A small story about Bakha. Personal life of Johann: the death of Baha and the memory of him for centuries

Contrary to common myth, Bach after death was not forgotten. True, it concerned the works for the key: its writings were performed and published, used in didactic purposes. The works of Bach for the body continued to sound in the church, the harmonization of chorals was continued. Canta and oratorical writings of Baha were rarely sounded (although the notes were carefully kept in the Church of St. Foma), as a rule, at the initiative of Charles Philip Emmanuel Baha, but already in 1800, the Berlin Pewing Academy Singakademie was organized by Karl Friedrich Cleurist, the main purpose of which was propaganda Bahkhovsky singing heritage. Large public resonance acquired the fulfillment of a student of the Country, twenty-year-old Felix Mendelsson-Bartholdi on March 11, 1829 in Berlin "Passions in Matthew". An event was even rehearsals that Mendelssohn conducted - they were visited by many music lovers. The idea was such a success that the concert was repeated on the birthday of Baha. "Matthew Passions" also sounded in other cities - in Frankfurt, Dresden, Konigsberg. The creativity of Baha had the strongest influence on the music of subsequent composers, including in the XXI century. Without exaggeration, Bach created the basics of all the music of the new and the latest time - the history of music is justified to be divided into the added and aftershah.

Biography

Childhood

Cities in which I. S. Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a younger, an eighth child in the family of the musician Johann Ambrosius Baha and Elizabeth Lemmerhirt. The genus Bakhov is known for its musicality since the beginning of the XVI century: many ancestors and relatives of Johanna Sebastian were professional musicians . During this period, the church, local authorities and aristocracy supported musicians, especially in Thuringia and Saxony. Bach's father lived and worked in Eisenach. At this time there were about 6,000 inhabitants in the city. The work of Johann Ambrosius included the organization of secular concerts and the execution of church music.

When Johann Sebastian was 9 years old, his mother died, and in a year she did not become a father. The boy took a senior brother, Johann Christoph, who served as an organist in the neighboring Ordrufe. Johann Sebastian entered the gymnasium, the brother taught him the game on the organ and key. Johann Sebastian very much loved music and did not miss the case to do it or learn new works.

Studying in Ordruf under the leadership of Brother, Bach met the work of modern South-German composers - Pakhelbel, Frokerger and others. It is also possible that he met with the works of composers of Northern Germany and France.

In addition, the bosses presented Bahi accusations in the "strange choral accompaniment", embarrassed by the community, and in the inability to manage the choir; The last charge, apparently, had grounds.

In 1706, Bach decides to change the place of work. He was offered more profitable and high position Organist in the Church of St. Vistura in Mülhausen, large city In the north of the country. Next year, Bach took this proposal, taking place the place of the organist Johann Georg Ale. His salary compared to the previous one was increased, and the level of singers was better. Four months later, on October 17, 1707, Johann Sebastian married his cousin of Maria Barbara from Arnstadt. Subsequently, they had six children, three of whom were died in childhood. Three of the survivors - Wilhelm Friedem, Johann Christian and Karl Philipp Emmanuel, were subsequently known composers.

Mülhausen's urban and church authorities were satisfied with the new employees. Without thought, they approved his restoration plan for the church body, requiring high costs, and for the publication of the festive cantata "Lord is my king", BWV 71 (it was the only Bach of Cantata), written in the inauguration of the new consul, he was given a great reward.

Weimar (1708-1717)

In Weimara began a long period Composition of keyboarding and orchestral works in which the talent of the Bach reached a heyday. During this period, Bach absorbs musical trends from other countries. The works of the Italians Vivaldi and Korelli taught Bach to write dramatic accessions, of which Bach learned the art of using dynamic rhythms and decisive harmonic schemes. Bach well studied the work of Italian composers, creating converting Vivaldi concerts for an organ or harpsile. He could show the idea of \u200b\u200bwriting transfer, he could borrow from his employer's son, hereditary Duke Johann Ernst, composer and musician. In 1713, the hereditary Duke returned from a foreign trip and brought with him a large number of notes that Johann Sebastian showed. In the Italian music of the hereditary duke (and, as can be seen from some works, Bach himself) attracted alternation of solo (games of one tool) and Tutti (games of the entire orchestra).

In Weimara, Bach had the opportunity to play and compose organ works, as well as using the services of the Duccian orchestra. In Weimar, Bach wrote most of their fugues (the largest and well-known meeting of the Bach fugue is "well tempered key"). During the service in Weimar Bach, began work on the "organ of the book" - a collection of organic choral preludes, perhaps for training Wilhelm Freideman. This collection consists of the treatments of Lutheran Chorals.

By the end of his service in Weimar Bach was the already well-known organist and the master of Clausing. By this time refers to an episode with a marsham. In 1717, the famous French musician Louis Marshant arrived in Dresden. Dresden Concertremister Volumier decided to invite Bach and arrange a musical contest between the two famous clauses, Bach and Marshant agreed. However, on the day of the competition, it turned out that Marshant (which, apparently, had the opportunity to listen to the game Baha) hastily and secretly left the city; Competition did not take place, and Bahu had to play alone.

Kothen (1717-1723)

Leipzig (1723-1750)

The first six years of life in Leipzig turned out to be very productive: Bach composed to 5 annual cycles of Cantat (two of them, in all likelihood, were lost). Most of these works are written in the gospel texts, which were read in the Lutheran Church every Sunday and on holidays throughout the year; Many (such as "Wachet auf! RUFT UNS DIE STIMME » or "NUN KOMM, DER HEIDEN Heiland") Based on traditional church chants - Lutheran Choralah.

During the execution of Bach, apparently, sat behind Claviersin or stood in front of the choir on the lower gallery under the organ; On the side gallery to the right of the organ there were wind instruments and litwords, there were strings on the left. The city council provided at the disposal of Bach only about 8 performers, and this often became the cause of disputes between the composer and the administration: Bahu had to hire up to 20 musicians to execute orchestral works. The composer himself was usually played on the organ or clasiesin; If he led the choir, then this place was occupied by a regular organist or one of the older sons of Baha.

In the same period, Bach wrote parts Kyrie. and Gloria. The famous Mass C Minor, later adding the remaining parts, whose melodies are almost entirely borrowed from the best cantata of the composer. Soonab, the Bach achieved appointment to the position of the court composer; Apparently, he had long sought this high post, which was a weighty argument in his disputes with the city authorities. Although the entire Mesa has never been fulfilled entirely under the life of the composer, today many consider it one of the best choral works All times.

Over time, the vision of the Bach was getting worse. Nevertheless, he continued to compose music, dictating her his son-in-law alpotchal. In 1750, English ophthalmologist John Taylor, whom many people arrived in Leipzig modern researchers They consider charlatan. Taylor operated on the Bach twice, but both operations were unsuccessful, Bach remained blind. On July 18, he unexpectedly simply simply, but in the evening a blow happened to him. Bach died on July 28; Perhaps the cause of death has become complications after operations. The remaining after it was assessed in more than 1000 thalers and included 5 clauses, 2 lute harpsichord, 3 violins, 3 viola, 2 cello, Viola da Gamba, Lutno and spinning, as well as 52 sacred books.

During the life of Bach wrote more than 1000 works. In Leipzig, Bach supported friendly relations with university professors. Particularly fruitful was cooperation with the poet Christian Friedrich Henrice, who wrote the picanander under the pseudonym. Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena often accepted friends, family members and musicians from all over Germany. The frequent guests were court musicians from Dresden, Berlin and other cities, including Teleman, the landscale father of Karl Philip Emmanuel. Interestingly, Georg Friedrich Handel, one year old Bach from Galle, which is 50 km from Leipzig, never met with Bach, although Bach was trying to meet him twice in life - in and 1729. The fate of these two composers, however, was connected by John Taylor, who operated on both shortly before their death.

The composer was buried near the church of St. John (Him. Johanniskirche.), one of two churches, where he served 27 years. However, soon the grave was lost, and only in 1894 the remains of the Bach were accidentally found during construction work According to the expansion of the Church, where they were reburied in 1900. After the destruction of this church during World War II, the dust was postponed on July 28, 1949 to the Church of St. Thomas. In 1950, which was named after I. S. Baha, a bronze tombstone was installed above the place of its burial.

Cantors of the Choir of St. Thomas

... | Tiderkus (about 1295) | ... | Johann Stefan de Orba (1436-1443) | Thomas Rustuete (1443-1444) | Peter Zhehausen (about 1460) | Martin Clough (about 1470) | Johann Fabrya de Furchheim (about 1472) | Ludwig Gotze (from 1480) | Gregor Vesnig (1482-1488) | Heinrich Höfler (1488-1490) | Nicalas Zeler (about 1494) | Johann Conradi (about 1508) | Johann Sharnalegel (about 1513) | Georg Rau (1518-1520) | Johann Galliculus (1520-1525) | Valerian Hyiffeler (1526-1530) | Johann Hermann (1531-1536) | Wolfgang Junger (1536-1539) | Johann Brookner (1539-1540) | Ulrich Lange (1540-1549) | Wolfgang Figulus (1549-1551) | Melchior Heger (1553-1564) | Valentin Otto (1564-1594) | Zet Calvizius (1594-1615) | Johann Herman Shain (1615-1630) | Michael Tobias (1631-1657) | Sebastian Knipfer (1657-1676) | Johann Shell (1677-1701) | Johann Kunau (1701-1722) | Johann Sebastian Bach (1723-1750) | Johann Gottlob Harrer (1750-1755) | Johann Friedrich Dolol (1756-1789) | Johann Adam Hiller (1789-1801) | August Eberhard Muller (1801-1810) | Johann Gottfried Shlinht (1810-1823) | Christian Theodore Weinlig (1823-1842) | Moritz Hauptman (1842-1868) | Ernst Friedrich Richter (1868-1879) | Wilhelm Rust (1880-1892) | Gustav Shrek (1893-1918) | Karl Strube (1918-1939) | Gunther Ramin (1939-1956) | Kurt Thomas (1957-1960) | Erhard Mauersberger (1961-1972) | Hans-Joachim Roche (1972-1991) | Georg Christoph Biller (from 1992 at the present BP.)

Buffers

The first description of the life and creativity of Baha was the work released in 1802 by Johann Forschel. Baha Biography Biography is based on a necrologist and stories of sons and friends of Baha. In the middle of the XIX century, the interest of the general public to the music of Bach has increased, composers and researchers began to work on collecting, studying and publishing all its works. Honored propaganda of works of Baha Robert Franz published several books about the work of the composer. The next major labor about Bach was the book of Philippite, published in 1880. At the beginning of the 20th century, a German organist and researcher Albert Schweitzer published a book. In this work, in addition to the biography of Bach, descriptions and analysis of its works, much attention is paid to the description of the era in which he worked, as well as theological issues related to his music. These books were the most authoritative until the middle of the 20th century, when new facts about the life and work of the Bach were established with the help of new technical means and thorough research, who joined the conflict with traditional ideas. So, for example, it was found that Bach wrote some cantata in -1725 (it was earlier it was thought that this happened in the 1740s) were found not famous worksAnd some of the previously attributed Bahu turned out to be written not to them. Some facts of his biography were installed. In the second half of the 20th century, a lot of work was written on this topic - for example, the books of Christoph Wolf. There is also a work, called the XX century hoax, "The Chronicle of the Life of Johanne Sebastian Bach, compiled by his widow Anna Magdalena Bach, written by the English writer Esther Manel on behalf of the widow of the composer.

Creation

Bach wrote more than 1000 musical works. Today, each of the well-known works is assigned the BWV number (Soc. From Bach Werke Verzeichnis. - Bach work catalog). Bach wrote music for different tools, both spiritual and secular. Some works of Bach are handling works of other composers, and some - recycled versions of their works.

Organic creativity

Organ music in Germany by the time of the Bach has already possessed long traditions that have developed thanks to the predecessors of Bach - Pakhelbel, Boehu, Buxtehude and other composers, each of whom has influenced him in its own way. With many of them, Bach was familiar personally.

During the life of Bach was the most famous as a first-class organist, a teacher and writer of organ music. He worked both in the traditional "free" genres, such as a prelude, fantasy, Toccat, Passackling, and more strict forms - Choral Prelude and Fugue. In his works for the Bach organ, skillfully joined the features of different musical styleswith whom he got acquainted during his life. The composer had an influence as the music of Northelemian composers (Georg Beech, with whom Bahh met in Luneburg, and Dietrich Buxtehude in Lübeck) and the music of the southern composers: Bach rewrite the works of many French and Italian composers to understand their musical language; Later, he even shifted several violin concerts Vivaldi for the organ. For the most fruitful for organ music of the period (-), Johann Sebastian not only wrote many pairs of preludes and fugues and Tokcat and Fugue, but also composed an unfinished organ book - a collection of 46 short choral preludes, which demonstrated various techniques and approaches to the composition of works on choral topics. After departure from Weimar, Bach began to write less for the organ; Nevertheless, after Weimar, many famous works were written (6 Trio Sonatas, Collection "Clavier-Übung" and 18 Leipzig chorals). All his life, Bach not only composed music for the organ, but also was engaged in consulting when building instruments, verification and configuration of new organs.

Other keyboard creativity

Bach also wrote a number of works for harpsichord, many of which could be performed on the keycorder. Many of these creations are encyclopedic collections that demonstrate various techniques and methods polyphonic works. Most of the keyboards of the Bach, published during his life, were kept in collections called "Clavier-Übung" ("Key exercises").

• "The" well-tempered key "in two volumes written in and 1744, the collection, in each volume of which contains 24 foreplay and fugues, one on each common tonality. This cycle was very important due to the transition to the tools setting systems, allowing the same easily to execute music in any tone - first of all, to a modern uniformly templar system.
• 15 binary and 15 three-tech inventions are small works, located in the order of increasing the number of signs in the tone. Designed (and used to this day) for learning keyboard tools.
• Three Collections Suit: English suite, French suite and keypads. Each cycle contained 6 Suits, built according to the standard scheme (Allemand, Quarant, Sarande, Allemand, Chief, and the optional part between the last two). In the English Suits, Allemand precedes the prelude, and there is exactly one part between the sarabria and jig; In French suits, the number of optional parts increases, and there are no preludes. In the partitions, the standard scheme expands: In addition to the exquisite entrance parts, there are additional, and not only between the sarandas and jig.
• Goldberg variations (about) - melody with 30 variations. The cycle has a rather complicated and unusual structure. Variations are built more on the topic tone plan than on the melody itself.
• A variety of plays like "French-style Overtures", BWV 831, "Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue", BWV 903, or "Italian Concert", BWV 971.

Orchestral and chamber music

Bach wrote music for both individual tools and ensembles. Its works for solo tools - 6 sonatas and scores for violin solo, BWV 1001-1006, 6 SUITs for cello, BWV 1007-1012, and a wagon for fleece solo, BWV 1013, - Many are considered one of the deepest creations of the composer. In addition, Bach composed several works for Lute Solo. He also wrote trio-sonatas, sonates for soling flutes and Viols da Gamba, accompanied by only Basas General, as well as a large number of canons and Reacherkarov, mainly without instructions for execution. Most meaningful examples Such works are the "Art of Fugue" and "Musical Offering" cycles.

Bach wrote many works for the orchestra and soluing tools with it. Some of the most famous - "Brandenburg Concerts". They were so named, because Bach, sending them to Margraf Christian Ludwig Brandenburg-Schvedt in 1721, thought to get a job in his yard; This attempt was unsuccessful. These six concerts are written in the genre of Concerto Grosso. Other Bach's orchestral masterpieces that came to us include two violin concerts (BWV 1041 and 1042), a concert for 2 violins of re minor BWV 1043, the so-called "triple" la-minor concert (for flute, violin, harpsile, strings and continuous (digital) bassa) BWV 1044 and concerts for keys and chamber Orchestra: seven for one key (BWV 1052-1058), three - for two (BWV 1060-1062), two - for three (BWV 1063 and 1064) and one minor BWV 1065 - for four clauses. Nowadays, these concerts with the orchestra are often performed on the piano, so they can be called piano concerts of Baha, but do not forget that during the time of Bach the piano was not. In addition to concerts, Bach composed 4 orchestral suite (BWV 1066-1069), some individual parts of which in our time are particularly popular and have popular arrangements, namely: the so-called "joke of the Bach" - the last part, Badinerie The second suite and the second part of the Third Suite - Aria.

Vocal works

• Cantata. Within a long period of your life, every Sunday Bach in the Church of St. Thomas supervised the execution of cantata, the theme of which was chosen according to Lutheran church calendar. Although Bach performed both canta of other composers, in Leipzig, he composed at least three full annual cycles of Cantat, one for every Sunday of the year and each religious holiday. In addition, he composed some Cantat in Weimar and Mülhausen. In total, the Bach was written more than 300 cantaths on spiritual subjects, of which only 200 reached our days (the latter - in the form of a single fragment). Bach cantata differ in form and tools. Some of them are written for one vote, some - for choir; Some require for execution big Orchestra, and some are just a few tools. However, the most frequently used model is as follows: Cantata opens with a solemn choir entry, then the spectatives and arias are alternate for soloists or duets, and ends with all the choragles. As a cleattee, the same words from the Bible are usually taken, which is read this week in Lutheran canons. The final choral is often anticipated by the choral prelude in one of the middle parts, and also sometimes enters the introductory part in the form of Cantus Firmus. The most famous from the spiritual Cantat Baha are "Christ Lag in Todesbanden" (number 4), "EIN 'FESTE BURG" (number 80), "Wachet Auf, RUFT Uns Die Stimme" (number 140) and "Herz und Mund Tat Und Leben "(number 147). In addition, Bach composed and some of the secular cantat, usually dedicated to any events, for example, to the wedding. Among the most famous secular cantat Baha are two wedding cantata and comic coffee canta and peasant Cantata.

• Passion, or passion. Passion in John () and Passion on Matthew (OK.) - Works for the choir and orchestra on the gospel theme of the sufferings of Christ, intended for performance on the evening in good Friday In the churches of St. Thomas and St. Nicholas. Passionas are among the most large-scale Bach vocal works. It is known that Bach wrote 4 or 5 Passionas, but only these two fully reached our days.

• Osion and Magnitates. The most famous Christmas oratorio () is a cycle of 6 Cantat for execution during the christmas period of the liturgical year. Easter oratorio (-) and the magnification are rather extensive and carefully worked cantata and have a smaller time than Christmas oratoria or Passiona. Magnitiates exists in two versions: initial (Mi-Bf Major,) and later and known (re major,).

• Mass. The most famous and significant Mass Bach - Mass Si Minor (completed in 1749), which is a full cycle of ordinaria. In this Mass, as in many other products of the composer, the processed early essays entered. Mesa never performed entirely during the lifetime of Baha - for the first time this happened only in the XIX century. In addition, this music was not performed for its intended due to the inconsistency of Lutheran Canon (it included only Kiria and Gloria), as well as due to the duration of the sound (about 2 hours). In addition to the Mass Cy Minor, there are 4 short two-hour Mass Bach (Kiri and Gloria), as well as separate parts like Sanctus and Kyrie.

The remaining vocal works of the Bach include several motels, about 180 choralov, songs and arias.

Execution

Today, Bach music performers are divided into two camps: preferring authentic performance (or "historically-oriented execution"), that is, using the tools and methods of the Bach era, and performing bah modern tools. In the time of Bach, there were no such large choirs and orchestras, such as, for example, in the times of Brahms, and even the most ambitious works, such as Mass Cy Minor and Passion, do not intend to perform the larger teams. In addition, in some chamber works Bach does not specify the tool at all, so today there are very different versions of the execution of the same works. IN organ works Bach almost never pointed out the register and shift of manuals. From stringed keyboard tools Bach preferred a keycorder. He met with Zilberman and discussed with him the device of his new tool, making a contribution to the creation of modern piano. Music Bach for some instruments often shifted for others, for example, Buzoni has shifted the body to the organ of Toccatu and the fugu of the re minor and some other works for piano.

In the population of Music Baha in the 20th century, numerous "lightweight" and "reasonable" versions of its works contributed their contribution. Among them are well-known melodies today performed by Swingle Singers, and the recording of Wendy Carlos 1968 "Switched-on Bach", where a newly invented synthesizer was used. Promed the music of Bach and jazz musicians, such as Jacques Lusie. The processing of Goldberg Variations in New Age style was performed by Joel Spiegelman. Among the Russian modern performers, pay tribute to the great composer was tried by Fedor cleaners in his solo album 1997 "When the Bach is wanted."

Fate music Baha

Personal print Bach

IN last years Life and after the death of Bach, his fame as the composer began to decrease: his style was considered old-fashioned compared to flourishing classicism. He knew him more and remembered as artist, the teacher and the father of Bakhov Junior, first of all, Charles Philip Emmanuel, whose music was famous. However, many large composers, such as Mozart and Beethoven, knew and loved the work of Johann Sebastian. In Russia early XIX. A century as experts and performers of the music of Baha are especially allocated by the student of the film Maria Shimanovskaya and Alexander Griboedov. For example, when visiting the Sch. Foma Mozart heard one of the motes (BWV 225) and exclaimed: "There is something to learn!" - After that, asking notes, long and junk studied them. Beethoven really appreciated the music of Bach. As a child, he played preludes and fugues from the "well-tempered key", and later called Bach "the true father of harmony" and said that "not a stream, and the sea him name" (word Bach. In German, it means "stream"). The works of Johann Sebastian influenced many composers. Some topics from the works of Bach, for example, the theme of the Toccati and Fugues of Re Minor, were repeatedly used in the music of the XX century.

Johann Sebastian Bach headed the top ten of the greatest composers of all times and nations (New York Times).

Baho Monuments in Germany

Monument I. S. Bahu at the Church of St. Thomas in Leipzig

• Monument in Leipzig, erected on April 23, 1843 by Hermann Knaur at the initiative of Mendelssohn and in the drawings of Edward Bendeman, Ernst Ritchel and Julius Gubner.
• Bronze Statue on Square Frauenplan. In Eisenach, designed by Adolf von Donndorf, was delivered on September 28, 1884. First stood on a market square near the church of St. George, April 4, 1938 was postponed to Frauenplan. With a shortened pedestal.
• The monument to Henrich Polmanna on Bach Square in Köthen, erected on March 21, 1885.
• Bronze statue of Karl Seffner on the south side of the Church of St. Thomas in Leipzig - May 17, 1908.
• Bust of the Fritz Ben in the Monument "Valchalla" near Regensburg, 1916.
• The statue of Paul Birra at the entrance to the Church of St. George in Eisenach, installed on April 6, 1939.
• The monument to Bruno Eyerman in Weimara, first established in 1950, then for two years removed and re-opened in 1995 on the Square of Democracy.
• Relief Robert Proppian in Koaten, 1952.
• The monument to Bernd Göbel near the Arnstadt market is erected on March 21, 1985.
• Wooden Stela Ed Garison on the Square of Johanna Sebastian Bach in front of the church of St. Mussea in Mülhausen - August 17, 2001.
• The monument in Ansbach, designed by Jürgen Gurtz, was established in July 2003.

Musical fragments

• Clear Concert Re Minor (inf.)
• Cantata 140, choir (inf.)
• Fuga Sal-Minor (inf.)

Films about I.S. Baach

• Anton Ivanovich is angry - The film in which Bach is the main hero in a dream. (1941, dir. A. Ivanovsky, artistic)
• Bach: Freight Fight (1995, dir. S. Gillard, artistic)
• Johann Bach and Anna Magdalena ("Il Etait Une Fois Jean-Sebastien Bach") (2003, dir. Jean-Louis Guillermou, artistic)
• Johann Sebastian Bach (series " Famous composers", Documentary)
• Johann Sebastian Bach (Series "German composers", documentary)
• Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Creativity, in two parts (Culture TV channel, Y. Nagibin, documentary)
• Competition continues (1971, dir. N. Crobko, Telplex)
• My name is Bakh (2003, dir. Dominique de Rivaz, artistic)
• Silence in front of Bakh (2007, dir. Transportation, artistic)
• Vain journey of Johanna Sebastian Baha to glory (1980, dir. V. Vikas, artistic)
• Possible meeting (1992, dir. V. Dolgachev, S. Saturenko, TVVESPTECTION on the play "Dinner in four hands", O. Efremov, I. Smoktunovsky, S. Lyshin)
• Four hands dinner (1999, dir. M. Kozakov, artistic)
• Chronicle Anna Magdalena Bach (1968, dir. Daniel Yuye, Jean-Marie Stubble, Artistic, Leonhardt)
• Bach Cello Suite # 6: Six gestures (1997, dir. Patricia Rate, artistic)
• Friedemann Bach. (1941, dir. Tragott Muller, Gustaf Grundgen, artistic)
• Great Composers (BBC TV Series) - Life and creativity I.S. Bach, documentary (eng.), In 8 parts: Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3. , Part 4. , Part 5. , Part 6. , Part 7. , Part 8.
• Johann Sebastian Bach. (1985, dir. Lothar Bellag, artistic) (it.)
• Johann Sebastian Bach - Der Liebe Gott Der Musik (Series "DIE GESCHICHTE MITTELDEUTSCHLANDS", Season 6, Series 3, Dir. Lew Hohmann, Documentary) (Him.)
• The Cantor of St Thomas "s (1984, dir. Colin Nears, Artistic) (English)
• THE JOY OF BACH (1980, documentary) (eng.)

see also

• Baroque - the epoch, to which the creativity of Bach
• Bach (genus) - the Bahkh family, which has elapsed in two centuries (XVII-XVIII centuries) more than 50 musicians and composers.
• BWV - generally accepted bullet numbering system
• Bach (crater) - crater on Mercury.
• Passion (Bach) - Passion Bach.

Notes

1. A. Schweizer. Johann Sebastian Bach. GL 1. The origins of the boach art.
2. S. A. Morozov. Bach (Biography I. S. Baha in the ZhZl series), M.: Young Guard, 1975. (Book on www.lib.ru)
3. Eisenach 1685-1695, J. S. Bach Archive and BIBLIOGRAPHY
4. Documents of Life and Activities I. S. Baha - Genealogy Bakhov Road (web archive)
5. In Germany, a manuscript of Bach was found, confirming his training at Boem - RIA Novosti, 08/31/2006
6. Documents of Life and Activities I. S. Baha - Protocol Interrogation Bach (web archive)
7. I. N. Forkel. About life, art and works I. S. Baha. GL II.
8. M. S. Druskin. Johann Sebastian Bach. Pp. 27.
9. A. Schweizer. Johann Sebastian Bach. GL 7.
10. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha - a record in the case, Arnstadt, June 29, 1707 (web archive)
11. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha - entry in the church book, Dornheim (web archive)
12. Documents of Life and Activities I. S. Baha - Project of Reconstruction of the Authority (web archive)
13. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha. Record in the case, Mülhausen, June 26, 1708 (web archive)
14. Yu. V. Keldysh. Music encyclopedia. Volume 1. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. - P. 761. - 1070 p.
15. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha. Record in Business, Weimar, December 2, 1717 (web archive)
16. M. S. Druskin. Johann Sebastian Bach. P. 51.
17. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha - entry in the church book, Kothen (web archive)
18. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha. Master's meeting protocols and other documents related to moving to Leipzig (web archive)
19. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha - Letter I. S. Baha Erdman (web archive)
20. A. Schweizer. Johann Sebastian Bach. GL eight.
21. Documents of life and activity I. S. Baha. Message L. Mizler about Concerts Collegium Musicum (web archive)
22. Peter Williams. The Organ Music of J. S. Bach, p. 382-386.
23. Russell Stinson. J. S. Bach's Great Eighteen Organ Choreles, p. 34-38.

An outstanding German composer, an organist and Clavesicist Johann Sebastian Bach (Johann Sebastian Bach) was born on March 21, 1685 in the city of Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany. He belonged to the extensive German family, most of the representatives of which for three centuries were professional musicians in Germany. Primary musical education (game on the violin and clasine) Johann Sebastian received under the leadership of the Father - the court musician.

In 1695, after the death of his father (his mother died earlier), the boy was taken to the family of her older brother Johann Christof, who served as church organist in St. Michaelis-Kirche in Ordruf.

In 1700-1703, Johann Sebastian studied at the school of church singers in Luneburg. During his study, Hamburg, Celle and Lubeck for acquaintance with creativity famous musicians His time, new French music. At the same years, he wrote his first works for the organ and key.

In 1703, Bach worked in Weimara as a court violinist, in 1703-1707 - church organist in Arnstadt, then from 1707 to 1708 - in Mülhazen church. His creative interests were focused mainly on music for the organ and key.

In 1708-1717, Johann Sebastian Bach served as a court musician at the Duke of Weimar in Weimar. During this period, he created numerous choral preludes, organs of Toccatu and Fugu Re Minor, Passabal to Minor. The composer wrote music for a key, more than 20 spiritual cantat.

In 1717-1723, Bach served at the Duke of Anhalt-Ketensky Leopold in Kothery. Here are three sonatas and three purses for violin solo, Six Solo Solo Solo, English and French Suites for a key, six brandenburg concerts for the orchestra. Of particular interest is the collection "Good Tempered Clavier" - 24 preludes and fugues written in all tones and in practice proving the benefits of a tempted musical structure, around the statement of which hot spores went. Subsequently, Bach created the second volume of the "well-tempered key", also consisting of 24 preludes and fugues in all tone.

Anna Magdalen Bach's notebook has begun in Kothene, including five of the six-six cars, along with the plays. French Suit.". At the same years," small preludes and fugettes were created. English suite, chromatic fantasy and fugus "and other keystrokes. During this period, the composer wrote a number of secular cantat, for the most part not survived and received the second life with a new, spiritual text.

In 1723, the fulfillment of his "Passions of John" (vocal-dramatic work, based on evangelical texts) in the Church of St. Thoma in Leipzig, took place.

In the same year, Bach received the position of Cantor (Regent and Teacher) in the Church of St. Thomas in Leipzig and School at this church.

In 1736, Bakh received from the Dresden courtyard the title of the Royal-Polish and Saxon Kurfurst Court composer.

During this period, the composer reached the vertices of skill, creating magnificent samples in different genres- Spiritual music: Cantata (preserved about 200), "Magnification" (1723), Mass, including the Immortal "High Mass" SI-MINOR (1733), "Matthew Passion" (1729); Tens of secular cantat (among them - comic "coffee" and "peasant"); Works for the organ, orchestra, harpsile, among the latter - "Aria with 30 variations" ("Goldberg Variations", 1742). In 1747, Bach wrote a cycle of "musical offering", dedicated to the Prussian King Friedrich II. Last work The composer was the work of the Art of Fugue (1749-1750) - 14 fugues and four canon on one topic.

Johann Sebastian Bach - the biggest figure of the world musical cultureHis creativity is one of the peaks philosophical thought in music. Freely crossing the features not only different genres, but also national schools, Bach created immortal masterpieces standing over time.

In the late 1740s, the health of the Bach worsened, especially disturbed a sharp loss of vision. Two unsuccessful operations By removal of cataracts led to full blindness.

For the last months of his life, he spent in a darkened room, where I composed the last choral "before the throne of your prestitution," dictating him to his son-in-law - an alnit school.

On July 28, 1750, Johann Sebastian Bach died in Leipzig. He was buried in the cemetery at the Church of St. John. Due to the lack of a monument, his grave was lost soon. In 1894, the remains were found and reburied in Stone Sarcophage in the Church of St. John. After the destruction of the church from the bombing during World War II, his ashes was preserved and reburied in 1949 in the Altar of the Church of St. Thoma.

During the life of Johann Sebastian Bach enjoyed fame, but after the death of the composer, his name and music were forgotten. Interest in the work of Bach appeared only in the late 1820s, in 1829, the composer Felix Mendelson-Bartholdi in Berlin was organized by the performance of "Matthew Passions". In 1850, the Bakhakh society was created, to identify and publish all the manuscripts of the composer - 46 volumes were published for half a century.

When mediated by Mendelssohn-Bartholdi in 1842, the first monument to Bahu was erected in Leipzig in front of the old school building under the Church of St. Thomas.

In 1907, the Bach Museum was opened in Eisenach, where the composer was born, in 1985 - in Leipzig, where he died.

Johann Sebastian Bach was married twice. In 1707, he was combined with a marriage with his cousin Maria Barbara Bach. After her death in 1720, in 1721 the composer married Anna Magdalene Wilken. Bach had 20 children, but only nine of them survived the Father. Four sons became composers - Wilhelm Friedeman Bach (1710-1784), Karl Philipp Emmanuel Bakh (1714-1788), Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782), Johann Christoph Bach (1732-1795).

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

Johann Sebastian Bach- German composer, organist virtuoso, music teacher. For his life, Bach wrote more than 1000 works.

Born March 31, 1685 In the city of Eisenakh, where he lived to the ten years. Osapoev, he moved to Ordruff, to his older brother Johann Christof, an organist.

Brother became his first teacher on the key, organ. Then Bach came to study in a singing school in the city of Luneburg. There he meets with creativity modern musicians, comprehensively develops. During the 1700-1703 years, the first was written. organ music Baha.

Having finished study, Johann Sebastian was sent to the Duke of Ernst to the post of musician at the court. Then he was invited to be a caretaker in the Organ Hall of the Church of the city of Arnstadt, after which he became an organist. During this time, many works of Bach were written. Later he became an organist in the city of Mülhausen.

In 1707, Bach married Maria Barbara - her cousin. Subsequently, they had seven children, three of whom died in childhood. Two of the survivors - Wilhelm Friedem and Karl Philip Emmanuel became subsequently known composers.

The authorities were satisfied with his work, composer received a reward for the composer. However, Bach again decided to change the work, becoming the court organist in Weimara this time.

Music Bach is filled with the best trends of that time due to the teachings from other composers. The next talent of the Bach, highly appreciated his talent, was the duke of Anhalt-Koatensky. For the period from 1717 to 1723, magnificent Bach suite appeared (for the orchestra, cello, keys).

In 1720, the wife of Baha died, but after a year the composer married again, now on the singer. A happy family had 13 children. During his stay in Köthen, Brandenburg Baha Concerts were written.

In 1723, the musician became a teacher at the church, then the music director in Leipzig. A wide repertoire of Johanna Sebastian Baha included secular, wind music. For his life, Johann Sebastian Bach managed to visit the head of the music board. Several cycles of the composer Bach used all sorts of instruments ("Music offer", "Art of Fugue").

Johann Sebastian was born in the family, which is considered the largest musical dynasty in Germany. Fate Bach was especially famous from Bach's ancestors - a baker who played a citre, and Johannes Bahh - a city musician in Erfurt. The descendants of the latter became so famous that in some medieval German dialects, the name "Bach" became a numerous and received the meaning of the "City Musician".

Father Baha - Johann Amvreysky, city musician.

Uncle Johanna Sebastian, Johann Christoph, served in the city of the Organist. Naturally, the future greatest representative of the dynasty began to learn music from the very old age.

1693 - The younger Bach enters the church school. The boy has a good soprano, and he makes success

1695 - For two years, Johann Sebastian loses both parents. He takes his elder brother who served a musician in Ordfur.

1695 - 1700 - Ordruff. Bach studies at school and engaged in music under the leadership of Brother. Then, a teenager, Johann Bach greatly loses his eyesight - at night, at night, he rewrites notes at his brother.

School teacher recommends BAHA to go to Lüneburg, in famous school Under the church of St. Michael. Johann Sebastian passes 300 kilometers from Central Germany to North. In Lüneburg, Bach lives in full board and even gets a small scholarship. One of the mentors of the future composer in LUUNBUR is becoming a master organist Georg Beech.

1702 - after graduation, the Bach has the right to enter the university, but cannot afford it, as it is necessary to mined the livelihood. After spending some time in Lüneburg, future composer Ships back to Thuringia. Here he has time to serve as a violinist in the private chapel of Prince Johann Ernest Saxon. Then Bach stops in Arnstadt, where he spends 4 years.

1703 - 1707 - Arnstadt. Bach serves as church organist, while not ceasing to learn music and manner of the fulfillment of famous musicians of that time.

1707 - Bach accepts an invitation to the service in Mülhausen, in the position of the Organist in the Church of St. Muscia. Here, he begins to write cantata and worries the repairman of the authorities. In Mülhausen, Bach spends the year.

1708 - Johann Sebastian Bach marries his cousin, also a circular siren Mary Barbara. Maria Barbara gave birth to Bahu 7 children, from which four survived.

The same year - moving to Weimar. Johann Bach finally remains in the city for a long time, he is a court organist and composer. This time is considered to be the beginning. creative path Bach as a music writer. Weimar is written a lot of plays for the organ and harpsichord.

1717 - 1723 - Keten. Bach receives the place of the court dropper at the courtyard of Prince Leopold Anhalt Ketensky. The duties of Johanna Sebastian was: accompanying the singing of the prince (according to the evidence of contemporaries who possessed good voice), accompany his game on Clavesis and Gamba, as well as lead a chapel of 18 musicians. Here they are written "Well Templar Clear" (1st Tom), Sonatas and Suites for Violin and Cello Solo, six Brandenburg concerts

The appearance of Baha as a court-capped position was preceded by an event in Dresden: there was a speech of the "World Star" of that time L. Marshan. The musicians met the eve of the concert, they managed to even play together, after which Marshant left Dresden, not to withstand the competition and recognizing Bach the best than he himself, a musician.

June 1720 - Maria Barbara dies suicide. Bach becomes a widower.

1721 - Johann Bach marries the second time on the daughter of the court musician from Weissenfeld Anna Magdaline Wilken. She also represents musical dynasty, possesses beautiful voice and good hearing. Helping her husband, Anna Magdalena rewrote a lot of his works. The second marriage becomes much more successful for the composer than the first. For the beloved Anna Magdalene Bach creates " Motor notebook Anna Magdalene Bach. " In this marriage, the Bach is born 13 children, but they survive six of them.

1722 - Tired of secular music, Bach gives a petition for the Kantor's vacancy opened in Leipzig. A year later, he gets this place.

1723 - 1750 years - Leipzig.

1723 - in Leipzig has already become famous musician Waiting for the music director of the city and Kantor church Chora at school St. Thomas. It was here that Johann Sebastian starts working as the head of the Singch school. Teaching the composer is taking away from creativity. In addition, the school of singers is bad, the students of Johanna Sebastian are constantly hungry and poorly dressed. Yes, and about the quality of the players of boys, the authorities of the school take care of little.

At the same time, the composer takes a living participation in the activities of the "Music College" of Leipzig.

Three Sons of Johanne Sebastian Bach appear in Leipzig to the light: Wilhelm Friedeman, Philip Emmanuel, John Christians. All of them turned out to be gifted musicians.

Leipzig period of creativity - Bach writes "Passion in Matthew", "Passion on John", "High Mesa", "magnitude oratorile", Mass Si Minor, "Christmas speakers" and others. The authorities are displeased with the works of Johanna Sebastian - they are "not church" The larger is missing in them, but in excess there is the color of earthly music. Mutual discontent of the composer and its bosses are poured, in the end, in an open conflict.

1740 - Bach, formally staying in service, actually goes into its own creativity. He's writing tool music, trying to print some of your works.

1747 - a trip to Berlin. Philip Emmanuel, the son of Bach, serves as Friedrich II. He provides the Father Speech at the Royal Court. Bach plays for Friedrich and its close, improvises on the topic given by the king. Returning to Leipzig, Bach puts this improvisation to the basis of his work "Music offer" and devotes his Friedrich II Prussian.

In the last years of the life of Bach, it was seriously ill - an eye surveillance has affected, received in his youth. Shortly before death, the composer decided to surpass, but after it is only completely blind. It did not stop the composer - now he dictated his works.

March 31 - the birthday of outstanding german composer Johanna Sebastian Bach. His musical heritage entered the Golden Foundation of World Culture and well-known connoisseurs of classics, but they rarely say about his personal destiny. But Johann Bach was a representative of one of the most "musical" families in history: everything he has in the family there are 56 musicians and composers.Johann Bach himself became father 20 children!

Johann Sebastian Bach was born in the family of the musician Johann Ambrosius. The boy was the youngest in the family, he had 7 brothers and sisters, among which the outstanding abilities also showed Johann Christoph. Johann Christoph served the organist, and after the death of his father and mother decided to teach younger brother music. Going in the footsteps of your father and the older brother, Johann Sebastian also chose a composer's composer for himself, he studied in vocal school St. Michael. Starting the search for work, Johann Sebastian was at first settled by a court musician in Weimar, later was a caretaker in Arnstadt.

In Arnstadt, Bach falls in love with the cousin Maria Barbara. Despite related communicationBeloved decide to go marriage. Them living together It was short (Maria died at the age of 36), but 7 children were born in marriage, four of whom survived. Among them were two future composer - Wilhelm Friedem and Karl Philipp Emmanuel.

Johann Sebastian seriously survived the loss of his wife, but after a little less than a year later fell in love. This time his chosen was the very young person - Anna Magdalena. The girl was then 20 years old, and another temple musician - 36. Despite large difference At the age, Anna Magdalena coped perfectly with his duties: she led the farm, became a caring stepmother for already grown children, and most importantly, sincerely interested in the success of her husband. Bach saw a non-residential talent in the girl and began to give her the lessons of singing and musitization. Anna enthusiastically mastered the sphere for himself, learned the gamma, was engaged in singing with children. The Bakhakh family was gradually replenished, the whole Anna Magdalena gave her husband 13 children. A huge family often gathered together in the evenings, arranging improvised concerts.

In 1723, taking care of the future of children, Bach transported the family to Leipzig. Here his sons were able to get a good education and start musical career. Anna Magdalena continued to take care of her husband, in addition to home affairs, she found time to rewrite notes, create copies of choral parties. Anna Magdalena undoubtedly possessed a musical gift, the Australian scientist Martin Jarvis speaks about this in the studies of the creative heritage of Baha. In his opinion, the composer's wife even wrote several works for him (in particular, doubts cause Aria from "Goldberg Variations" and the first prelude to the cycle of the works "well-tempered key"). To such conclusions, he came on the basis of a handwriting examination.

Whatever it was, Anna Magdalena devoted all her husband's care. At the end of his life, the Bach had sharply worsened vision, the operation to remove cataracts led to full blindness. Anna Magdalena continued to record his writings, and the spouse highly appreciated her dedication.

Johann Sebastian Bach died in 1750, and was buried near the church of St. John. Ironically, the fate of the grave of Genius was lost, and only in 1894 his remains were accidentally discovered during the restructuring of the Church. The reburial was produced six years later.

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