Algorithm for writing the final essay

Bondarenko N.A.,

teacher of literature MAOU "LNIP"

urban district Korolev

Moscow region

Algorithm for writing an essay

2) Identify the problem / question that the topic contains

3) Formulate theses that reveal the problem, answer the question

1) Choose a theme

5) Think over the composition of the work, write a plan or a plan-diagram

4) Select works (1-4), on the material of which you can prove your point of view

6) Write a rough draft of the work

8) Write the final work

9) Re-read what you have written, correct any mistakes

7) Re-read what you have written, make the necessary edits

Composition of the essay

Compositional structure

Logical structure

Introduction

Preparing to perceive the main thoughts of the work

Main part

Conclusion

Statement of the problem / question, which are contained in the topic (4-5 sentences).

The answer to the main question of the topic, a consistent proof of the main idea of ​​the composition (on the example of works of fiction (1-4)), taking into account the problem (s) posed in the introduction.

Thesis 1

Generalization on the whole topic; conclusions (if there are several of them, then each output - on a new line).

Should be at least

Brief and precise answer to the question posed in the introduction; concise summary of reasoning (2-5 sentences).

Micro inference (generalization)

3 theses !

The structure of the essay

Thesis 2

Arguments, proofs, example (one or more)

Micro inference (generalization)

Logical transition to a new thought

Thesis 3

Arguments, proofs, example (one or more)

Micro inference (generalization)

Introduction + conclusion = no more than ¼ of the composition.

The conclusion should overlap with the introduction and contain conclusions on the problem

(problems) posed in the introduction

In the main part, the problem (s) should be solved / the question (s) posed in the introduction should be answered

Constantly refer to the wording of the topic in direct or synonymous form

(in the introduction, the main part and the conclusion of the essay) to emphasize the correspondence of the work to the chosen topic

Entry options

Types of intros

Peculiarities

HISTORICAL

Example

Assumes a brief description of a certain era, an analysis of the socio-economic, moral, political and / or cultural characteristics of that time

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

The history of Russia, the Russian nation, is full of troubles and trials, brilliant insights and fatal delusions, creative undertakings and destructive wars. The struggle against the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the conquest of Siberia, the hard times of the Troubles and the grandiose transformations of Peter's time, the devastation after the wave of revolutions and the daring rise of avant-garde art, the hardships of the post-war years and the enthusiasm of the builders of the Baikal-Amur Mainline ... Whenever it seemed that life and consciousness Russian people were driven into a dead end, conquered and crushed, fresh shoots of hope that the best was ahead sprout, new forces appeared and faith was strengthened - faith in God, faith in a country, faith in human capabilities. Are there really not those fetters, fetters that would stop our people in their striving for happiness, for meaningful existence? It is the question of "no limits" now, as in other times, that continues to worry everyone who considers great Russia their homeland.

Theme: (N.A. Nekrasov)).

disadvantages

- Versatility.

- Wide coverage of time and space.

- A broad outlook is required.

- Significant volume is possible.

Entry options

Types of intros

Peculiarities

ANALYTICAL

Example

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

Almost every Russian person is sure that there are no insurmountable borders and intolerable difficulties for our people. What gives rise to such confidence in the strength and firmness of the spirit of the Russian nation? A difficult historical path, a constant search for truth, coming to balance through delusions and losses, examples of real courage and true holiness - all this helps to affirm in the mind the idea of ​​an unlimited, endless path along which Russia and the Russian people are developing. Are there really not those fetters, fetters that would stop the Russian person in his striving for happiness, for meaningful life? Russian literature confidently answers this question.

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them" (N.A. Nekrasov)).

disadvantages

- The most "profitable" entry option.

- Convenient transition to the problem / question.

- Abstractness of reasoning.

- The reasoning begins already in the introduction.

Entry options

Types of intros

BIOGRAPHICAL

Peculiarities

Example

Contains facts from the biography of the writer related to the work or to the issue raised in it

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

There is no person in Russian literature more devoted to the common Russian person than Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. No life difficulties, hardships and hardships, temptations of metropolitan life did not make this wonderful poet change the main theme of his life - the theme of the fate of the Russian people. Exploring the Russian soul, analyzing Russian history, studying Russian life, Nekrasov became more and more affirmed in the idea of ​​the firmness and invincibility of the whole nation, of which we are all a part. Why in his poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" Nikolai Alekseevich speaks so confidently about the absence of limits for a Russian person? Are there really not those fetters, fetters that would stop the Russian person in his striving for happiness, for meaningful life?

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- Versatility.

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- The transition to analysis is already in the introduction.

- Assumes knowledge of the biography of the writer / poet.

- Assumes good knowledge of the text of the work of art.

- The main part assumes an appeal to the creativity of the very writer / poet who is mentioned in the introduction.

Entry options

Types of intros

QUOTE

Peculiarities

Example

Basically, it contains a quote that is directly related to the topic of the essay and is a "starting point" for the further development of thought

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

"The limits of the Russian people have not yet been set: there is a wide road before them." This is how the great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov defines boundless faith in the Russian people, conveys confidence in its future well-being. Yes, the Russian person has gone through a lot, endured it, squeezing his family, country, faith on his shoulders. His trials continue to this day. Are there really not those fetters, fetters that would stop the Russian person in his striving for happiness, for meaningful life?

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- Direct link to the topic.

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- Emotionality.

- Assumes the accuracy of the citation (a quote that is not stated in the subject of the essay can be used).

Entry options

Types of intros

PERSONAL

Peculiarities

Example

It involves a statement of your position, presentation of thoughts, feelings related to the topic of the essay

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

It was not by chance that I chose this topic for my work. The question she raises interests me not only as a reader, but also as a person who is part of his people, living in the interests of his time. Why does Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov speak so confidently about the absence of limits for a Russian person? Are there really not those fetters, fetters that would stop the Russian person in his striving for happiness, for meaningful life?

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- Versatility.

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- Simplicity of presentation.

- A low degree of "immersion" in the topic at the beginning of work.

- Not the most successful entry option due to the versatility of the wording.

Conclusion options

Types of intros

GENERALIZATION OF THE SAID

Peculiarities

Example

Involves a return to the main idea of ​​the composition with a broader and more emotional presentation

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

Summing up, I want to emphasize that Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov proposed not just a slogan, arguing that "the Russian people have no limits: there is a wide road before them." The poet confidently and clearly stated what had been achieved through all his work: the strength of the Russian man's spirit, his patient work and faith in goodness and justice open up wide opportunities for his development and make him invincible, both spiritually and physically.

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- The most typical and logical ending of the composition.

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- Emotionality.

- Sometimes it sounds overly pathetic.

Conclusion options

Types of intros

A RHETORICAL QUESTION

Peculiarities

Example

An interrogative sentence, including a rhetorical question, at the end of the essay returns to the main problem contained in the topic, emphasizing its relevance

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

Unfortunately, the tests of the Russian people were not over. The constant struggle and the assertion of the value and uniqueness of the Russian character continue to this day. How much more need to go through, endure, overcome, so that the whole world and we ourselves are convinced that "the Russian people have no limits: there is a wide path before them"?

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- Close connection with the introduction.

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- Emotionality.

- The final question is not always well posed.

Conclusion options

Types of intros

APPEAL TO THE READER

Peculiarities

Example

An appeal, an appeal to the reader, focus on the main idea of ​​the essay, encourage the reader to change his attitude to the problem

(Direction "Path".

Dignity

At the end of this work, I would like to appeal to you: believe in the Russian people, in the strength of their spirit, in their limitless possibilities. Only confidence in each other, solidarity and unity of consciousness will help to overcome any difficulties arising on the path of development of a country or nation.

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- Simplicity and brevity of presentation.

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- Emotionality.

- The thought in the conclusion is not always successfully correlated with the main idea of ​​the composition.

Conclusion options

Types of intros

QUOTE

Peculiarities

A statement that expresses a thought fully enough

Example

Dignity

(Direction "Path".

No matter how much the debate continues about the uniqueness of the Russian character, about the special path of Russia, it is impossible to expect a universal and accurate answer to such a question. But I know for sure: the centuries-old history of the formation of our nation and the establishment of statehood in our country proves the truth of N.A. Nekrasova: "The limits of the Russian people have not yet been set: there is a wide road before them!"

Theme: "The Russian people have not yet set limits: there is a wide road before them"

disadvantages

- A convenient option if there is a quotation in the subject of the essay (but in this case, you cannot use the quotation version of the introduction!).

(N.A. Nekrasov)).

- Accuracy of citation is assumed.

- Not every quote is appropriate in the conclusion (it may also be a quote not stated in the subject of the essay).

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE WORK

Criterion

Features of assessment

1. Relevance to the theme

This criterion aims at checking the content of the essay.

The graduate discusses the proposed topic, choosing the path of its disclosure (for example, answers the question posed in the topic, or reflects on the proposed problem, or builds a statement on the basis of theses related to the topic, etc.).

This criterion aims to test the ability to use literary material to build reasoning on the proposed topic and to argue your position.

"Fail" is put only under the condition that the essay does not correspond to the topic or the specific purpose of the statement is not traced in it, i.e. communicative intention (in all other cases, "credit" is set).

The graduate builds reasoning, involving for argumentation at least one work of Russian or world literature choosing their own way of using literary material; shows a different level of comprehension of literary material: from elements of semantic analysis (for example, topics, problems, plot, characters, etc.) to a comprehensive analysis of a literary text in the unity of form and content and its interpretation in terms of the chosen topic.

"Fail" put on the condition that the essay was written without involving literary material, or the content of the work is significantly distorted in it, or literary works are only mentioned in the work, without becoming a basis for reasoning (in all other cases, "credit" is given).

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE WORK

Criterion

Features of assessment

3. Composition and logic of reasoning

This criterion aims to test the ability to logically build reasoning on the proposed topic.

4. Quality of written speech

The graduate argues for the thoughts expressed, trying to maintain the relationship between the thesis and evidence.

This criterion aims at checking the speech design of the text of the essay.

5. Literacy

"Fail" is put on the condition that gross logical violations interfere with understanding the meaning of what has been said or there is no thesis-proof part (in all other cases, "credit" is given).

The graduate accurately expresses thoughts, using a variety of vocabulary and various grammatical constructions, if necessary, uses terms appropriately, avoids speech cliches.

This criterion allows you to assess the literacy of a graduate.

"Fail" placed on condition that the low quality of speech significantly complicates the understanding of the meaning of the essay (in all other cases, "credit" is given).

"Fail" put if speech, grammatical, as well as spelling and punctuation errors made in the essay make it difficult to read and understand the text (in total more than 5 mistakes per 100 words ).

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE WORK

• In order to receive the "credit" mark for an essay, it is necessary that the work must be credited at least according to three criteria: according to criteria 1 and 2 + any of criteria 3, 4, 5.

• If in the essay less than 250 words, then the essay is not checked according to criteria 1-5.

In cells according to all assessment criteria, "Fail".

• If for an essay according to criterion 1 "failed" is given, then the essay according to criteria 2-5 is not checked. In the cells according to all evaluation criteria, "failed" is set.

• If for an essay by criterion according to criterion 1 "pass" is given, and according to criterion 2 "failed" is given, then the essay according to criteria 3-5 is not checked. In the cells according to the evaluation criteria 3-5, "fail" is set.

In all other cases, the essay is checked according to all five criteria.

Criterion

Terms of scoring

1. Relevance to the theme

Number of points (max 20)

The graduate discusses in one form or another on the proposed topic, choosing a convincing way of its disclosure (for example, answers the question posed in the topic, or reflects on the proposed problem, or builds a statement on the basis of theses related to the topic, etc.), communicative the idea of ​​the composition is clearly expressed.

The graduate discusses superficially on the proposed topic, the communicative intention of the essay is traced.

The writing does not correspond to the topic,

and / or the communicative intent of the composition is not traced.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE ESSAY ( with a system of conversion into points) (recommended for higher education institutions)

Criterion

Terms of scoring

2. Argumentation. Attracting literary material

Number of points (max 20)

A graduate, when disclosing the topic of an essay, builds reasoning based on at least one work of domestic or world literature of your choice, determining their way of using literary material; shows a different level of comprehension: from elements semantic analysis(for example, topics, problems, plot, characters, etc.) to a comprehensive analysis of a literary text in the unity of form and content; admitted no more than 1 factual error related to knowledge of literary material(an error in the spelling of the author and the title of the work, the names of the characters and toponyms of the work, in the presentation of the storyline, literary and historical facts, etc.)

The graduate builds reasoning based on literary material, but limited to general statements about a work of art;

and / or limited a simple retelling of a work of art ;

composition written without the involvement of literary material,

and / or admitted 2-4 actual errors related to knowledge of literary material.

or literary works are only mentioned in the work, without becoming a support for reasoning,

and / or the composition contains 5 or more factual errors.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE ESSAY ( with a system of conversion into points) (recommended for higher education institutions)

Criterion

Terms of scoring

3. Composition

Number of points

and the logic of reasoning

The work is distinguished by compositional integrity, the logical presentation of thoughts and the proportionality of the parts, there are no violations of the sequence and unreasonable repetitions within the semantic parts.

(max 20)

The work is distinguished by compositional integrity, its parts are logically connected with each other, but within the semantic parts there are violations of the sequence and unreasonable repetitions,

and / or the compositional intention is traced in the composition, but there are violations of the compositional connection between the semantic parts,

Gross logical violations interfere with understanding the meaning of what is written, or there is no thesis-proof part, or the argumentation is not convincing.

and / or the thought repeats itself and does not develop .

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE ESSAY ( with a system of conversion into points) (recommended for higher education institutions)

Criterion

Terms of scoring

4. Quality of written speech (quality of composition)

The graduate accurately expresses thoughts, using a variety of vocabulary and various grammatical constructions, if necessary, uses terms appropriately, avoids cliches.

Number of points

The graduate accurately expresses thoughts, but his speech is characterized by the poverty of the vocabulary and the monotony of the grammatical structure of speech.

(max 20)

Poor speech quality significantly complicates the understanding of the meaning, or the essay is written in a poor, primitive language, or is replete with vernacular expressions and vulgarisms.

5. Originality of the composition

The graduate demonstrates a creative, non-standard approach to the disclosure of the topic (the essay notes interesting thoughts, or unexpected and at the same time convincing arguments, or fresh observations, etc.) or the brightness of the style.

The graduate does not demonstrate independence of thought, and / or creative, non-standard approach, and / or originality of style.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE ESSAY ( with a system of conversion into points) (recommended for higher education institutions)

Criterion

Terms of scoring

6. Speech norms

Number of points

No more than 2 speech errors were made.

(max 20)

3-4 speech errors were made.

7. Spelling norms

5 or more speech errors were made.

There are no spelling errors, or 1 blunder has been made.

2-3 spelling mistakes were made.

4-5 spelling mistakes were made.

More than 5 spelling mistakes were made.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE ESSAY ( with a system of conversion into points) (recommended for higher education institutions)

Criterion

Terms of scoring

8. Punctuation norms

Number of points

There are no punctuation errors, or 1 blunder was made.

(max 20)

2-3 punctuation errors were made.

4-5 punctuation errors were made.

More than 5 punctuation errors were made.

9. Grammar norms

No more than 2 grammatical mistakes were made.

3-4 grammatical mistakes were made.

5 or more grammatical mistakes were made.

10. Actual accuracy in background material

There are no actual errors.

There were one or more factual errors in the background material.

Score on a ten-point grading system

Primary score

EXAMPLES of work on an essay (work with a draft)

On slides 25 - 29, examples of work on an essay are given:

drawing up a schematic outline for five topics

(one topic for each direction (2015-2016 academic year)).

Direction "Time"

Topic: "Society and Era"

How are society and era connected? (Introduction)

Thesis 3

Thesis 4

Thesis 2

Thesis 1

The awakening or delusion of society depends on the activities of the "heroes of the time"

A certain era is a step in the development of society

A person's actions and needs shape the concept of the era

Epoch - a long period of time with characteristic phenomena, events

Renaissance, Enlightenment, Napoleonic Wars

• L. Tolstoy. War and Peace (Napoleon);
• A. Pushkin. The Bronze Horseman (Peter I).

L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace";

• M. Lomonosov;
• modernists (poets, artists, etc.).

F. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" (Napoleon);

A. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit" (Chatsky);

N. Gogol. "Dead Souls" (Chichikov).

CONCLUSION (conclusion):

society and the era are inextricably linked with each other, their interaction is a natural way of development

Direction "Home"

Topic: "Home: discord with oneself and the world"

When is home a place of discord with oneself and the world? (Introduction)

Thesis 4

Thesis 1

Thesis 3

Thesis 2

The house should be an island of happiness, peace, and give a sense of security

There is no joy in the house if

In poverty and need, the house is perceived as a temporary refuge, and this gives rise to internal protest

Dissatisfaction with life occurs when there is no mutual respect in the family and violence reigns

it's empty and lonely there

L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" (Rostovs).

I. Goncharov. Oblomov (Oblomov's Dream).

I. Bunin. "Antonov apples".

A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin (Onegin);

A. Ostrovsky. "Thunderstorm" (Family of Kabanovs).

M. Gorky. “At the bottom” (Satin, Actor, Tick, etc.).

CONCLUSION (conclusion):

The warmth of the hearth, love and mutual understanding help to avoid conflict with oneself and the world or to overcome it.

Direction "Path"

Topic: "The path to yourself"

Why is the path to yourself so difficult? (Introduction)

Thesis 3

Thesis 2

Thesis 1

Finding harmony with oneself depends primarily on the person himself.

To know and understand yourself, you need to be ready to know and understand others.

Lack of harmony with oneself is a source of mental and physical adversity

M. Lermontov. "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin).

F. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov)

F. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov, Sonya)

L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" (Bolkonsky, Bezukhov).

L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" (Bezukhov).

M. Lermontov. "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin).

CONCLUSION (conclusion):

Cognition of oneself is a process of overcoming selfishness, reconciliation with the strength and weaknesses of others, with the diversity and imperfection of the world.

Direction "Love"

Theme: "Faces of Love"

How many faces is love? (Introduction)

Thesis 4

Thesis 3

Thesis 1

Thesis 2

Love is the liberation of the spirit from the captivity of the material world

Love is a test

Love is renewal through suffering and disappointment

Love is the highest emotional and spiritual pleasure.

mind and heart

I. Goncharov. Oblomov.

Lyrics by A. Pushkin ("Confession", "I remember a wonderful moment ...", "Madonna").

A. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (Tatiana).

F. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov, Sonya).

Lyrics by A. Pushkin ("I loved you ...").

Lyrics by A. Pushkin (“The Burnt Letter).

Lyrics by F. Tyutchev ("Oh, how destructively we love ...").

M. Lermontov. "A Hero of Our Time" (Princess Mary).

I. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons (Bazarov).

CONCLUSION (conclusion):

Love is many-sided, complex, but always beneficial and constructive for the human soul.

Direction "Year of Literature in Russia"

Topic: "Is literature a confession or a sermon?"

Should literature tell you about life truthfully or teach you how to live? (Introduction)

Thesis 3

Thesis 2

Thesis 1

Thesis 4

The key to transformation is the cleansing of the soul

Without confession, there is no understanding of the truth, purification and liberation from delusions

The world of a work of art is a model of society and human relations

N. Gogol. "Dead Souls".

L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".

M. Gorky. "At the Bottom", "Old Woman Izergil".

I. Bunin. "Gspodin from San Francisco."

E. Zamyatin. "We".

F. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov);

A. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin).

I. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons (Pavel Kirsanov, Bazarov).

M. Lermontov. "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin).

M. Lermontov. "Mtsyri" (Mtsyri).

CONCLUSION (conclusion):

The task of literature is to influence the mind and heart of a person through purification, liberation from vanity and delusion,

that is, preaching through confession.

Homework :

write introductions and conclusions to each of the topics named on slides 25 - 29. Use the material from slides 5 - 13. Prerequisite: introductions and conclusions must be of different types (one of the options for the conclusion can be repeated twice, since there are 4 of them) ... Indicate which of the options for the introduction and conclusion, respectively, you have chosen.

Still to the Russian people No limits have been set: Before him is a wide path. Will you wake up, full of strength? N.A. Nekrasov.

Dimensions: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. To download a picture for a literature lesson for free, right-click on the image and click "Save Image As ...". To show pictures in the lesson, you can also download the presentation "Nekrasov about the people.ppt" in its entirety with all the pictures in a zip-archive for free. The archive size is 2528 KB.

Nekrasov

"Nekrasov Test" - This is ... Grisha Dobrosklonov Yakim Nagoy Yermil Girin Matrena Timofeevna. 2. Which of the characters of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" does the author consider happy? K.F. Ryleev A.S. A.A. Pushkin Blok N.A. Nekrasov. Stop sleeping! Test for the literary game "I dedicated my lyre to my people ..." Nekrasov for 10th grade students.

"Lessons from Nekrasov" - I dedicated the lyre to my people. Even Nekrasov did not always have an apartment. Barge Haulers on the Volga. Why do we consider Nekrasov a poet - a citizen and a folk poet? 1847-1866 Lesson Summary VII. The problematic question of the lesson: I.E. Repin. A cruel feudal landowner, a passionate hunter and gambler. N. A. Nekrasov and V. G. Belinsky IV.

"Nekrasov Railway" - Submit to us, earth! Poet, music critic. Why, where the sun shines, Carry a heavy locomotive? Reproduction of the painting by G. Savitsky "Repair work on the railway". ... Landscape Antithesis Dream Epigraph Symbol. S. Shevyrev, D. Struisky, Y. Polonsky, A. Fet, N. Nekrasov - contemporaries, poets of the 19th century.

"Creativity of Nekrasov lesson" - I. Smirnov. N. Nekrasov. 2. 8. 3. "The Prophet", 1826 Before your name Allow me to humbly kneel ... Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1809-1852). The Prophet, 1841 1. Lesson-KVN on the works of N. A. Nekrasov.

"Poems of Nekrasov" - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. A. V. Druzhinin. A. N. Ostrovsky. I.E. Repin. Poetic credo of Nekrasov. Poems on the theme "Poets and Poetry". Karabikha is the estate of N.A. Nekrasov, bought at the end of 1861. Nekrasov asserts the poet's civic role. I. A. Goncharov. Your dear sister! " 1848.1845 - 1846 The almanac "Physiology of St. Petersburg" is published, in which the poems of N. A. Nekrasov.

"Nekrasov Grade 10" - The theme of love is solved in the lyrics of Nekrasov in a very peculiar way. Completed by pupils of the 10th grade of secondary school №2 Volkov I. and Grushko E. supervisor Emelyanova OB Nekrasov's works about love are distinguished by their sincerity and enthusiasm. So the river is more turbulent in autumn, But the raging waves are colder ... A dead end, in which feelings come.

There are 30 presentations in total

Homeless, homeless
A lot comes across
To the people in Russia,
Do not reap, do not sow - feed
From the same common granary
What feeds a small mouse
And the host is innumerable:
Sedentary peasant
Her name is hump.
Let the people know
Whole villages
Begging in the fall
As a profitable business,
Go: in the people's conscience
The solution is stuck
That there is more misfortune here,
Than lies - they are served.
Even if cases are not uncommon
That the wanderer will be
A thief; what women have
For the prosphora of Athonite,
For the "tears of the virgin"
The pilgrim will lure the yarn,
And after the women will be brought down,
What's next Troitsa-Sergius
He himself had not been.
There was an old man, wonderful singing
Captivated the hearts of the people;
With the consent of the mothers,
In the village of Steep Zavodi
To divine singing
Began to teach the girls;
All winter girls are red
They locked themselves in the barn with him,
From there, singing was heard
And more often laughter and screeching.
However, how did it end?
He didn't learn to sing them,
And he messed up everyone.
There are great masters
To adapt to the ladies:
First through the women
Available to the maiden,
And there, to the landowner.
Strumming keys, around the yard
He walks around as a gentleman,
Spits in the face of a peasant
An old woman praying
Bent into a ram's horn!
But he sees in the same wanderers
And the front side
People. Who builds churches?
Who are the monastic circles
Overflowed?
Doesn't do any other good,
And no evil is seen behind him,
You will not understand otherwise.
Familiar to the people of Fomushka:
Verigi two-pound
Belted around the body
In winter and summer barefoot,
Mumbles incomprehensible
And to live - lives like a god:
Board and a stone in the head,
And food is bread alone.
Wonderful and memorable to him
Old Believer Kropilnikov,
The old man, whose whole life
Now the will, then the prison.
I came to the village of Usolovo:
Reproaches the laity with godlessness,
Calls to the dense forests
Save yourself. Stanovoy
Happened here, listened to everything:
"To the interrogation of the companion!"
He, too, to him:
"You are the enemy of Christ, the antichrists
Envoy! "Sotsky, headman
They blinked at the old man:
"Hey, submit!" Not listening!
They took him to prison,
And he reproached the boss
And, standing on the cart,
Usolovtsam shouted:

"Woe to you, woe, lost heads!
Were torn off - you will be naked,
They beat you with sticks, rods, whips,
You will be beaten with iron bars! .. "

Usolovtsy were baptized,
The chief beat the herald:
"Will you remember, anathema,
Judge of Jerusalem! "
At the guy, at the delivery man,
The reins fell out of fright
And the hair stood on end!
And, like a sin, military
The team burst out in the morning:
In Ustoy, the village is nedalnoe,
The soldiers came.
Interrogations! pacification!
Anxiety! by contiguity
Usolovtsy also got it:
Prophecy of the obstinate
Almost to the point did not come true.

Will never forget
By the people of Euphrosyne,
Posad widow:
As God's messenger
The old lady appears
In the cholera years;
Buries, heals, tinkers
With the sick. Almost praying
Peasant women on her ...

Knock, unknown guest!
Whoever you are, confidently
Into the village gate
Knock! Not suspicious
A native peasant,
The thought does not arise in him,
As people have enough,
At the sight of a stranger
Wretched and timid:
Wouldn’t shave what?
And the women are the radekhonki.
In the winter, before the luchina
The family is sitting, working,
And the wanderer says.
Already in the bathhouse he took a steam bath,
Ears with your own spoon,
With a blessing hand
He sipped his fill.
A glass walks through the veins,
Speech flows like a river.
Everything seemed to stand still in the hut:
The old man who repaired the little shoes,
He dropped them at their feet;
The shuttle has not chicked for a long time,
The worker listened
At the loom;
Frozen already on the prick
Little finger at Evgenyushka,
The owner's eldest daughter,
High tubercle,
And the girl did not hear
How pricked to blood;
Sewing to the feet went down,
Sitting - pupils dilated
She spread her hands ...
Guys hanging their heads
With the beds, do not budge:
Like the seals are sleepy
On ice floes beyond Arkhangelsk,
Lie on their stomach.
No faces to be seen, veiled
Descended strands
Hair - no need to say
That they are yellow.
Wait! wanderer soon
Will tell the truth of Athos,
Like a Turk rebelled
He drove the monks into the sea,
How obediently the monks walked
And died in hundreds ...
You will hear the whisper of horror
You will see a row of scared
Tears full of eyes!
The terrible minute has come -
And the hostess herself
Spindle pot-bellied
Rolling off my knees.
Vaska's cat was on the alert -
And jump to the spindle!
At another time it would be
Vaska got it smart,
And then they did not notice
As he is a nimble paw
I touched the spindle,
How I jumped on it
And how it rolled
Until I unwound
Tight thread!

Who has seen how they listen
Of his visiting wanderers
Peasant family,
Understand that neither work,
Not eternal care
Not a yoke of long slavery,
Not by the pub itself
More to the Russian people
No limits are set:
Before him is a wide path.
When the plowman is changed
The fields are old-land,
Shreds in the forest outskirts
He tries to plow.
There is enough work here,
But the strips are new
Give without fertilization
Bountiful harvest.
Such soil is good -
The soul of the Russian people ...
O sower! come! ..

Jonah (aka Lyapushkin)
Wahlak party
I have been visiting for a long time.
Not only did they not disdain
The peasants are God's wanderer,
And they argued about
Who will be the first to shelter him,
While their disputes Lyapushkin
Didn't put an end to it:
"Hey! Women!" take out
Icons! "The women carried it out;
Before every icon
Jonah fell on his face:
"Do not argue! God's business,
Kotor will look more affectionately
For that I will go! "
And often for the poorest
Ionushka walked as an icon
To the poorest hut.
And to that hut special
Respect: the women are running
With knots, pans
To that hut. Full of a cup,
By the grace of Ionushka,
It becomes.

Quietly and unhurriedly
Ionushka told the story
"About two great sinners",
Zealous baptism.

Approximate topics of the final essay on literature 2015-2016

Yandex.Direct

We offer you approximate topics for graduation essays in directions.

1. Time:

Problems of the century

Search time

Time to tell about the person ...

Man and time

Society and era

Maturing time

Test time

It's time to grow up

Time forward!

Hero (s) of our time

“About times, about morals! "(Mark Tullius Cicero)

History is the key to understanding the people

The writer is the judge of his time

"A time to scatter stones and a time to gather stones" (From the Bible.)

"Times are not chosen, they live and die" (A.S. Kushner)

"In our dastardly times, a man needs conscience" (N. Korzhavin)

2. House:

Home is the center of the world for a person

Home is the basis of human existence

House - the keeper of Orthodox values

Home is a wonderful dream of happiness

House - home, family habitat

House is an island, a fortress in the chaos of revolutionary, military events

Home is a haven for a tired soul, a place for its rest and recuperation.

Home is a place where spiritual, moral and cultural traditions are preserved.

Home is an affirmation of eternity, beauty and strength of life.

The house is a portrait of the soul of the family.

House - a monument to man

Home is a horomina for body and soul.

The loss of a home is the collapse of moral ideals. (About the flooding of villages in the 70-80s of the 20th century.)

Home is a discord with oneself and the world.

Home is a conscience for a person

Home is anxiety

Home is destiny

Home is the rebirth of ideals.

House - Russia

Home is the place where you are always welcome

"Parental home - the beginning of the beginning"

3. Way:

Ah, the front line ...

Long way home ...

Life path

The path of knowledge

Path to eternity (Man is from eternity.)

The road to nowhere ...

Road of honor

The type of "Russian wanderer" in literature

"The Russian people have not yet set limits - there is a wide road before them" (N.A. Nekrasov)

The Path of Faithfulness to Nature is the Right Path (Yoon Songdo)

The path to yourself ...

4. Love:

Love for ages

Does love always make a person happy?

Love is stronger than death ...

Love and war ...

Love and separation ...

Love is spiritual rebirth ...

Faces of love ...

“Who told you that there is no real, faithful, high love in the world? "

"From the love of a woman, everything beautiful on earth was born" (A.M. Gorky)

Hypocritical love is worse than hate.

5. Year of Literature in Russia:

" My favorite book "

"The role of the book in my life"

“Who is your ideal literary hero? "

“Which of the literary heroes do you understand but don’t accept? "

“Can we do without books? "

“Can you experience joy reading a book? "

“What questions does literature ask a person? "

Is literature a confession or a sermon?

What thoughts and feelings do the final scenes of your favorite books evoke?

“The brightest characters in literature are the failed villains. The dimmest are the failed positives. " (S.D.Dovltov)

"A poet in Russia is more than a poet"

“A good book is a trickle through which good flows into the human soul. "(F. Abramov)

"Books are ships of thought, wandering along the waves of time and carefully carrying their precious cargo from generation to generation" (F. Bacon)

Anniversary dates« Years of literature in Russia»:

“What problems raised by A.A. Fet (A.A. Blok, S.A. Esenin, A.I. Kuprin) have passed through time and are relevant today? "

"A.A.Fet (A.A. Blok, S.A. Yesenin, A.I. Kuprin) in your reading experience",

"My A.A. Fet (A.A. Blok, S.A. Esenin, A.I. Kuprin)", etc.

Love is a high, pure, beautiful feeling that people have been singing since antiquity. The theme of Love can be revealed in different ways:

love for a man or a woman

love for parents or child

love to motherland

love for the business that you have chosen.

View preparation materials

Love for a woman or a man ...

The inexhaustibility of this topic is obvious. Love is the most complex, mysterious and paradoxical reality that a person faces. And not because, as is usually believed, that there is only one step from love to hate, but because love cannot be "calculated or calculated" !. Poets and writers, philosophers and mystics, artists and composers of different eras turned to this eternal theme, trying to express the charm, harmony, drama of love, to comprehend its secret by means of their genre. Today humanity has at its disposal a colossal historical and literary material for understanding the phenomenon of love.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", I.S.Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", I.A.Goncharov "Oblomov", L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" , A. I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" and many others. Citing examples from these works, it is important to remember that love can be different - passionate, tender, calculating, cruel, unrequited ... These books talk about unhappy love, but about happy love you can take examples in the works: Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", MABulgakov "The Master and Margarita", O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi", AI Kuprin "Lilac Bush".

Love to motherland in LYRICS

M.Yu. Lermontov

M.Yu. Lermontov loved his homeland with high love. He loved her people, her nature, wished his country happiness. According to Lermontov, to love the Motherland means to fight for its freedom, to hate those who keep their native country in the chains of slavery. Love for the Motherland is the theme of such poems by Lermontov as "Complaints of a Turk", "Field of Borodin", "Borodino", "Two Giants". But this theme is revealed with particular power and completeness in the poem "Motherland", created by the poet a few months before his death. Here Lermontov opposes

t their patriotism to official patriotism. He declares his blood connection with the Russian nature, dear to him, with the Russian people, with the sorrows and joys of his life. Lermontov calls his love for the Motherland “strange”, because he loves the people of his country, nature, but hates the “land of masters,” autocratic-crestal, official Russia.

N.A. Nekrasov

All of Nekrasov's work is permeated with a feeling of fiery love for the Motherland:

Not to the heavens of a foreign Fatherland -

I composed songs to the Motherland! -

declared the poet in the poem "Silence". He loved the Motherland with deep and tender filial love. "Motherland! I have humbled myself in my soul, I have returned to you with a loving heart ”; "Motherland! I have not yet traveled across your plains with such a feeling ”; "You are wretched, you are abundant, you are powerful, you are also powerless, Mother Russia!" - with these words the poet addressed the Motherland. In Nekrasov's work, the words “love for the Motherland” were constantly combined with the words “anger” and “sadness”:

Who lives without sorrow and anger,

He does not love his Fatherland, -

he wrote. Loving the Motherland, Nekrasov never tired of hating the system of tsarist Russia, its ruling classes. He loved, hated, and this love-hate expresses the originality of the patriotism of Nekrasov, the faithful son of his Motherland, the great folk poet-fighter.

S.A. Yesenin

Describing his lyrics, Yesenin said: “My lyrics are alive with one great love, love for the Motherland. The feeling of homeland is the main thing in my work ”. Indeed, every line of Yesenin's poems is imbued with an ardent love for his homeland, which for him is inseparable from Russian nature and the countryside. This fusion of the homeland, the Russian landscape, the village and the personal fate of the poet is the originality of the poetry of S. Yesenin. In the pre-revolutionary poetry of the poet, there is pain for his impoverished homeland, for this “abandoned land”. In the poems “The hewn hewn tracks sang ...”, “Goy you, Russia, my dear” the poet says that he loves the “lake melancholy” of his homeland to “joy and pain”. "But I can't learn not to love you!" - he exclaims, referring to Russia.

The poet's love for his homeland gave birth to such heartfelt lines:

If the saint's host cries out:

"Throw you Rus, live in paradise!"

I will say: “There is no need for paradise,

Give me my homeland. "

A.A. Blok

According to Blok, he devoted his life to the theme of the Motherland. The poet claimed that absolutely all of his poems are about the Motherland. The poems of the cycle "Homeland" confirm this statement of the author. In the poem "Rus" the poet creates an atmosphere of mystery, paganism:

Russia, surrounded by rivers

And surrounded by wilds,

With swamps and cranes

And the dim gaze of the sorcerer.

In the verses of this cycle, the poet gives both the real features of the Motherland, and its symbolic appearance, shows the country from different sides, multifaceted and majestic in its immense breadth.

... Painfully

We have a long way to go!

Here the poet tries in the history of Russia, in the events of the Kulikovo battle, to find answers to the questions of our time. The ancient world is opposed to Russia at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. The hero acts as a nameless warrior, thus the fate of the lyrical hero is identified with the fate of the Motherland. Fighting in the army of Dmitry Donskoy, he is full of patriotism and love for his Motherland. Unnamed Russian soldiers are ready to lay down their heads for the salvation and freedom of the Motherland. The poet believes in victory over the enemy, his poems are full of hope.

In the poem "Russia" Blok appears as a citizen and a patriot who cannot imagine himself without his Motherland. He is experiencing with her a bitter fate, her poverty, sees the hard life of the people. Before us appears Russia in the image of a woman with a heavy share, but a strong-willed character:

And the impossible is possible

The road is long and easy

When the road shines in the distance

Instant look from under the handkerchief.

A.A. Akhmatova

Many poets addressed the theme of the Motherland, but not all of them developed it on such a scale as in the work of A. Akhmatova. This topic became one of the main topics in her poetry, primarily because Akhmatova lived in a very difficult, tragic era for Russia and for her. This is also connected with the personality of the poet, with the fact that, having perceived the fate of Russia as her own, she did not leave the country, but, having endured all the tests, remained completely faithful to her Motherland, without changing herself at the same time. For the first time, the theme of the Motherland appears in Akhmatova's collection "The White Flock". It includes poems written in 1912-1916, during a period of great upheavals and trials for Russia, during the First World War. Akhmatova perceives the First World War as a terrible national tragedy. The poems of The White Flock are strict and philosophical, they feel the proximity of an inevitable catastrophe, a premonition of terrible and tragic events in the life of Russia. Akhmatova always remained aloof from politics, but she expressed her attitude towards Russia in her poems (“We thought: we are poor ...”). The warmth of sacrificial love for the Motherland arises in the "White Pack". We see acute pain, worries about the fate of Russia in the poem "Prayer". Akhmatova is ready to do anything for the sake of Russia, she is ready to sacrifice herself, her "singing gift", relatives, friends, even a child, if only "a cloud over dark Russia becomes a cloud in the glory of rays."

The poem "I had a voice ..." is less specific. It is not clear whose voice calls the heroine to leave Russia: either the inner one, or the “voice from above” (if we assume that the lyrical situation of the poem reminds of the biblical theme of the “exodus” of the righteous from the sinful land), or is it the voice of Anrep and his émigré friends

in Akhmatova.

The heroine of this poem is faced with a moral choice. And she chooses Russia, accepting her fate as hers:

But indifferent and calm

I closed my ears with my hands

So that this unworthy speech

The mournful spirit was not offended (in Akhmatova's - "not defiled") ...

Love to MOTHER

You can talk about mothers endlessly. Kind, proud, courageous mothers! How many lives were saved by their hands, how many troubles were driven away by their kind words, how many deeds were accomplished by their brave hearts. Songs, poems, wonderful legends and serious books are composed about them.

For the Christian world, the prototype of the ideal mother, of course, is the Mother of God. Sacrificial love, purity and tenderness, meekness and at the same time moral perseverance - these associations arise at the mention of the Blessed Virgin even among people far from the Church.

ON. Nekrasov Poems "Great feeling ...", "Mother"

The poem is dedicated to the most sacred in the life of every person - the mother:

Great feeling, its to the end

We keep it alive in our souls.

We love our sister and wife and father,

But in anguish we remember the mother

With the help of syntactic parallelism, Nekrasov focuses our attention on the rhetorical exclamation "Great feeling!" and on the thought that neither children nor mothers can do without each other.

Nekrasov always spoke about his mother with love and admiration. Such an attitude towards her, in addition to the usual sons of affection, flowed, undoubtedly, from the consciousness of what he owed her:

Oh, my mother, I will move you!

You saved the living soul in me!

(From the poem "Mother")

S.A. Yesenin The poem "Letter to the Mother". The poet's heart is drawn to the parental hearth, to the parental home. And, as if reviving the Pushkin tradition of poetic messages, S. Yesenin addresses a letter-verse

rhenium to mother:

Let it flow over your hut

That evening unspeakable light.

This is a good wish to a loved one using great epithets ("evening untold light") and the emotionally colored word "streams".

In the second and third stanza, one can feel S. Yesenin's feelings about his mother. The poet realizes that she knows about his ruined life, about "tavern fights", about hard drinking. Her anguish is so great, the forebodings are so unhappy that they torment her, and she "often goes to the road." The image of the road appears more than once in the poem. She symbolizes the life of the poet, on which a mother appears all the time, wishing good and happiness to her son.

I. A. Bunin The poem "Mother".

In the poem, the poet recalls his childhood, to which he wants to return again and again. Mentally transported into the past, he notes:

I remember the bedroom and the lamp

Toys, warm crib

"Guardian angel over you!"

These simple, but very dear images for Bunin become that guiding star that prevents him from straying from the road of life.

Addressing his mother, the poet recalls with nostalgia: "You will cross, kiss ... I remember, I remember your voice!"

V. A. Zakrutkin The story "Mother of man"

In his book, the author recreated the image of a simple Russian woman who overcame the terrible blows of fate. Husband Ivan and son Vasyatka were hanged by the Nazis. Maria alone managed to escape. Lonely, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child. Terrible trials did not break this woman. Further events of the story reveal the greatness of the soul of Mary, who became truly the Mother of man. Hungry, exhausted, she does not think about herself at all, saving the girl Sanya, mortally wounded by the Nazis. Experiencing a burning hatred of the Nazis, Maria, meeting a wounded young German, frantically rushes at him with a pitchfork, wanting to avenge her son and husband. But the German, a defenseless boy, shouted: “Mom! Mama!". And the heart of the Russian woman trembled. Maria takes under her roof seven Leningrad orphans, who were brought to her farm by the will of fate. V. Zakrutkin's story sounds like a hymn to a Russian woman, whose soul is saturated with love.

Love for your profession

Confucius wrote: "If you love what you do, this is not a job, this is a fascinating journey to a dream." Love for your work ... This quality in people fascinates, stops and causes the desire to either experience something like this, or to escape as quickly as possible from the blinding feeling of delight that sparks the enthusiastic. They are like lovers, meeting with whom people cannot hide their attitude to life, joy and love.

In which books of Russian classics can you find examples to cover this topic?

NS Leskov "Lefty", IS Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", AP Platonov "In a wonderful and violent world", YP Herman "The cause you serve", V.М. Sanin "72 degrees below zero", DA Granin "I'm going into a thunderstorm", "Bison", VG Rasputin "French lessons", VD Dudintsev "White clothes".

Compiled by I.A. Suyazova

FIPI: Way- the direction actualizes the specific and symbolic meaning of the concept of "path", aiming at its moral and philosophical understanding. The range of reflections is wide: from road impressions to reflections on the fate of a person, his way of life, the choice of a goal and the means of achieving it.

Experts rewriting, on behalf of the government, Russia's development strategy until 2020, sent an interim version of the work to the ministries. In August, the document will be considered by the government presidium. If the growth models are not changed, the Russian economy will face one of two scenarios: either the economy will slowly fade, or bubbles will inflate and then burst.

In 1999-2008 the Russian economy grew rapidly thanks to capital inflows and the expansion of the domestic market. This era is over, as early as next year, growth will slow down to 2-2.5% per year (the forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development for 2011 - 4.2%, for 2012 - 3.5%), government experts promise.

If the government tries to accelerate the economy to growth by 6-7% per year (stimulating consumption and credit), then by the end of the decade Russia will face a "credit hole" of 16% of GDP and a painful crisis, experts predict.

The current model has exhausted itself due to three fundamental restrictions: the closed economy, lack of direct and long-term investments, and lack of competition in the domestic market.

Commentary by Igor Zalyubovsky

Experts commissioned by the government in the interim report on Russia's development strategy until 2020: “If we do not change the growth models, the Russian economy will face one of two scenarios: either the economy will slowly fade, or bubbles will blow up and then bubbles will burst,” etc. and etc.

Documents like these are boring. And not only because they are written mainly for the conjuncture. And not because the authors, in fact, do not answer for anything written: what will happen to us by 2020 - God knows, and who will then remember today's reports ... One gets the impression that the authors reason about this, and there is a kind of (I note, extremely highly paid) "club of interests" - some reasoning on a given topic, overgrowing the opinions of various experts, and it rolls along a well-worn track of all kinds of forecasts, which are interesting only to those who participate in them.

The reader will say that it’s me so harsh, don’t you need forecasts? Or are they not interesting to anyone?

As a computer predictor, I will answer: of course, they are necessary and interesting. But we live in the 21st century, and today forecasting is not just a collection of opinions of certain experts, but rather strict computer and statistical procedures based on various nonlinear algorithms with the involvement of powerful computers. But the main thing is that for such a forecast there must be a clear and transparent object, in this case - the Russian economy and its development. And with this, the biggest problem arises, in the sense that it is necessary to analyze what seems to be, but at the same time, as it were, not quite.

For ease of understanding, let's remember our recent past. In the days of the USSR, the CIA had unique specialists who could, according to where one of the Politburo members stood on the podium, or how Leonid Ilyich's eyebrow was arched when he visited the state farm. Lenin, predict appointments and dismissals in the Soviet top. Sometimes the Americans succeeded in surprisingly accurate predictions, although America did not expect the collapse of the USSR. But we are talking about something else: such predictions were made not from a good life, but from despair, since real information was practically absent due to the Iron Curtain.

Now, of course, everything is different, and there is an abundance of information, but its reliability, to put it mildly, "raises questions."

Here we had, for example, valiant ministers with the letter M, but now they have become with the letter P. And there seems to be a lot of information in the media, how everything is improving as a result of this - right before our eyes. And I really want to believe. So it seems: you are driving along the highway, a polite officer of order stops you and says: "Now we are not in the letter M, but in the letter P. So we do not need any money, and I stopped you just to wish you a happy journey." Only the eye (what a disgusting organ!) Sees a different picture.

And suddenly information came across: the African tribe Babongo renamed the dry month so that God would send down the rains to the new name.

Or here are the national projects. Can someone (other than "experts on commission") claim, honestly, that they see how they work. Not to analyze something obscure in numbers, but to go out into the street, look around and see for yourself that, for example, a large-scale construction of roads is underway. As in China: there is a project similar to ours, and large-scale road construction is visible everywhere. And we seem to have a project, and it is written that here it is - in front of our eyes, but involuntarily I want to ask: "In whose eyes?"

A little more history. In the 80s, the leadership of the USSR decided to create a predictive supersystem for the national economy and surpass the RAND Corporation itself. According to the idea, this system was supposed to be based on two foundations - an analysis of the economy and an analysis of the labor force (i.e., personnel, in today's language). The best minds were attracted to work on this project, in particular, the economic part was headed by Pavel Bunich.

As a result, the system was only half completed - in terms of personnel analysis, the now widely known expert complexes of NPO Etalon came out of it. But Bunich refused to do the economic part and later explained it with the following example: “If the ruble exchange rate is determined by economic reasons, you can try to predict it. But if the exchange rate is calculated by a call from Staraya Square, a correct forecast is unrealistic, since too much depends on political manipulation. "

Alas, this example of the outstanding economist academician Pavel Bunich has not lost its relevance in today's Russian realities.

P. S. Explanation from Wikipedia. In colloquial speech, the Old Square is synonymous with top management: in the Soviet period, the Central Committee of the CPSU was located in house No. 4 on Staraya Square, now the same building is occupied by the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.

Respectfully your readers, Igor Zalyubovsky