Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century. Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the XVIII in the cultural space of the Russian Empire in XVIII

08.03.2020

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The cultural space of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century.

Defining the influence of the ideas of enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. The literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Public ideas in the works of A.P.Sumokova, G.R. IDRZHAVINA, D.I.Fonvizin. N.I.Novikov, materials about the position of serfs in his magazines. A.N. Kradishchev and his "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow."

Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. Development of a new secular culture after Peter I transformations. Strengthening the relationships with the culture of countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of basic styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, masters arriving from abroad. Strengthening the attention of the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.

Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of the noble manor. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.

Russian science in the XVIII century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. Geographic expeditions. The second Kamchatka expedition. The development of Alaska and the west coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of domestic history. Study of Russian literature and the development of a literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkov.

M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the formation of Russian science and education.

Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Main pedagogical ideas. Education of the "new breed" of people. The basis of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "Noble Maiden" in the Smolny Monastery. Cost educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University - First Russian University.

Russian architecture XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. Regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.

Fine art in Russia, his outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the genre of the parade portrait in the middle of the XVIII century. New trends in visual art at the end of the century.

Peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.

Management of the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Policy towards Islam. The development of Novorossia, the Volga region and the South Urals. German migrants. Formation of a sketch of settling.

Russia in Pavel I

The basic principles of Paul's domestic policy. Strengthening absolutism through the refusal of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. Personality of Paul I and its impact on the country's policies. Decrees of the Preconsession, and about the "three-day barbecue".

Politics of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the capital is known, measures in the field of foreign policy and the causes of the palace coup on March 11, 1801.

Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.

Regional component

Our region in the XVIII century.

Russian Empire in the XIX - early XX centuries.

Russia on the way to reforms (1801-1861)

Aleksandrovskaya Epoch: State Liberalism

Alexander I. Liberal Reforms Projects. External and internal factors. The unlawful committee and "young friends" of the emperor. Reforms of public administration. MM Speransky.

Patriotic War 1812

Epoch of 1812. Russia's war with France 1805-1807. Tilizite world. War with Sweden 1809 and the accession of Finland. War with Turkey and the Bucharest world of 1812. The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event of the Russian and world history of the XIX century. Vienna Congress and its decisions. Holy Union. Increasing the role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Vienna Congress.

Liberal and protective trends in domestic politics. Polish Constitution of 1815 Military settlements. Noble opposition autocracy. Secret organizations: the union of salvation, the Union of prosperity, Northern and South Society. Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825

Nikolaev Autrogement: State Conservatism

Reformed and conservative trends in Politics Nicholas I. Economic policy in conditions of political conservation. State regulation of public life: management centralization, political police, codification of laws, censorship, training on education. Peasant question. Reform of state peasants P.D. Kiselieva 1837-1841. Official ideology: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." Formation of a professional bureaucracy. Progressive officials: at the origins of a liberal reformation.

Expansion of the empire: Russian-Iranian and Russian-Turkish war. Russia and Western Europe: Features of mutual perception. "Holy Union". Russia and revolutions in Europe. Eastern question. Disintegration of the Vienna system in Europe. Crimean War. The heroic defense of Sevastopol. Paris World of 1856

Friendic society. Village and city

The estate structure of Russian society. Serfdom. Landowner and peasant, conflict and cooperation. Industrial coup and its features in Russia. Start of railway construction. Moscow and Petersburg: dispute of two capitals. Cities like administrative, commercial and industrial centers. City self-government.

The cultural space of the empire in the first half of the XIX century.

National roots of domestic culture and Western influences. Public policy in the field of culture. The main styles in artistic culture: romanticism, classicism, realism. Ampir as an empire style. Cultivation cult. The golden age of Russian literature. Formation of the Russian music school. Theater, painting, architecture. Development of science and technology. Geographic expeditions. Opening Antarctica. Activities of the Russian geographical society. Schools and universities. Folk culture. Culture of everyday life: Comfort gain. Life in the city and in the manor. Russian culture as part of European culture.

Empire Space: Ethnocultural Country

The peoples of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. The diversity of cultures and religions of the Russian Empire. Orthodox Church and main confessions (Catholicism, Protestantia, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism). The interaction of peoples. Features of administrative management on the outskirts of the empire. The kingdom of Polish. Polish uprising 1830-1831. Accession of Georgia and Transcaucasia. Caucasian war. Shamil movement.

The formation of civilian legalware. Main flows of public thought

Western education and an educated minority: the crisis of traditional worldview. "Golden Age" of noble culture. The idea of \u200b\u200bserving as the basis of noble identity. Evolution of noble opposition. Formation of generation of enlightened people: from freedom for few to freedom for all. The emergence of scientific and literary societies, secret political organizations. Distribution of liberal ideas. Decembrists - noble revolutionaries. Culture and ethics of the Decembrists.

Social life in 1830 - 1850s. The role of literature, press, universities in the formation of an independent public opinion. Public thought: Official ideology, Slavophiles and Westerners, the origin of socialist thought. Folding the theory of Russian socialism. A.I.German. The influence of German philosophy and French socialism in Russian public thought. Russia and Europe as a central point of public debate.

Russia in the Epoch of Reforms

Alexander II Transformation: Social and Legal Modernization

Reforms of 1860-1870s. - Movement to the legal state and civil society. Peasant reform of 1861 and its consequences. Peasant community. Zemskaya and urban reforms. The formation of public self-government. Judicial reform and development of legal consciousness. Military reforms. The approval has begun awareness in the legal stroke of the country. Constitutional question.

Multi-vector Empire Policy. Completion of the Caucasian War. Accession of Central Asia. Russia and Balkans. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 Russia in the Far East. The base of Khabarovsk.

"People's autocracy" Alexander III

The ideology of the original development of Russia. State nationalism. Reforms and "counter doors". Conservative stabilization policy. Restriction of public amateurness. Local self-government and autocracy. Independence of the court and administration. The rights of universities and the power of the trustees. Printing and censorship. Economic modernization through state intervention in the economy. Forced industry development. Financial policy. Conservation of agricultural relationship.

The space of the empire. The main spheres and directions of foreign policy interests. Strengthening the status of the Great Power. The development of the state territory.

Poreless society. Agriculture and industry

On the threshold of the new century: Dynamics and contradictions of development Economic growth. Industrial development. New geography of the economy. Urbanization and appearance of cities. Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) is an example of a new transport and industrial center. Domestic and foreign capital, its role in the industrialization of the country. Russia is the global exporter of bread. Agrarian question.

Demographics, social stratification. Decomposition of class structures. Formation of new social strata. Bourgeoisie. Workers: Social characteristics and struggle for rights. Medium urban layers. Types of rural land tenure and economy. Landowners and peasants. Position of a woman in society. Church in the context of the crisis of imperial ideology. Distribution of secular ethics and culture.

Imperial center and regions. National politics, ethnic elites and national-cultural movements. Russia in the system of international relations. Politics in the Far East. Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 Defense Port Arthur. Tsushimsky battle.

The first Russian revolution 1905-1907. Start of parliamentarism

Nicholas II and his environment. Activity V.K. Plevie as Minister of Internal Affairs. Opposition Liberal Movement. "Union of Liberation." "Banquet Campaign".

Prerequisites of the first Russian revolution. Forms of social protests. Fighting professional revolutionaries with the state. Political terrorism.

"Bloody Sunday" January 9, 1905. Performances of workers, peasants, middle urban layers, soldiers and sailors. "Boyloginsky constitution". All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto 17 October 1905

Formation of a multi-party system. Political parties, mass movements and their leaders. Neo-industrial parties and organizations (revolutionary socialists). Social Democracy: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Liberal Parts (Cadets, Octobrists). National Party. Governance games in the fight against the revolution. Tips and trade unions. December 1905, armed uprising in Moscow. Features of revolutionary performances in 1906-1907.

Electoral law on December 11, 1905, the election campaign in the State State Duma. Main state laws April 23, 1906 Activities I and II of the State Duma: Results and lessons.

Society and power after the revolution

Revolution Lessons: Political Stabilization and Social Transformations. P.A.Stolapin: System Reform Program, Scale and Results. The incompleteness of transformations and increasing social contradictions. III and IV State Duma. Idean-political spectrum. Public and social lift. National Party and Fractions in the State Duma.

The exacerbation of the international situation. A blocking system and participation in Russia. Russia on the eve of the world catastrophe.

"Silver Age" of Russian Culture

New phenomena in fiction and art. Worldview values \u200b\u200band lifestyle. Literature of the beginning of the XX century. Painting. "World of Art". Architecture. Sculpture. Drama Theater: Traditions and innovation. Music. "Russian seasons" in Paris. The origin of Russian cinema.

The development of folk enlightenment: an attempt to overcome the gap between the educated society and the people.

The discovery of Russian scientists. Achievements of humanitarian sciences. Formation of the Russian philosophical school. The contribution of Russia began XX century. to world culture.

Regional component

Our region in the XIX century.

General history

Ancient world history

What is studying history. Historical chronology (account of years "BC. E." and "N. E."). Historical card. Sources of historical knowledge. Auxiliary historical sciences.

Primitive.Rassession of an ancient man. Man is reasonable. Conditions of living and classes of primitive people. Performances on the world around the world, beliefs of primitive people. Ancient farmers and cattle products: Labor activity, inventions. From the generic community to the neighboring. The appearance of crafts and trade. The emergence of ancient civilizations.

Ancient world: concept and chronology. Map of the ancient world.

The Ancient East

Ancient civilization of Mesopotamia. Living conditions and occupation. Cities-states. Myths and legends. Writing. Ancient Babylon. Chammurapi laws. Novovavilon Kingdom: conquest, legendary monuments of the city of Babylon.

Ancient Egypt. Living conditions and occupation. State Management (Pharaoh, Officials). Religious beliefs of the Egyptians. Priests. Pharaoh reformer Ehnaton. War hikes. Slaves. The knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. Writing. Temples and pyramids.

Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. Phenicia: natural conditions, residents. Development of crafts and trade. Phoenician alphabet. Palestine: the resettlement of Jews, the Israeli kingdom. Classes. Religious beliefs. Old Testament legends.

Assyria: the conquest of Assyrians, the cultural treasures of Ninevei, the death of the empire. Persian Power: Military Hiking, Empire Management.

Ancient India. Natural conditions, public occupations. Ancient cities-states. Public device, Varna. Religious beliefs, legends and legends. The emergence of Buddhism. Cultural heritage of ancient India.

Ancient China. Living conditions and public activities. Creating a united state. Empire Qin and Han. Life in the Empire: rulers and subjects, the situation of various groups of the population. Development of crafts and trade. Great Silk Road. Religious philosophical teachings (Confucianism). Scientific knowledge and inventions. Temples. The great Wall of China.

Antique World: Concept. Map of an ancient world.

Ancient Greece

The population of ancient Greece: living conditions and classes. Ancient states in Crete. States of Ahasey Greece (Mycenae, Tirinf, etc.). Trojan war. "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Takes about the gods and heroes.

Greek cities-states: political system, aristocracy and demos. Development of agriculture and crafts. Great Greek colonization. Athens: approval of democracy. Solon laws, Clisfen reforms. Sparta: Main population groups, political device. Spartan education. Organization of military affairs.

Classical Greece. Greek-Persian wars: reasons, participants, the largest battles, heroes. Causes of the victory of the Greeks. Athenian democracy during the pericale. Economic life in ancient Greek society. Slavery. Peloponnesian war. The elevation of Macedonia.

Culture of ancient Greece. Development of sciences. Greek philosophy. School and education. Literature. Architecture and sculpture. Life and leisure of the ancient Greeks. Theatre. Sports; Olympic Games.

The period of Hellenism. Macedonian conquest. Power Alexander Macedonsky and her decay. Hellenistic states of the East. Culture of the Hellenistic World.

Ancient Rome

The population of Ancient Italy: living conditions and classes. Etrusca. Legends on the basis of Rome. Rome era kings. Roman republic. Patricia and Plebei. Management and laws. Beliefs of ancient Romans.

Conquest of Rome Italy. War with Carthage; Hannibal. Roman army. The establishment of the domination of Rome in the Mediterranean. Reforms of grakhs. Slavery in ancient Rome.

From the republic to the empire. Civil wars in Rome. Guy Julius Caesar. Establishing the imperial power; Octavian August. Roman Empire: Territory, Management. The emergence and spread of Christianity. Separation of the Roman Empire to the Western and Eastern Parts. Rome and Barbara. Falling the Western Roman Empire.

Culture of ancient Rome. Roman literature, the golden age of poetry. Oratory; Cicero. Development of sciences. Architecture and sculpture. Pantheon. Life and leisure of the Romans.

Historical and cultural heritage of ancient civilizations.

History of the Middle Ages

Middle Ages: concept and chronological framework.

Early medieval

The beginning of the Middle Ages. Great relocation of peoples. The formation of the barbaric kingdoms.

Peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages. Frank: settlement, classes, social device. Laws of francs; "Salic True". Power Caroling: Stages of formation, kings and subjects. Karl Great. Disintegration of Caroling Empire. Education of states in France, Germany, Italy. Sacred Roman Empire. Britain and Ireland in the early Middle Ages. Normans: Public system, conquest. Early Slavic states. Folding feudal relations in Europe. Europa Christianization. Secular rulers and dads. The culture of the early Middle Ages.

Byzantine Empire in the IV-XI century: Territory, Management, Management. Byzantine emperors; Justinian. Codifications of laws. Emperor's power and church. Foreign policy of Byzantium: relations with neighbors, invasion of Slavs and Arabs. Culture of Byzantium.

Arabs in VI-XI century: settlement, classes. The emergence and distribution of Islam. Conquering Arabs. Arab Khalifat, his flourishing and disintegration. Arab culture.

Mature medieval

Medieval European society. Agrarian production. Feudal land tenure. Feudal hierarchy. Know the knighthood: social status, lifestyle.

Peasantry: feudal dependence, duty, living conditions. Peasant community.

Cities - crafts, trade, culture centers. Urban class. Come and guilds. City government. Fighting cities and seniors. Medieval cities in the republic. The appearance of medieval cities. Life of citizens.

Church and clergy. The separation of Christianity on Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Relationships of secular power and church. Crosses: goals, participants, results. Spiritual and knight orders. Yersie: causes and distribution. Pursuit of heretics.

States of Europe in the XII-XV centuries. Strengthening royal power in Western European countries. Consistenrative monarchy. Education of centralized states in England, France. Centenary war; J. D'Ark. German states in the XII-XV centuries. Reconquist and education of centralized states on the Pyrenean Peninsula. Italian republics in the XII-XV centuries. Economic and social development of European countries. The exacerbation of social contradictions in the XIV century. (Jacceria, Tyler's Uatra Rebellion). Gusite movement in the Czech Republic.

Byzantine Empire and Slavic states in the XII-XV centuries. Expansion of Osmanan Turk and the fall of Byzantium.

Culture of medieval Europe. Representations of a medieval person about the world. Place of religion in human life and society. Education: Schools and universities. Cultural character. Medieval epic. Knight's literature. City and peasant folklore. Romanesque and gothic styles in artistic culture. Development of knowledge about nature and man. Humanism. Early rebirth: artists and their creations.

East countries in the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire: Conquering Turkish Osmans, the management of the Empire, the position of the conquered peoples. Mongolian Power: Public Story of the Mongolian tribes, the conquest of Genghis Khan and its descendants, management of subordinate territories. China: Empire, rulers and subjects, fight against conquerors. Japan in the Middle Ages. India: The fragmentation of the Indian principalities, the invasion of Muslims, Delic Sultanate. The culture of the peoples of the East. Literature. Architecture. Traditional art and crafts.

States of Decolumbovaya America Community system. Religious beliefs of the population. Culture.

Historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages.

The history of the new Time

New time: concept and chronological framework.

Europe at the end of the XVII century.

Great geographical discoveries: prerequisites, participants, results. Political, economic and cultural consequences of geographical discoveries. Old and new light. Economic and social development of European countries in the XVI - early XVII century. The emergence of manufactory. Development of commodity production. Expansion of the domestic and global market.

Absolute monarchies. England, France, the monarchy of the Habsburgs in the XVI - early XVII century: domestic development and foreign policy. Education of national states in Europe.

The beginning of the reformation; M. Luther. Development of the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany. Distribution of Protestantism in Europe. The struggle of the Catholic Church against the Reformation Movement. Religious wars.

Netherlands Revolution: goals, participants, forms of struggle. Results and value of the revolution.

International relations in an early new time. Military conflicts between European powers. Ottoman expansion. Thirty-year war; Westphalian world.

The development of Russian artistic culture of the XVIII century occurred on the basis of a combination of national traits and the influence of areas popular at this time in Europe.

The main feature of this historic period, which influenced the culture is an increase in interest in artwork, including from a new group of the population - the emerging intelligentsia. The daily life includes literary reading, performances, musical evenings.

Periods of artistic creativity:

epoch Baroque - 1840-50s.;
the era of classicism is the second half of the XVIII century.

Literature

The middle of the XVIII century is a turning point in the development of literature. During this period, the genre system is finalized - the novel, tragedy, comedy, fables, soda, story, etc.

The main features and the achievements of the period:

new forms of poems close to the canons of modern poetry - Translation of Roman P. Talman "Riding in the Island of Love" V.K. Trediakovsky became the first fully secular product;
active development of comedy and tragedy genres - A.P. Sumarokov became the founder of the new Russian dramaturgy;
criticism of serfdom, reflection of urgent social problems - comedy D.I. Fonvizyna "Nepal", Oda "Felitsa" G.R. Derzhavin;
folding a new direction - sentimentalism: the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", the book "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev.

Interest in literary creativity becomes mass.

Theatre

Theatrical statements of foreigners are displaced by the first Russian theaters:

are created in educational institutions;
the first professional permanent theater under the leadership of F.G. is established. Volkov in St. Petersburg;
serf theaters appear - Counts of Sheremetev, princes of yusupov (popular actresses - P.I. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova, T.V. Shlykov-Granatova).

Music

A court opera was created - distributed in small cities and fortress theaters.

By the end of the XVIII century, the first Russian composers appear: Opera D.S. Bortyansky "Festival of Señora", V.A. Pashkevich "Skupoy", E.I. Fomina "Rashchiki on the substab".

Architecture

Developed in three main directions - Baroque, Rococo, classicism.

The main features of Baroque - pomp, the combination of reality and illusions, contrast: V. Rastrelli - Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral, D. Trezini - Petropavlovsk Fortress, Summer Palace Peter I, M. Zemtsov - Anichkov Palace, Kunstkamera.

Rococo combines the traditions of baroque and classicism, its features are refinement, halanery: A. Rinaldi is the Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum (suburb of St. Petersburg).

Russian Classicism is characterized by simplicity, rigor, rationality: Pashkov's house, Senate building in the Kremlin, Tsaritsynsky complex, created by projects M. Kazakov.

Painting

He is experiencing flourishing. Artists work in various genres: still life, monumental-decorative painting, and especially popular:

portrait: A.P. Anthropov - portraits of Emperor Peter III, A.M. Izmail; I.P. Argunov - representatives of the Sheremetev family, the architect of the windy; F.S. Rockots - Catherine II, Paul I; V.L. Borovikovsky - M.I. Lopukhina;

landscape: S.F. Shchedrin "Veranda, accruiling grapes", "Old Rome", F. Alekseev "Red Square in Moscow", "Panoramic view of Tsaritsyno";

historical painting: A.P. Losenko "Vladimir in front of Roggeda", G.I. Sullen "Taking Kazan";

scenes from the life of the people: M. Shibanov "Peasant Lunch", "Wedding Catchy".

Sculpture

Like painting, actively develops and improving.

F.I. Shubin: Works are distinguished by realism and psychologism - sculptural portraits A.M. Golitsyn, M.V. Lomonosov, Statue "Catherine-Legislator";
EM. Falcone: The equestrian statue of Peter I is one of the first monuments created in memory of the outstanding states.

Achievements of period

The XVIII century is the heyday of the Russian National Culture. It applies to different segments of the population. During this period, a cultural center appears for the first time in the Russian Empire - Hermitage. The formation of a collection of artistic values, paintings, books begins. Outstanding artists appear - writers, artists, directors, composers, sculptors, actors. Interestingly, art has successfully rummaged with serfdom - this is evidenced by the opening of fortress theaters.

References:

Russian history. End of the XVI-XVIII century. Grade 7: studies. For general education. institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kososulina. - 11th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. - 240 s.
History of Russia of the XVIII-XIX centuries / L. V. Milov, N. I. Zimbaev; Ed. L. V. Milova. - M.: Eksmo, 2006. - 784 p.
Schoolboy's directory, grades 5-11 / under. Society. ed. OL Soboleva. - M.: AST-PRESS, 2003. - 768 p.

Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of the noble manor. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.

M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the formation of Russian science and education.

Fine art in Russia and its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the genre of the parade portrait in the middle of the XVIII century. New trends in visual art at the end of the century.

Peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.

Management of national outskirts. Bashkir uprisings. Policy towards Islam. The development of Novorossia and the Volga region. German migrants. Formation of a sketch of settling.

Russia in Pavel I

Politics of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the capital is known, measures in the field of foreign policy and the causes of the palace coup on March 11, 1801.

Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.

Concepts and terms: Modernization. Reforms. Mercantilism. Guard. Empire. Senate. College. Synod. Province. Fortress manufactory. Recruit sets. Revision. Prosecutor. Fiscal. Avenger. Assembly. Tabel about ranks. Town Hall. Palace coup. Supreme Secret Council. "Conditions". Bironovshchyna. "Enlightened absolutism." Secularization. Claimed Commission. Guild. Baroque. Rococo. Classicism. Sentimentalism. Magistrate. Spiritual management (Muslim).

Personalia:

State and military figures: Anna John, Anna Leopoldovna, F.M.Apraxin, A.P. Kestuzhev-Ryumin, E.I.Biron, Ya.V. Bruis, A.P. Volārynsky, V.V.Golitsyn, F.A.Golovin , P.Gordon, Ekaterinai, Ekaterinaii, Elizaveta Petrovna, Ivanv, John Vi Antonovich, M.I. Kutuzov, F.Ya. Lafort, I. Maiza, A.D. Voshikov, B.K.Mini, A.G. Orlov, A.I.OSostman, Paveli, Petri, Peter II, Peter III, G.A.Pothemkin, P.A.Rumyantsev, Tsarevna Sofya, A.V. Svorov, F.F. Ushakov, P.P.Shofirov, B.P.Shelemetyev.

Public and religious figures, cultural, science and education figures: BatyrSha (leader of the Bashkir uprising), Bairer, V.I.Bazhov, V.Bering, V.L. Korovikovsky, D.S.Bortyansky, F.G. Volkov, E.R.Dashkova, N.D. Demidov, G.R. IDRZHAVIN, MF Kazakov, A.D. Kanthemir, J.Kvarengi, I.P. Kulibin, D.G.levitsky, M.V. Lomonosov, A.K.Nartov, I. N.Nikitin, N.I. Novikov, I.I. Polyzunov, F.Prokopovich, E.I. Pugachev, A.N.radishchev, V.V. Rastrelli, F.S. Kotov, N.P.Rumyantsev, A.P.Sumokov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K.T.The Const Republic, D. Tresini, D.I.Fonvizin, S.I. Belylskin, F.I.Shukin, I.I.Shvalov, P.I. Shuvalov, M.M.Sheterbatov, S. Yulaev, S.Yavorsky.

Events / Dates:

1682-1725 - Peter I reign (up to 1696, together with Ivan V)

1682-1689 - The Board of Sophia

1682, 1689, 1698 - Archerters' uprisings

1686 - the eternal world with a response

1686-1700 - War with the Ottoman Empire

1687 - Foundation of the Slavic Greco-Latin Academy in Moscow

1687, 1689 - Crimean Hiking

1689 - Nerchinsky Treaty with China

1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns

1697-1698 - Great Embassy

1700-1721 - Northern War

1700 - defeat under Narva

1705-1706 - uprising in Astrakhan

1707-1708 - Bulavina Kondrati Upper

1708-1710 - provincial institution

1711 - the establishment of the Senate; Protian hike

1714 - Decree on Union

1718-1721 - Building colleges

1718-1724 - Conducting a census and first revision

1720 - Battle of about. Grengam

1721 - Nesteadt world

1721 - Russia's proclamation to the empire

1722 - Introduction Tabel about ranks

1722-1723 - Caspian (Persian) Hike

1725 - Institution of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg

1725-1727 - the Board of Catherine I

1727-1730 - The Board of Peter II

1730-1740 - Anna John's Board

1733-1735 - War for Polish Inheritance

1736-1739 - Russian-Turkish War

1741-1743 - Russian-Swedish War

1740-1741 - The Board of John Antonovich

1741-1761 - Board Elizabeth Petrovna

1755 - the foundation of Moscow University

1756-1763 - Seven-Year War

1761-1762 - Board of Peter III

1762 - Manifesto on the liberty of the noble

1762-1796 - Ekaterina II Board

1769-1774 - Russian-Turkish War

1773-1775 - Umelyan Pugacheva's uprising

1774 - Kychuk-Kainardzhi World with the Ottoman Empire

1775 - the beginning of the provincial reform

1783 - the accession of the Crimea to Russia

1785 - Plotted diplomas nobility and cities

1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish War

1788 - Decree on the establishment of the "Spiritual Assembly of Magometansky Law"

1788-1790 - Russian-Swedish War

1791 - Yaski World with the Ottoman Empire

1772, 1793, 1795 - Sections of the Commonwealth

1796-1801 - Board of Paul I

1799 - Italian and Swiss goas of the Russian army

Sources: General Regulations. Military charter. Marine Charter. Spiritual regulations. Tabel about ranks. Decree on the union of 1714 g. Nesteadsky world. The act of bringing the sovereign to the King of Peter I of the title of Emperor of the All-Russian and the name of the Great and Father of the Fatherland. Decrees of Peter I. Hiking magazines Peter the Great. Audivice fairy tales. Relations and memorial. "Youth honest zerozal". The word of Feofan Prokopovich during the burial of Peter the Great. Newspaper "Vedomosti". Correspondence Peter I. "Historia of the Savy War". Notes and memories of foreigners. "Conditions" Anna John. ODY M.V. Lomonosov. Manifesto on the liberty of the nobility. Memories of Catherine II. Catherine II Correspondence with Voltaire. Oaksa Catherine II laid commission. Kychuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty. Decrees of Emelyan Pugachev. Establishment of provinces. Praised diplomas nobility and cities. Georgievsky treatise with Eastern Georgia. City position. Yask Mirny Treaty. Magazines "Painter" and "Everybody". "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev.

1) Specify the term.
Culture (from lat. Culture - "cultivation") - all that was created
Human labor: technical means and spiritual values,
Scientific discoveries, monuments of literature and writing,
works of art, political theories, legal and ethical
Norms, etc.
2) specify the name of the institution
This is an institution (premises for rare
Founded by Peter I in St. Petersburg in 1719.
Kunstkamera
3) Specify the name of the newspaper.
Since 1703, the first official Russian printing is regularly published.
A newspaper in which a foreign chronicle was published. "Vedomosti"

Working with textbook text and work sheets

For successful task execution, you need: to analyze the material corresponding to your
pair; summarize and give the definition of the terminas.
P. 72 - 76.
P. 86 - 96.
P. 97 - 100.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Imagine that you are a member
World
Festival
Youth
and
students and you had the honor to tell about
Cultural
space
Russian
Empire XVIII century.
What and about whom you would tell foreign
Listeners first?
Argument your answer.

14.

15.

16.

17.

work
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin
(April 3, 1745 - December 12, 1792)
Russian writer, playwright, publicist
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin
(December 12, 1766 - June 3, 1826)
Historian, the largest Russian writer
Epoch sentimentalism
Genre: Comedy
Year of writing: 1782
Genre:
Sentimental story
Year of writing: 1792
Genre: Comedy
Year of writing: 1768
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin
(July 14, 1743 - July 20, 1816)
Russian poet, Senator,
Valid secret adviser.

18.

work
Rastrelli Bartholomew Varfolomeevich
(Bartolomeo Francesco)
(November 2, 1843 - July 9, 1902)
Russian architect
Winter Palace. St. Petersburg
Year of construction: 1754-1762
Copper rider - Monument to Peter I.
His discovery took place on August 7
1782. Monument made from
Bronze. Name "Copper"
Passed him because in
XVIII-XIX centuries in Russian
The word "copper" was allowed to
Drinking consumption.
Etienne Maurice Falcone
(December 1, 1716 - January 4, 1791)
French sculptor
Monument to Peter I. 1768-1770
Granite, bronze. Height 10.4 M.
Senate square. St. Petersburg

19.

Opera "Yamchiki on the substab" - march
Click and listen
Fedor Grigorievich Volkov
(February 20, 1729 - April 15, 1763)
Russian actor and theatrical figure.
Created the first permanent Russian theater.
Considered the founder of the Russian theater
Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin
(August 16, 1761 - April 28, 1800)
Russian composer.
Praskovya Pearlugova
In the role of Eliana
Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin
(1747 - March 30, 1804)
Russian violinist, composer and teacher.
Praskovya Ivanovna Kovaleva-Hemchugova
(1747 - March 30, 1804)
Russian actress and singer.

After Petrovsky reforms in Russian culture, the priority of secular began. Being essentially part of the state apparatus, the church has lost its monopoly in determining the directions and forms of culture, although its influence in society continued to remain significant. In the spiritual sphere of Russia XVIII century. The ideas of enlightenment began to penetrate, in which the central place was given to the enlightened monarch, able to create a harmonious society, where people in relation to each other should be guided by humane principles.

Education and science. In the middle of the XVIII century. The formation of secular education, begun under Peter I. A network of closed textual educational institutions was created, mainly for the nobles: Shantehetsky (1731), the Marine Cadet (1752) and Pagesky (1759) of the corps in which preparation for military and court services was carried out. In 1764, not far from St. Petersburg, in the village of Smolny, at the initiative of Catherine II, an institution of noble maiden was opened, which was the first educational institution for women. The most significant event in the field of education was the foundation in 1755 at the initiative of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow University. The country gradually develops the organizationally clear structure of popular education. In 1786, according to the Charter of People's School, the main folk schools with four-drained training were established in every provincial city, in county cities - small folk schools with two classes. For the first time introduced uniform curricula, subject teaching. To prepare teacher personnel in 1799 at Moscow University, a teacher seminary was formed.

The spread of enlightenment was closely related to the development of science. An outstanding scientist-encyclopedist, the first Russian academician became M. V. Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), which was equally successfully worked in both humanitarian and natural science spheres. They were written "Russian grammar", work in the field of renovation ("Letter about the rules of the Russian poem", "rhetoric"), "Ancient Russian history." Scientific discoveries were made by M. V. Lomonosov in geology, mineralogy, chemistry, physics. It was he who revived the art of mosaic lost during the Mongolian invasion.

The takeoff of technical thought is associated with the names of the great Russian inventors-self-taught - I. I. Polzunova and I. P. Kulibin.

I. I. Polzunov (1728-1766) became the inventor of a universal steam car. And I made it 20 years earlier than J. Watt.

I. P. Kulibin (1735-1818) For many years, until 1801, led the mechanical workshop of the Academy of Sciences, his creative thought covered various industries. Before our time, a famous clock with an automatic device is preserved. In 1776 I. II. Kulibin developed a project of a unionic wooden bridge over Neva with a span of 298 m. This project failed. I. P. Kulibin led work on creating a searchlight, elevator, disabled prostheses, etc.

As often happens in Russia, most of the inventions have not received applications and were forgotten, and the inventors died in poverty.

Literature. The literature of the middle and the second half of the XVIII century. It remained at the advantage of the noble and was represented by the following three directions.

1. Classicism. The characteristic features of this direction were the pathos of the national statehood and the absolute monarchy. One of the leading representatives of Russian classicism was A. P. Sumarokov (1717 1777) - author many poems, fables, comedies, tragedies. The main leitmotif of his creativity was the problems of civil debt.
2. Realism. The elements of this direction began to develop only at the end of the XVIII century. First of all, in the work of D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792), in his comedies "Brigadier" and "inexpensive".
3. Sentimentalism. Adherents of this direction declared in their works of the dominant of human nature not mind, but feeling. The path to the ideal person they were looking for by releasing and improving feelings. In Russian literature, the most significant essay of the sentimental genre was the story of N. M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa".

Social and political thought. The representative of the educational thought in Russia was Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (1744-1818) - a major publisher who produced Satir magazines "Drone" and "painter". N. I. Novikov criticized the vices generated by the feudal-serpentine system, entered into controversy with the Catherine II itself. Being a member of the Masonic Lodge, he secretly published Masonic books. In 1792 N. I. Novi

cove was arrested, and his journal book was ruin. However, his name is forever remained in Russian culture.

The ideologist of the nobility, a supporter of the monarchy and the preservation of serfdom was Mikhail Mikhailovich Scherbatov (1733 1790) - a talented publicist and historian. He, however, criticized the activities of Catherine II, accused her in despotism and immorality. Pamflet M. M. Shcherbatova "On damage to morals in Russia" was first published only in 1858 A. I. Herzenom and used to undermine the authoritative autocracy.

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev (1749-1802), which, in his main work, "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow", is occupied by a special place in the history of social and political thought. Although his views did not meet sympathy from contemporaries, ideas and figures L. N. Radishchev were very revered in many generations of domestic revolutionaries.

Architecture. Architecture of Russia in the XVIII century. Received new development. Until the middle of the century, the dominant position occupied an architectural style baroque (Ial. BAGOSSO - Fancy, strange), characteristic features of which were the monumentality and magnificity of buildings, achieved due to the curved and bizarre Lines of the facade, the abundance of columns and stucco decorations, oval and round windows. V. V. Rastrelli (1700-1754) was considered the leading master of Baroque (1700-1754), and a smoothie monastery (1748 1762) and the Winter Palace (1754 1762) in St. Petersburg, a large palace in Peterhof (1747-1752), the Ekaterininsky Palace in Tsarskoye Sele (1752-1757).

In the second half of the XVIII century. The Russian Baroque comes to replace classicism. It is characteristic of it, above all, interest in the ancient architectural samples. Hence the lack of pomp in the decoration of buildings, simplicity, straight line of the facade, the smooth surface of the walls, a clearly highlighted main body, strict symmetry of the planning. The founder of Russian classicism in the architecture was V.I. Bazhenov (1737-1799). Samos The famous his creation - Pashkov House on Mokhovah in Moscow (the old building of the Russian State Library, the former name V. I. Lenin), built in 1784-1786.

The architectural classic style was worked by the associate V. I. Bazhenova M. F. Cossacks (1738-1812), which created many buildings, still preserved in a great condition in the capital. Among them can be called the building of the Senate (Posted Places) in the Kremlin (1776-1787); The old building of Moscow University (1786-1793), burned during a fire of 1812 and restored by D. Livadi subsequently; Column Hall of the Noble Noble Assembly (1780s); Golitsinskaya (now the 1st city clinical) Hospital (1796-1801); House-Manor Demidov (1779-1791), in which the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, etc. is now located.

The third largest arch of the second half of the XVIII century. I was I. E. Starov (1745-1808) who worked mainly in St. Petersburg. They are built

Trinity Cathedral in the Alexandrovo Nevsky Lavra (1778 1790) and the main architectural structure of his life - the Tauride Palace (1783-1789), the city estate of Prince Potemkin.

Sculpture. The overall process of pruding art in Russia gave impetus to develop sculpture. The most famous sculptor was F. I. Shubin (1740-1805), which created a whole gallery of portraits as historical figures (Yaroslav Wise, Dmitry Donskaya, Vasily Shuisky, etc.) and their contemporaries (M. V. Lomonosov, P. in . Rumyantsev, Catherine and, Paul I, etc.). From foreign sculptors who left a noticeable mark in Russia, the most significant was E. Falcone, the author of the monument to Peter I ("Copper Horseman"), which was opened in St. Petersburg in 1782

Painting. Russian visual art in the second half of the XVIII century. He entered into a new stage of its development and was characterized not only by improving portrait painting, but also the emergence of new genres: landscapes, household plots, historical canvases. Nevertheless, this period is different, first of all, the flourishing genre, which was due to the numerous orders of the courtyard: nobles, the dignitaries and nobles, who sought to capture themselves to descendants. The most famous portraitists were A. P. Anthropov (1716-1795) F. S. Rokotov (1736-1808), D. G. Levitsky (1735-1822), V. L. Borovikovsky (1757-1825).

Among portrait artists, Sheremetyeva Sheremeteva was allocated. Argunov (1729 1802), who wrote not only the front portraits of the nobles and the Empress of Catherine and, and the portrait of a striking portrait of the "Girl in Kokosnik".

The son of the Russian landscape painting is the son of a soldier of the Preobrazhensky regiment S. F. Shchedrin (1745-1804), in the canvases of which nature, which determines the content and nature of the image comes out. The most famous scenery is "a view of the Greater Nebid and the Gota of Stroganov" (1804).

Theatre. In Yaroslavl, the efforts of the merchant F. G. Volkova (1729-1763) there is a first professional theater, which in 1756 is invited to St. Petersburg. Here, the Special Decree of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna was created by the National Theater, the repertoire of which was predominantly the patriotic topics (tragedy A. P. Sumarokov, etc.).

At the same time, the richest Russian ventricors organized the theaters in their homes, where they were their fortests. The most famous theater was Sheremetev in Ostankino, the fame of whom the talented actress P. I. Kovaleva (Pearls), who later became the wife of Count N. II. Sheremetev.