Tales of the peoples of Udmurtia about animals. Udmurt folk tales

UDMURTS- this is the people in Russia, indigenous population Udmurtia (476 thousand people). Udmurts also live in Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Perm, Kirov, Sverdlovsk regions... The total number of Udmurts in Russia is 676 thousand people. 70% of Udmurts consider their national language to be their native language. The Udmurt language belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group. There are several dialects in the Udmurt language - northern, southern, Besermyan and middle dialects. The writing system of the Udmurt language is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Most believers in Udmurts are Orthodox, but a significant part adhere to traditional beliefs. The religious views of the Udmurts living among the Tatars and Bashkirs were influenced by Islam.

The past of the Udmurts goes back to the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Iron Age in the 1st millennium AD. The territory of modern Udmurtia has long been inhabited by the tribes of the Udmurts or "Votyaks" (3-4 centuries AD). In the 10-12 centuries, the Udmurts were under the economic and cultural influence Volga-Kama Bulgaria. In the 13th century, the territory of Udmurtia was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1489 the northern Udmurts became part of the Russian state. In Russian sources, the Udmurts have been mentioned since the 14th century as ares, Aryans, Votyaks; the southern Udmurts experienced Tatar influence, as until 1552 were part of the Kazan Khanate. By 1558, the Udmurts became fully part of the Russian state. Under their own name, the Udmurts were first mentioned in 1770 in the work of the scientist N.P. Rychkova.

The traditional occupation of the Udmurts was agriculture and animal husbandry. Hunting, fishing, beekeeping were of an auxiliary nature. Udmurt villages were located along the banks of rivers and were small - several dozen courtyards. The dwelling was decorated with many decorative woven products. Udmurt clothes were sewn from canvas, cloth and sheepskin. In clothing, two options stood out - northern and southern. The shoes were woven bast shoes, shoes or felt boots. There were numerous adornments made of beads, beads and coins. Traditional dwelling the Udmurts had a log hut with cold passageways under a gable roof. The food of the Udmurts was dominated by products of agriculture and animal husbandry.

V public life In the villages, a large role was played by the community of the neighboring type, at the head of which was the council - kenesh. For a long time, the tribal divisions of the Udmurts - vorshuds - remained.

The religion of the Udmurts was characterized by a numerous pantheon of deities and spirits, among them Inmar - the god of the sky, Kaldysin - the god of the earth, Shundy-mummy - the Mother of the sun, there were about 40 of them. plow, howling a beetle - the ceremonial eating of cereal from the grain of the new harvest. Since the 19th century, many holidays began to coincide with the dates of the Christian calendar - Christmas, Easter, Trinity. Udmurts often had two names - pagan, given when they were called a midwife, and Christian, received at baptism.

The leading place in the applied arts was occupied by embroidery, patterned weaving, patterned knitting, woodcarving, weaving, and birch bark embossing. Singing and dancing, accompanied by playing the harp and flutes, were widely developed among the Udmurts.

In the 18th century, the largest Udmurt factories were built in Udmurtia - Izhevsk and Votkinsk, which, in a transformed form, have retained their importance to this day. The region has become a large industrial center of Russia. Highest value received metallurgy, mechanical engineering and weapons production.

Vyzykyl (fairy tale) is an epic oral work, mainly of a magical, adventurous or everyday character, with a focus on fiction. By the nature of the narrative, it is always entertaining. It is the amusement and focus on fiction that distinguish the tale from other narrative genres of folklore. The Udmurt fairy tale repertoire is rich and varied. Udmurt folklore is quite rich in its original, national material. The richness of this folklore is quite diverse in types and genres, as well as in quantitative terms. Udmurt folk art has in its collection almost all folklore genres available to other peoples. So, in it one can distinguish legends, myths, legends, fairy tales, conspiracies, songs, proverbs and sayings, riddles, wedding ritual songs, omens, recruit songs.

Udmurt folk tales

Beauty birch

An old man and an old woman lived in one village. They were in great poverty, they did not eat enough bread.

Somehow the old woman collected the last pieces of wood - she wanted to heat the stove, but there was nothing to light it with: there was no splinter.

The old woman says to the old man:

– There is nothing to ignite the stove with! Go to the forest for a splinter. Cut down the birch - we will store the torches.

The old man took the ax and trudged into the forest. Began to look out for birch for felling.

He did not have to search for long: he immediately saw a beautiful birch.

He came closer to the birch, was about to chop, but as soon as he swung the ax, the leaves on the birch rustled, the branches began to stir.

The birch bent over to the old man and spoke in a human voice:

– Have pity on me, old man, don't cut it! And what you need - you will have everything.

The old man was frightened, even dropped the ax from his hands.

"I've been living for seventy-seven years now, but I've never seen such a miracle!" - thought the old man.

He did not touch the birch. He returned home and said to the old woman:

– I would have brought you a good piece of wood for a splinter, but the birch suddenly began to ask in a human voice: “Don't touch me, old man! What you need - you will have everything. " Well, I did.

– A! The birch does not want to be chopped, - the old woman cried, - so go and break its branches - our lambs will have food!

And she drove the old man back into the forest.

He went up to the birch, bowed and said:

– My wife ordered me to break your branches, she wants to feed the lambs with leaves, if I don’t cut you down with a splinter!

– Don't chop me down, says the birch, and don't break my branches. And what the old woman asks - she will have everything!

The old man has nothing to do, he had to return home.

I came home and was surprised: everywhere there was a dry torch in piles!

– Well, old woman, you see how many splinters we have!

And how the old woman will pounce on him:

– Why only asked for a torch from a birch? After all, it is necessary to heat the stove, but we have no firewood. Go ask for firewood!

With abuse and shouts, the old woman drove the old man out of the house.

The old man took the ax and went back into the forest. He dragged himself to the birch, bowed to her and began to ask:

– Give me, beautiful birch, firewood: we are all over, there is nothing to heat the stove with!

– Go, old man, home: what you ask for, you will have, - the birch tells him.

The old man went back home.

He went up to the house, looked - he was amazed: the yard was full of firewood! Firewood was cut, chopped, stacked. And the old woman is again unhappy:

– Why only asked for firewood from the birch? After all, we don't even have a handful of flour! Go ask for flour!

– Wait, you can't do that! Only now he begged for firewood.

Old woman, let's scold the old man. She screamed, screamed, then grabbed a poker and kicked him out of the house.

– Do, - shouts, - what you are ordered!

The old man took the ax and went back into the forest. He came, bowed to the beautiful birch tree and began to lament:

– You are my beauty, white birch! The old woman again sent me to you - to ask for flour. If you want, help me, give me some!

– Go, old man, home: what you ask, you will have it, ”the birch said affectionately.

The old man was delighted, he walked home as soon as possible.

He returned and went to the barn. He cannot believe that he will have torment.

He entered, lo and behold - the barn is full of flour to the top!

The old man felt so happy, so gay, that he forgot all his former grief and need.

“Well,” he thinks, “now we will always be full!”

And the old woman saw the old man, ran out of the house and began to scold him again:

– You old fool, your wooden head! Why only asked for flour? Go, stupid, ask for two chests of gold!

She hit him with a rocker and drove him out.

The poor old man hung his head and again trudged off into the forest.

He went up to the birch, bowed to her and began to lament:

– Beauty birch! My old woman sent me to you again - she demands two chests of gold ...

– Go, old man, go: what you ask, you will have it, - said the birch.

The old man went. He went up to the hut, looked out the window and saw an old woman sitting on a bench, sorting through gold coins. And the coins shine and shine! He went into the hut, looked - there were two chests near the table, full of gold.

Then the old man lost his mind. He also began to sort out the coins.

– We must hide the gold more reliably so that no one can see! - says the old woman.

– Need, Need! - the old man answers. - Otherwise they will learn that we have so much gold - they will ask or take away!

We talked, thought, and hid the gold in the underground.

Here an old man and an old woman live. We are glad that there is a lot of money. Only gold does not give them rest, day or night: they are afraid that someone would steal the chests.

The old woman thought, thought, how to preserve the gold, and came up with it.

She says to the old man:

– Go, old man, to your birch, ask her to make us scary, terrifying! So that all people are afraid of us! So that everyone runs away from us!

The old man had to walk into the forest again. I saw a beautiful birch, bowed to her and began to ask:

– Make us, beautiful birch, scary, terrifying! So terrible that all people were afraid of us, they ran away from us, they did not touch our gold!

The birch rustled with leaves, stirred the branches, said to the old man:

– Go home, old man: what you ask will be! Not only people will become afraid of you, but also the animals of the forest!

The old man returned home, opened the doors.

– Well, - she says, - the birch has promised: not only people will be afraid of us, but also the animals of the forest! They will run away from us!

And as soon as he said, both he and his old woman were covered with thick brown hair. Hands and feet became paws, claws grew on paws. They wanted to say something to one another, but they could not - they just growled loudly.

And so they both became bears.

Mouse and sparrow

Once a mouse with a sparrow found three grains of rye on the road. They thought, thought, what to do with them, and decided to sow the field. The mouse plowed the land, the sparrow harrowed.

The first mouse says:

This seed is mine: when I plowed my nose and paws to the blood they worked.

Sparrow disagreed:

The mouse did not chase the sparrow. I was upset that the first one started an argument. She dragged her share to the mink. Waited, waited for the sparrow to make up, did not wait. And she poured part of it into her pantry. She lived a nourishing life all winter.

And the greedy sparrow was left with nothing, until the spring the hungry one jumped.

Kokorikok

A red fox is walking along the road, and a rooster is meeting her. Yes, such a handsome man - a tail like a sickle, a comb with a saw, a yellow shirt on him, and a wicker basket under his wing.

The fox saw a rooster and thought:

"Eh, I would eat it now, I wouldn't leave a feather. Yes, I'm afraid: people are walking along the road, they will see - it will not be good for me then. I will lure him to my home, there I will deal with him without hindrance."

Hello, cockerel, says the fox in a sweet voice. - For a long time I want to make friends with you. My name is Kuz-Byzh - Long tail. How are you?

And me Kokorikok, - the rooster answers.

How far are you, Kokorikok, are you going?

Yes, I'm going to the market, I ought to buy peas.

As you go from the bazaar, come and visit me, - the fox invites. - I will treat you to glory.

Okay, Kuz-Byzh, I'll come, - the rooster promised, and thought to himself: "To be friends with you is not to be alive."

Well, then I'll wait for you, - the fox licked its lips. - Oh, what's your name, my friend? I already forgot!

Let me write it down for the memory. - The rooster picked up a coal from the road and wrote on the fox's forehead: "Bear".

The fox left, and the rooster looked after her and ran home, as long as he was safe.

The fox came home, sat on a bench, waited for the guest, peering out the window. It was already lit up, but still the rooster was gone. The fox waited, waited, and fell asleep at the window.

In the morning I woke up hungry and angry, despicable.

“Well,” he thinks, “the rooster has deceived me. Now, as soon as I meet him, I will tear it to shreds!”

The fox ran to look for the rooster.

She runs through the forest, and a wolf meets her:

Where are you, fox, going so early?

I'm looking for a deceiver ... Ugh, I forgot his name! Look, it's written on my forehead.

The wolf looked, and on the fox's forehead it was written: "Bear".

Why do you need him? the wolf asked.

The wolf was frightened.

“If she’s going to tear the bear to shreds, she’ll swallow me entirely!” - he thought and ran away without looking back.

Then a bear crawled out of the thicket.

Great, fox. Why did you get up so early?

Yes, I'm looking for ... Ugh, I forgot his name! Look, it's written on my forehead.

The bear sees that the fox has written on its forehead: "Bear", asks:

Why do you need him?

I want to tear it to shreds!

The bear got angry, roared, growled, grabbed the fox by its long tail and threw it into the bushes.

The fox hit a birch stump, barely got up and hobbled to his home, groaning.

And I forgot to think about the rooster.

Hunter and Snake

One day, in late autumn, a hunter was returning from the forest. Tired, hungry and decided to rest.

He sat down on a tree stump by a frozen stream, threw off a pestle - a birch-bark bag - from his shoulders, and took out a large flatbread - taban. Just took a bite off - suddenly something rustled at the very shore.

The hunter pushed the sedge apart and saw that a whip was lying on the ice. He wanted to pick it up. I looked closely, and this is not a whip at all, but a snake.

The snake raised its head, saw the hunter and says plaintively as before:

Save me, good person... See, my tail is frozen to the ice. Help me out, or else I'll be lost here.

The hunter took pity on the snake, took out an ax from his belt and broke the ice around the snake's tail. A snake crawled out to the shore, barely alive.

Oh, I'm frozen, buddy! Warm me up.

The hunter picked up the snake and put it in his bosom.

The snake warmed up and says:

Well, now say goodbye to life, your sheep's head! I'm going to bite you now!

What you! What you! - the hunter was frightened. - After all, I did you good - I saved you from certain death.

You saved me, and I will ruin you, ”the snake hissed. - I always cry for good.

Wait, snake, says the hunter. - Let's go along the road and ask the first person we meet with what you have to pay for the good. If he says - evil, you will ruin me, and if he says - good, then you will let me go.

The snake agreed.

Here the hunter went along the road, and the snake curled up in a ball on his chest.

A cow met them.

Hello cow, says the hunter.

Hello, the cow replies.

Then the snake stuck its head out of the hunter's bosom and said:

Judge us, cow. This man saved me from death, and I want to destroy him. Tell me, what do you have to pay for good?

I pay good for good, - answered the cow. - The hostess feeds me with hay, and I give her milk for it.

Do you hear? - says the hunter to the snake. - Now let me go as agreed.

No, the snake answers. - A cow is a stupid brute. Let's ask someone else.

Hello horse, says the hunter.

Great, the horse replies.

The snake stuck out its head and said:

Judge us, horse. This man saved me from death, and I want to destroy him. Tell me, what do you have to pay for good?

I pay good for good, - answered the horse. - The owner feeds me with oats, and I work for him for it.

You see! - says the hunter to the snake. - Now let me go as agreed.

No, wait, the snake answers. - A cow and a horse are domestic animals, they live near a person all their lives, so they stand up for you. Better let's go into the forest, ask the wild beast whether I should ruin you or not.

There is nothing to do - the hunter went into the forest.

He sees - a birch grows in the forest, and a wild cat sits on the lowest branch.

The hunter stopped near a birch, and the snake stuck out its head and said:

Judge us, cat. This man saved me from death, and I want to destroy him. Tell me, what do you have to pay for good?

The cat flashed green eyes and says:

Come closer now. I have become old, I can hardly hear.

The hunter approached the very trunk of the birch, and the snake leaned out even more and shouted:

This man saved me from death, and I want to destroy him! .. Now do you hear? Judge us ...

The cat released its sharp claws, jumped on the snake and strangled it.

Thank you, cat, - said the hunter. - You helped me out of trouble, I will repay you kindly for this. Come with me, you will begin to live in my hut, in the summer you will sleep on a soft pillow, and in the winter - on a warm stove. I will feed you with meat and milk.

The hunter put the cat on his shoulder and went home.

Since then, a man with a cat in great friendship live.

Greedy merchant

A summer day seemed short to one merchant: the sun rises late and sets early. And when the time came to hire farm laborers, the merchant was completely upset: the day for him became like a blink of an eye. The merchant laments that the farm laborers will not have time to leave the field, as the time has come to return. So they will never redo all the work.

He came to Lopsho Pedun.

What need has brought you to me, buskel? - asked the merchant Lopsho.

Well, the day is very short. Workers do not have time to reach the field - look, the evening is coming, you have to pay in full with them, and feed them, as agreed. I took it into my head to lengthen the day, but I just can't find someone who would help me with this. I came to ask you if you know someone who can make a day longer.

Uh, agai, and how did you happen to come across such a person? - Not without pleasure said Lopsho Pedun, thinking to himself that it was time to teach the greedy man a lesson. - Give five pounds of flour - I will help you.

And ten pounds is not a pity, just teach it as soon as possible.

Listen, hurry, how to help your trouble and make the day longer, - Lopsho Pedun began to explain. - Put on a warmer derem, a jacket, on top of everything - a sheepskin coat, on your feet - boots, and on your head - a sheepskin malakhai. Take a pitchfork in your hands, climb higher on the birch and hold the sun with a pitchfork so that it stays in place. Do you understand?

Understood, understood, understood everything. Many thanks for good advice. Come to visit, I myself will regale you.

The merchant returned home and boasted to his wife of his resourcefulness. That, they say, I learned how to hold the sun so that it doesn't run fast across the sky ..

The summer was hot that year. The merchant hired carpenters to build a house one day. And he began to get ready in the evening. He put on a warm derem, a jacket, a sheepskin coat, put on his boots, and to keep his head warmer, he put on a fur hat. I also thought of grabbing some sheepskin mittens for my hands. The merchant took the longest hay forks in his hands and, without waiting for the sunrise, climbed onto the highest birch. He ordered the carpenters to work as contracted - the whole day. The merchant sits almost on the top of a birch, not a single twig gives him a shadow - and holds the sun with a pitchfork. From the heat, sweat runs down his spine in streams, his hands are completely numb, they began to tremble.

And the laborers work without a break, tapping with axes, clinking with saws. From time to time they glance at the merchant, grinning. The merchant strictly ordered not to stop until he descended from the birch. I assigned my wife to them to keep an eye on the workers.

The merchant is roasting on a birch tree under the sun, from fatigue he will even look at the ground. And it seems like a very long day to him. Perhaps, he does not remember such a long day in his lifetime.

By noon, the merchant steamed as if in a steam bath, tired, as if the arable land had been plowed on it all day and whipped with a whip. He peeled off the birch.

Well, the workers, thank you, they did a nice job today, that's enough, - he says.

And the farm laborers are happy and happy: they were not tired at all, they spent only half a day on the merchant. They went home, satisfied.

This is how the greedy merchant lengthened the day. For this he gave Lopsho Pedun ten pounds of flour and treated him to glory.

Batyrs

One batyr once lived in the village of Tuimyl, and at the same time another batyr lived. Batyr from Tuimyl was ninety years old, and his name was Procopius. The Chyzhylskiy batyr was very young, he came to Tuimyl to woo. Had seen beautiful girls, grabbed them and dragged them in an armful into the bathhouse. Two guys ran to Procopius and told about such impudence. We, they say, are exhausted with this batyr from Chozhyl, is it possible how to teach him a lesson.

Daughters, give me a mug to Aryan, ”said Procopius. And meanwhile he asked if the young batyr was smart.

The daughters brought a birch-bark bucket of aryan, Procopius drank it to the bottom. Soon a young batyr and his friends came to see him. Procopius asks:

Which one of you is the most agile?

I AM! - answers the batyr from Chozhyla.

Are you the most agile, son?

I am grandfather. In the Elabuga region, there is no one more dexterous than me.

Come on, son, let's fight.

Oh, grandfather, you will die!

Yes, I, granddaughter, will only check your strength, you will not do anything to me.

They began to fight. Grandfather Procopius raised the batyr with one hand and asks:

Where should I drop you? To the roof of the barn or to the sky?

And Procopius threw him on the roof of the barn: he felt sorry for the batyr to throw further. A young batyr jumped off the roof and went home. There he told everyone:

- There is, it turns out, in the world a grandfather of ninety years old, no one can overcome him. I was dexterous and strong, I could overpower anyone, but he coped with me with one hand. Isn't his heroic strength from the Aryan?

Bogatyr Kondrat

On the steep bank of the Izh River, in the deep black forest, Kondrat built himself a dwelling: he dug a deep hole and put a log house there. It was necessary to enter there as in a dugout. The door was covered with a heavy cast-iron stove, which no one could even move. Only Kondrat himself opened the entrance to his dugout.

Kondrat hoped for his heroic strength and decided to live alone. But to live like that, without going anywhere, without visiting neighbors, he soon got bored. He began to walk through the woods. Sitting on the steep bank of the river, I watched the water flow in the river for a long time. And then he began to go to neighboring villages.

Having learned about the heroic strength of Kondrat, the people decided to choose him as their king. Then the Udmurts were at enmity with the Tatars. Tatars organized frequent raids, burned entire villages, took property and took them home.

Kondrat, you are strong, we want to make you our king, - said the Udmurts.

For strength you also need a mind, and among you there are such, choose such, - replied Kondrat.

All the people bowed to Kondrat.

We need you, they said.

Okay, - agreed Kondrat.

Once, when Kondrat was in the village, the Tatars of the Golden Horde raided there. A commotion arose all around: there fluff and feathers fly, smoke appeared in another place.

Behind me! - Kondrat's call to his people thundered.

He himself walked ahead of everyone. He shot the first arrow at the leader of the Tatar army. The arrow went right through the body of the Tatar leader.

A fierce battle began. The entire Tatar army was destroyed in the battle. Only one Tatar escaped, rode off on a horse and reported the message to the khan:

Khan, the Udmurt king is very strong. He destroyed all of us.

Where does he live? I will measure my strength with him, - said the Tatar khan.

I know the way to him, - says the Tatar.

Kondrat, tired in battle, was resting at this time in his dugout.

He should have been here, - Kondrat heard the voice of the Tatar. Then he hears that someone is trying to open the door, but the stove does not give in to the effort.

Kondrat then hit the slab. The slab, together with the khan, flew into the river. He, hitting the slab, drowned.

Don't touch me, Kondrat, I'll be useful to you, - asks the Tatar.

Go get my door out of the river, - Kondrat tells him.

The Tatar entered the water behind the stove, but could not pull it out and drowned himself. The Tatars, in order to avenge their khan, again gathered in a war against the Udmurts. The new khan was afraid of the strong Kondrat.

First of all, you need to kill Kondrat, - he ordered.

They chose the five most powerful, courageous Tatars and sent them on horseback to dark forest where the hero Kondrat lived. Returning one day to his dugout. Kondrat saw horsemen riding through the forest towards his dwelling. He hid behind a thick pine tree and watched. The Tatars, having tied their horses, approached the dugout to the trees.

Kondrat pulled the slab out of the water and left it at the entrance to the dugout. Without thinking twice, the Tatars descended into it. Kondrat immediately ran up and covered the entrance with a slab. And he untied all the horses, sat on one of them and drove to the village.

Prepare for battle, - he thundered again in his thunderous voice.

Why fight in vain? After all, the Tatars do not touch us now, ”said one strong Udmurt.

This man himself wanted to be king. The hero hit him with his fist and shattered all his bones. The rest said:

With you we are ready to throw ourselves into fire and water. We trust you.

Five or six villages were located very close to each other. All of them, by order of their king Kondrat, began to prepare for battle. And the Kondrat at that time, in order to take possession of the wife of the Tatar Khan, rode away in a whirlwind on a fast horse to the palace. The khan's wife was guarded by twenty Tatars. He destroyed nineteen Tatars at the same time. The twentieth knelt down before Kondrat and began to beg him:

I’ll tell you everything, just don’t kill me, ”he said. - The Tatars are now electing a new khan. They are preparing to go to you with a new war.

Kondrat quickly grabbed the khan's wife, carried her out of the palace and began to look around. Thousands of Tatars gathered behind the palace. They chose the third khan for themselves. Konrath grabbed the tartar and threw him over the high fence into the crowd. Only then did the Tatars know that Kondrat was here, and hastily began to surround the palace from all sides. And Kondrat, taking the khan's wife with him, was already rushing like an arrow on his fast horse to his people. The Tatars woke up late - behind Kondratr only dust is rising in the distance.

Kondrat came to his place, put one person to guard his future wife. And the people took them to the forest, to their dwelling. The Tatars did not have to wait long. Having chosen a new khan for themselves, they set off in a black cloud against the Udmurts. A strong battle began. Kondrat fought like a hero: some with kicks, some with blows of his fist, he threw into the black waters of a deep river. On the very shore he met a new khan of the Tatars. He unexpectedly for Kondrat took out his dagger and stabbed him in the heart.

At the same time, Kondrat grabbed the Khan by the throat. And they both fell dead into the river. After the battle, the Tatars jointly moved the slab of the dugout and freed their prisoner khan.

Cotton wool and Kalmez

In those places of the Glazovsky district, where the village of Verkhparzinskaya is now located, near Chebershur (a beautiful river) and Bydzymshur (a large river), at first there lived Udmurts from the Kalmez tribe, that is, Udmurts who came from across the Kilmez River. There were large pine forests at that time. The main occupation of the Kalmeses was beekeeping. They were also engaged in weaving bast shoes. They say that one kalmez cat could be used to make an opener! The bast shoes were an arshin long. Kalmezes settled one by one or two in different places. Two kalmez lived on the site of the Novoparzinsky repair, which at that time did not exist yet, but was a dense forest. About forty years ago, about forty years ago, they found an empty, almost ruined hut in the forest a mile away from this repair. A few years later, by someone's order, they burned it. According to the old people, it was the dwelling place of those two Kalmezes who settled in this area. The Kalmez had a sleigh, they were called in Udmurt, Nurt. The nurt runners looked like skis, one and a half fathoms long; a box with high legs was fixed on them, in which the kalmezs collected honey. The Kalmez did not have horses, so they carried honey in pounds of fifteen or more in nurts themselves. Bees, placed in different places, they had up to several hundred ridges.

For a long time, two kalmez lived peacefully. But then the Vatka tribe moved towards them from the direction of the city of Vyatka, displacing all the Kalmezes on its way. One Udmurt from the Vatka tribe came to them too. They began to argue about who should stay here. The Kalmezes also agreed to live together, but cotton wool insisted: it is better to live here as one tribe. The three of them went to inspect the possessions of the Kalmeses. At the place where the rivers Ozegwai and Parzi converge, night caught them, and they settled down to spend the night. One kalmez fell asleep calmly. And the other, suspecting the fleece of a bad plan, pretended to be asleep and watched every movement of the fleece. At night, the fleece quietly got up and listened to whether the comrades were sleeping. Having made sure of this, he took a club and hit the sleeping kalmez with a swing. He died immediately. Another Kalmez jumped up and took the club away from the fleece. What happened after between them and where the fleece went is unknown. Kalmez, left alone, buried his fellow tribesman right there. After burying him, he bitterly said: “Ozegvay wu kiskysa, Parzi vir kiskysa med uloz, Parzi kalyk alys med az lu” (let water flow in Ozegway, and blood in Parzi, and let the Parzin people not be kind). They say that the Parzin people lived in poverty, they were known as thieves and drunkards. They constantly started litigation and quarrels, and all this because the curse of the Kalmez was sent on them.

Soon all the kalmez left in the direction of the Izh River, but the fleece remained. These ancient Kalmezes are revered by the Glazov Udmurts to this day.

Vishur-Karyil

They say that long ago on Vishur-Karyyl and Kargurez, near the village of Vil Utchan, there lived scarecrows. They were not like ordinary people and the giants. And they always fought among themselves.

There were no guns at that time, they fired from bows. And their arrows flew from the top of one mountain to the top of another. They also threw in cast-iron balls the size of an egg yolk. And the balls flew from mountain to mountain. Pine trees were pulled out by the root. threw them from mountain to mountain.

To show their strength, they took two pine trees and twisted them into a rope. Such a rope made of two pine trees, they say, was not long ago near Piseev. These were the heroes! On Vishur-Karyyl there are deep ditches - traces of the battle of the bogatyrs-bogeymen.

The scarecrows, they say, like the Reds, destroyed the beys and kulaks and took their goods away from them. In this way, full bags of silver were collected. There was nowhere to go, they began to hide jewelry in the hollows of trees or bury them under the roots of pines. They say people found these treasures and got rich. But not everyone can find the treasure. He appears in the form of a fire or a white ram. One must be able to take such a treasure.

Kapiton Nikolaevich Ushakov, the owner of the Bondyuzhsky plant, they say, knew the secret of uncovering the conspired treasures and got himself such a treasure. In the forest, in the ground, I found two barrels of silver, for which I supposedly built a factory and began to grow rich.

Wolf and goat

One kid strayed from the herd. I wandered for a long time - I could not find my way back home. I decided to nibble the weed. And now a gray wolf is walking right at him.

Well, goat friend, I'll eat you now, - says the wolf.

Don't eat it yet, I'll work up some more fat, ”he asks.

The wolf agreed, left the kid. A little time passed, he appears again.

Got some fat? Now I will eat you.

Wait, - said the kid, - I'll help you. Get up under that hillock, open your mouth, and I will run into it.

The wolf agreed. He stood under the hillock, opened his mouth and waited. As the goat scatters, and as the horns hit the gray fool's forehead, the wolf rolled head over heels. I came to my senses. I got to my feet and still thinks:

Did I eat it or didn't I?

Stupid kitten

Once upon a time there was a cat with a kitten. The kitten was small, stupid. One day he saw a ray of sun on the roof.

There must be some tasty food, thought the kitten and climbed onto the roof.

He was just about to reach the roof, when suddenly a sparrow fluttered out from somewhere.

No, I'd rather eat it first, and then I'll climb further, - said the silly kitten to himself and rushed after the sparrow.

The sparrow flew away, and the kitten fell to the ground and was badly hurt. Then the cat, comforting him, said to him:

Your business is only to catch mice.

The kitten listened to the mother's admonition and promised never to forget it.

It took a long time. Once a kitten caught a mouse in the forest and in its mouth is carrying it home to show its prey to its mother. He had to cross the stream on a perch. And when he was crossing, he noticed his shadow in the water and again thought:

I'd rather take the mouse away from that kitten!

Releasing the mouse from his mouth, he rushed into the water. Of course, he did not catch the shadow, and he barely escaped himself: wet, dirty, he returned to his mother. But now the cat did not console him, but beat him and again told him that he should only do his own thing - to catch mice, and not to chase after everything that falls into his eyes.

From then on, the kitten did not forget the instructions of the mother.

Mountains and valleys

The wind and rain did not suffice for the world, and they quarreled. They began to show off their strength to each other, to prove their strength. They argued, argued and decided to fight: whoever wins the upper hand over someone on earth is stronger.

The rain began to pour, as if from a bucket, saying: "I will cut up the whole earth so that there will be no level place anywhere." And the wind began to blow, rushed like a hurricane, with a howl and a roar, shouting: "I will collect all the earth in one pile." The wind blew, gathering the earth into a heap, "the rain poured, tearing up the wind-collected earth in streams.

So mountains and valleys happened.

Two brothers

One man had two sons. After his death, they split up, one became rich, and the other lived in bitter need.

Than grief to sip, I'll go and drown myself, - reasoned the poor man to himself.

He came to the river, saw an overturned boat on the bank, lay down under it and began to think. I thought and thought and changed my mind to drown myself.

I’ll spend one more night under the boat, ”he said. Before I could fall asleep, three men approached the boat and began a conversation:

Well, tell me now, who is planning what? Someone asked.

Here's one started:

One priest's daughter has been ill for two years. I know how to cure her. It is necessary to collect the leaves of the black grass, give it a decoction and it will recover.

What do you know? - asked another.

To build a bridge across the sea, builders erect pillars. But as soon as they put it up, at midnight those pillars are carried away with water. I know how to strengthen them: you need to put a silver coin into the hole under each pillar, then no force will take them.

The third was asked:

What do you know?

Not far from here, a barrel of gold has been thrown into this river. To remove the barrel, you need to throw a leaf of non-fading grass into the water. As soon as you throw it, the barrel will float out on its own.

So they talked and left. The man heard everything they talked about. Now he completely changed his mind about drowning himself. I returned home and began to collect the leaves of the black grass. Gathered, boiled and went to treat the daughter of the priest. Pop immediately asked him:

Do you know any medicines? My daughter has been sick for two years.

Your daughter will get better in three days, do not regret only a hundred rubles, - says the peasant.

If you cure, - I will pay two hundred rubles, - says the priest.

As the man said, so it became: the priest has recovered. The priest was delighted, gave him two hundred rubles and treated him properly. The man returned home. A little later I went to the builders. Before he had time to say hello, they complain:

Here we put up the pillars for the bridge, but we do not have time to turn away, as they are blown away by water. We have been fighting for a long time, but we cannot think of anything.

The guy knows how to strengthen the pillars. He thought a little and said:

Pay me three hundred rubles, I will strengthen the pillars.

Only if you can, we'll give you five hundred.

He took silver coins and placed them in each hole under the posts. The builders woke up in the morning and saw: the pillars, as they were erected, are still standing. I had to give the peasant five hundred rubles. A man came home and rejoices at how much money he has now! I went to look for the unfading grass. Gathered the leaves and went to the river to pull out a barrel of gold. As he threw the leaf, the barrel floated out on its own. He took the barrel and went home. At home I decided to pour the gold into the barn, but there was no powder. I had to go to my rich brother and ask for a powder. Later, he scooped out the gold from the barrel and carried the powder back, leaving several gold coins at the bottom. The rich man took a powder, saw gold at the bottom and was surprised.

Where did you get so much gold? - asks the brother.

I wanted to drown myself, says the poor man, went to the river and lay down under the boat. At night, three came to the shore and me: there, on such and such a place there is a barrel of gold. And taught how to roll it out. I did everything as they said, and found a whole barrel of gold.

Well, brother, thank you, now I'll go, - says the richer.

He came to the river and, as the poor brother said, went to sleep under the boat. He lies, breathing heavily, and he is afraid that thieves might find him. Here he hears - three are walking. We stopped not far from the boat and began to listen.

Someone else is hiding near us, - says one of them.

All three went to the boat, lifted it and pulled the rich man out. He did not even have time to say a word, as they took him by the legs, by the arms and threw him into the water. Then the death of the rich man came.

Dondinsky Batyrs

In a long past time, a hero-Udmurt named Dondy came to live from somewhere on Mount Soldyr. He arrived here with two sons - Idna and Gurya. On Soldyr, several more sons appeared in the Donda's family, among them Vesya and Zui.

Donda's sons were growing up, and at last they began to live cramped in one place. Then Dondy went with his younger sons up the small river, which has since been named after him. About fifteen miles from the old place, he founded a new settlement, which began to be called Dondykar. Idna batyr remained on his father's land, and Gurya batyr settled near another river. Each of them became a sovereign prince, but they led their lives differently: Gurya took up agriculture, Idna - hunting, and Dondy - part of agriculture, and most importantly - fishing and trade.

Dondy lived in the new place for many years. But here it is last sons have grown. And the Dondinsky batyrs all scattered in different directions, on the high hills, along the banks of rivers and rivers, they founded new cities and fortresses. In those places where they could not find mountains to build a kar or a fortress, there they grabbed a hillock and pulled it up to the size of a mountain. And they settled on this mountain with their comrades, the same heroes as themselves. They were engaged in hunting, farming and trades. It happened that they quarreled with neighboring heroes, fighting with them in throwing whole logs or large iron weights to the neighboring settlement.

So, the Guryakar heroes threw logs with the Vesyakar heroes, and with the Balezin ones - forty heaped weights. The Idnakar heroes threw weights of several tens of poods at the Sepechkar warriors, and the Seltakar heroes threw logs at the Idnakar warriors, with whom they were especially often at enmity.

On the Cheptse River, eight versts below Idnakar, heroes from the Donda squad also lived in a special city. Once they argued with the heroes of Idnakar that they had more strength and better bows, and they shoot further. And they bet: if the arrows of the Idnakar heroes fly away beyond their lands, then the Dondinsky will cede their city to them and leave for another place. If it is not so, then the Idnakar heroes will forever concede their city to the Dondinsky ones.

On the appointed day, the heroes shot each one from their own mountain towards the mountain of their rivals. The arrows of the Idnakar heroes flew only halfway, stuck into the ground so hard that a large hillock was formed (now called Vshivaya Gorka). The Dondinsky heroes fired so successfully that all their arrows hit the pines that grew at the Idnakar walls. Thus, they won the mortgage, and they called the land received from the Idnakar people utem, that is, the win, and founded a new car here.

On the other side of the Cheptsa property of Idna bordered on Seltakar, and in the village of Verkhparzinskaya Klyuchevskoy volost one hill is still called Idnakar zezy - Idnakar gate. In winter, the Seltakar heroes put on silver skis on their feet in order to see the heroes of Karyyl, and these skis were so arranged that they ran up to twenty versts in an instant - as much as was between two settlements.

Dondy

Dondy had two main settlements: Dondykar and Dondygurt, about six versts from one another. Residents of the surrounding villages paid tribute to him. Until now, the traces indicate old road from Dondykar to the village of Klyapgurt, whose inhabitants allegedly went to Donda every day to work in its fields. Dondy, as usual, rode a gray horse, extremely fast, strong and agile. This horse could jump over any river without the need for bridges.

Dondy lived to a ripe old age. As soon as he emitted last breath how Inmar was turned into a white swan. In this image, he allegedly patronized the Udmurts, who do not forget him.

Nothing is known about the fate of Donda's sons - Gurya, Vesya and others, as well as about their death.

But who does not know about Idna and Ebge. Idna, despite his princely family, did not live luxuriously, in a simple hut. He had only one wife and went hunting every day. True, in winter, unlike other hunters, he put on not wooden, but gold skis.

Having lived to old age, he predicted that the Russians would soon come to the Udmurts. To immortalize his name, he uttered a spell before his death. Prince Idna took the largest bow, pulled it as tightly as possible four times and fired four arrows to the four cardinal points, saying: "Let my name be known and respected inside the place that I fired with my arrows!"

Zanym-Koydym

Zanym-Koydym did not like to care for his horse and feed it. “Now, if she worked for me, and there would be no need to feed her,” he constantly said. The horse's ribs stuck out like hoops at the top, it was all bony and resembled a skeleton.

If only the cart pulled, it will be necessary, I myself will help a little, - Zanym-Koidym reassured himself.

Once he went to the mill. He put three sacks in the cart, and the fourth took on his shoulders and sat down on the cart. Oncoming people laughed at such a cart.

Hey neighbor, what are you doing? Why are you holding a bag on your shoulders?

I help the horses. So it will be easier for her, I think, - answered Zanym-Koydym. Hot sweat ran down his face in streams: the sack was heavy.

We drove a little, the horse stopped.

But-oh, leshak! You are not the only one who is tired, I am also tired, I carry a whole bag on my shoulders! - shouts Zanym-Koidym at the horse, continuing to sit on the bags in the cart and holding the bag on his shoulders.

We drove a little more, and the road went up the hill. The horse stopped again.

What happened to her? I help myself - and still there is no strength for some reason.

Zanym-Koidym is still sitting under the mountain. His shoulders were white with flour dust, and the horse had long since fallen.

Stars

Once upon a time there was a little girl. She was about eight years old when her father and mother died. There was no one to take care of her - neither feed, nor dress, nor speak an affectionate word. She had nothing but a thin little dress and a worn shawl. I had to walk around the world, beg for alms.

One day a kind man handed her a crust of bread. As soon as the girl went out the gate, she met a beggar old man.

Girl, give me a loaf, I really want to eat! - the old man began to ask.

The girl took and gave him all the edge. “Eat,” he says, “to your health, grandfather.” And she went on to herself. She walked, walked - evening had already come. A young guy met her.

Give, - he says, - something to close the head, it became cold.

The girl took off the last kerchief from her head and gave it to a passerby.

Only a little went away, suddenly the stars began to fall from the sky and, falling to the ground, turned into silver coins. The orphan rejoiced and began to collect them.

No wonder they say that a good deed - sooner or later - always turns out to be good.

Idna Batyr

Idna batyr lived in the area where the village of Idnakar is now located. From what tribe Idna was, from Kalmez or cotton wool - it is not known, only he was Udmurt. Idna's occupations consisted in the fact that he went hunting every day on golden skis for twenty-five miles. He did not have a gun, he hunted with arrows and caught with a snare. Leaving the house, he took a hot loaf of bread straight from the oven and, putting it in his bosom, went to the hunting place.

Being strong, Idna became proud of his strength and wanted to reign over the Udmurts in his side. But at that time this land belonged to the Russian tsar. The king got angry with Idna batyr and ordered to catch him. Idna had three horses - black, savras and piebald. Unusually strong and hardy horses saved Idna from pursuers. They could ride more than a hundred miles without stopping. Knowing this, the pursuers tried to find out where he was going to watch him.

Once, having recognized the road along which Idna was supposed to pass, they sawed down the bridge over the river and sat in the bushes themselves. When Idna reached the bridge, he could not force the black horse to walk across the bridge, so he switched to Savrasaya. Savrasaya did not cross the bridge either. Idna got on a piebald horse. Piegaya immediately carried him across the bridge, but in the middle fell through with the rider. What happened here with Idna - it is not known whether he drowned or fell into the hands of enemies. Only when he fell through the bridge, he exclaimed: "A piebald shaft is a valtem shaft," that is, a piebald horse is only suitable for horselessness.

Kaivan, Ondra Batyr and Zavyal

Long ago, the Udmurts Kaivan and Ondra lived near the Pozim River. Strong muscular Ondra had heroic strength, therefore he received the nickname batyr. This area was covered impenetrable forests, a human foot has not yet set foot here. They began to live here, to fish in the river. There were many fish. Once, when Kaivan and Ondra batyr were fishing, a peasant came across them, wearing Russian clothes. He began to ask to live with them.

Who are you and where are you from? - Ask Kaivan and Ondra Batyr, who knew Russian well, and the peasant knew a little Udmurt.

I am Russian. They call me Zavyal, - the stranger answers them. - I was attacked by robbers, and I barely escaped. Now I don't know where I am. I have nowhere to go. Take me to you, we will live together, like brothers.

Kaivan consulted with Ondra batyr and said:

OK! Just take an oath that you will not deceive us, and we will swear that we will not offend you.

Okay, so be it. If I break my oath, let it kill me with thunder, ”Zawyal vowed.

If we offend you, let the spirits of our fathers and grandfathers twist us like a thread, ”said Kaivan and Ondra batyr.

And they began to live and live near the Pozim River. They began to arrange housing, to clear mowing places. There were no mowings on the river at that time, only a narrow floodplain covered with grass and willow ran along the banks.

Once Zavyal walked along the bank and suddenly saw a woman on the other side of the river, according to her clothes an Udmurt woman. He looks at her and does not believe his eyes.

Wonderful! - says to himself. - Where is the woman in these places? Is it not a ghost? No! .. A woman is approaching the shore.

He went up to the river, and the woman came up, and they found themselves face to face. Just take a break in between. The woman asks to be transported across the river. Zavyal was delighted that now they will have a woman, or rather, he will have a wife. He rushed to look for something to transport her, but did not find it. What to do? Go to the dwelling and leave her alone - she can leave; standing here would be of no use.

Find a boat, the woman says.

There are no boats here, can we put together a raft?

Well, pick it up.

I ran Zawyal home. Kaivan with Ondra batyr are walking towards him, and one of them is holding a rope. Zavyal told them that an Udmurt woman was standing on the other side of the Pozimi and asked to be transported. Kaivan and Ondra batyr ran to the shore after Zavyal. The three of them began to give advice on how to transport the woman. Wicked says that it is necessary to throw one end of the rope to her, and pull at the other, otherwise nothing can be done: there is no boat or raft, and it takes a long time to look for a ford, and besides, the water in Pozimi is high. No sooner said than done. They threw a rope to the woman and told her to hold on tightly to the end.

How do you get me over? After all, drown, and there will be no dry thread left on me, ”the woman warns them.

We will not drown, do not be afraid. And if you get wet, we'll give you your clothes.

The woman made up her mind and entered the river. Wicked with his comrades began to pull her. They pulled, pulled - pulled. The woman is soaked to the bone, trembling like an aspen leaf.

We’ll go to our accommodation, we’ll give you dry clothes, ”says Kaivan.

How can I, a woman, change clothes in front of you men? she objects.

We will step aside - you will change, - Kaivan replies.

Well, okay, - the woman agreed and followed them.

The shelter gave her dry clothes, and she changed. Now the three comrades began to take advice on what to do with the woman.

She should be my wife: I was the first to find her, says Zawyal.

You are not a prince above us to decide for everyone. Better to cast lots, whoever gets it will be, - offered Kaivan and Ondra batyr.

I do not agree. In all fairness, she must be mine: I was the first to meet her. After all, the find is used by the one who found it, - so objected Zavyal.

A man is not a godsend, - Ondra batyr and Kaivan disagreed with him.

We decided to ask the woman which of them she herself would choose as her husband. Zavyal hoped that the woman would elect him, since he, Zavyal, is both younger and more beautiful than Kaivan and Ondra batyr. The woman was also young and beautiful. She answered the men like this:

I don’t know yet who I’ll choose, I’ll think about it and tell you.

Marry me, I will not offend you, - Zawyal persuaded.

She did not answer whether she agreed to marry him or not. And he really wanted to marry her. And he began to show her all sorts of signs of attention, to help her in everything. Kaivan and Ondra batyr found out about it and told him:

Why are you courting a woman secretly from us? We swore to live together as brothers.

Some time passed, and Ondra batyr took Zavyal's side. Soon there was no peace between the three comrades because of Kyshno-kenak (as they began to call a woman, which means a wife-daughter-in-law). Their former commonwealth has disintegrated. Kaivan sees that his comrades have united against him, he offered to divide the cleared places and live separately for everyone. All agreed to the section. The place on the other side of Pozimi was taken by Kaivan, and Zavyal and Ondra batyr remained on this side.

Now we need to decide where the kyshno-kenak will live. Kaivan tried to convince her that she was Udmurt and should leave with him. In addition, he, Kaivan, is older than Zavyal and Ondra batyr. And the elder has more rights. Zavyal objected: if Kaivan went to the section, then he should also lose the kyshno-kenak. They argued, argued - again they decided to ask the kyshno-kenak if she wanted to go across the river with Kaivan or stay on this side with Zavyal and Ondra batyr.

Kyshno-kenak, on reflection, said:

- I'd rather stay on this side, since I have already moved here. Maybe I'll find happiness here.

Kaivan moved across the Pozim River alone and began to live like a hermit. Wicked with Ondra batyr were afraid that Kaivan would plot evil, find new comrades for himself and attack them - rob them, take Kyshno-Kenak away and maybe kill them; Kaivan also thought that Zawyal and Ondra would come to him and kill him.

Once Kaivan built a deceptive bridge across the Pozim River: the bridge is like a bridge, and all the cross-members are sawn off. He planned to destroy Zavyal when he goes over the bridge. (It should be noted that at that time Zavyal already had a complete economy: horses, cows and small livestock.) Having arranged such a trap, Kaivan waited for a chance when Zavyal would go across the river. And the opportunity soon presented itself. Zavyal took it into his head to inspect the mowing places and went to the meadows. He saw the bridge over the Pozim and thought that Kaivan had built a bridge for them to visit him. He returned home and told about the Ondra bridge to batyr. Ondra batyr judged not so: he said that Kaivan was plotting evil against them. It is necessary for one of them to go to Kaivan with a submissive head. Zavyal agreed to go himself. I asked Kyshno-Kenak for advice on which horse to ride to Kaivan.

- Ride on the brown, - answered Kyshno-kenak.

Waggling got on the horse and rode off, armed just in case. Kyshno-kenak wished to accompany him to the bridge. Roaming the horse, as if anticipating trouble, did not go across the bridge. Zavyal was forced to return and, on the advice of Kyshno-kenak, mounted a piebald horse. Skewbald, not feeling her own death, she walked across the bridge and fell through. Zavyal managed to grab the board, and escaped. He scrambled out, fixed the bridge and sent Ondra batyr to Kaivan. Ondra batyr was glad to go to his old friend to make peace with him and feast on him. He came to visit Kaivan. He made him feel welcome. They feasted on order, and Kaivan, at the invitation of Ondr batyr, began to gather to Zavyal; took a bow, arrows, sat on his beloved horse and rode off.

Zavyal greeted Kaivan cordially and prepared for him the best treat he could. Having stayed to his heart's content, Kaivan invited Zawyal into the forest. They stood on a mountain near the forest and saw a huge pine tree on another mountain. Kaivan drew his bow, took an arrow, aimed at a pine tree and said:

If I hit that pine tree with this arrow, let there be a cemetery there, and repairs on this side of the river. The places on this side will be yours, but on the other side mine will remain. The dividing line between my and your possessions will be Pozim.

Okay, so be it, - said Zavyal.

Kaivan fired an arrow, and it plunged into a pine tree. And so it happened. In the place where the pine stood, the descendants of Zawyal and the newcomers bury the dead.

Kaivan and Zavyal parted peacefully. Kaivan chose a place of settlement where the village of Chemoshur now stands, on a high road seven miles from the village of Zavyalovo. He put his chum near the shurs, hence the name of the village.

Cat and squirrel

In the old days, a cat and a squirrel lived together in the forest. Once they quarreled among themselves over something and fought. A man saw this and says:

- Come and live with me, you won't fight with me.

The squirrel wagged its tail and climbed onto the tree.

- I will not go to you, I will stay in the forest, ”she replied.

- If you don’t go, then I will shoot you, squirrels, like hazel grouses, ”the man decided.

The cat meowed, she began to ask:

- Take me with you: there is no life here from the animals.

- Okay, ”the man told her. - I will make you a prince and a judge of mice and rats.

The cat followed the man, but the squirrel remained in the forest. Since then, all people keep cats with them, and squirrels shoot like hazel grouses.

Swallow and mosquito

A terrible snake lived in the world for a long time. He only ate animal blood. Once he called a mosquito to him.

- Go, weevil, fly around the world. Taste the blood of all animals. Then tell me whose blood is sweeter. Go fly, yes quickly! he ordered the mosquito.

A mosquito flew to taste blood. And in those distant times, his nose was longer than it is now.

He flew and flew, tried and tasted the mosquito of different blood and returned to the terrible snake.

- Horse blood is the sweetest of all, replies the mosquito. The snake did not like the mosquito answer. He got angry and ordered:

- Go, weevil, still fly around the world. Look for the sweetest blood.

He flew and flew, tried and tasted a mosquito of different blood and again returned to the terrible snake.

- Well, weevil, whose blood is sweetest of all? the snake asks.

Man ...

Before the mosquito had time to finish, a swallow flew in from nowhere and took off half of its long nose.

- You won't say that you shouldn't, long-legged fool, long-nosed bloodsucker, ”the swallow told him.

A terrible snake rushed to the swallow, wanted to catch it, but it didn't work. The swallow flew away, leaving a few tail feathers in the snake's mouth. This is why the swallow has since had a fork tail.

The legend of the creation of the world

It was so long ago that no one can remember. In the whole world there was only one water around, there was no earth at all. And only one inmar and one shaitan lived in the world. Inmar ordered the shaitan to dive under the water and get the earth from the bottom. Shaitan obeyed inmar, dived to the bottom and took out a handful of earth with each hand. He gave inmar almost all the earth he got, only hiding a little in his mouth.

Inmar took the earth from the hands of the shaitan, put it in his palm and blew it into the water. The earth began to grow, it became more and more. It was flat, smooth as a frying pan. The earth, which the shaitan hid in his mouth, also began to grow. There were so many of it that it could no longer fit there. Shaitan spat it out. The crumbs scattered in different directions, and mountains, swamps, hummocks formed on the ground. If the shaitan had not deceived the inmar, the earth would have remained flat and smooth.

The first people were very, very big, real giants. They lived carefree, doing nothing, because they could not do anything: neither build, nor sow, nor hunt. The dense forest was like nettles for them. Where the foot of such a giant stepped - a ravine appeared, where he shook out sand from bast shoes - hills formed. Before the giants disappeared, small ordinary people appeared. Inmar lived with them and taught them to work. Small man began to plow the land, cut wood, build huts. The giant boy saw one, took it in his hand and, together with the ax, put it in his pocket. He returned home and shows his mother:

Look, mother, what kind of woodpecker I caught, he hollowed out a spruce.

And his mother says to him:

Son, this is not a woodpecker, this is a man. This means that we will soon be gone, only such people will remain in the world. They are small, but hard-working: they know how to drive bees and catch animals. It's time for us to leave here. Let's run quickly! - And the mother began to cry. Where her tears fell, rivers formed there. There are many of them left on the ground. The giants moved north.

The giants had a very small mind. One day they were sitting and warming themselves around the fire. The fire flared up, began to burn the legs. They should have moved away from the fire, but they did not have enough reason to realize this, and they began to coat their feet with clay. When the fire went out, they froze and turned into large boulders.

It is said that there is a deep hole in the middle of the Karyil Mountain. Poles were thrown into it, but the poles fell through like into a bottomless well. Only a distant ringing was heard from the fall. It is said that the rest of the giants descended into this well. And no one else saw them. The giants were called Asaba, which means this word - no one knows already.

When there were many people on earth, they learned to do everything themselves and stopped obeying the Inmar. Inmar got angry and left people for the next world. Since then, inmar is no longer in this world, and people live well without it.

Lazy

One rich man had three daughters: two loved work, and the third was lazy. Two older ones got married, the third one is not taken. A poor man lived in the same village. He had a dilapidated hut, there was no cow or horse. He went to the rich man to woo a lazy man. The rich man says to him:

What are you going to do with her? She's very lazy, you will cry with her.

The poor man says to the rich man:

I will teach her to work.

If so, take it and teach it to work, and I will make you rich.

As a dowry, my father built a house, gave a cow, a horse, pigs, sheep, clothes. The poor man married a lazy man and took her to his place. The poor man's mother puts on a samovar in the morning, wakes up her son and daughter-in-law to drink tea. The son gets up, drinks tea and goes to work, but the daughter-in-law does not even raise her head, pretending to be asleep. The son punishes the mother:

You, mom, don't wake her up and don't feed her, let her sleep all day.

The daughter-in-law gets up before dinner and asks for food. Mother-in-law says to her:

Did you work today or not? Whoever does not work, we, after all, do not feed. Go work first, then eat.

She doesn't want to work: she sits for a day, two, three, but she wants to eat. Goes home to his father and says:

My husband does not feed me, but makes me work, for three days I have not eaten anything.

Father says:

I will not feed you, daughter, either. No bread has been prepared for you today.

The lazy woman was offended, went back to her husband and said to him:

Give me some work, I really want to eat.

The husband says:

Let's go to the field to pull flax.

Let's go fiddling with flax. The wife fiddled a little, and went to bed.

A maple tree grew not far from them, and under it was an anthill. The husband put his wife on an anthill and tied her to a tree. As soon as the ants began to bite her, the lazy woman begged:

Untie, please, now I will not be lazy, what you make me do - I will do everything.

The husband untied her and gave oatmeal with bread. Then they fiddled with flax all day. Since then, the poor man's wife began to love work. If suddenly the wife starts to be lazy again, the husband reminds her:

Hey wife, remember the maple by the strip! - And her hard work immediately appears.

One day the father came to visit his daughter. I sat on the bench for a long time. I was waiting for an invitation to the table, but my daughter did not even think about treating.

Father says:

Daughter, even put the samovar on, I’ve come to visit.

And the daughter answers:

Go work in the yard, we do not feed those who do not work.

This is how the poor man taught his lazy wife to work.

Ludzi batyr

In ancient times, they say, the people were quirky. There were especially many clever people in the Ludzi village.

One evening, robbers drove up to Ludzi's house in a frisky troika. Seeing a woman at home, they drove into the yard, put the horses in the barn, threw hay from the hayloft to them.

What are you doing! - says Ludzi's wife. - Soon the owner will appear, not to please you.

The robbers were not frightened, they continued to manage like at home. But the wife began to beg them so that they brought out their own horses and tied them up in the backyard, while they themselves entered the house and began to drink tea. We didn’t have time to finish the first cup when the owner arrived. In the cart next to him sat a bear, as huge as a cow. Ludzi unharnessed the horse and put it in the stable. Then he went to the cart, lifted the bear like a light pillow, and carried it to the barn.

Entering the house, he saw uninvited guests.

Why didn't you, uromyos, leave your horses in the stable? Ludzi asks them.

They left it, but the hostess resisted.

And rightly so. Otherwise I would have thrown them over the fence like worn-out sandals.

The robbers are frightened, they look at each other.

What am I, ”says Ludzi.“ That’s how clever people used to be! Once I return from the forest, and a giant will meet me. Well, turn off the road, - I tell him. Roll it yourself, - he answers. Oh, you are so! - I gave him a kick - he immediately found himself in a snowdrift. Wait for it! - said the giant, getting out of the snow. He lifted me up like a feather and threw me to the ground. I lay there, groaning, and he put his foot on my chest and said: The next time it will be different. Since then I have become more careful, I do not boast of my strength in front of everyone I meet. But, if you want, I can probably measure myself with you. Let's try?

The robbers did not wait for the continuation, the hat was in an armful, as they say, and their trail was gone.

This is what a hero Ludzi was.

Mardan Atay and Tutoy

The land beyond the Valaya River is good, the forests and meadows are good. Mardan atay wants to own them, and Tuta batyr wants to own them. And they are not inferior to one another, they argue, each stands on his own. They are about to go to war against each other.

Only the cunning Mardan knows that he is weak against Tutoi. He is both great and strong in height. Mardan went to Tutoy and said:

Why do we need to force our people to fight with each other. Isn't it better to measure your strengths one-on-one?

Tutoy batyr smiled, glancing at the undersized Mardan, and replied:

Well, let's measure ourselves. We should not fight in hand-to-hand combat, - continued Mardan atay. - After all, you and I are not bears. On the coastal meadows, you see how many bumps there are. Let's love it one at a time and kick it across the river. Whose hummock flies to the other side, that will get these lands. Whoever does not ask will leave here with his people.

I agree, - says Tutoy Batyr. - I just feel sorry for you: I am taller and stronger, and therefore I will kick a hummock further away. Your people will have to leave.

We'll see that, - Mardan does not give up. - Come here tomorrow morning. Yes, punish your fellows so that they are ready to leave this land.

No, it won't happen. You have to leave, says Tutoi.

At night, Mardan cut a bump and put it back in the same place. He ordered his brothers to do the same. At dawn, the debaters came to the Valais River. With all his might, Tutoy batyr kicked a hummock. The hummock fell off and flew high, high, far, far away and flopped right in the middle of the river. Mardan atay kicked the cut bump. She flew across the river and fell on the other side.

The giant Tutoy looks with surprise at the short man Mardan. It's a shame to him that such a rival turned out to be stronger.

Well, Tutoy Batyr, you have to leave, - says Mardan atay. - That was our agreement.

You cannot disagree, but agree - it is a pity for the land. Tutoi silently walked away from Mardan and silently went to his people. Mardan sees - Tutoy returns with all his people. Then Mardan also called his people. When Tutoi approached the river, the people of Mardan began to kick the bumps they cut off at night. Tutoy was thrown with bumps, and he had to leave here.

And the land, and meadows, and forests along the Vala River went to Mardan atay. And in the place where the Mardanian people kicked the bumps, a large hill formed.

Mouse and sparrow

Once upon a time there was a mouse and a sparrow. Amicably, they lived and lived in agreement, they did not know any quarrels or grievances. Before any business, they held advice with each other, they did any work together.

Once a mouse with a sparrow found three grains of rye on the road. They thought, thought, what to do with them, and decided to sow the field. The mouse plowed the land, the sparrow harrowed.

Glorious rye is born! The mouse quickly squeezed it with its sharp teeth, and the sparrow deftly thrashed it with its wings. Grain to grain they gathered the entire crop and began to divide it in half: one grain for the mouse, one for the sparrow, one for the mouse, one for the sparrow ...

The first mouse says:

This seed is mine: when I plowed my nose and paws to the blood they worked.

Sparrow disagreed:

No, this is my seed. When I was harrowing, I beat the wings to blood.

How long or short they argued - who heard, he knew, but we do not know. Only a sparrow suddenly picked up an extra grain and flew away. “Let him try to catch up with me and take away my grain,” he thought.

The mouse did not chase the sparrow. I was upset that the first one started an argument. She dragged her share to the mink. Waited, waited for the sparrow to make up, did not wait. And she poured part of it into her pantry. She lived a nourishing life all winter. And the greedy sparrow was left with nothing, until the spring the hungry one jumped.

Heaven

A long time ago, it turns out, the heavens were low above the earth. When the Udmurts prayed, the clouds touched them with their heads straightening.

The people then lived easily, trouble-free. The celestials walked the earth, taught people wisdom.

The sky was clear as snow, white as birch trees. And on earth, peace and harmony reigned among people. Those were happy times!

However, over time, everything turned upside down: meek like sheep, people were ready to gnaw each other's throats, wild anger awakened in them and did not give them rest. Both the sky and the gods began to curse for nothing.

Once a woman, mocking the beautiful sky, threw dirty diapers on the clouds. And the gods did nothing to her for this. Only the white skies immediately darkened, turned blue and began to slowly rise higher and higher above the earth and became completely inaccessible.

Since then, an easy, carefree life for people has ended, happiness has gone from the Udmurts. People have forgotten how to live in peace and harmony, with intelligence and reason.

The beautiful sky will again come closer to the earth when the people become wiser and happier.

Pazyal and Zhuzhges

An Udmurt named Pazyal lived in the village of Staraya Zhikya. He was tall, slender and had heroic strength. Pazyal loved to work and worked tirelessly all summer. When the fields were covered with snow, he took off the oak bow from the wall, got up on wide alder skis and hurried to hunt in dense forests... Neither red foxes, nor gray wolf offspring, nor other animals could be saved from well-aimed puzzle arrows. Like a hurricane, he rushed across the white expanses, only snow dust swirling behind him. He put fowls on the game, and feathered prey was always in abundance in his traps.

Once Pazyal, hunting, wandered into places unfamiliar to him near the trail of zerpal. He liked this area, and he exclaimed:

I will come here to live!

Yes, I will come to live here! - Pazyal repeated even louder.

Zealous in labor, Pazyal was zealous in the hunt. Thirty versts from Staraya Zhikya to the felling he ran so fast that he did not have time to cool down the hot bread he had taken for breakfast. It was from him that the name of the village Pazyal-Zhikya came later. Pazyal brought everything with him, only he had no fire. He remembered his neighbor Zumya. “He probably doesn’t live without fire and will lend it to me,” Pazyal decided. One of Pazyal's legs is still at home, and the other is already at the neighbor's gate.

Give me fire, Zumya, please.

The neighbor turned his back on Pazyal and answered angrily:

I have no extra fire for you.

Pazyal sees: Zumya, the old stingy, is stingy.

If there is no fire for me, Zumya, then there will be no more brides for your guys from my village!

Pazyal left. Since then, none of the girls have married Zumiev's suitors.

I need fire, kind Ucha! - Pazyal turned with a bow to another neighbor.

The friendly Ucha took out two dry maple logs from behind the stove, rubbed them one against the other and, smiling, gave fire to Pazyal.

Take it, Pazyal, neighbors need to live together!

Pazyal bowed gratefully:

Let's be Ucha friends!

In Aram, near the winding river Vala, there is the Aypak Lake. Small, it is famous for its abundance of fish. Changed Pazyal's combat hunting bow for a fisherman's tackle. The fisherman Zhuzhges did not like this very much.

You, Pazyal, would stop muddying the water in the lake!

I won't stop, Zhuzhges, - Pazyal answers, - we live under the same sky, and we both have equal rights.

Zhuzhges got angry, but didn't show it and said:

Manage to throw a hummock with a kick to the other side, as I did, then catch fish in Lake Aypak.

Zhuzhges kicked the furry top of the hummock - it flew like a ball far beyond the Vala River. Pazyalov's hummock did not reach the middle of the river - it flopped like a stone into the water. Only later did Pazyal learn that Zhuzhges had cheated: he had cut his bump even earlier. When Pazyal learned about the deception, he said to Zhuzhges:

- We don't need your young girls to see our guys and your brides.

And even now in the village of Zhuzhges not a single woman from the village of Pazal-Zhikya will be found, and in the village of Pazyal-Zhikya there is not a single young woman from the village of Zhuzhges.

The legend about the book

From the beginning, all Udmurts lived together. The young man learned from the old man both to pray to God and to judge the court. And then there were such people that he could answer everything about anything you asked him. And when there were a lot of Udmurts, they dispersed to different places... And they came together only to pray or to sue. And then they parted so far that they could not get together, and the old man and the old man, converging, could not remember everything properly.

Once, at a general meeting, it was decided: in order not to forget everything - to write down the order of prayers and courts. They ripped up the birch bark, cut it off and sewed it into a book, and then in this book they depicted tamgami how to create prayers, how to rule the order. They left the book under the supervision of the priest on a large white stone in the place where they gathered for common prayer and which, as it seemed, was in the center of the settlements. If any old man forgot a prayer or the order of the court, he went to the white stone, read it in a book and again knew.

But people, after they wrote the book, began to make sacrifices to Inmar less often, because before the old people often gathered people for prayers for fear that he would forget them, but now they were no longer afraid of this. Then Inmar became angry with the old people and with the book and sent a large cow to the white stone, which came there at the time when the priest guarding the book was sleeping and ate the whole book. And so that the Udmurts would not write such a book again, inmar took away their knowledge of all tamgas, except one. Since then, each Udmurt began to know only one tamga with which he marked his property, but he did not know what it meant.

Spots on the moon

One Udmurt's wife died and he married another woman. She turned out to be an evil stepmother for her stepdaughter. She did not let the poor thing breathe: feed the cattle, heat the stove, apply water, and wash the floors - the orphan alone must manage all the affairs.And for all this she only got swearing and beatings and not a single kind word.

Once, the winter dawn had not yet dawned, her stepmother raised her to fetch water. She took the buckets on the rocker and went to the river. And the frost was fierce in the yard, the moon shone brightly in the sky. Scooping water from the hole, the girl cried bitterly.

- If only this cold moon took me to her, she said.

The moon felt sorry for the orphan, and she drew her to her along with the buckets and the yoke.

Look closely when the moon is shining brightly: that girl is still standing there, holding a rocker with buckets on her shoulders.

Tit and crow

One day in winter, a crow caught a titmouse. I wanted to eat it, but I thought: "Shouldn't I let it go? It hurts too small, let it grow up, or even it won't be enough for a sip."

- It’s cold to mess with you now, ”the crow said to the tit.

And the tit, cheered up with joy, objected to her:

- Is it cold? At the time of Tsar Pea, I really remember that the frost was fierce ...

- Ah, so you are so old! You even remember the King of Peas. It means that there is nothing to expect that you will grow up.

The crow only wanted to eat the titmouse, but it flew away.

The son of a fisherman and wumurt

One fisherman often went to the Vala River and each time returned with a good catch. But one day he began to choose a net from the river, and the wumurt grabbed his hands - and did not let go.

- You've got enough of my fish, it's time to pay off, friend man. The payback will be as follows: now I will let you go home, but you will bring the one who is born to you to me at the age of sixteen.

The fisherman had seven daughters. He thought, "Whoever is born, it is all a pity." But where can you go? You can't live without fish. "I will," he agreed reluctantly.

In the evening he reached home, his wife greets him with joy: the son was born. The fisherman got twisted and burnt. He really felt so sorry after sixteen years to give his only son to a wumurtu ... He did not say anything to his wife: why grieve ahead of time, it is better to suffer alone. Sixteen years have passed. The time has come to reveal a bitter secret to his son. The father told everything, hid nothing.

- I am guilty without guilt before you, my beloved son. I didn't want to, but I had to promise the wumurt to take you to the bank of the Vala and leave you there.

- Once I promised you could do it. So be it.

The fisherman took his son to the shore, where he was fishing on that ill-fated day, and left him alone, and himself, so as not to show his tears, quickly walked away. For a long time the son sat on the shore, not seeing or hearing anything, until the birds flapped their wings overhead. Twelve doves circled over him - they went down to the shore. As soon as they touched the ground, they turned into beautiful girls and, taking off their clothes, entered the river to bathe. These were the disciples of the very wumurt, to whom the fisherman had brought his son. While they splashed merrily, the guy took and hid the clothes of one of them. Eleven girls, having bathed, dressed and, turning into a dove, flew away, and the twelfth stayed. Searches, searches and cannot find a dress.

- Whoever returns my dress - I will save him from death, - she shouted loudly.

Then the boy went out to her and gave the girl's loss. She looked at him gratefully and said:

- Soon the old man wumurt will come here and give you the following task: to indicate which of the doves you will choose as the named sister. We will sit on the shore. Everyone will drink water, but I will not. Point at me.

And so it happened. And the wumurt appeared, and the doves sat by the water.

- Who is your named sister? the wumurt asked.

- Second from the other end.

And I guessed it.

He began to live with a wumurt. He made him his disciple too. Soon the guy also learned to take on different guises, to turn into birds and animals, even creeping reptiles. They became very friends with the named sister, helped each other in everything and became inseparable. Secretly from everyone, they conspired to leave the Wumurts and live with people.

One day they turned into pigeons and disappeared. Upon learning of the fugitives, the wumurt sent eleven pigeons in pursuit. Guessing about the chase, the guy turned into a miller, the girl turned into a mill. The pigeons flew up to them and began to ask the lovers if a pigeon with a dove had flown here.

- We didn’t see it, - the lovers answered them.

The pigeons returned to the wumurt with nothing, said that they had not met the fugitives, only one mill caught their way.

- Oh you, they were! There is no mill on that side. Fly back and return them to me!

Eleven pigeons flew again in pursuit of the fugitives. The guy and the girl, meanwhile, went on. And again they noticed the pursuit. One turned into a church, the other turned into a priest / .v

The chase flew to the church and asked the parishioners if they had seen a pair of inseparable pigeons.

- No, we have not seen such, - the parishioners answered them.

The flock returned to the wumurt. The mills, they said, and the truth is no longer in that place, and the church woman appeared on the way.

- Why didn't you catch them? - asks the wumurt. - They were.

I had to fly in pursuit myself - I turned into a kite. I flew, flew - neither a mill, nor a church, I did not meet anything unusual on the way. Apparently, they managed to break into the house. So with nothing, wumurt returned to his place. And the fisherman's son got to his home. And not alone, but with a beauty. Soon, the wedding was played, healed in peace and harmony.

Yadygar

In ancient times, the Udmurts had to defend themselves from enemy raids. It was then that their leader-batyr named Yadygar appeared. He had two horses: piebald and red. The redhead did not gallop as fast as the piebald one, but he was smarter: he always stopped in front of a dangerous place. The skewbald horse was good for fast riding, it ran like a whirlwind, without making out the roads.

Yadygar was famous for his heroic strength and ingenuity, but most of all, perhaps, for his amazing sword. He took up a sword, mounted a fast horse and galloped around the enemies attacking the Udmurts. Enemies could not get out of the circle. If anyone succeeded in this, he could no longer fight. This is how the Udmurts defeated their enemies, but Yadygar did not always take the cherished sword with him. Returning from the battle, he hid the sword in a chest and sometimes forgot it in a hurry. Therefore, he warned his wife:

If I forget the sword at home (and I need it), I will send a warrior to you for a "pie." You put your sword in the pie and send it to me.

The wife did just that. Yadygar went to fight on a pair of horses, but he loved to fight on a red horse. On a piebald he sent messengers on necessary business and home. His wife on this horse delivered him bread while still hot: thirty or forty miles skewbald horse raced so that the bread did not have time to cool.

Once the Udmurts fought with the Mari near the city of Elabuga, twenty miles from it. Yadygar was not there. A messenger was sent for him. Yadigar quickly jumped on his horse and in a hurry forgot to grab the sword. By this time, his first wife had died, he married another. The second wife has not yet had time to study the habits of Yadygar. She also did not differ in intelligence and ingenuity.

Here Yadygar appeared to the place of the battle. The Mari, frightened by the batyr, retreated five versts. Yadigar thought that they had already been defeated, and moved with the soldiers to Elabuga. Soon they had to fight, and Yadygar had few soldiers. Then he sent one for the "pie." But his wife forgot to put her sword in and sent an empty pie. The Udmurts had to retreat. The Mari, having learned about the victory over the Udmurts, destroyed all the bridges on the way of Yadygar, and at one large bridge near the village of Carmen they only sawed down the piles. Yadigar did not know this and rushed across the bridge. The red horse sensed danger and began to move backward, but the piebald one rushed forward. The hero fell under the bridge along with the horses, hurt himself, but remained alive. Then he said:

The skewbald horse is not a horse, the second wife is not a wife.

The Mari were waiting for Yadygar behind the bridge. When they noticed that he had failed, they ran to the bridge. Yadygar would like to gallop away, but the horses, having fallen from the bridge, hurt themselves. He began to throw at the Mari logs from the destroyed bridge. The Mari were afraid to approach him until he dismantled the entire bridge. Only when Yadygar began to pull out the piles, they ran up to him and knocked him off his feet. This is how Yadygar batyr was killed. But the Udmurts remembered him for a long time and now they sometimes remember him.

Regional and ethnocultural trends in the activities of educational organizations.

Vyzhykyl (fairy tale) is an epic oral work, mainly of a magical, adventurous or everyday character, with a focus on fiction. By the nature of the narrative, it is always entertaining. It is the amusement and focus on fiction that distinguish the tale from other narrative genres of folklore.

The Udmurt fairy tale repertoire is rich and varied.As in the folklore of other peoples, the Udmurts have fairy tales: about animals, social or novelistic, and magical.

We now call fairy tales what for the first listeners were lessons in hunting, natural history, which taught to respect the strength of the bear, calling him "the owner of the forest" and even worshiping him with the aim of appeasing, endearing him. On occasion, however, he can be deceived: he is strong, but ingenuous. The wolf is weaker than the bear, but more impudent and stupid. In addition, he is always hungry, or rather, insatiable. The wolf is so stupid that even such harmless animals as a hare or a kid can outwit him. The long-tailed fox Vassa in the Udmurt tale is cunning, as in the tales of other peoples, flattering with the strong and arrogant with the weak, but she is also stupid. A rooster, a dove, a cat easily defeat her. Over time, these tales ceased to be lessons in natural history: humanity has stepped far forward to true knowledge. And fairy tales remained fairy tales.The main ones in the mythology of the Udmurts were Inmar, who lives in the sky and gives light and warmth, and Kyldysin, the patron saint of the earth, giving people bread and food. There were also many other deities. In the water, the master was Wumurt (water), Vukuzo (water master), Wuperi (water spirit).

Fairy talesyounger than animal tales. They have what has been achieved by man, andthen,which seemed unrealizable so far. In other words, fairy tales capture the people's dream of an omnipotent, omnipotent person who lives on earth and conquers time, space, fire, and water. He succeeded in this with the help of magical means, inherited by work and kind-heartedness.

The world of the Udmurt fairy tale amazes with its ordinariness and fantasticness. Her heroes experienced hunger and cold, injustice and deception. Struggling with want and untruth, they work miracles: they climb into heaven, sink underground, do not burn in fire, do not drown in water. Thanks to wonderful items and helpers, they defeat the strongest opponents. These tales reflect one of the first stages of a person's struggle with evil forces nature, the victory of the tireless seeker and worker over them, the wealth of the soul and its moral beauty.

The hero of the Udmurt fairy tale is not a tsar or a prince, not a king or a prince. Most often - just Ivan or Ivan the poor man. Sometimes it is an unnamed soldier who served a long soldier's service to the tsar and was left an orphan in this world: not a stake, not a yard, not a penny for a rainy day. And this is what is characteristic: the dispossessed hero is not embittered, not bitter, but on the contrary, his heart is kind and sympathetic, his mind is bright and clear, his hands are dexterous and skillful. Such a hero confronts the enemies of the strong and powerful. Yes, not only confronts, but also wins, as, for example, in the fairy tales "Poor Ivan", "Gundyrinmar and Prok the elder).Some Udmurt fairy tales reflected traces of a long-gone matriarchy. Udmurt fairy tale knows the image strong women, which cannot be overcome in competitions by male heroes. In the fairy tale "Museums and Marsalim" the image of the Fiery King's daughter reflects that era, when a woman had great power and unlimited power in society.

The youngest of all fairy tales in science are consideredrealistic, or everyday ... When a person was completely dependent on nature, when from his luck in hunting or fishing depended on his nearest tomorrow; legends, myths, fairy tales about animals served him as a living book of life, they reflected his experience. The experience was replenished, and the oral book about it was replenished. In a fairy tale, an ancient man begins not only to share his life experience, but also to dream of such helpers, objects, such a skill that could make him many times stronger and more powerful. But how far from a dream - self-propelled bast shoes - to airplanes! From a self-cut ax to a Druzhba electric saw! The dream remained for a long, very long time.

The themes of everyday fairy tales are distinguished by an exceptional variety. Literally for all occasions, you can find an example in Udmurt everyday tales... Among them there are fairy tales on favorite themes, they have their favorite heroes. So, in most fairy tales, the themes of the hero's marriage, happiness, fate vary.

Especially popular among the Udmurt people are tales about the clever Aldar Ivan or Aldaragai.This is by all means a poor but quick-witted man. Recently, LopshoPedun has somewhat supplanted him. An interesting story takes place before our eyes with this amazing hero. He was born modest and moderately active, not with Soviet power, and long before the revolution, somewhere within the current Udmurtia.

How to make learning the most effective? By what methods, means to maintain interest in learning? Everyone knows that the use of game moments and lessons in a playful way, especially in primary grades, are a necessary means of enhancing the cognitive activity of students. The lesson-excursion, lesson-journey, lesson-performance, lesson-fairy tale are especially interesting. They make learning accessible, helping to increase the activity of children. I will talk today about the use of Udmurt tales in literary reading lessons in primary school... Skillful use of the texts of fairy tales allows you to make the lesson brighter, more meaningful, more interesting. Performing "fairy-tale" tasks will help the formation of educational motivation, team building, the ability to work in a team. There are many techniques for using fairy tales. Here are some of them. If you need to do a lot of monotonous exercises, you need to include them in the game shell in which they are performed to achieve goals.In such cases, I use the following techniques:

Technique "Attractive target". Children can be given a goal - to help LapshoPedun to restore his good name.

- "Magic wand" - a pen (pencil) is passed around the class in no particular order. The transfer is accompanied by a speech according to some predetermined order-rule. For example, the broadcaster names the name of a fairy tale, story, story - one of the characters in this work;

Reception "Fabulous puzzles ". Puzzles are aimed at creating a creative and in many ways playful environment. Children can be offered the following tasks: - retelling of this episode of the fairy tale shown in the picture; -description of the character; - composing your own continuation of the fairy tale;

Reception "Familiar heroes in new circumstances" Circumstances can be purely fantastic, unbelievable (animals live on flying saucers), or they can be close to the life of children (with the help of a magic wand they ended up in the same cage of the city zoo);

Children love to travel. Therefore, the method "Traveling with a fairy-tale hero" will not let the child get bored during the lesson. Let's hit the road. On the way we will encounter various obstacles. To overcome them, you have to be brave, quick, quick-witted, attentive. Such lessons contribute to the development of interest in the subject, attention and empathy. literary heroes... In modern conditions, to enhance the cognitive activity of students in the classroom and after school hours, it is advisable to use computer technology.

On lessons extracurricular reading after getting acquainted with the Udmurt fairy tales and fairy-tale heroes, the children draw illustrations for the fairy tales.

Department of Public Education of the Administration of the Karakulinsky District

“Travel to the world of fairy tales of the Udmurt people

at the lessons of extracurricular reading "

Work performed by: S.A. Kiryanova

primary school teacher

2015

To the 155th anniversary of the birth of G.E. Vereshchagin

Bogatyr bear

Three sisters went to the forest in the summer for lingonberries. In the forest they parted, and one was lost. They searched, looked for two sisters and a third - they did not find it. So they went home two. They waited, waited for her at home - she did not come. We grieved for the unfortunate sister and forgot. Meanwhile, my sister, lost in the forest, wandered until nightfall and landed for the night; climbed into the hollow of a large linden tree and sleeps. At night, a bear came up to her and began to caress her like a man: he strokes her on the head, then pats her on the back, making it clear that he would not do anything bad to her. The bear instilled confidence in himself, and the girl did not become afraid of him. The girl cried, sobbed and resigned herself to her fate. In the morning the sun rose, and the bear leads her to his den. The girl went and began to live in a bear den. The bear first fed her berries, and then began to feed her with all sorts of things. The girl took her son from the bear, and he began to grow by leaps and bounds. A year later, the son says to the bear:
- Come on, daddy, fight!
- Let's.
Fought, fought - the bear fought.
- Feed me sweeter, daddy! - says the bear to the bear.
The bear feeds his son sweetly, and the son is growing by leaps and bounds.
The next year, the bear again invites the bear to fight.
Fought, fought - again the bear overcame.
- Feed me sweeter, daddy! - says the bear to his father.
The bear feeds his son, and the son is growing by leaps and bounds.
In the third year, the son again says to his father:
- Come on, daddy, fight!
- Let's!
They fought, fought - the son took his father by the leg and threw him up. The bear fell and was killed.
- Didn't you kill your father, you shot? - asks the mother of her son.
“We fought with him, I overcame him, and he died,” the son says.
Mother sends her son to the snakes to weave bast shoes from lyk. The son took the pestle and set off. He came to the snakes and sees a multitude of them. He hits them and tears off their heads, which he puts in the pestle. He imposed a full motley of snake heads and goes to his mother.
- Well, did you knit it? the mother asks.
- Weaved it.
- Where?
- In pestle.
Mother thrust her hand into the pestle and screamed in fright.
- Go and take them back to where you took them! - says the mother.
The son took away the heads and returned.
The next day, the mother sends her son for sandals to the neighbors (brownies). The son went to his neighbors and sees a lot of neighbors. He hits them and rips off their heads, which he puts in the pestle. He imposed a full motley and goes to his mother.
- Well, did you bring it?
- Brought.
- Where?
- In pestle.
Mother thrust her hand into the pestle and was even more frightened.
“Go, shoot, carry them back to where you took them,” the mother says to her son and scolds him.
The son took away the heads and returned.
The son did not want to live with his mother and wished to wander around the world, to measure his strength, with whom it would be possible.
He went to the smithy and ordered himself a cane of forty poods. He took a cane and went to seek adventure.
He walks and meets a large man.
- Who are you? he asks the man.
- I am a hero! - the latter answers. - And who are you?
- I am a strong man.
- Prove your strength.
The strong bear took a strong stone in his hand, squeezed it - and water flowed out of it.
- Well done! - exclaimed the bogatyr and called himself a bogatyr-strongman, and himself - only a bogatyr.
They go further and meet a man.
- Who are you? - they ask the man, announcing to him at the same time that one of them is a hero-strong man, and the other is a hero.
- I am also a hero, but with little strength.
- Go with us!
They went three way-way. They walked, walked, how many, you never know - they reached the hut. We went into the hut, and it’s empty; spotted everywhere - found meat in the closet.
- Well, while we live here, and there we will see what to do, - the heroes consult among themselves.
- We will go to the forest to work, and you prepare dinner for us here, - two heroes say to the third, with little strength.
- Well, your order will be executed, - says the hero.
Two went into the forest, and the third stayed to cook in the hut. He cooks dinner for the heroes from ready-made provisions and does not think that the owner will come. Suddenly the owner comes into the hut and begins to drag the hero by the hair. Dragged, dragged him - he almost wiped out all his hair; ate lunch and left. Heroes come from work and ask:
- Well? Cooked lunch?
- No.
- Why?
- There is no dry firewood, there is nothing to cook with.
We cooked ourselves and ate ourselves.
The next day, the bogatyr with whom the strongman met for the first time stayed to cook dinner.
Two heroes have gone to work in the forest, and the rest is making dinner from ready-made provisions. Suddenly the owner appears and begins to beat him. Beat, beat - left barely alive; ate lunch and left. Heroes come from work and ask:
- Well? Cooked lunch?
- No.
- Why?
- There is no clean water; yes, it is muddy.
We made dinner ourselves and ate ourselves.
On the third day, the strong man stayed to cook dinner. He put on a cauldron full of meat and cooks. Suddenly the owner of the hut appears and begins to beat the hero. The hero as he hit the owner on the seat, so he shouted in a good obscenity: "Oh, don't hit, I won't do that." The owner left the hut and disappeared. Bogatyrs come home from work and ask for food. The bogatyr-strong man fed them and told the story with the owner of the hut; then those heroes confessed that they had the same story. We ate and went to look for the owner. They found a large board in the courtyard, raised it - and there was a large hole, and a belt was lowered down into the hole, which served as a ladder. The bogatyr-strong man went down the belt into the hole, ordering his comrades to wait for him at the hole, and found himself in a different world. Underground was the kingdom of three twelve-headed snakes. These snakes held captive three daughters of the king of this world. The hero walked, walked through the kingdom of snakes and reached a huge palace. I went into the hall and saw a beautiful girl there.

- I am a hero-strong man, - he answers, - I came to look for a villain who offends us, heroes, in a hut.
- He is the devil, in this kingdom he looks like a twelve-headed serpent, and there - a man-man. I have been living with him in captivity for several years. Will you not defeat him?
The girl gives the hero-strong man a sword and says: "With this sword you will defeat him." And the snake was not at home at that time. Suddenly he appears and says: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! It smells of an unclean spirit. "
The hero-strongman raised his sword, struck the serpent on the heads and chopped off twelve heads at once.
The hero-strong man took the princess with him and goes to another twelve-headed snake. We went into the house, and there the hero sees an even more beautiful girl.
- Who are you? - asks the princess of the strong man.
- I am a hero-strong man, - he replies, - I came to look for a villain who offends us, heroes, in a hut.
- He is the devil, in this kingdom it seems like a twelve-headed serpent, and there - a simple man-man. I have been living with him in captivity for several years. Will you not defeat him?
The girl handed the hero a sword and said: "With this sword you will defeat him." And the snake was not at home at that time. Suddenly he appears and says: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! It smells of an unclean spirit. " The hero-strongman raised his sword, struck the serpent on the heads and chopped off all twelve heads in two blows.
The bogatyr-strong man took another girl, even more beautiful, and went to the last twelve-headed snake, which was stronger than the others.
We went into the house and there they see a girl of extraordinary beauty.
- Who are you? - asks the maiden of the hero-strong man.
The hero-strong man answers the same as the first two girls.
“All of them are devils,” the girl says, “one is stronger than the other, here they seem to be snakes, and there they are people. This last serpent is the strongest of all. I have been living with him in captivity for several years. Will you not defeat him?
The girl hands the sword to the hero and says: "With this sword you will defeat him." And the snake was not at home at that time. Suddenly he hears a strong man in the hallway, a voice that says: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! It smells of an unclean spirit. " He went out with a sword into the hallway. There he met a serpent and entered into a fight with him. The bogatyr-strongman cut off only one head of the snake, and the snake came back to gather strength. The hero-strong man says to the beautiful princess: "If the snake conquers me, the kvass on the table turns red, then you throw your shoe in front of me and I will kill the snake."
Here, having gathered his strength, the serpent again appeared and said: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! It smells of an unclean spirit. "
The hero came out to meet the serpent and entered into battle with him. The serpent began to win. The princess looked into the vessel with kvass and saw that the kvass had turned into blood, then she took her shoe, left the house and threw it in front of the hero. The bogatyr struck and immediately blew off all eleven heads of the snake. The hero collected the heads of all the snakes and threw them into the crevice of the stone rock.
The bogatyr-strong man took the girls and went to the hole in order to climb the belt to the local light. He shook his belt and put the girl on it. The fellow heroes raised the girl, and the girl said that there were three more people in another world. They raised all the girls one by one. Having raised the girls, the heroes decided not to raise their comrade, thinking that he would take the girls for himself, and did not raise him. The heroes have gone and cannot decide the dispute - who owns one of the maidens, which was the strongest of all snakes: she was so beautiful that she could not be told in a fairy tale or described with a pen. The heroes came with three maidens to their king-father and say that they freed the maidens from the snakes, and at the same time each asks for a beauty for himself. The girls said that the heroes only raised them from another world, and freed them from the snakes by another, who remained below under the hole. The king sent his swift-winged eagle for the hero. The eagle put on a hero-strong man and flew to the king. There, the tsar, because of the beauty, a dispute arose between the three heroes: everyone wanted to marry a beauty. The king sees that one is not inferior to the other and says: “I have a big bell, which I use to inform the people of the most important events in my kingdom. Whoever throws this bell further - for that one I will give my daughter. " The first came up - did not touch the bells, another came up - too, finally a strong man came up ... he kicked the bell - and the bell flew off behind the royal palace.
- Take my daughter - she's yours! - said the tsar to the strong man.
And he took the hero-bear royal daughter for himself, he took it and healed happily, and his comrades were left without wives. The cane is 40 poods and now lies in the hut.
(Yakov Gavrilov, Bygi village.)

Finger and tooth

The two brothers went into the forest to cut firewood. They chopped, chopped, chopped up a large pile. It is necessary to chop wood, but no wedges. One began to make wedges and cut off a finger by carelessness; a finger galloped along the forest path. Another brother began to chop wood ... The wedge jumped back - and right in the teeth; one tooth was knocked out with a wedge, and the tooth jumped after the finger.
Whether they walked for a long time, you never know, how close, how far - they reached the priest's house. It was already night, and the priest's family was in a deep sleep. Here a finger and a tooth are consulted among themselves how to steal a knife from a priest and stab his bull. Suddenly I saw a finger in one of the windows, a fan and climbed into the hut. Looks for a knife there - does not find it.
- Well, will you be back soon? the tooth asks under the window.
- I can not find! - the finger answers.
Pop heard in the house human voice, got up and looked, but the finger got into the shoe of the priest, and the priest does not see him. Again the priest lay down and fell asleep. A finger came out of the shoe and looked for a knife.
- Well, how long? the tooth asks again.
“I can't find it,” the finger answers.
Pop again heard the scream and woke up; he got out the fire and is looking for; the finger again reached into the toe of the shoe and looked out from there to see if he could see where the knife was. I was looking for, I was looking for a priest - I did not find; and the finger, meanwhile, spotted a knife on a bench by the cabinet. So, when the priest went to bed, he got out of his shoe, took a knife and jumped out into the street.
- Well, who will we kill? - ask each other a finger and a tooth, going to the bulls in the barn.
“Whoever looks at us, we'll kill him,” says the finger.
- Okay, but only here we will not prick, we will take the bull into the forest, and there no one will interfere with us, - the tooth expresses his opinion.
They caught the bull, who looked at them, and took him into the forest; there they stabbed him, and the finger was left to gut, and the tooth went to cook the meat for wood. Coached a tooth with a pile of firewood, tied it up, but he could not bear it. Suddenly a bear walks, and a tooth says to him:
- Clubfoot! Put the burden on your shoulder and carry it.
And the bear was hungry as a wolf and ate a tooth. The tooth went through the bear and shouts to the finger:
- Brother, help me out soon, the bear ate me.
The bear got scared and ran, jumped over the deck and hurt himself to death. They both went out to get firewood and somehow dragged their load. While the finger was laying the fire, the tooth went for the cauldron into the votyak's hut and began to cook. They boiled a whole bull and ate it. Having eaten our fill - to the dump, went to bed. A hungry wolf came and ate both during sleep.
(Vasily Perevoshchikov, honorable Vorchino.)

Fearless Nobleman

The soldier served twenty-five years and saw neither fear nor the king. The authorities send him to his homeland. Having seen neither fear nor the king during his service, he says to his superiors:
- What would it cost you to show me at least once the king!
They reported this to the king, and the king demanded a soldier to his palace.
- Great, servant! - the king says to him.
- I wish you good health, Your Majesty! - the soldier answers.
- Well, why did you come to me?
- I served, Your Majesty, twenty-five years and did not see either fear or you; here I came to see you.
- Well, - said the king, - go to the front porch and lose my chickens!
And this meant not allowing any generals without money to enter the palace.
The soldier went out and stood at the front porch door. Various high-ranking officials, generals, etc. come. The soldier does not let them go without money. Nothing to do, they give him money.
The next day, the king calls the soldier to him and says:
- Well? Hurt my chickens?
- I lost it, Your Majesty, will be on my way, - answered the soldier.
- Well done, be you brave "Fearless Nobleman". In addition to this rank, I give you Yermoshka as servants, a pair of horses from my royal stable and a golden carriage; I supply you with a ticket - go to all four corners of the world.
The Fearless nobleman sat in a golden carriage, took Ermoshka on the goats and went to another kingdom. We drove, drove - we reached two roads, and between them there is a post with the inscription: "You will go to the right - you will find happiness, you will go to the left - you will be killed." Where to go? The fearless nobleman thought and said to Ermoshka:
- Go left.
Ermoshka was frightened, but there is nothing to do: you will not be higher than the master. And they drove along the left road.
We drove, drove - we saw a dead body on the road. The fearless nobleman says to Ermoshka:
- Bring this dead body here.
Ermoshka walks ... comes up to the body and shakes with fright all over. The Fearless Nobleman sees that Ermoshka is afraid of the dead body, like a cowardly woman, and went after the dead body himself. He took it and put it in the carriage beside him.
Again they go. We drove, drove and saw a dead man hanged on a birch tree. A fearless nobleman sends his servant:
- Go, Ermoshka, scatter the rope and bring the body here.
Yermoshka walks - all shaking with fear. Fearless got out of the carriage and went to the dead body himself; crossed the rope on which the body was hanging, took the body, brought it and put it in the carriage on the other side of it.
- Well, now do not be afraid, Ermoshka: there are four of us, - says Fearless.
They all ride in the forest. We arrived at a huge house, which, as it turned out, belonged to the robbers. Fearless, without asking anyone, drove into the yard; Ermoshka ordered the horses to be taken to the stable, and he himself went into the hut. At the table in the hut, robbers, as can be seen from the fierce faces, are having dinner; in the front corner sits the chieftain himself with a large spoon in his hand. Ataman says to the Fearless:
- You are Russian, we will make you roast: the meat of the hare is delicious - he eats a lot of bread.
Fearless, without saying anything, comes up to the table, snatches a large spoon from the ataman's hands and tastes the cabbage soup.
- Sour, rubbish! .. Here's a roast! - says Fearless to the chieftain, striking him on the forehead with a spoon.
The ataman goggled his eyes and looked, what kind of a man is so impudent? Enters Ermoshka's hut ...
- Bring a good pike perch from the carriage, Ermoshka, - says Fearless Ermoshka.
Ermoshka brought a dead body. The fearless took a knife from the robbers' table and began to cut the dead body ... cut off a piece, sniffed and said:
- It smells! Rubbish! Bring another one.
Ermoshka brought something else. Fearless cut a piece, sniffed and spat:
- Ugh! And this pike perch smells.
The robbers went mad with fear.
- Come on fresh! - shouted the Fearless Ermoshka ... Ermoshka shuddered with fright, and his pants slid off him.
- Come on soon! shouts the Fearless.
Ermoshka goes to the table, lifting his pants, and shakes like an aspen leaf. The robbers ran out of the hut, there was only one chieftain. Fearless hit the chieftain on the forehead with a large spoon and killed him; then he scooped up all the stolen gold from them, sat down and drove forward.
We drove, drove - we drove to the kingdom. They drive up to the city, and there, on the balcony of the palace, the king looks through a telescope and wonders: who is this in a golden carriage? We arrived at the palace, and the king asks the Fearless, what kind of person he is, where and what is he given? Fearless, calling himself a Fearless Nobleman, said that he travels to other realms in search of adventure.
“I need such and such,” says the king. - Not far from here, on the island, I have an excellent palace, but the devil settled in it and stole from me eldest daughter which I loved the most; go to the island, save the devil from my palace, bring your daughter to me. If you do this, take any of my three daughters, and in addition you will receive half of my kingdom; if you don't do it, say goodbye to your head.
“All right,” says Fearless, “I will obey your orders.
Fearless left the carriage with money and horses with the king and went with Ermoshka to the lake, among which there was a palace: he got into a boat and swam on the lake, and Ermoshka remained on the shore. He swam across the lake and reached the palace. I went into the palace and saw a devil's copper pipe in the hallway on the window. Picked up the pipe and lit a cigarette, and got drunk; smoke passed into other rooms as well. Suddenly, in one of the rooms, he hears the voice of the devil, who says:
- Ah, hare! The Russian spirit has not yet been heard here. Go, devil, remember his sides well.
The imp ran to Fearless. Fearless took him by the tail and threw him out the window. The devil sends another imp. Fearless abandoned even that one; sends the third - the third has suffered the same fate. The devil sees that the devils are not returning, and he went himself. Fearless, taking him by the tail and the horns, bent him into a ram's horn and threw him out the window. Then he went from room to room to look for the royal daughter. I found her sitting by the bed and next to her the watchman - an imp. He threw the devil out the window, and took the king's daughter by the hands and led her out of the hut. I got into the boat with her and swam back. Suddenly, many devils grabbed the boat to overturn it. Fearless, to frighten the devils, shouts:
- Fire! Let's fire faster, I'll burn the whole lake!
The little devils got scared and dived into the water.
Brought the Fearless daughter to the king. And the king says to the Fearless:
- Well done, Fearless! Choose any of my three daughters and get half of my kingdom.
Fearless chose a lesser daughter and received half of the kingdom. He lived a little with a young man and says:
- Why do I live at home? I am still going to wander around the world, if I see any passions.
The wife says:
- What other passions do you have? There are no passions worse than devils in the world, and you shouldn't have spit out the devils from the palace.
- However, I will go, take a walk again, maybe I will see something.
And the Fearless went to seek terrible adventures. He wanted to rest on the bank of the river; lay down near the river, put his head on the block and fell asleep. During his sleep a cloud arose, and a heavy rain poured down. The river overflowed its banks, and the water surrounded him; a few more minutes passed - and water covered him, only one head remained at the top. Here is one brush sees a good place in the bosom of the Fearless; climbed there and lives there. Meanwhile, the rain stopped falling, the water went to the banks, and it became dry everywhere, and the Fearless was still asleep. Suddenly he turned over on the other side, and the fin of the ruff began to prick him. The fearless jumped out of his seat - and let's run, shouting at the top of his lungs:
- Oh, priests! Oh, priests! Someone is there.
A ruff fell out of the bosom.
- Well, I have never seen such a passion, I think, no one! he says, walking back to his wife.
And they live and make good.
(This tale was written down from the words of Pavel Mikhailov, a peasant, Rev. Arlanov.)

Kukri Baba

In the spring, the mother sent her three daughters into the forest to fetch brooms to sweep the litter, and the girls got lost in the forest. We wandered, wandered in the forest and were tired. What to do? Here is one of the sisters climbed tall tree and looks around to see if he sees any clearing. She looked and said:
- Far from here, a blue smoke rises to the sky, like a thread.
The second sister did not believe it and climbed onto the spruce. Looks in one direction and says:
“Far away from here, a blue smoke as thick as a finger goes to the sky.
The third sister did not believe it and climbed onto the spruce. Looks and says:
- Far away from here, blue smoke as thick as an arm goes to the sky.
We noticed this place, got off the spruce and went. They walked, walked and reached the hut. We went into it.
On the stove sits an old woman, Kukri-baba, of a disgusting appearance and breastfeeds a child, and the child has a strong scab on his head. She saw the girls and says:
- Do you want to eat, girls?
“You should have eaten, perhaps,” the girls answer her.
Kukri Baba came down from the stove ... scraped the scab off the child's head and treats the girls, saying:
- Well, eat, girls.
The girls turn their eyes away from the nasty kind of scab that causes vomiting. Kukri Baba says:
“If you don’t eat, I’ll eat you myself.”
What to do? Here one took it - vomited it; took another, the third - also vomited. The girls want to leave.
“No, I won't,” says Kukri Baba. - Jump over the big stupa - let me go.
At the door in the corner she has a large wooden stupa, that's where she brought the girls and tells them to jump over it. Two sisters jumped and left, while the third could not jump and stayed with Kukri Baba.
Kukri Baba went out of the hut and said to the girl:
- You, girl, swing the child and sing: “Eh! NS! O! O! Sleep, sleep. " Don't leave the hut.
She went out of the hut, and the girl was shaking the baby and crying. Suddenly a cock comes to the girl and says:
- Sit on me, girl, I'll take you away.
The girl sat down and rides a rooster.
Kukri Baba came home and saw one child, but the girl was gone. And she went in pursuit of the girl. She caught up and threw a wooden pestle at the rooster, the rooster dropped the girl. Kukri Baba took the girl and took her back to her hut.

A hare comes and says:
- Sit on me, girl, I'll take you away.
The girl sat on a hare and went. Kukri Baba caught up with them and threw a wooden pestle at the hare - and the hare dropped the girl.
Again the girl shakes the baby and cries.
A thin horse comes, all covered in mud and droppings.
- Sit on me, girl, - says the horse.
The girl got on the dirty horse and rides. They see that Kukri Baba is chasing them. We reached the water, and there is a large log on the water. The girl got off the horse and walked along the log. So Kukri Baba is walking along the log ... The girl went ashore, shook the log - and Kukri Baba fell into the water. So she, the villain, ended.
The girl came home at night, when all her household were asleep. She grabbed the ring of the door ... knocked, knocked - they did not open it: no one heard. She went to sleep on the sennik, and there someone ate her at night, leaving only her hair.
In the morning, the girl's father and the boy went to the sennik to give feed to the horses. The boy found the hair and says to his father:
- I, darling, found the strings.
“Okay, child, take it if you find it,” the father replies.
The boy brought his hair to the hut and put it on the table. Suddenly, the hair began to whine in the plaintive voice of a girl eaten:
- Father, mother! Hands, fingers knocked on the door - you didn't open it.
Everyone got scared and threw their hair into the oven. In the furnace and ash speaks too. What to do? The family is not happy with life, even if you leave the house.
Here the women raked out all the ashes ... carried out the remains - and threw the ashes in the forest. From that time on, there was no more lamentation in the oven.
(Recorded from Pavel Zelenin.)

Once upon a time, there were two neighbors in the same village. Both had one daughter. Their daughters grew up and became brides. One neighbor's daughter is wooed by rich and poor, and he still does not want to marry his daughter; with another, no one wooed, in spite of the fact that his daughter is a beauty of beauties; and my father really wanted to give her away.
- If only the devil came to woo my daughter! - says the latter when he saw matchmakers at a neighbor's.
The next day, matchmakers came to him in rich outfits, like city merchants, and they were wooing his daughter.
- How can I marry you rich people when my means are beggarly? After all, you must marry the rich, you have to make a rich feast, - says the peasant.
- We do not understand who is what, we would only have a suitable, hard-working bride, and we found such in the person of your daughter, - the matchmakers answer.
The peasant agreed and married his daughter to a merchant groom who was right there. Played a wedding and go home with the bride, or rather, with the young.
- Where are you from? We married the girl, played a wedding, you are already taking the bride away, but we ourselves do not know where you are from, ”the shrewd old woman, the bride’s grandmother, decided to ask.
- Indeed, we do not know at all where our fiancé and our matchmakers come from. We sold our daughter anyway. It's not okay this business, you need to find out everything, - all the family say and ask the matchmakers.
- We are from Moscow-city, we are engaged in trade, - matchmakers say.
The old woman announced herself to accompany her granddaughter even before the transfer, which was not far from the village. Grandmother got into the cart and drove off; they reached the river, and they told my grandmother to get out of the cart. As soon as the grandmother got out, the whole train went down into the water and was like that. Grandmother here howled like a wolf, but there is nothing to do, you can't turn it back.
“We gave the poor thing for the wumurta, we can't see her,” the grandmother lamented, returning home.
She returned home and, with tears in her eyes, told her family about what she had seen. The family grieved and stopped.
Seven years passed, and they began to forget their daughter.
Suddenly, at this time, the son-in-law appears and invites the grandmother to be the midwife of the granddaughter, who, the son-in-law says, walks in the last time of pregnancy. Grandmother got into her son-in-law's carriage and left. The son-in-law reached the same river and went down into the water. The grandmother only had time to gasp when she found herself in the river, but did not drown; there, in the water, the road is the same as on land. They drove, drove - drove up to a large house; got out of the carriage and went into the house. There they took the grandmother to her granddaughter's room, and they threw themselves into each other's arms. It's time to give birth. Heated the bathhouse. The pregnant woman was resolved, and the grandmother accepted the baby. They went to the bathhouse, and there other women gave the grandmother a bottle of ointment to smear the child's eyes, and warned the grandmother that she should not smear her eyes with this ointment, otherwise she would go blind.
When there was no one in the bath, grandmother smeared her right eye, and suddenly a miracle happened: grandmother began to walk in water and on water, like a special animal. After spending time with her granddaughter, she began to get ready to go home. She also calls her granddaughter with her, but she says that she cannot go to them; go yourself more often. The grandmother began to say goodbye to the matchmakers and matchmakers, but they would not let her in on foot: “We will harness,” they say, “the cart”. They harnessed the cart and sent the grandmother.
At home, the grandmother told about the life of her granddaughter, about the guest with the matchmakers, praised them as best as possible, and the family could not wonder.
The next day my grandmother went to the shop to shop. Entering the store, she asks the merchant about the price of the goods, but no one sees her. They look back and forth - there is no one.
“What a marvel,” says the shopkeeper. - Who is speaking?
Grandmother guessed that she was invisible to a stranger and that she had become invisible from the ointment. She took from the shop what she needed, without money, and went home. My grandmother was glad that she took everything for free.
The next day she went to the shop again. In the shop he sees people carrying out and putting goods in the cart.
- Where are you taking the goods? - asks the grandmother.
- To another merchant, - people answer and ask her how she sees them?
“I can see it, as you can see,” the grandmother replies.
- Which eye?
- Right.
Then one approached the grandmother and tore out her right eye, and then a miracle happened again: the grandmother became visible to everyone, but with her left eye she did not see the goods taking out of the shop. Grandmother howled from pain in her right eye and went home curve. Then she only guessed that these were wumurts, with whom, perhaps, she had stayed, but for some reason she did not recognize them.
Now let's say something about wumurts. These Wumurts transported goods from shop to shop. Whoever believed in the faith of the Wumurts, they dragged goods from the shop of the unbeliever, and only carried the goods that were put in without being blessed, that is, without prayers. Thus, the goods passed from shop to shop, and from this one merchant grew poorer, and the other richer.
(Elizar Evseev.)

Grigory Egorovich (Georgievich) Vereshchagin (1851-1930)

The first Udmurt scientist and writer who left a rich and varied creative heritage. He penned the well-known poem "Chagyr, chagyr dydyke ..." ("Gray, gray dove ..."), circulated in the form folk song, the centenary of the publication of which the public celebrated in 1989 as the anniversary of the first original printed artwork in the Udmurt language and all Udmurt literature.
G.E. Vereshchagin wrote poems, poems, plays in the Udmurt and Russian languages. Of these, during his lifetime, he published only more than a dozen poems in native language... Four of his poems ("The Ruined Life", "Skorobogat-Kashchei", " gold fish"And" Clothes of a Batyr ") were first published today, thanks to the efforts of researchers.
During his lifetime, G.E. Vereshchagin became famous not only in Russia, but also abroad (in particular, in Hungary, Finland) as an ethnographer and folklorist, engaged in the collection, research and publication of materials related to history, language, customs, traditions, beliefs and religious rituals, as well as artistic culture (songs, legends, legends, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, etc.) of the Udmurts and Russians, who lived mainly in the Glazovsky and Sarapul districts of the Vyatka province, located between the Vyatka and Kama rivers. His ethnographic essays include more than just essential scientific information. Despite the fact that they were written in Russian, they were essentially the first works of Udmurt fiction and received high recognition, however, not as artistic experiences, but as scientific works... In particular, each of his monographs: "Votyaki of the Sosnovsky Territory", "Votyaki of the Sarapul district of the Vyatka province" are original essays (or even stories, as some researchers call them) of an encyclopedic character about the life of the Udmurt people of that time, which were awarded a silver medal Imperial Russian Geographical Society, known at that time as a scientific center for the study of the ethnography of the peoples of Russia. At thirty-seven years old, in 1888, as a teacher of an elementary provincial school, taking into account the value of the materials provided to him from the place of observation, G.E. Vereshchagin was honored to be an elected member of this most authoritative scientific society at that time.
G.E. Vereshchagin's linguistic research turned out to be fruitful. He compiled the Udmurt-Russian and Russian-Udmurt dictionaries, which remained unpublished, published the book "Guide to the study of the Votsk language" - "the first original research work in the field of observation of the Votsk language", as stated in the preface to the book, signed by the Votsk Academic Center. Concerning the works of G.E. Vereshchagin, the words "first", "first" have to be used quite often.
G.E. Vereshchagin was not a scientist in our traditional understanding: he did not defend a dissertation, did not receive academic titles and degrees; being simple school teacher(later - a priest), actively collected ethnographic and folklore material, and these scrupulous and systematic local lore research formed him as an ethnographer of a wide profile. The Udmurt people, the region inhabited by them, became for him a kind of "training ground", where he comprehended the science of complex study folk culture... It was this aspiration that turned G.E. Vereshchagin into a scientist with a wide range of interests, combining an ethnographer, folklorist, religious scholar, and a researcher of onomastics.
The good name of G.E. Vereshchagin went down in history in connection with the sensational all over the world shameful for the tsarist authorities Multan process (1892-1896), during which at two sessions of the district court he acted as an expert ethnographer on the side of the defense. The very fact of attracting him to this role testified to the recognition of his competence in the field of ethnography of the Udmurts. V.G. Korolenko, who took an active part in protecting the defendants, the honor and dignity of the entire Udmurt people and in exposing the criminal actions of the authorities in the course of this process, highly appreciated the role of G.E. Vereshchagin's expertise in the court's acquittal.

In the vast scientific heritage of Grigory Yegorovich Vereshchagin, the book "Votiaki of the Sosnovsky Territory" occupies a special place. It marked the beginning of an intense and purposeful scientific search, to which the scientist devoted his entire life.
The work was first published in 1884. Since at that time there were no departments of ethnography at scientific institutions and universities, all research in the field of ethnography in Russia was concentrated in scientific societies. One of these centers was the ethnographic department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, in whose Izvestia the scientist's monograph was published.
Exactly 120 years ago, in 1886, the book by G.E. Vereshchagin was republished with minor additions. It was highly appreciated by contemporaries and still has not lost its value as a collection of the richest ethnographic material about the Udmurt people. Due to the uniqueness of the materials contained in the work, the reliability and detail of the factual descriptions, the monograph by G. Vereshchagin constantly continues to attract the attention of Udmurtian scholars. References to this work, reference to it actual material we can find in a significant number of modern publications devoted to issues of the economy and material culture, public and family life, religion, spiritual culture and art of the Udmurt people. It has become almost a rule to check one's knowledge of the facts of Udmurt ethnography "according to Vereshchagin."
(Reprinted after: Vereshchagin G.E. Collected works: In 6 volumes. Izhevsk: UIIYaL UB RAS, 1995. T. 1. Votyaki of the Sosnovsky Territory / Responsible for the issue G.A. Nikitin; Word to the reader: V. M. Vanyushev; After. V. M. Vanyushev, G. A. Nikitina. T. 2. Votyaki of Sarapul district of Vyatka province / Responsible for the release of LS Khristolyubov.)