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Musical instrument: Bagpipes

Bagpipes ... What associations do you have when you mention this instrument? Surely - fabulous Scotland with its picturesque plains and ancient castles, a man in a plaid skirt, holding a kind of "bag" with pipes sticking out of it ... Many consider the bagpipes to be a primordial Scottish instrument. However, this is not entirely true - where and when it appeared, today it remains a mystery. It is only known that the bagpipe is a traditional instrument of many peoples of Europe and Asia, but the Scottish one, which is the symbol of its country, is especially popular.

A bagpipe is a reed wind musical instrument.

Sound

Friedrich Nietzsche said: “How little is needed for happiness! Bagpipes sound. - Without music, life would be a delusion. The German imagines even God singing songs. "

Some believe that the voice of the bagpipes has magical properties, and its sound is similar to the guttural singing of a person. The harsh, continuous tone of the instrument, heard for miles, invariably grabs attention.

• The largest Scottish bagpipe is called the Highland, it is the most popular today and is used in Scottish military bands.
• There is evidence that the ancient Roman emperor Nero, who was fond of playing the bagpipes, played the instrument during the great Roman fire.
• Scotland does not have its own national anthem. The unofficial anthem of the country is considered folk song"Flower of Scotland", which is traditionally performed on bagpipes.
• The Scottish regiments always went into battle with the sound of bagpipes. The pipers marched in the front ranks, raising the warlike spirit of the soldiers. During the First World War, more than 500 pipers died on the battlefields, as they were an easy target.
• In the capital of Scotland, Edinburgh, at Waverley railway station, visitors are greeted by the mesmerizing sound of bagpipes. In this city, the bagpipes are performed by the guard of honor at the neo-Gothic world-famous monument dedicated to Walter Scott.
• The Scots endow the bagpipes " magical powers”, For example, it can scare away rats. There is also a belief that the instrument begins to sound beautiful for a piper only after a year, when it gets used to its owner.

• Bagpipes in Scotland were banned in 1560 during the church reform, and in 1746 after the Jacobite uprising.
• The only copy of the Russian bagpipes, which was recreated according to descriptions in ancient documents, is kept in Moscow in the Museum named after M.I. Glinka.
• There are very significant bagpipe collections at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (USA), the International Bagpipe Museum in Gijon (Spain), the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford (UK), the Morpeth Chantry Piper Museum in Northumberland (UK) and the Musical Instruments Museum in Phoenix (USA).
• The first festival of military bands "Kremlin Star", held in Moscow in 2008 on Red Square, was attended by a combined orchestra of pipers and drummers from all over the world, consisting of 350 performers.
• For several years the "Bagpipes and Drums of St. Petersburg" orchestra has existed in St. Petersburg. He performs at all British cultural events.
• In some bagpipes, the bindings are made of ivory, which is illegal in many countries, so traveling with such an instrument is very problematic.
• International Pipers Day is celebrated on 10 March.
• Queen Elizabeth of England wakes up every day at 9:30 am to the sound of military marches. Her alarm clock is an ensemble of pipers dressed in full dress. Her husband Philip does not share the queen's love for the sound of bagpipes.
• The development of bagpipes has led to the creation of electronic keyboard MIDI-instruments on which the sound of various types of bagpipes is possible.
• The world's largest bagpipe producer is Pakistan, which long time was a British colony. For the soldiers permanently stationed in this country of the Scottish military units, the Pakistanis have learned to make bagpipes. Having gained freedom, the locals did not abandon this trade, but today tools from Pakistan are not of good quality.

Design

Each nation has a bagpipe different in its design, but the principle of the device is always the same. This is a tank made of animal skins or their bladder, and several tubes - one for filling the fur with air and several playing ones for creating polyphony.

• The air reservoir is called a bag and is usually made from the hide of a calf, goat, elk, sheep, cow and even a kangaroo. The bag must be airtight and retain air well.
• The mouthpiece tube (blown) is designed to fill the fur chamber with air. It is inserted into the bag from above and attached to it with wooden cylinders - drains. The blower tube is equipped with a shut-off valve that prevents air from escaping backwards.
• A melodic pipe, similar in appearance to a flute, is called a chanter, on which the piper performs the main music theme... The tube, which has several play holes, is attached to the bottom of the bag. Inside it has a cane, which is hidden in the drain and, when exposed to air, begins to vibrate.
• Bourdon tubes or drones create a permanent background sound and are tuned to the tonic and dominant of the key in which the main melodic theme sounds. The number of drones in the tool varies from one to four, and they are also inserted using the drains, in which are hidden canes inserted into the tubes.

History

The bagpipe is an ancient instrument known to people since time immemorial. Art critics are still debating where and when it appeared, and who came up with the idea of ​​equipping wind instruments with a fur chamber. Some consider the homeland of the bagpipe Sumer, others suggest that it was invented in China in the 5th century BC. We find the first written information about the instrument from the ancient Greek comedian Aristophanes, who lived in the four hundred years BC, although before that the bagpipes were mentioned in images on stone slabs of the first millennium BC. From ancient Greek and Roman sources, we learn that a hundred years BC. NS. bagpipes were a very popular instrument. The cruel emperor Nero, who ruled in the first century, was not only a passionate admirer of the bagpipes, but also fond of playing on it.

The instrument has traveled with people around the world, and its presence is found in India, France, Germany, Holland, Spain and Russia. Why in Russia the instrument has such a name is not known for certain, but there are guesses that the tribal people "Volhynians" were fond of playing on it. The bagpipes traveled along the Russian land together with buffoons and bear leaders, until it fell into disgrace and disappeared along with the "devilish buffoonery".

When the bagpipes appeared in Scotland, which became her second homeland, it is not known for certain. There is no exact information on this, but there are only suggestions that during the Crusades the instrument got to England and Ireland, and then to Scotland, where, because of its loud voice, it not only immediately fell in love with local residents, but firmly entered the life of people.

The bagpipes were greatly respected in the mountainous regions of the country, it was here that it noticeably evolved and became a national instrument.

In Scotland, the bagpipes underwent a number of significant transformations - they added a pipe with eight playing holes and another short one to blow air into the instrument.

The voice of the bagpipes was heard everywhere: at all kinds of festivals, in funeral processions and on the battlefields. The Scots believed that the sound of the instrument drives away "evil spirits." In some cities, pipers, playing, passed through the city, announcing the beginning or end working day, for which they received a salary from the city treasury. The position of the piper was very revered, the musician had special privileges.

The art of performing and making instruments has been passed down from generation to generation. However, not everything went smoothly in the history of bagpipes in Scotland. During the church reformation, in the second half of the 16th century, it was declared an instrument of the devil and fell into disgrace. In the 18th century, after the defeat of the Jacobite uprising, the Scots fell on dark times. The clan system was eradicated, and the British authorities vetoed bagpipes and kilts (a piece of Scottish men's clothing). However, the inhabitants of the highlands of Scotland did not recognize this ban and continued to lead their usual way of life.

The veto lasted fifty years and ended by the end of the 18th century. In connection with the increase in British possessions, the English army, in need of large replenishment, began to vigorously form the Scottish regiments. Being an obligatory attribute of the Scots, the bagpipes have gained new life, they, along with the drum, became the obligatory companions of the Scottish regiments in the English army.

Technical sound extraction

One of these three pipes with side holes (chanter) is used to play a melody, and the other two (bourdons) are bass pipes, which are tuned to a pure fifth. Bourdon emphasizes the skeleton of the octave scale (scale scale), on the basis of which the melody is composed. The pitch of the bourdon tubes can be changed by means of the pistons located in them.

Typology and differences

Some bagpipes are designed so that they are not inflated with the mouth, but with fur to force air, which is set in motion. right hand... These bagpipes include the Uilleann Bagpipe - Irish bagpipes.

Russian bagpipes

Bagpipes were once very popular in Russia folk instrument... It was made of lamb or cowhide (hence the name) raw leather, on top there was a tube for forcing air, on the bottom there were two bass pipes, creating a monotonous background, and a third small pipe with holes, with which they played the main melody. The bagpipes were ignored by the highest circles of society, as its melody was considered inharmonious, expressionless and monotonous, it was usually considered a "low", common folk instrument. Therefore, during the 19th century, the bagpipes were gradually replaced by more complex wind instruments such as the accordion and button accordion.

Scottish bagpipes

Bagpipes

Old scottish instrument... It is a reservoir made of sheep or goat skin, turned inside out (goose), to which three bourdon tubes (drones) are attached (tied), one tube with eight play holes (chanter) and a special short tube for blowing air. Has a simplified air supply - through an inflatable tube - provides freedom of the right hand.

When playing, the musician (piper) fills the reservoir with air and, pressing on it with the elbow of his left hand, makes the drone and playing pipes sound, in turn equipped with special reeds (reeds), moreover, single reeds are used in bourdon pipes, and double reeds are used in play pipes, made from reeds.

Irish bagpipes

Cillian Vallely plays the full set of Irish bagpipes

see also

• Scottish music
• Irish music

Notes (edit)

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

Links

• (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Russian-language site-encyclopedia about bagpipes for beginners and craftsmen (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Bagpipes Encyclopedia (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• How to make a bagpipe, drawings (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Moscow International Bagpipe Festival "Russian Bagpipe Forum" (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Information portal "Bagpipe News" (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Forum of pipers from Russia, the CIS and neighboring countries (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)

Russian performers using bagpipes

• Moscow & District Pipe Band - Moscow and Region Pipers Orchestra (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Evgeny Lapekin (Scottish bagpipes, Irish bagpipes)
• Mervent (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Moscow folk-rock team Tintal (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Puck & Piper (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Legacy of the Vaganths - Heavy Folk Rock with Bagpipes (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Music Radicum - Musica Radicum. Medieval folk. They use Galician, French and Irish bagpipes. (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Reelroadъ Russian-Celtic music. (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• The site of a group from Novosibirsk that performs Celtic music. Among the instruments is the bagpipe played by Galina Belyaeva. (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Dubrava - Ensemble of medieval music from Ryazan
• SKOLOT - neofolk-rock group in Tambov (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• TeufelsTanz is a group performing medieval music of modern times
• SNAKE VOLYNYCH - Neofolk group, Moscow (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• Alexander Anistratov - musician who plays the bagpipes of Scotland, Ireland and Spain, popularizer, music master

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Details

Bagpipes ... The sounds of this unique instrument invariably evoke images of the green hillsides of Scotland, plaid skirts and fairytale castles. Most assume that this polyphonic instrument has original Scottish roots. However, historians are arguing about where this unique instrument originated.

Where does the sound come from?

It is difficult to determine the time and place of the origin of the musical instrument - the progenitor of the modern bagpipes. Historians talk about China, Ancient Greece and Rome. Mentions of the tool can be found on stone slabs several centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ. Bagpipes are a mysterious instrument that can be found in the history of the countries of Europe and Asia. No one can determine exactly when the instrument became traditional for Scotland.

Presumably, the bagpipes were brought with them by the Romans, who had pipers in their troops. According to available historical data, he loved the sounds of bagpipes and knew how to play the instrument himself. But even before the emperor Nero, the bagpipes were mentioned in the verses of Virgil. At present, it is impossible to determine with certainty whether it was brought or the Romans used the instrument available in the country. The bagpipe is a musical instrument with multinational roots, each of which has left an imprint on its sound. Whichever way it got to Scotland, there it was somewhat modified and became exactly the instrument that we are used to seeing it.

Tool making

Bagpipes are traditionally handmade instruments. The use of traditional materials is still very widespread, the modernization of bagpipe production has only led to an improvement in the way the instrument is made, and not to deterioration or loss of any important quality.

The Scottish bagpipes were made from swamp oak from the early days, but then they began to use hardwood from exotic countries. The tone of the bagpipe sound depends on the quality and type of wood used. Interestingly, different parts of the bagpipes can be made from different types wood. When manufacturing the tool, the humidity of the climate of the country where it will be used is also taken into account.

For example, bourdons can be made from ebony ebony, which is very suitable for wet and not suitable for dry regions of the United States. Therefore, in most cases, plastic is used for the production of pipes in order to avoid the influence of the climate.

The bagpipe bag is the most important part of the instrument, which is traditionally made from sheepskin, but the material varies from country to country. Elk in the USA and kangaroo in Australia.

A good bagpipe always has not only parts that are responsible for sound, but also decorations. In earlier times, Scottish bagpipes were decorated with ivory or walrus tusks. But to preserve these species of animals, decorations are made from horns or artificial materials.

A bagpipe is a multi-piece instrument, so it will never be mass-produced. Traditional ways production will always prevail.

Bagpipe music

The bagpipes are historically a very important tool for the UK. The sounds of the bagpipes reflected all the events taking place in the clans of Scotland. Bagpipers composed music about joys and sorrows, battles and victories.

Bagpipe making, like playing on it, has long been considered the prerogative of men, since some models are heavy. Bagpipes can be small or large, but each bag has a fur bag and five tubes for different purposes. There is through which the piper supplies air to the bag. Three more pipes, called bourdons, create a unique sound. The musician can move them, change the pitch. All this allows you to enjoy the different tones and tints of the bagpipes. The melody is created by the chanter tube. It is on it that there are holes, by clamping which they get the motive of the music.

The sound of the bagpipes is loud, sonorous. It was used in the Middle Ages as signals between clans. And nowadays, her sound is well combined with electronic and rock music. The bagpipe is a national instrument that sounds harmoniously in the modern world.

Ancient sounds with modern processing

There are many bagpipe bands in the UK, for example the British Military Band. And even the queen herself listens to delicious, unforgettable sounds every morning.

The various sounds that a bagpipe can make, musicians use in contemporary music... One of the best combinations is drum and bagpipes. Performances in this combination are chilling. The concerts of Scotland's combined orchestras that perform around the world win hearts with their musical masterpieces.

Bagpipers are in demand at weddings, banquets and dinner parties.

Having heard once, it is impossible to forget the music of the bagpipes. She may like it or not, but will not leave anyone indifferent.

Duda, Gaelic. Pìob, Polish. Dudy, Irl. Píobaí, scots. Bagpipe, ukr. Goat, bulg. Hyde.

Technical sound extraction

One of the pipes (chanter) has side holes and is used for playing a melody, and the other two (bourdons) are bass pipes that are tuned to a pure fifth. Bourdon emphasizes the skeleton of the octave scale (scale scale), on the basis of which the melody is composed. The pitch of the bourdon tubes can be changed by means of the pistons located in them.

Typology and differences

Some bagpipes are designed so that they are not inflated with the mouth, but with fur for pumping air, which is set in motion with the right hand. These bagpipes include the Uilleann Bagpipe - Irish bagpipes.

Kazakh bagpipes

The Kazakh national instrument is called Zhelbuaz, it looks like a leather wineskin, made of goat skin. The neck of the gallboise is closed with a special closure. A durable leather cord is tied to the instrument so that it can be worn around the neck. V recent times the instrument is used in concerts of Kazakh national orchestras and folklore ensembles... Found during archaeological excavations, stored in the Ykylas Dukenov Museum of National Musical Instruments. Stable temperature is maintained. To prevent the moth from eating the exhibit, dust is regularly erased from it with special gauze. The famous composer Nurgisa Tlendiev first used the zhelloise in the concerts of the Otrar Sazy orchestra.

Armenian bagpipes

Irish bagpipes

It consists of a double-reed chanter like an oboe, one or two bass bourdons with a single reed like a clarinet. The chanter has an internal tapered bore, seven finger holes and back side hole for the left thumb. In addition, it is equipped with three non-closing holes located in the lower part of the bell.

Italian bagpipes

Bagpipes of this region can be divided into 2 types - North-Italian, similar in design to French and Spanish instruments, and South-Italian, known as common name zamponya(ital. zampogna) and differing in two melodic pipes in a common stock with two drone pipes. Traditionally, zamponya is used as accompaniment chiaramelle(Italian ciaramella) - a small oboe-like instrument.

Mari bagpipes

Mari bagpipes ( shuvyr, shuvyr, shuvyr, shuvyr, schubber). Consists of fur (animal bubble) and 3 tubes - 1 for air injection and 2 playing, melodic, located in a wooden bed and having a common bell of a cow's horn. Their range is the third and fifth, the number of playing holes: 2 and 4 (performance of 2-voice melodies is possible). The sound scale is diatonic. The sound is strong, sharp, buzzing timbre. Known since antiquity. Used as an accompaniment to folk songs, dance melodies. It is often used with a Mari drum (tӱmyr).

Mordovian bagpipes

Russian bagpipes

The bagpipe was once a very popular folk musical instrument in Russia. It was made of raw lamb or cowhide leather, on top there was a pipe for blowing air, on the bottom there were two bass pipes, creating a monotonous background, and a third small pipe with holes, with which they played the main melody. The bagpipes were ignored by the highest circles of society, as its melody was considered inharmonious, expressionless and monotonous, it was usually considered a "low", common folk instrument. Therefore, during the 19th century, the bagpipes were gradually replaced by more complex wind instruments such as the accordion and button accordion.

Information about this musical instrument is quite extensive in the iconographic and written monuments of the culture of the Russian people, from the 16th century to the 19th century. The earliest depiction can be found in the Radziwill Chronicle (15th century) on the miniature “Play of Slavs Vyatichi”.

Ukrainian bagpipes

In Ukraine, the bagpipes are called "goat" - apparently, for the characteristic sound and manufacture of goat skin. Moreover, the tool is also given outward resemblance with an animal: they are covered with a goat's skin, a clay goat's head is attached, and the tubes are styled under feet with hooves. The goat was, in particular, an invariable attribute of festivities and carols. There are bagpipes with a goat's head, in almost all Carpathian regions - Slovak, Polish, Czech, Lemkovsky, Bukovinsky - there is traditionally a goat's head, wooden, with horns.

French bagpipes

There are many types of bagpipes in France - this is due to the great variety musical traditions regions of the country. Here are just a few of them:

• Central French bagpipes ( musette du center, cornemuse du berry), common in the areas of Berry and Bourbonne. It is a two-burdon instrument. Bourdons - large and small, small is located at the bottom, near the chanter, tuned to each other in an octave. Chanter's cane is double, bourdon - single; air is blown through the blower. The scale is chromatic, the range is 1.5 octaves, the fingering is half-closed. There are later versions of this instrument with 3 drills and bellows for air injection. Traditionally used in duet with a wheeled lyre.
• Cabretta (fr .: chabrette, Overnsk. oxytane. : cabreta) is a one-burdon elbow-type bagpipe that appeared in 19th century among the Parisian Auvergne and quickly spread in the province of Auvergne itself and in the surrounding regions of Central France, practically displacing local, more archaic types of instrument from everyday life, for example, the limousin charette ( chabreta limousina).
• Bodega (Occitan .: bodega) - bagpipes with goatskin fur, a blower and one bourdon, common in the southern Occitan-speaking departments of France.
• Musette de Cours (fr .: musette de cour) - "salon" bagpipes, widely used in the XVII-XVIII centuries in the court baroque music. This type of bagpipes features two play pipes, a bourdon keg and a fur for air injection.

Chuvash bagpipes

Shapar(shabr, shybyr, bubble). It consists of a bag (a bull's or a cow's bubble), a bone or metal tube for pumping air and 2 tin melodic tubes fixed on a wooden bed. They were worn with a horn made of cow horn and sometimes an additional one made of birch bark. The left tube has 2-3, the right 3-4 play holes (it has 3-7 small tuning holes at the bottom). The canes are usually single, although in the Tetyushsky region (Tatarstan) double canes are also used. Scales are very different using both chromatic and diatonic intervals.

Sarnai... Unlike the chapar, the bag is not made of a bubble, but of calf or goat skin. Has a blower, 2 bourdons (most often tuned to a fifth) and one melody pipe with 6 playing holes and finger grooves. All tubes are made of wood. Single canes made of goose feathers or reeds. The scale is usually diatonic, but there are also missing steps, increased or decreased octaves, etc. They usually play while sitting, loudly beating the rhythm with their feet.

Scottish bagpipes

The Scottish bagpipes have taken part in all the military campaigns of the British army over the past 300 years. At the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium, held on June 18, 1815, during a counter-attack on the corps of the French Imperial Marshal Davout on Scottish bagpipes For the first time, the patriotic march of the 52nd Infantry Brigade of Scottish Riflemen "Scotland The Brave" ("Alba an Aigh"), which later became the unofficial anthem of Scotland, was performed.

Estonian bagpipes

Estonian bagpipes (Estonian torupill) Made from the stomach or bladder of a large animal such as a fur seal, it has one, two, or (less commonly) three bourdon tubes, a flute as a voice tube, and an additional tube for blowing air.

Service and supplies

A special composition (bag seasoning, bagpipe seasoning) is placed in the bag, the purpose of which is not only to prevent air leakage from the bag. It serves as a cover that traps air but releases water. A bag made of solid rubber (found on unplayable bagpipes, wall souvenirs that deceive tourists) would be completely filled with water in half an hour of play

Duda, Gaelic. Pìob, Polish. Dudy, irl. Píobaí, scots Bagpipe, ukr. Goat, bulg. Hyde.

Technical sound extraction

Irish bagpipes

Irish bagpipes uilleann pipes [ˈꞮlən paɪps]) - Illian pipes, translated from Irish - elbow bagpipes - the Irish version of the bagpipes, which finally took shape by the end of the 18th century. The air is pumped into the bag using bellows, not a blowpipe. The Irish bagpipe, unlike all other bagpipes, has a range of two full octaves, and in its full version can also play accompaniment in addition to the melody using the knobs.

Spanish bagpipes

Also called La gaita, it comes from Galicia, Asturias and the eastern part of the province of Leon.

Russian bagpipes

The bagpipe was once a very popular folk instrument in Russia. It was made of raw lamb or cowhide leather, on top there was a pipe for blowing air, on the bottom there were two bass pipes, creating a monotonous background, and a third small pipe with holes, with which they played the main melody. The bagpipes were ignored by the highest circles of society, as its melody was considered inharmonious, expressionless and monotonous, it was usually considered a "low", common folk instrument. Therefore, during the 19th century, the bagpipes were gradually replaced by more complex wind instruments such as the accordion and button accordion.

Ukrainian bagpipes

In Ukraine, the bagpipes are called "goat" - apparently, for the characteristic sound and manufacture of goat skin. Moreover, the instrument is also given an external resemblance to an animal: it is covered with a goat skin, a clay goat head is attached, and the tubes are stylized under feet with hooves. The goat was, in particular, an invariable attribute of festivities and carols. There are bagpipes with a goat's head, in almost all Carpathian regions - Slovak, Polish, Czech, Lemkovsky, Bukovinsky - there is traditionally a goat's head, wooden, with horns.

French bagpipes

In France, there are many types of bagpipes - this is due to the wide variety of musical traditions of the regions of the country. Here are just a few of them:

• Central French bagpipes ( musette du center, cornemuse du berry), common in the areas of Berry and Bourbonne. It is a two-burdon instrument. Bourdons - large and small, small is located at the bottom, near the chanter, tuned to each other in an octave. Chanter's cane is double, bourdon - single; air is blown through the blower. The scale is chromatic, the range is 1.5 octaves, the fingering is half-closed. There are later versions of this instrument with 3 drills and bellows for air injection. Traditionally used in duet with a wheeled lyre.
• Cabretta (fr .: chabrette, Overnsk. oxytane. : cabreta( chabreta limousina).
• Bodega (Occitan .: bodega) - bagpipes with goatskin fur, a blower and one bourdon, common in the southern Occitan-speaking departments of France.
• Musette de Cours (fr .: musette de cour) - "salon" bagpipes, widely used in the XVII-XVIII centuries in the court baroque music. This type of bagpipes features two play pipes, a bourdon keg and a fur for air injection.

Chuvash bagpipes

Scottish bagpipes

Bagpipe (eng. Great highland bagpipe) is an old Scottish instrument. It is a reservoir made of sheep or goat skin, turned inside out (goose), to which three bourdon tubes (drones) are attached (tied), one tube with eight play holes (chanter) and a special short tube for blowing air. Has a simplified air supply - through an inflatable tube - provides freedom of the right hand.

When playing, the piper fills the reservoir with air and, pressing on it with the elbow of his left hand, makes the drone and playing pipes sound, in turn, equipped with special reeds (reeds), moreover, single reeds are used in bourdon pipes, and double reeds are used in the play tube ...

Estonian bagpipes

Estonian bagpipes (Estonian torupill) Made from the stomach or bladder of a large animal such as a fur seal, it has one, two, or (less commonly) three bourdon tubes, a flute as a voice tube, and an additional tube for blowing air.

Service and supplies

A special composition (bag seasoning, bagpipe seasoning) is placed in the bag, the purpose of which is not only to prevent air leakage from the bag. It serves as a cover that traps air but releases water. A bag made of solid rubber (found on unplayable bagpipes, wall souvenirs that cheat tourists) would be completely filled with water in half an hour of play. The water from the bagpipes comes out through the wet skin of the bag.

Reeds (both bourdon and chanter) can be made of reed or plastic. Plastic reeds are easier to play, but sound is better with natural reed reeds. The behavior of natural reeds is highly dependent on air humidity; reeds work better in humid air. If a natural cane is dry, in some cases it helps to put it in water (or lick it), pull it out and wait for a while, but you also can't soak it. (Beginner manuals often advise you to try to play bagpipes with dry canes for an hour or more, until the canes get moisture from the exhaled air. This recipe may have once been invented as a joke or punishment for irregular practice.) With the help of certain mechanical manipulations, the cane can be made "lighter" or "heavier", adapted to more or less pressure. Regardless of the material, each individual reed has its own "character", the musician must adapt to it.

see also

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Notes (edit)

1. Bagpipes / K. A. Vertkov // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov... - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
3. breizh.ru:
4. Mordva: Historical and Cultural Essays / Ed. count .: V. A. Balashov (editor-in-chief), V. S. Bryzhinsky, I. A. Efremov; Hands. ed. collective academician N.P. Makarkin. - Saransk: Mordov. book publishing house, 1995 .-- S. 462-463. - 624 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-7595-1049-5.
5. (port.). Associação Gaita de Foles. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
6. Tereshchenko A.... - SPb. , 1848. - T. 1. - S. 485.
8. Urve lippus and Ingrid Rüütel. Estonia //. - Oxford University Press.

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• - article from the encyclopedia "Krugosvet"
• Kashkurevich T.A.
• Nikiforov P.N., Mari folk musical instruments, Yoshkar-Ola, 1959, p. 48-58
• Remishevsky K.I., Kalacey V.V.
• Eshpay Ya.A., National musical instruments of the Mari, Yoshkar-Ola, 1940, p. 23-28
• Anthony Baines. Bagpipes. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
• Joshua Dickson. The Highland Bagpipe: Music, History, Traditon. - Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2009.
• Angus Cameron Robertson. The Bagpipes: History and Traditions. - McBeath & Company, 1930.

Links

• (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)
• (Russian) (Retrieved 6 Aug 2011)

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Excerpt from Bagpipes

“Well, my dear,” Prince Vasily said jokingly, “tell me yes, and I’ll write to her on my own, and we’ll kill the fat calf.” - But Prince Vasily did not have time to finish his joke, as Pierre, with a face that resembled his father, without looking into the eyes of his interlocutor, said in a whisper:
- Prince, I did not invite you to my place, go, please, go! He jumped up and opened the door for him.
“Go on,” he repeated, not believing himself and rejoicing at the expression of embarrassment and fear that appeared on Prince Vasily's face.
- What's the matter? You are sick?
- Go! The trembling voice said again. And Prince Vasily had to leave without receiving any explanation.
A week later, Pierre, having said goodbye to his new friends, the Freemasons, and leaving them large sums of alms, left for his own estates. His new brothers gave him letters to Kiev and Odessa, to the local masons, and promised to write to him and guide him in his new activities.

The affair between Pierre and Dolokhov was hushed up, and, despite the sovereign's strictness with regard to duels at that time, neither both opponents, nor their seconds, suffered. But the story of the duel, confirmed by Pierre's break with his wife, was publicized. Pierre, looked at with condescension, patronizing when he was an illegitimate son, who was fondled and glorified when he was the best groom Russian Empire, after his marriage, when brides and mothers had nothing to expect from him, he lost much in the opinion of society, especially since he did not know how and did not want to curry favor with the public. Now he alone was accused of what had happened, they said that he was a stupid jealous person, subject to the same fits of bloodthirsty rage, like his father. And when, after Pierre's departure, Helene returned to Petersburg, she was not only cordial, but with a tinge of deference to her misfortune, received by all her acquaintances. When the conversation turned to her husband, Helen took on a dignified expression, which she - though not understanding its meaning - with her usual tact, internalized to herself. This expression indicated that she had made up her mind to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. Prince Vasily expressed his opinion more frankly. He shrugged his shoulders when the conversation turned to Pierre, and, pointing to his forehead, said:
- Un cerveau fele - je le disais toujours. [Half crazy - I've always said that.]
“I said ahead of time,” Anna Pavlovna said about Pierre, “I said just then, and before anyone else (she insisted on her primacy), that he was a crazy young man, spoiled by the depraved ideas of the century. I said this then, when everyone admired him and he had just arrived from abroad, and remember, I was like a Marat in the evening. How did it end? At that time I did not want this wedding yet and predicted everything that would happen.
Anna Pavlovna still gave in her free days such evenings as before, and such as she alone had the gift of organizing, evenings at which she gathered, firstly, la creme de la veritable bonne societe, la fine fleur de l "essence intellectuelle de la societe de Petersbourg, [cream real good society, the flower of the intellectual essence of Petersburg society,] as Anna Pavlovna herself said. In addition to this refined choice of society, Anna Pavlovna's evenings were also distinguished by the fact that every time at her evening Anna Pavlovna presented her society with something new, interesting face and that nowhere, as at these evenings, was the degree of the political thermometer on which the mood of the court legitimist Petersburg society stood so clearly and firmly expressed.
At the end of 1806, when all the sad details were received about Napoleon's destruction of the Prussian army at Jena and Auershtet and about the surrender of most of the Prussian fortresses, when our troops had already entered Prussia, and our second war with Napoleon began, Anna Pavlovna gathered evening. La creme de la veritable bonne societe [The cream of real good society] consisted of the charming and unhappy, abandoned by her husband, Helene, from MorteMariet "a, the charming Prince Hippolytus, who had just arrived from Vienna, two diplomats, an aunt, one young man, who used in the drawing-room the name simply d "un homme de beaucoup de merite, [a very worthy man] of one newly granted maid of honor with his mother and some other less prominent persons.
The person with whom, as a novelty, Anna Pavlovna dazzled her guests that evening, was Boris Drubetskoy, who had just arrived by courier from the Prussian army and was an adjutant to a very important person.
The degree of the political thermometer indicated to society at this evening was as follows: no matter how much all European sovereigns and generals tried to pander to Bonaparte, in order to make me and us in general these troubles and griefs, our opinion about Bonaparte cannot change. We will not stop expressing our unfeigned way of thinking, and we can only say to the Prussian king and others: so much the worse for you. Tu l "as voulu, George Dandin, [You wanted it, Georges Danden,] that's all we can say. This is what the political thermometer indicated at Anna Pavlovna's evening. When Boris, who was to be brought to the guests, entered the living room, almost the entire society was already assembled, and the conversation, led by Anna Pavlovna, was about our diplomatic relations with Austria and about the hope of an alliance with her.
Boris in a smart, adjutant uniform, matured, fresh and ruddy, freely entered the drawing-room and was taken away, as it should be, to greet his aunt, and again joined the general circle.
Anna Pavlovna gave him her dry hand to kiss, introduced him to some unfamiliar faces and identified each in a whisper to him.
- Le Prince Hyppolite Kouraguine - charmant jeune homme. M r Kroug charge d "affaires de Kopenhague - un esprit profond, and simply: M r Shittoff un homme de beaucoup de merite [Prince Ippolit Kuragin, a dear young man. G. Krug, Copenhagen chargé d'affaires, deep mind. G. Shitov , a very worthy man] about the one who bore this name.
During this time of his service, thanks to the cares of Anna Mikhailovna, his own tastes and the properties of his restrained character, Boris managed to put himself in the most advantageous position in the service. He was adjutant to a very important person, had a very important assignment to Prussia, and had just returned from there by courier. He fully assimilated to himself that unwritten subordination, which he liked in Olmutz, according to which an ensign could stand without comparison above a general, and according to which, for success in the service, it was not effort in the service, not work, not courage, not constancy, but only the ability to deal with those who reward for service - and he himself often wondered at his quick successes and how others could not understand this. As a result of this discovery, his whole way of life, all relations with former acquaintances, all his plans for the future - have completely changed. He was not rich, but he used his last money to be better dressed than others; he would rather deprive himself of many pleasures than allow himself to ride in a bad carriage or appear in an old uniform on the streets of Petersburg. He approached and sought acquaintances only with people who were above him, and therefore could be useful to him. He loved Petersburg and despised Moscow. The memory of the Rostovs' house and of his childhood love for Natasha was unpleasant to him, and since leaving for the army he had never been to the Rostovs. In the living room of Anna Pavlovna, in which he considered to be present important rise in the service, he now immediately understood his role and left Anna Pavlovna to take advantage of the interest that was in him, carefully observing each person and assessing the benefits and opportunities for rapprochement with each of them. He sat down at the place indicated to him near the beautiful Helene, and listened attentively to the general conversation.
- Vienne trouve les bases du traite propose tellement hors d "atteinte, qu" on ne saurait y parvenir meme par une continuite de succes les plus brillants, et elle met en doute les moyens qui pourraient nous les procurer. C "est la phrase authentique du cabinet de Vienne," said the Danish charge d "affaires. [Vienna finds the grounds for the proposed treaty so impossible that they cannot be achieved even by a series of brilliant successes: and it doubts the means that can deliver them to us. This is the true phrase of the Viennese cabinet, said the Danish chargé d'affaires.]
- C "est le doute qui est flatteur! - said l" homme a l "esprit profond, with a thin smile. [Doubt is flattering! - said a deep mind,]
“Il faut distinguer entre le cabinet de Vienne et l“ Empereur d ”Autriche,” said MorteMariet. - L "Empereur d" Autriche n "a jamais pu penser a une chose pareille, ce n" est que le cabinet qui le dit. [It is necessary to distinguish between the Viennese cabinet and the Austrian emperor. The Austrian emperor could never think that, only the cabinet says it.]
- Eh, mon cher vicomte, - Anna Pavlovna intervened, - l "Urope (for some reason she pronounced l" Urope, as a special subtlety of the French language that she could afford when speaking with a Frenchman) l "Urope ne sera jamais notre alliee sincere . [Ah, my dear Viscount, Europe will never be our sincere ally.]
Following this, Anna Pavlovna brought the conversation to the courage and firmness of the Prussian king in order to bring Boris into the matter.
Boris listened attentively to the one who spoke, waiting for his turn, but at the same time managed to look back several times at his neighbor, the beautiful Helene, who, with a smile, met several times with her eyes with the handsome young adjutant.
Quite naturally, speaking of the situation in Prussia, Anna Pavlovna asked Boris to tell his journey to Glogau and the situation in which he found the Prussian army. Boris, without haste, in pure and correct French, told a lot of interesting details about the troops, about the court, throughout his story, diligently avoiding statements of his opinion about the facts that he conveyed. For some time Boris seized the general attention, and Anna Pavlovna felt that her treat with a novelty was accepted with pleasure by all the guests. Helen showed the most attention to Boris's story. She asked him several times about some of the details of his trip and seemed to be greatly interested in the situation of the Prussian army. As soon as he finished, she turned to him with her usual smile:
- Il faut absolument que vous veniez me voir, [It is necessary that you come to see me,] - she told him in such a tone as if for some reason that he could not know, it was absolutely necessary.
- Mariedi entre les 8 et 9 heures. Vous me ferez grand plaisir. [Tuesday, between 8 and 9 o'clock. You will give me great pleasure.] - Boris promised to fulfill her wish and wanted to enter into a conversation with her when Anna Pavlovna recalled him under the pretext of his aunt, who wanted to hear him.
“You know her husband, don’t you?” Said Anna Pavlovna, closing her eyes and pointing with a sad gesture at Helene. - Oh, this is such an unhappy and lovely woman! Don't talk about him in front of her, please don't. It's too hard for her!

When Boris and Anna Pavlovna returned to the common circle, Prince Ippolit took over the conversation.
He leaned forward in his chair and said: Le Roi de Prusse! [The Prussian king!] And having said this, he laughed. Everyone turned to him: Le Roi de Prusse? - asked Hippolytus, laughed again and again calmly and seriously sat down in the back of his chair. Anna Pavlovna waited for him a little, but since Hippolytus resolutely did not seem to want to speak anymore, she began a speech about how the godless Bonaparte had stolen Frederick the Great's sword in Potsdam.
- C "est l" epee de Frederic le Grand, que je ... [This is the sword of Frederick the Great, which I ...] - she began, but Hippolytus interrupted her with the words:
- Le Roi de Prusse ... - and again, as soon as they turned to him, he apologized and fell silent. Anna Pavlovna winced. MorteMariet, a friend of Hippolytus, addressed him emphatically:
- Voyons a qui en avez vous avec votre Roi de Prusse? [So what about the Prussian king?]
Hippolytus laughed, as if he were ashamed of his laughter.
- Non, ce n "est rien, je voulais dire seulement ... [No, nothing, I just wanted to say ...] (He was going to repeat a joke he had heard in Vienna and which he was going to put the whole evening.) Je voulais dire seulement, que nous avons tort de faire la guerre pour le roi de Prusse [I just wanted to say that we are fighting in vain pour le roi de Prusse.
Boris smiled cautiously, so that his smile could be attributed to mockery or approval of a joke, depending on how it is accepted. They all laughed.
“Il est tres mauvais, votre jeu de mot, tres spirituel, mais injuste,” said Anna Pavlovna, threatening with a wrinkled finger. - Nous ne faisons pas la guerre pour le Roi de Prusse, mais pour les bons principes. Ah, le mechant, ce prince Hippolytel [Your pun is not good, very smart, but unfair; we do not fight pour le roi de Prusse (that is, over trifles), but for good beginnings. Oh, how wicked he is, that Prince Hippolytus!] She said.
The conversation did not subside the whole evening, focusing mainly on political news. At the end of the evening, he became especially animated when it came to the awards bestowed by the sovereign.
- After all, last year I received NN a snuff-box with a portrait, - said l "homme a l" esprit profond, [a man of deep mind] - why can't SS get the same award?
- Je vous demande pardon, une tabatiere avec le portrait de l "Empereur est une recompense, mais point une distinction," said the diplomat, un cadeau plutot.
- Il y eu plutot des antecedents, je vous citerai Schwarzenberg. [There were examples - Schwarzenberg.]
- C "est impossible, [This is impossible,] - another objected.
- Bet. Le grand cordon, c "est different ... [Tape is a different matter ...]
When everyone got up to leave, Helene, who had spoken very little all evening, again turned to Boris with a request and a gentle, significant order that he should be with her on Tuesday.
“I really need this,” she said with a smile, looking back at Anna Pavlovna, and Anna Pavlovna with that sad smile that accompanied her words when speaking about her high patroness, confirmed Helene's desire. It seemed that that evening, from some of the words spoken by Boris about the Prussian army, Helene suddenly discovered the need to see him. She seemed to have promised him that when he arrives on Tuesday, she will explain this need to him.
Arriving on Tuesday evening at Helene's magnificent salon, Boris did not receive a clear explanation of why he needed to come. There were other guests, the Countess spoke little to him, and only saying goodbye, when he kissed her hand, she, with a strange lack of a smile, unexpectedly, in a whisper, said to him: Venez demain diner ... le soir. Il faut que vous veniez ... Venez. [Come to dinner tomorrow ... in the evening. We need you to come ... Come.]
On this visit to St. Petersburg, Boris became a close friend in the house of Countess Bezukhova.

The war was flaring up, and its theater was approaching the Russian borders. The curses to the enemy of the human race, Bonaparte, were heard everywhere; warriors and recruits gathered in the villages, and contradictory news came from the theater of war, as always false and therefore differently interpreted.
The life of the old prince Bolkonsky, prince Andrei and princess Marya has changed in many ways since 1805.
In 1806 old prince was identified as one of the eight commander-in-chief of the militia, then appointed throughout Russia. The old prince, despite his senile weakness, which became especially noticeable at the time when he considered his son killed, did not consider himself entitled to resign from the position to which he had been appointed by the sovereign himself, and this activity, which was newly revealed to him, excited and strengthened him. He constantly traveled to the three provinces entrusted to him; he was meticulous in his duties, strict to the point of cruelty with his subordinates, and he himself went to the smallest details of the case. Princess Marya has already stopped taking from her father math lessons, and only in the mornings, accompanied by a nurse, with little prince Nikolai (as his grandfather called him) entered his father's office when he was at home. Chest Prince Nikolai lived with the nurse and nanny Savishna in the half of the late princess, and Princess Marya spent most of the day in the nursery, replacing, as best she could, her mother for her little nephew. M lle Bourienne, too, seemed to be passionately in love with the boy, and Princess Mary, often depriving herself, yielded to her friend the pleasure of nursing the little angel (as she called her nephew) and playing with him.
At the altar of the Lysogorsk church there was a chapel over the grave of the little princess, and a marble monument brought from Italy was erected in the chapel depicting an angel spreading his wings and preparing to rise to heaven. The angel's upper lip was slightly raised, as if he was about to smile, and once Prince Andrey and Princess Marya, leaving the chapel, confessed to each other that it was strange, the face of this angel reminded them of the face of the deceased. But what was even stranger, and which Prince Andrew did not tell his sister, was that in the expression that the artist accidentally gave to the face of an angel, Prince Andrew read the same words of meek reproach that he then read on his face dead wife: "Oh, why did you do this to me? ..."
Soon after the return of Prince Andrei, the old prince separated his son and gave him Bogucharovo, a large estate located 40 miles from the Bald Mountains. Partly because of the difficult memories associated with Bald Hills, partly because Prince Andrey did not always feel able to endure his father's character, partly because he needed solitude, Prince Andrey took advantage of Bogucharov, built there and spent most of time.
Prince Andrew, after the Austerlitz campaign, firmly decided never to serve again in military service; and when the war began, and everyone had to serve, he, in order to get rid of active service, took a position under the command of his father in collecting the militia. The old prince and his son seemed to have changed roles after the 1805 campaign. The old prince, excited by activity, expected all the best from this campaign; Prince Andrew, on the contrary, not participating in the war and in secret of his soul regretting that, saw one bad thing.
On February 26, 1807, the old prince left for the district. Prince Andrew, like mostly during the absence of his father, he remained in the Bald Mountains. Little Nikolushka was unwell for the 4th day. The coachmen, who drove the old prince, returned from the city and brought papers and letters to Prince Andrei.
The valet with letters, not finding the young prince in his study, walked halfway through Princess Marya; but he was not there either. The valet was told that the prince had gone to the nursery.
`` Please, your Excellency, Petrusha has come with the papers, '' said one of the girls of the nanny's assistants, addressing Prince Andrei, who was sitting on a small children's chair and, with trembling hands, frowning, dripped medicine from a bottle into a glass half-filled with water.
- What? - he said angrily, and inadvertently trembling with his hand, poured an extra amount of drops from a glass into a glass. He threw the medicine out of the glass on the floor and again asked for water. The girl handed it to him.
In the room there was a cot, two chests, two armchairs, a table and a children's table and a high chair, the one on which Prince Andrey was sitting. The windows were hung, and a single candle burned on the table, filled with a bound music book so that no light fell on the crib.