"Childhood" Maxim Gorky as an autobiographical story. Autobiographical prose M.
Childhood Gorky
Unionyty. 1938
In people
Unionyty. 1938
My universities
Unionyty. 1939
If you read everything that domestic and foreign authors wrote about this work, it seems that we are talking Top O. different films. At home, the bitter trilogy was rated as a venerable pattern. careful relationship To the screening classics and as a result, like a film model for children. The only disadvantage was seen some chaotic narration, quite, however, apologious, explained by the natural desire of the authors to fit into the film as many heroes and scene lines Book itself.
The same with the traditional language - he believed is completely appropriate, since it is soon talking about the screening of the work belonging to the national cultural tradition.
For the overall authors of the trilogy about bitter - a grand cinematic prophecy, and the prophecy has come true. Three films created at the very end of the 30s, anticipated, they believe, the main events of world cinema of the next decades until the beginning of the 60s.
In fact, none of soviet directories (With the exception of Eisenstein, Dovzhenko and Pudovkin) did not have such a significant impact on the world film processor as Mark Don.
Italian neoralists considered his direct forerunner, almost directly quoted Donskogo in their films. The father of Indian "parallel movies" Satjanyt Ray claimed that the form of his trilogy, which united by the end of the 50th film "The Song of the Trolley", "Any World", "unscrew," was elected under the impression of the work of the Don. And young angry French film critics from the magazine "Positif" in the late 50s in search of an alternative to old-fashioned French cinema created literally the cult of Donskoy.
The opening of the Donskogo cinema for world cinema became the opening of a new look at the world, and even more precisely - a whole new world: it is not by chance that the study of one of french critics So the "Universe Mark Donskoy" was called. The meeting with this cinema was the same than the meeting of the Donskoy himself with the work of Gorky - a shock that determined further fate. And it's not about the stylistics, but about the model of the world, the place of man in it.
The Gorky word turned out to be a key to his own cinematographic vision, it became his philosophy. It is not by chance that the Gorky quotes are present in most of the Donsky films: it is as an epigraph, then as a final titer. As it is not by chance that this is the artist who has worked in the cinema for more than ten years, declared itself as an unconditional creative IndividualityWhat means: built up his world.
And if you follow the example of the Don, then the epigraph to the article about his work could be the quotation given to them in the "childhood" quotation: "began and flowed with a terrible speed thick, gentle, inexpressible strange life."
The most amazing here is that everyone - without exaggeration! - The word characterizes Donsky cinema. And characterizes literally. For everything is translated into spectator - With the utmost visibility and concreteness, which is inherent except for children's perception. Literally reproduced not verbal row, not even an event. But the very image itself arising in the narration. And book where the main character - The child turned out to be in this case an ideal option for the director.
The three series of the film ("Childhood of Gorky", "In People", "My Universities") were shot alternately and went to the screens in 1938,1939 and 1940. In a multidimoral film of the Don two central heroes: Boy and river. River in the Universe Mark Donskoy and there is life. Not a symbol, not a metaphor of life, namely, life: she flows. Children's primary perception returns a metaphor to its source, opens a secret - or the sacrament? - her birth. The life of the human community, as historians argue, was born primarily on the shores big rivers, there was concentrated. River Govalla, carried life with him, was the main condition for human life. And for a child grown on the shore of a large river, this identification is more than natural.
Because the Volga in the trilogy of the Donsky brand is not just a series of landscapes, remarkably removed by the operator by Peter Yermolov, for which these films became certainly the largest creative creation. She is in a certain sense An animated creature carrying his own, in the waters of his own, a sense is a meaningless word. And this sense is associated with human existence, superimposed on it, as in the frame with a double exposure.
The complexity, variability, ambiguity of the world - this is what seeks to capture the Don. This is the source of poetry of life. Or what will be more accurate in relation to this work - its magic.
Like Gorky, Donskoy - Children's contemplator inspired, a pagan contemplator, like every child, discrepaning the variability and multiplicity of the world with a simultaneous feeling of delight and feet - "feared curiosity", as Gorky said. Is it not from here from the Donskaya of the most acute interest in any kind of Volshb? In his films, the shamans are crying, sanguharki-gypsy, and grandmother of Akulina Ivanovna in the "Childhood of Gorky" whenever before going to a new place, seriously and inspiredly embarrasses the house.
Not once and not two of the Don on the banks of the Volga will boil a human anthill - in scenes that abound internal action, rich in plans, forcing me to remember the Breighel. In fact - in the frame at the same time takes place on the top ten of events: they pass drunk, drive the arrestants, the parses give a presentation, the boy steals at the trammer bull, the movers dragged the sky - and over all this is irrepectedly opened the sky, and behind all this ..
With this swollen space enters the cinema of the Don theme of freedom. Communication of freedom with natural, spontaneous principle precisely for Gorky, and above all young bitter, was extremely important; And it was not less important for the Soviet cinema of the late 20s - early 30s. It is enough to remember the Iceshop in the "mother" of Pudovkin or the final storm over Asia in his "descendant of Genghis-Khan". But by the end of the 30s - the time of the yield of trilogy on the screen - this topic ceases to exist in our cinema at all: it goes along with the theme of nature, entirely and completely subordinate to the person.
The conflict of closed and open spaces as a viscous, purely cinematographic embodiment of freedom and non-branches is not open. But the motive for all cinema was the motive for all of the cinema, and it was at the moment when he lost his relevance for the Soviet cinema as a whole
In inflammativity russian spacesFor which the Great River rolls its waters, detects the bottom of the specific synonym for this concept in our language: "Will". This is precisely natural freedom, and it is not by chance that the Volga landscapes in the trilogy are superimposed folk song, absorbing as if eternal in this universe, the desire for freedom. In the very length of her - the szvuk of spaces, saving a person from groping, worst, stagnation in the eternal Russian crowd.
In space, it is closed, this is a crowded - unbearably. Kashirina's house in the "childhood of bitter" with low ceilings, close from the abundance of things and people who come across each other, constantly stumbling on each other. The same workshop of icon painters ("in people"), surgeon and bakery Semenov ("My Universities"). The feeling of painful cramped, crowded - people interfere with each other with their own existence.
The trilogies are almost no heroes, satisfied with their fate. All Tomimes, if not just longing for a different life, then at least the feeling of the fact that his life does not work in hell with this tightness. Piercing "Eh, you-and!" Grandfather Kashirina, who fell into poverty, or no less piercing "to be Yakov the dog" by many sins of aggravated uncle Yakov. And as a common embodiment of this desire, this traction to a different life is a small lagnitude negleless cripple, transferred to the film from the story of "Passion-Mordesta", dreaming of a "clean field" in his basement.
Baby highlights Donskoy in each of his characters, it is looking for in performers. Not because it became for most part in the trilogy " starry hour"? And for an amazing grandmother of shark - Varvars Massalitinova - Prima of the Small Theater, who worshiped Meyerhold (which was worth it to convince the filmmatic authorities to give her this" positive "role after the" negative "kabani from" thunderstorm "). And for Mikhail Trojanovsky - Santa, actually Open Donskoy for a movie, in which the actor replayed a ten three diverse grandparents. And for the nervous, temperamental dary of the Mirror - Queen Margo, who did not have the opportunity to play Pudovkina Anna Karenina in the same year. And of course for Daniel Sagala - Gypsy: his creative Commonwealth Donskoy continued until last work Directed by "Spouses Orlov" (again, the screening of the early Gorky, implemented in 1978).
However, the childhood has it back side: immaturity. A crowd life does not give people the opportunity to ripen, that is, to become themselves, to come true. With all the abundance of individualities in the world of trilogy, there are no personalities (the exception is perhaps the grandmother and the queen of Margo - in women's mothers in the world of Donskoy the place is completely special). No - and can not be, as long as these characters are located inside the life stream, completely subordinate to him, and, therefore, all the vicissitudes of fate. Until the oldest, the characters continue to remain children as grandfather Kashirin, and even negative characters Creative evil with cunning is completely kindergarten as uncle in the "childhood of bitter" or a sedious waiter Serge ("in people"), or superbly played by Stepan Kayukov the owner of Semenov's bakery ("My Universities").
Here, from where the wise fence from I could not withstand, broken in martial arts with the life of the lappet Natalia (Irina Zarubina): "Do not go here - you will disappear." The essence of it is need to keep the distance among themselves and the world. This distance, the role of the contemplator gives a chance to comprehend the meaning of life - to understand the path of the river.
But this position turns the Alyosha Peshkov in the hero of lyrical advantage. Young Alyosha Lyarsky with a clean, open face caused the critics restrained reproaches in some stiffness, the absence of individuality, inaction. Meanwhile, in addition to the memorable appearance - an open forehead and widely opened eyes, it is no longer necessary for this hero. For, in essence, we are not a hero - the sign of the hero. The actual hero is present primarily as the principle of the author's vision. Valid Alyosha Pawns of the film is the world of trilogy as a whole.
Obviously, a failure occurred in the third part - in "my universities," - is due to the fact that the mature hero begins to intervene, "smoke" into life. Consequently, the nature of the narration is forced to change, dramatize. The director, faithful to his principle, and this time elected the artist (the only time starring in the movie N. Valbert) solely on the principle of type correspondence - and the plot begins to collapse. For the action in itself is not contraindicated lyrical hero.However, the action is a completely special kind: the act is purely, frankly symbolic. But the director still keeps the unity of his universe as the unity of the spiritual world of the hero, holds holistic, purely cinematic, the pictorial story Trilogy.
It can be formulated as a movement from closed spaces in a "pure field", the withdrawing hero to the river, then discarding the starting position so that in the final he went to the sea in which the river flows. This is the comprehension of the mystery of life, giving numerous meetings with people on its path. Comprehension this and turns the hero from the child in a man, gives it the ability to attach others to mastering life. And completely naturally, the trilogy plot from the story of the "Birth of a Man" completes the trilogy of the story: on the seashore, Alexey Peshkov receives childbirth in a displaced woman. Life, visibly emerging on the shore of a large water, ever rolls its waves. If in the finals of the previous series, the hero went out into the open space of the "Chista Field" ("Childhood of Gorky"), the river ("in people") - now he introduces another space: a newborn.
What was discovered in his trilogy Don for world cinema? New principle Term growing, which was at the same time the basis of the tradition of Russian classical culture. If in the tradition of the European novel, the collision of the hero with people on life path Moves Fabul, adventurous precisely for this reason, since the movement here can be compared with the movement of the billiard balls, then in the Russian tradition, the random meeting changes people: everyone already carries a compensation of another, imprint of someone else's life experience, now becoming part His own. This principle, developed by thoroughly Chekhov, Bunin, and Gorky becomes the basis of all his creativity.
Where in this case, the scissors in the perception of bitter trilogy in their homeland and abroad? Perhaps the most accurate answer to Yuri Tynyanov, who has noticed in 1924, is that Gorky - "one of those writers whose personality itself is a literary phenomenon; the legend surrounding his personality is the same literature, but only unwritten, Gorky folklore. His memoirs are bitter, as it were, this folklore is implemented. "
The Trilogy of the Donskoy Mark in this case is one more, along with the Gorky Memoirs, the Volklore version, which Tynanov says, is Folklore, in those years it is hardly state-off-law. The director and acts here in the role of the narrator, which reproduces the common folklore text, is completely unable to be deeply individual, which contributes to it with its performance. In the same way, the domestic audience, which the reproducible text is known is not worse, is first of all, it seemed, while the foreign audience is the individuality of the director. And that, and the other perception is one-sided, because they did not assume each other, they did not feel the need for it. The necessity, which also spawned the phenomenon of Don, for the first time with full force expressed himself in the trilogy about bitter.
That is why, probably, no one noticed how in soviet picture 1938 in the first scenes, in the midst of the paralular boiling of life there was a character, ready to accept on himself (and receiving) someone else's pain, who boil the cross, which will give it, abandoned treacherously, with his unbearable severity. And the house after that will begin to collapse: on its inhabitants - blood.
In this picture of the hero's name is Ivan Gypsies. In the following works of the director of the heroes taking the thorns or bringing the world of the Savior, will call otherwise. But before last film They will go and go on the "Mark Donskoy Universe".
Maxim Gorky childhood, one of the best Russian writers, passed on the Volga, in Nizhny Novgorod. Its then called the Alesh Peshkov, the years spent in the grandfather house were saturated with events, not always pleasant, which allowed in the future Soviet biographers and literary criticism to interpret these memories as an accusatory evidence of the viciousness of capitalism.
Memories of the childhood of a mature man
In 1913, being a mature person (and he was already forty-five years old), the writer wanted to remember how his childhood passed. Maxim Gorky, by the time of the author of three novels, five leaders, good ten plays and several good story, the reader loved. Relations with the authorities were difficult. In 1902 he is an honorary member The Imperial Academy Sciences, but soon he was deprived of this title for incitement to the riots. In 1905, the writer enters into the RSDLP, which apparently finally forms its class approach to assessing his own characters.
At the end of the first decade was launched autobiographical trilogywhich Maxim Gorky composed. "Childhood" is the first story. Its initial lines immediately set up that it is not written to the public, thirsty of entertainment. She begins with a hard scene of the father's funeral, which the boy remembered in all details, up to the eye, closed with five-terrain coins. Despite the rigidity and some removal of the guys perception, the description is truly talented, the picture is bright and expressive.
Autobiographical plot
After the death of his father, the mother picks up children and brings them on a steamer from Astrakhan in Nizhny Novgorod, Seda. Baby, Alesh's brother, dies on the road.
Take them at the beginning benevolently, only the exclamations of the head of the family "Eh, you-and-and!" Give the former conflict that arose on the basis of the unwanted marriage of his daughter. Grandfather Kashirin is an entrepreneur, he has his own business, he is engaged in coloring fabrics. Unpleasant odors, noise, unusual words "KUPPLE", "FUXIN" annoy the child. Maxim Gorky's childhood took place in this turmoil, uncle were rude, cruel and, apparently, are stupid, and grandfather had all the mascasses of her home tyrant. But all the hardest, which received the definition of "lead abominations," was ahead.
Characters
Many household details and a variety of relationships between characters are unnoticed by each reader, who took the first part of the trilogy, which Maxim Gorky, "Childhood" wrote. The main characters of the story talk in such a way that their voices seem to be thrown somewhere nearby, so individual speech manner of each of them. Grandmother, whose influence on the formation of the personality of the future writer cannot be overestimated, as if becoming the ideal of kindness, at the same time the draper brothers covered with greed causes a feeling of squeamishness.
A good deal, a neighbor fuck, was a man eccentric, but it obviously possessed an extraordinary intelligence. It was he who taught the little Alesha to express thought correctly and clearly, which undoubtedly influenced the development of literary abilities. Ivan-Roma, 17-year-old Podlidysh, raised in the family, was very kind, which was sometimes manifested in some oddities. So, going to the market for purchases, he invariably spent the money less than it should be assumed, and the difference gave his grandfather, seeking him to please. As it turned out to save, he attracted. Excessive diligence and led to his premature death: he was relieved by performing the master's order.
There will be only gratitude ...
Reading the story "Childhood" Maxim Gorky, it is difficult not to catch the feeling of gratitude, which the author experienced to people surrounded him in early years. The fact that he received from them enriched his soul, which he himself compared with the hives, filled with honey. And nothing that the taste of it sometimes was a slop, but on the kind of dirty. Going from the apartled grandfather of the house "to people", he was enriched enough life experienceSo as not to the abyss, do not knee a stupid in a complex adult world.
The story turned out to be eternal. As the time has shown, the relationship between people, often even interconnected by blood bonds, is characteristic of all times and public formations.
The autobiographical trilogy of Gorky "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities" stands in a number of those works in which the writer seeks to embody the diverse artistic claims, express the active, life-affirming look at life.
The path of the Hero of the Gorky trilogy to revolutionary self-consciousness was far from simple and straightforward, he embodied the complexity of the quest for truth by a person from the people. The main idea, the cementing story, lies in the words of the writer: "The Russian man is still so much healthy and young to the soul that overcomes the abomination of life."
In the story "Childhood", a very significant place is given to Akulin Ivanovna and Good matter, and in the story "in people" - a cook to smys and the stir to Jacob. These people were provided a huge impact On the formation of the feelings and thoughts of the chief hero of the trilogy - Alyosha Peshkov. In the ones, they are highlighted as figures, significant their individuality, and in them to a certain extent personifies good and talented beginners of Russian.
Spiritual world Alyosha Peshkov inhabited relatives and other people's people with whom he collided hard fate. In the formation of his consciousness, two forces participated, which seemed far from being equal. This is the forces of evil and good. Under these conditions, the possibility of choosing to greatly depended on the mind of Alexey, his character, inborn ability to observe and perceive the facts, phenomena of life.
An excellent feature of Alesh was the perception of a kind and beautiful and repulsion from the evil and stupid, poisoned the atmosphere in the house of cashier-rinic and outside it. In this sense, especially characteristic. Terno opposition to grandmother sharur Ivanovna and grandfather Kashirina in the mind of the boy. Gorky retained the grateful memory of his grandmother. She brought in him a rare gift - the ability to respect and love a person.
If at the first parts of the bitter trilogy showed the character of the hero mainly in resistance to the deformities of life, then in the III part - "My Universities" - further development The character is revealed in the process of spiritual I. Fayan formation. The character of Alesh Peshkova was not only in resistance environment; Resistance This was connected with the reassessment of values, hoped from books and stories of people who had an impact on him. At the same time, he wanted and sought to independently comprehend the complex phenomena and the facts of life. The reality that "mastering" the young man pawn was revealed before him in contradictions, and often hostile. But she also kept the truth in himself, and before this truth he traveled, making an opinion about different "teachers of life." And the image of the hero in these difficult ideal quest Gorky just connected with folk fate, at the same time moves his own "I" on the background. The ideological nerve of autobiographical leaders - the desire of a writer step by step to show the fastener consciousness of the child, and later Alesh Peshkov, his human self-affirmation in confrontation with the environment.
BUT! We read only childhood, so about it in more detail!
Russian literature of the late 19th-early 20th centuries. general characteristics
Since the beginning of the 1890th year, a group of symbolists proclaimed its full rejection of the model. They are realism, mistakenly identifying it with materialism and objectivism. Since then, confrontation has begun 2nd thin. directions. Modernists suspected alien to themselves writers in the inability to penetrate the essence of the phenomenon, in the subhove-offitivist reflection of life. Realists denied a "dark set" of mystical concepts, sophisticated forms of the newest poetry. Young realism possessed all the signs of a transformed property and acquiring the truth of art. His creators walked to their discoveries by subjective maidos, thought. The 19th century prose was peculiar to the image of people. , embodying the cherished thoughts of the writer. From the works of the new pore almost disappeared the hero of the student of the writer's representations. The tradition of Gogol and Chekhov felt. In a ml. contemporaries Chekhov heroes became " middle Hand»Intelligents, officers of the lower ranks, soldiers, peasants, Bosyaki. On the unsubstitialness of their inner state wrote Kurin, bitter, bunin. Andreev. They turned to the mysteries of the human nature itself. The copyright began in the narration. Online of events was simplified, but the limits mental life Spread. Therefore, the reproduction of a short segment of time has grown to large narratives (" Garnet bracelet»Kuprin," Brothers "Bunin). With the other side, complex themes represented in a stingy form (" Mr. from San Francisco "Bunin" Life of Vasily Fewish "Andreeva) The new generation of Prosaikov turned to folklore --Biblesky images Both motifs, mythology of different peoples. Performing copyrights permanent. There are no instructive or prophetic intonations. The realistic prose called to the discussion. Many prose ties to the district in R-Ze (Kubrin, Gorky), to the inner confrontation different points Vision (Snah Changa »Bunin, Juda Israariot, etc. Andreeva). The complex globility of writers did not fit into the structure of consistent realism. The prose of the beginning of the century is integrated. Symbolization of images and motifs. Analysis of real processes was combined with a romantic dream. Molded writers experienced passionate attraction to the classic heritage of Russia.
18.07.2008
Synopsis
Childhood Gorky
Genre: Drama
Director: Mark Donskaya
Cast: Varvara Massalitinova, Mikhail Trojanovsky. Alexey Lyar, Daniel Sagal, Elizaveta Alekseeva, Vladimir Novikov
Production: Film Studio "Soyuztet Film", 1938
Duration: 96min.
The first part of the famous filmmaker Mark Donskoy based on the autobiographical leaders Maxim Gorky (the second part is "in people", the third is "my universities").
"Donskoy film is one of the most noble works set in the USSR to the war" (critic Jay Leided)
... the end of the 19th century. Nizhny Novgorod. Pier, Volzhsky talk, songs and people are bad and good, unhappy and cruel. In this atmosphere, the childhood of Alesha Peshkov was held, afterwards the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky. ... It was seriously lived in the Kashirin family: Rugan, the fights of uncle because of the inheritance, beatings for the slightest provinces. Only one person is the grandmother of Akulin Ivanovna - the boy regrets. When the grandfather finally broke, Alyosha is forced to earn a living himself. And he leaves "in people" ...
The role of Alyosha Peshkov is the first and only job in the cinema Alexey Lari, who died in 1943 near Leningrad.
State Prize of the USSR II degree for the films "Childhood of Gorky" and "in people" to the director Mark Donskoy, actress faith Masalitinova, 1941
Genre: Drama
Director: Mark Donskaya
Cast: Varvara Masalitinova, Alexey Lyar, Daniel Sagal, Mikhail Trojanovsky, Ivan Kudryavtsev, Irina Zarubina, Daria Mirkalova
Production: Film Studio "Soyuztertilm", 1938
Duration: 97min.
The second part of the famous filmmaker Mark Donskoy based on the motifs of the autobiographical works of Maxim Gorky (the first part is the "Childhood of Gorky", the latter is "my universities").
"In public popularity, Gorky was the second after Leo Tolstoy. After the books of Tolstoy and Aksakov on their landowner-aristocratic childhood, the Book of Gorky" Childhood "," in people "revealed the world of childhood of common - no less precious and poetic ..." (Evgeny Yevtushenko )
Alyosha Peshkov leaves the house of his grandfather and goes to earnings, "in people." It serves as a "boy" at the uncle drawer, the washer of dishes on the Volga steamer, the student in the icon-painted workshop. A kind, alien cruelty, he cannot bear the reigning circle of injustice, bravely fights for the truth and ... again it turns out without an angle and a piece of bread.
State Prize of the USSR II degree for the films "Childhood of Gorky" and "in people" by director Mark Donskoy, actress faith Masalitinova, 1941
IX ICF in Venice (Italy) - Special trilogy premium ("Childhood of Gorky", "In People", "My Universities") Italian journalists, 1948
ICF in Stockholm (Sweden) - the first trilogy premium ("Childhood of Gorky", "in people", "My universities"), 1949
XI ICF in Edinburgh (England) - Prize named after the English film critic of Richard Winnington for 1954. Trilogy about Gorky ("Childhood of Gorky", "In People", "My Universities"), 1955
My universities
Genre: Drama
Director: Mark Donskaya
Cast: N. Valbert, Nikolai Plotnikov, Daniel Sagal, Pavel Shpringfeld, Stepan Kayukov, Nikolai Dorokhin, Lev Sverdlin
Production: Film Studio "Soyuztet Film", 1939
Duration: 97min.
Trilogy by autobiographical works Maxim Gorky: "Childhood of Gorky", "In People", "My Universities" perpetuated the name of the Don in the history of world cinema. Original human characters, coloring household scenes, Thin life observations ... In these films, Italian neoralists studied at the director of the poetry of everyday life, sudden transitions from life-exploitation to the heights of the romantic perception of reality.
In 1956, UNESCO distributed a catalog with the names of the 28 greatest filmmakers. Together with Eisenstein, Puddowin, Dovzhenko in this list took an honorable place and Mark Donskoy. He became one of the most popular filmmakers in the world.
"Maxim Gorky sees and everything feels a pen ... pen is not a tool, but an organ of the writer ..." (Franz Kafka, 1920)
Alyosha Peshkov arrives in Kazan to learn. The university for him turned out to be an unrealized dream, had to look for work, live without a refuge. The Duma of the young Peshkov about life is no less severe than life itself. In a minute of despair, he is solved for suicide ...
IX ICF in Venice (Italy) - Special Prize of Italian Journalists, 1948
ICF in Stockholm (Sweden) - the first prize of the trilogy ("Childhood of Gorky", "in people", "My Universities"), 1949 XI IFF in Edinburgh (England) - Prize named after the English film critic Richard Winnington for 1954 - Cinotrilogy About Gorky ("Childhood of Gorky", "In People", "My Universities"), 1955
In 1913 - 1916. Gorky publishes the story "Childhood" and "In People", where with a big artistic power Imprinted the autobiography of a person from the bottom, rising to the heights of culture, creativity, to the struggle for freedom. In 1922, there is a story "My Universities", continuing the artistic autobiography of the writer and telling about the Kazan period of his life.
In the bitter trilogy is the most sensible tradition democratic literatureWith which he associated the community of life material, the fate of the autobiographical hero. This does not exclude the continuity with the trilogy of L. Tolstoy, the former for the bitter sample of the writer's penetration into the hero psychology, artistic research "Dialectics of the Soul." However, in contrast to the age of L. Tolstoy and S. Aksakov, focused on the personal life of the hero, the trilogy of Gorky goes beyond the limits of the fate of the main character, - in it, the dialectic of the social environment, who formed the character of Alyosha Peshkov, was just as deeply disclosed.
In his trilogy, Gorky successfully solved the problem of time hero. The complexity of the task was that the typical hero was to grow from an autobiographical character, in whose image it is not easy to overcome narrowness and subjectivity. The trilogy is written from the standpoint of a public understanding of his biography. A diverse human environment in which hero was put, reveals and forms his character.
Gorky spoke about the life of the Russian people in the 70s - 80s. XIX century, about the complexity of his way to a new life, about the best representatives of the people who, overcoming difficulties, went ahead, made their way to light, fought for best life.
"Human," she wrote bitter in My Universities, "creates its resistance to the environment." In trilogy and show those " lead abrasions", Which causes the hatred of people, make the reader think about them or, in the words of Dobrolyubov, peck his eyes, pursue, torment, do not give rest -" Before the reader, all the richness of the mud is that he, leaning finally for living, jumped With azart and exhale: "Yes, they say, it is finally for the cat cargo! It is better to disappear my droin, and I don't want to live in it! "
The peculiarities of Gorky leaders are that the thrilogy hero was indignant. This hatred was one of the factors for the formation of its character. But this is just one side. If Alyosha Peshkov brought in herself only hatred, only a sense of resistance, he would not be distinguished from the heroes of literature of the 60s., Nor from taking characters early works Gorough type Gregory Orlova or Thomas Gordeyev. But, "Not only the life of our life is so amazing that it is so fruitful and zhizes the reservoir of the entire Skota rubbish, but the fact that through this layer still sacrifice the bright, healthy and creative, good - humans, exciting the hopeless hope for rebirth Our life is light, human. "
The life material that lay down the trilogy, demanded an accent on overcoming abominations, and the hero of the work accounted for very tight in many ways, because their carriers were people close to him; But, on the other hand, it facilitated the process of release from the influence of the old world, because abrasions appeared before the Alesh in their entire disgusting essence, not covered with even hypocritical covers.
Especially acute anger causes a boss in the boy, thirst for profit. The power of money cries the soul of man. With a huge artistic force, this truth is disclosed in the form of Santa Aleshi - Vasily Kashirina. Alyosha respects him for mind, perseverance, hard work. The bitter focus draws to the process of turning this is not bad in essence of a person from honest worker in a self-director and Skopidoma. Alyosha saw the manifestation of the rebellion against the Samodogne from some members of the Kashinsky family, especially from the mother, and it caused in the boy special love And respect for it.
The lightest memories of Gorky are associated with the image of the grandmother, which played a huge role in the cultivation of the character of the grandson. It combines a lot of that beautiful that the Russian people developed in themselves: durability and mental health, great love To people and bright optimism that no dark forces can overcome. Grandma taught Alyosha to love people, to see in them good, "ran a strong force for hard life" However, the role of grandmother in the upbringing of Alesh should not overestimate. It was necessary to "sat down by force" and for the struggle, and the grandmother could not do this, for to fight, you need to be able to hate evil and in no way reconcile with him. If the share of hate at the grandmother and was, then her philosophy of humility and patience reduced this hate to zero. Alyosha, suffering from injustice, complains of people's lives, and grandmother inspires: "It is necessary to endure, Olesha!" But the hero of the trilogy "was poorly adapted to patience," and this was saved. Having perceived all the best from the grandmother, Alyosha went further - in search of those people who could help him fasten the difficult science of life deeper.
"Healthy creative principle"Alyosha saw in the Master of Gregory, in a wonderful Russian guy Vanyuch Gypsy, in an incomprehensible, but entangled to himself a man on nicknamed" good deal ". A big and light trail in his life left the cook Smurry, who awakened interest in the book in him, and especially the "Queen Margo", which attacked the Great Russian and world literature in him, especially received by the romantic haze.
Books expanded the outlook Alesh, discovered some new, bright, unusual life - "Life of big feelings and desires ... I saw that people surrounding me ... live somewhere on the side of everything that books write about, and it is difficult to understand what is interesting in their life? I do not want to live such a life ... "And on the other hand, the books of Russian writers helped to understand the reason for the severe life of the people, besides - Alexey Peshkov, who had no childish experience, had the opportunity to compare life and books and often noticed the discrepancy, Especially in the works of people's literature, idealizing a man.
Knowledge of life and books, the ability to check the truth of the books by the facts of living reality did what dozens of universities could not do at the time. Alexey Peshkov appeared in Kazan with certain beliefs, with a certain look at life and people. That is why it could not blind the populic utopia, and in a dispute with populists - people who have university education, the top won a "nugget" of Peshkov.
In "My Universities", the hero goes to retire in life, the people. His aspiration forward says that he will find his way and place in life. Alexey Peshkov comes out by the winner because he is associated with the people, because his fate is the fate of the people.
Based on a new and growing, actively resisting the old and dying, Alexey Peshkov develops the qualities of a real man. Deeply revealing the life of the Russian people in the conditions of the 70s - 80s. XIX century, Gorky condemns those traits of the psychology of workers who were an obstacle in their struggle for the best life, and notes the freedom of the people, slow, but the stubborn process of the growth of his self-consciousness, typing the best features of the people in the image of Alyosha Peshkova.