one - with the ancient Adygei -Kawa (rare surname Ingorokva, she is a pseudonym famous writer I. Ingorokva), Armenian with - man (of - Dents).
In Western Georgia, women's naming forms were characteristic. In his work, "Women's family naming in the South Caucasian languages \u200b\u200band folklore" I. V. Megrelidze led valuable, but, alas, very fragmentary information about them 23. In the 30s of our century, the old men of Guri still remembered that married women were previously called their maiden name; When contacting relatives or mentioning them in absentia replaced the end -Dze, -Shvili, -Ya, -U et al. on -Phe. In the distant past, there were prominent Laz giving values \u200b\u200bby Zubdniphech, the consiphe, etc. 24. i.e. -Phe served once a sign of non-sex, but anger, followed by the IP -hech (Lolauh from the Lolaua surname, Katsirikhe from Katsarava), and the value was torn and even turned into the opposite. The researcher noted that in the 30s of our century -Phe There has already been a little dismissive shade. Married women Usually called the surname of her husband, using ahead maiden Familia, i.e. the name of the Father in parental case - with an indicator -: Oblisis Asul Beridze - "Dolidze's daughter, Beridze's husband" ( asauli. or kali. - "Daughter"). There are bright social and linguistic processes that have yet escaped from scientific studies. Their significance is clear from wide parallels: the brightest heroine of Old Russian poetry is named only by patronymic - Yaroslavna; After centuries, the naming of wives on her husband - Pavlich, Ivanich (similar to the South Slavs) are recorded in Novgorod. Historically, the position of the woman was changing, her name was changed.
[p. 164] In the frequency ratio of forms of surnames in Georgia, you can allocate 12 territories:
1. Houri. Southwestern Georgia between the Azhar ASSR, the Black Sea and the Lower Riony. Advertigate Areas: Lanchhuti, Maharadze, Chokhatauri. Formant prevails -Dze (more than half of the inhabitants; 20% - -Shvili), the names on -Ia (more than 12%), --Ava (3%), the only focus in the world - (n) te (Zhgeiti, bumps), although they make up only 1%; there is -Sho.
2. Megrelia. North-West Georgia, between the Abkhaz ASSR, the Black Sea and the lower flow of Rioni. Areas: Hobi, Mijah, Tshakaya, Poti, Zugdidi, Gegechkin, Chhoroq, Tsallendzhiha. Absolutely dominate surnames on -Ya, -ua, covering from 50 to 60%; on the --Ava – 24%, -Dze - from 10 to 16%; Less often on -Shvili (4-6%), noticeable -an. (2%).
3. Svanetia. Areas: Means and Lenteha. Absolutely dominate surnames on Yani, -Iani. - over 80%; is on -Dze (9%), -Ya, -ua (up to 5%).
4. Lechumi and Lower Racha. South of Svaneti, mainly the districts of Zagary and Ambrolauri. Surnames with Formant prevail -Dze (46%), so much with -an. (38%), is -Shvili (8%), -Ya, -ua (3%), -Ava, -eli (2%).
5. Racha. The area they. Flang "Vibration Zones" Family on -Dze (48%) and on -Shvili (42%), often with -l (6%) and -an. (4%).
6. Imeretiy. The remaining areas of Western Georgia from Samtredia to Ordzhonikidze inclusive. Absolutely dominate the names with Formant -Dze (over 70%); SO -Shvili covered about 1/4 of the population; from --Ava (west) and -an. (north) - 1%.
7. Cardia. The strip of the South South Ossetian AO in the share of the average course of the chickens. Areas: Khashuri, Kareli, Gori, Kaspi, Mtskhet. "Vibration Zone" Formants -Dze (in the West covers 3/4 of all residents, in the East - 1/10) and -Shvili (from 1/4 in the West to 2/3 in the East).
8. Northeast. Areas: Duchi and Tianeti. In the northern part, populated from Pshawami and Hebusura, the names with Formant prevail -ti, -churi; In the southern part, they covered 20-30% of residents; on the contrary -Shvili With a small amount, they are in the north amount to 2/3 in the south.
[p. 165] 9. Havi. Kazbega district bordering the North Ossetian ASSR and South Ossetian JSC. More than 40% surnames with -Shvili, more than 25% - with -ti, -churi; In 1886 a lot with -Dze.
10. Tushetia. At the borders from Chechen-Ingush and Dagestan ASSR, the former Area area, now the northern part of the Akhmetsky district. Absolutely prevailed Sidze (almost 2/3), the rest of the si -shvili, -Uli, -.
11. Kakheti. All southeastern Georgia. Areas of Telavi, Signals, Svari, Gurdjaani, etc. Almost monopoly surname with -Shvili: For most part, they exceed 90%, in places inserted surnames from -Dze (3–4%), -ti, -churi (1–2%).
12. Tbilisi. As in each capital, the features of all parts of Georgia are presented. The surnames are dominated by -Dze (more than 40%) and -Shvili (about 30%) as well -Ya, -ua (less than 10%) -an. (4%), -Huli, "Yury even less often a small amount on -The
72 24 1 1 1 – – 1 Racha 49 41 4 – – – – 6 Mtskheta 16 72 – – – 7 7 5 Dusheti and Tianeti 14 43 – – – 37 – 6 Kazbegi. 15 57 – – – 26 – 2 Tushetia 76 11 – – – 13 – – Kakheti 8 90 – – – 1 – 1 Tbilisi 45 30 4 9 4 2 . 6 * Dash means the absence of a surname, the point is less than 0.5%. Outside the consideration, the entire southern strip of Georgia was left. In the XVII century She was completely devastated by the shaft and sultan hordes. Georgians there began to return to [p. 166] le joining Russia, but even in late XIX. in. There were few them. Later they moved there from different parts Georgia, and surnames them are a deadline picture, for the analysis of which too large material is needed, which author does not yet have. Another minus material is the lack of data on the height of the localities. In such a mountainous country as the Transcaucasia, the vertical zonality in any respect plays the same role as horizontal. In my work, this is shown on the example of toponymy 25. Sure, most of The surnames said in relation to the spread belongs to the outgoing past. With the former disunity and hostility is finished forever. In modern Soviet Georgia, Svana, Pzhava, Megreles work, learn, rest hand in hand in the shops of Rustavi and the audiences of the University of Tbilisi, at the Shakhty Tkibuli and the beaches of Collchides. There are no old borders between them. Today, common families in which piles are married to Kakhetinta or Megreka are married to Hevsur. Their child is growing with a member of the Unified Georgian Socialist Nation. As from which ethnic communities and ethnographic groups It developed, tell the names reflecting the history of the people and his language.
19 Tshadai P. A. Toponymy Mountain Megrelia.'tbinisi, 1975; Tshadai N. A. On the function of the prefix on the anthroponyms of Mountain Megrelia // Mashenna. Tbilisi, 1974. No. 1. On the load. Yaz.
20 Panke L. Mthium. P. 11.
21 Megrelidze I. R. Laz and Megrelsky layers in Guriy. L., 1938. P. 141.
22 ibid. Pp. 140.
23 memory Acad. N. Ya. Marra. M.; L., 1938. P. 152-181.
24 there. P. 176.
25 Nikonov V. A. Introduction to Toponymy. M., 1964. P. 103-104.
