Traditional jazz. Guitar playing technique

Traditional jazz

In the Dixielands, the guitar or banjo mainly carried a chord-rhythmic function. Since banjo players (and guitarists) played mainly in flat keys, accompanying wind instruments, gradually "jazz" chord fingerings began to take shape, which differed from the classical (based on open strings) in a peculiar "convex" sound. Significantly developed chord technique thanks to the use of inverted forms, for a variety of voice-leading short chord solos. A little later, in the Chicago style, guitarists began to use some chord substitutions, making harmony more difficult. Gradually, already in the days of Chicago jazz, in particular - E. Lang and others, created that jazz style of playing with a pick, which in the future became predominant in the jazz school.

Swing period

At the turn of the 30s, elements began to appear in jazz music that later became characteristic of a new style - swing, during which there were changes in the fate of the guitar, namely, the appearance of the electric guitar (1931). The significance of this event in the history of this instrument can hardly be overestimated. The invention of the electric guitar was the impetus for the emergence of new guitar schools and trends. From this period, a new frame of reference began in the evolution of the guitar performing thinking. The founders of the electric guitar school of playing were two outstanding guitarists: C. Christian and J. Reinhard, who, with their creativity, showed the enormous potential of an essentially new instrument.

Why did the electric guitar appear? The answer is quite simple - for centuries guitarists have striven to overcome the quiet sound of the instrument. Electricity came to the rescue. Initially, they tried to electrify the acoustic guitar using a microphone. However, this method of “picking up” the sound had a number of difficulties insurmountable at that time. The guitar started up (ie the microphone) due to feedback, in the orchestra in guitar microphone extraneous sounds got in, plus the microphone was very constraining the musician. The pickup that was installed under metal strings, removed all these problems.

The guitarists of the swing period, in addition to the technical side of the matter, significantly developed harmonic, improvisational thinking, fully introduced improvisational jazz phrasing into the guitar vocabulary, which served as the basis in subsequent styles, in modern jazz. The guitar in jazz became a solo instrument, along with brass and piano.

Contemporary jazz

The natural desire of musicians to go beyond the usual style clichés gradually led to the emergence of new directions and styles of jazz (Bebop, hard bop, progressive, cool, bossa nova, modal jazz, etc. All these styles are united under the general term - modern jazz). Complication of harmony, rhythm, search for new ladotonal relations brought jazz music to the highest stage of development. If, in order to play blues or early jazz guitar, it was enough to know "a few chords and improvisational phrases", then modern styles demanded a high mastery of the instrument, as well as knowledge (feeling) of the laws of harmony and the theory of improvisation. It was during the period of modern jazz, from the late 40s to the present, that guitar performance reached the maturity at which it became possible to perform completed solo works. The outstanding guitarist D. Pass was the first in the history of jazz guitar to record the entire disc without the accompaniment of other instruments, thereby bringing the performance capabilities of the electric guitar in solo play to the level of the classical guitar.

Just at this time, at the turn of the 40-50s, guitarists began to appear who did not quite use conventional technique in a game called TOUCH system or TOUCH style. By striking the strings between the frets on the fretboard, they made it sound like two guitars. But more on that later.

It is quite natural that modern jazz, which has become a professional genre, gradually became inaccessible to the perception of the bulk of ordinary, uninitiated listeners. It was during this period that ensembles (consisting mainly of black musicians) began to emerge, which played music in a very simple form of the old blues, but using modern (for those times) electronic instruments... It was these "rock and roll" ensembles that became the founders of a new musical culture - rock music.

Ibrasheva Alina and Gazgireeva Malika

presentation on the topic "Jazz", which tells about the emergence of jazz and its varieties

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Main trends Varieties of jazz Consisted of: Ibrasheva Alina and Gazgireeva Malika 7th grade school №28. Teacher: Kolotova Tamara Gennadievna

Jazz (English Jazz) is a form of musical art that arose in the late 19th - early 20th centuries in the United States as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures and subsequently became widespread. Characteristic features musical language jazz was originally improvisation, polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. What is Jazz?

The origins of jazz are associated with the blues. It arose at the end of the 19th century as a fusion of African rhythms and European harmony, but its origins should be sought from the moment the slaves were brought from Africa to the territory of the New World. For any African music, a very complex rhythm is characteristic, the music is always accompanied by dances, which are quick tapping and slapping. The need for consolidation has led to the unification of many cultures - to create a single culture of African Americans. The processes of mixing African and European culture took place starting from the 18th century, and in the 19th century led to the emergence of "protojazz", and then jazz. Origins

The term New Orleans, or traditional, jazz generally refers to the style of musicians who played jazz in New Orleans between 1900 and 1917, as well as New Orleans musicians who played and recorded records in Chicago from about 1917 through the 1920s. ... This period jazz history also known as The Age of Jazz. And this concept is also used to describe music performed in various historical periods representatives of the New Orleans Renaissance, who sought to perform jazz in the same style as the musicians of the New Orleans school. New Orleans Jazz or Traditional Jazz

The term has two meanings. Firstly, it is an expressive means in jazz. A characteristic type of pulsation based on constant rhythm deviations from the reference lobes. This creates the impression of a large internal energy in a state of unstable equilibrium. Secondly, the style of orchestral jazz, which developed at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s as a result of the synthesis of Negro and European styles of jazz music. Artists: Joe Pass, Frank sinatra, Benny Goodman, Norah Jones, Michel Legrand, Oscar Peterson, Ike Quebec, Paulinho Da Costa, Wynton Marsalis Septet, Mills Brothers, Stephane Grappelli. Swing

Jazz style, an experimental creative direction in jazz, associated mainly with the practice of small ensembles (combos), which took shape in the early - mid 40s of the XX century and opened the era of modern jazz. It is characterized by a fast pace and complex improvisations. The bebop stage was a significant shift in emphasis in jazz from popular dance music to a more highly artistic. Major musicians: saxophonist Charlie Parker, trumpet player Dizzy Gillespie, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, drummer Max Roach. Bop

The classic, established form of big bands has been known in jazz since the early 1920s. This form retained its relevance until the late 1940s. The musicians who entered the majority of big bands played quite specific parts, either learned by heart in rehearsals, or from sheet music. Meticulous orchestrations, along with large brass and woodwind sections, produced rich jazz harmonies and produced a sensationally loud sound that became known as “big band sounds” (“ the big band sound "). Most famous: Benny Goodman, Count Basie, Artie Shaw, Chick Webb, Glen Miller, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Lunsford. Big bands

After the mainstream fashion of large orchestras in the era of big bands ended, when the music of large orchestras on the stage began to crowd out small jazz ensembles, swing music continued to sound. Many famous swing soloists, after performing in ballrooms, loved to play spontaneously arranged jams in small clubs on 52nd Street in New York. Moreover, these were not only those who worked as "sidemen" in large orchestras, such as Ben Webster, Coleman Hawkins, being initially soloists, and not only conductors, also looked for opportunities to play separately from their large group, in a small composition. Mainstream

Although the history of jazz began in New Orleans in the early twentieth century, this music took off in the early 1920s when trumpeter Louis Armstrong left New Orleans to create revolutionary new music in Chicago. The migration of New Orleans jazz masters to New York, which began soon thereafter, marked the trend of a constant movement of jazz musicians from South to North. Chicago took the music of New Orleans and made it hot, raising its intensity not only through the efforts of Armstrong's famous Hot Five and Hot Seven ensembles, but others as well. North-east jazz. Stride

The high intensity and rush of bebop began to weaken with the development of cool jazz. Beginning in the late 1940s and early 1950s, musicians began to develop a less violent, smoother approach to improvisation, modeled after the light, dry playing of tenor saxophonist Lester Young, which he used during his swing period. The result is a detached and uniformly flat sound based on emotional "chill". Trumpet player Miles Davis, who was one of the first bebop performers to chill him, became the genre's greatest innovator. His nonet, who recorded the album "The Birth of Kula" in 1949-1950, was the embodiment of the lyricism and restraint of cool jazz. Cool (cool jazz)

In parallel with the emergence of bebop, in the jazz environment is developing new genre- progressive jazz, or simply progressive. The main difference of this genre is the desire to move away from the frozen cliché of big bands and outdated, worn-out techniques of the so-called. symphonic jazz, introduced in the 1920s by Paul Whiteman. Unlike boppers, progressive creators did not seek a radical rejection of the jazz traditions prevailing at that time. The greatest contribution to the development of progressive concepts was made by pianist and conductor Stan Kenton. From his first works, in fact, the progressive jazz of the early 1940s originates. The sound of the music performed by his first orchestra was close to Rachmaninov, and the compositions carried the features of late romanticism. Progressive jazz

Hard bop (English - hard, hard bop) is a kind of jazz that arose in the 50s. XX century from bop. Differs in expressive, cruel rhythm, reliance on the blues. Refers to the styles of modern jazz. Around the same time cool jazz took root in the West Coast, jazz musicians from Detroit, Philadelphia and New York began developing harder, heavier variations of the old bebop formula, called Hard Bop or Hard Bebop. Closely reminiscent of traditional bebop in its aggressiveness and technical requirements, the hard bop of the 1950s and 1960s relied less on standard song forms and began to focus more on blues elements and rhythmic drive. Hard bop

Soul jazz (English soul - soul) - soul music in broad sense sometimes referred to as all Negro music associated with the blues tradition. It is characterized by reliance on the traditions of the blues and African American folklore. A close relative of hard bop, soul jazz is represented by small, organ-based mini-bands that emerged in the mid-1950s and continued into the 1970s. Blues and gospel-based soul jazz music pulses with African American spirituality. Soul jazz

Perhaps the most controversial movement in jazz history arose with the emergence of free jazz, or "New Thing," as it was later called. Although elements of free jazz existed within the musical structure of jazz long before the term itself appeared, it is most original in the "experiments" of innovators such as Coleman Hawkins, P. Wee Russell and Lenny Tristano, but it was not until the late 1950s through the efforts of such pioneers as saxophonist Ornette Coleman. and pianist Cecil Taylor, this trend took shape as an independent style. Free jazz

The post-bop period encompasses music performed by jazz musicians who continued to create bebop, evading the experimentation of free jazz that developed during the same period of the 1960s. As well as the aforementioned hard bop, this form was based on rhythms, ensemble structure and bebop energy, on the same combinations of winds and on the same musical repertoire, including the use of Latin elements. What distinguished post-bop music was the use of funk, groove or soul elements, reshaped in the spirit of the new era, marked by the dominance of pop music. Best known as: saxophonist Hank Mobley, pianist Horace Silver, drummer Art Blakey and trumpet player Lee Morgan. Postbop

The term acid jazz or acid jazz is loosely used to refer to a very wide range of music. Although acid-jazz is not entirely legitimate to refer to jazz styles that developed from the common tree of jazz traditions, it cannot be completely ignored when analyzing the genre diversity of jazz music. Having emerged in 1987 on the British dance scene, acid jazz as a musical, predominantly instrumental style was formed on the basis of funk, with the addition of selected classical jazz tracks, hip-hop, soul and Latin groove. Actually, this style is one of the varieties of jazz renaissance, inspired in this case not so much by the performances of living veterans as by old jazz recordings of the late 1960s and early jazz funk of the early 1970s. Acid Jazz

Developed from the fusion style, smooth jazz abandoned the energetic solos and dynamic crescendos of the previous styles. Smooth-jazz is distinguished, first of all, by the deliberately emphasized polished sound. Improvisation is also largely excluded from the genre's musical arsenal. Enriched with the sounds of a variety of synthesizers, combined with rhythmic samples, the glossy sound creates a smooth and highly polished packaging for musical goods in which ensemble consonance matters more than its constituent parts. Most famous: Michael Franks, Chris Botti, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Larry Carlton, Stanley Clark, Bob James, Al Jarro, Diana Kroll, Bradley Lighton, Lee Ritenour, Dave Gruzin, Jeff Lorber, Chuck Loeb. Smooth-jazz

Jazz has always attracted interest among musicians and listeners around the world, regardless of their nationality. Enough to trace early works trumpet player Dizzy Gillespie and his fusion of jazz traditions with black Cuban music in the 1940s or later jazz fusion with Japanese, Eurasian and Middle Eastern music, famous in the work of pianist Dave Brubeck. jazz is constantly being influenced by other musical traditions, providing ripe food for future research and proving that jazz is truly world music. Spreading jazz

Thank you for the attention

After Christopher Columbus discovered a new continent and Europeans settled there, ships of merchants in living goods increasingly followed to the shores of America.

Exhausted by hard work, homesick and suffering from the brutal attitude of the warders, the slaves found solace in the music. Gradually, Americans and Europeans became interested in unusual melodies and rhythms. This is how jazz appeared. What is jazz, and what are its features, we will consider in this article.

Features of the musical direction

Jazz includes music of African American origin, which is based on improvisation (swing) and a special rhythmic structure (syncope). Unlike other styles, where one person writes music and the other performs, jazz musicians act as composers at the same time.

The melody is created spontaneously, the periods of writing, performance are separated by a minimum period of time. This is how jazz comes out. orchestra? This is the ability of musicians to adapt to each other. At the same time, everyone improvises their own.

The results of spontaneous compositions are saved in musical notation (T. Coler, G. Arlen “Happy all day”, D. Ellington “Don't you know what I love?”, Etc.).

Over time, African music has been synthesized with European music. Melodies appeared that combined plasticity, rhythm, melody and harmony of sounds (CHEATHAM Doc, Blues In My Heart, CARTER James, Centerpiece, etc.).

Directions

There are more than thirty styles of jazz. Let's take a look at some of them.

1. Blues. Translated from English, the word means "sadness", "melancholy". The blues was originally called a solo lyric song African Americans. Jazz blues is a twelve-bar period corresponding to a three-line poetic form. Blues compositions are performed in slow pace, there is some understatement in the texts. blues - Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, etc.

2. Ragtime. The literal translation of the style name is torn tense. In the language musical terms“Reg” refers to sounds that are complementary between beats of a measure. The direction appeared in the USA, after overseas carried away by the works of F. Schubert, F. Chopin and F. Liszt. The music of European composers was performed in the jazz style. Later appeared original compositions... Ragtime is characteristic of the works of S. Joplin, D. Scott, D. Lamb and others.

3. Boogie Woogie. The style appeared at the beginning of the last century. The inexpensive cafe owners needed musicians to play jazz. What is musical accompaniment assumes the presence of an orchestra, it was understood by itself, but to invite a large number of musicians were expensive. The sound of different instruments was compensated by pianists, creating numerous rhythmic compositions. Boogie is distinguished by:

• improvisation;
• virtuoso technique;
• special accompaniment: left hand performs a motor ostinant configuration, the interval between bass and melody is two or three octaves;
• continuous rhythm;
• pedal exclusion.

Boogie-woogie was played by Romeo Nelson, Arthur Montana Taylor, Charles Avery and others.

Style legends

Jazz is popular in many countries around the world. Everywhere there are stars, which are surrounded by an army of fans, but some names have become a real legend. They are known and loved throughout. Such musicians, in particular, include Louis Armstrong.

It is not known what the fate of the boy from the poor Negro quarter would have been if Louis had not been sent to a correctional camp. Here future star recorded in a brass band, however, the team did not play jazz. and how it is performed, the young man discovered much later. Armstrong gained worldwide fame thanks to diligence and perseverance.

Billie Holiday (real name Eleanor Fagan) is considered the founder of jazz singing. The singer reached her peak of popularity in the 50s of the last century, when she changed the scenes of nightclubs to theatrical stage.

Life was not easy for the owner of a three-octave range, Ella Fitzgerald. After the death of her mother, the girl ran away from home and did not lead a very decent life. The start of the singer's career was a performance at music competition Amateur Nights.

George Gershwin is world famous. The composer created jazz pieces based on classical music. The unexpected manner of performance captivated the audience and colleagues. Concerts were invariably accompanied by applause. The most famous works of D. Gershwin are "Rhapsody in Blues" (co-authored with Fred Grof), the operas "Porgy and Bess", "An American in Paris".

Also popular jazz performers were and remain Janis Joplin, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughn, Miles Davis, etc.

Jazz in the USSR

The appearance of this musical direction in the Soviet Union is associated with the name of the poet, translator and theater-goer Valentin Parnakh. The first concert of a jazz band under the guidance of a virtuoso took place in 1922. Later A. Tsfasman, L. Utyosov, Y. Skomorovsky formed the direction of theatrical jazz, combining instrumental performance and operetta. E. Rosner and O. Lundstrem did a lot to popularize jazz music.

In the 40s of the last century, jazz was widely criticized as a phenomenon of bourgeois culture. In the 50s and 60s, the attacks on performers stopped. Jazz ensembles were created both in the RSFSR and in other union republics.

Today jazz is performed unhindered in concert halls and clubs.

Soul swing?

Probably everyone knows how the composition sounds in this style. This genre originated in the early twentieth century in the United States of America and represents a certain combination of African and European culture. The amazing music attracted attention almost immediately, found its fans and quickly spread around the world.

It is rather difficult to convey a jazz musical cocktail, as it combines:

• bright and lively music;
• inimitable rhythm of African drums;
• church chants of Baptists or Protestants.

What is jazz in music? It is very difficult to define this concept, since at first glance incompatible motives sound in it, which, interacting with each other, give the world unique music.

Peculiarities

What are the characteristics of jazz? What is jazz rhythm? And what are the features of this music? Distinctive features of the style are:

• certain polyrhythmia;
• constant beat ripple;
• a set of rhythms;
• improvisation.

The musical range of this style is colorful, bright and harmonious. It clearly shows several separate timbres that merge together. The style is based on a unique combination of improvisation with a premeditated melody. Improvisation can be done by one soloist or by several musicians in an ensemble. The main thing is that the overall sound is clear and rhythmic.

Jazz history

This musical direction has developed and formed over the course of a century. Jazz arose from the very depths of African culture, as black slaves, who were brought from Africa to America to understand each other, learned to be one. And, as a result, they created a unified musical art.

The performance of African melodies is characterized by dance movements and the use of complex rhythms. All of them, together with the usual blues melodies, formed the basis for the creation of a completely new musical art.

The whole process of combining African and European culture in jazz art began at the end of the 18th century, continued throughout the 19th century and only at the end of the 20th century led to the emergence of a completely new direction in music.

When did jazz appear? What is West Coast Jazz? The question is rather ambiguous. This direction appeared in the south of the United States of America, in New Orleans, approximately at the end of the nineteenth century.

The initial stage of the emergence of jazz music is characterized by a kind of improvisation and work on the same musical composition... It was played by the main trumpet soloist, trombone and clarinet performers in conjunction with percussion musical instruments against the background of marching music.

Basic styles

The history of jazz began a long time ago, and as a result of the development of this musical direction, many different styles have appeared. For example:

• archaic jazz;
• blues;
• soul;
• soul jazz;
• scat;
• New Orleans jazz style;
• sound;
• swing.

The birthplace of jazz has left a big imprint on the style of this musical direction. The very first and traditional view, created by a small ensemble, became archaic jazz. The music is created in the form of improvisation on the themes of the blues, as well as European songs and dances.

Enough characteristic direction can be considered the blues, the melody of which is based on a clear beat. This kind of genre is characterized by a compassionate attitude and glorification of lost love. At the same time, light humor can be traced in the texts. Jazz music means a kind of instrumental dance piece.

Traditional Negro music is considered to be the direction of soul, directly related to the blues traditions. New Orleans jazz sounds quite interesting, which is distinguished by a very accurate bipartite rhythm, as well as the presence of several separate melodies. This trend is characterized by the fact that the main theme is repeated several times in different variations.

In Russia

In the thirties, jazz was very popular in our country. What is blues and soul, Soviet musicians learned in the thirties. The attitude of the authorities to this direction was very negative. Initially, jazz performers were not banned. However, there was a rather harsh criticism of this musical direction as a component of the entire Western culture.

In the late 1940s, jazz bands were persecuted. Over time, the repression against the musicians stopped, but the criticism continued.

Interesting and fascinating facts about jazz

The homeland of jazz is America, where various musical styles were combined. For the first time, this music appeared among the oppressed and disenfranchised representatives of the African people, who were forcibly taken away from their homeland. In the rare hours of rest, the slaves sang traditional songs, accompanying themselves with clapping their hands, since they did not have musical instruments.

At the very beginning, it was the most authentic African music. However, over time, it changed, and motives of religious Christian hymns appeared in it. At the end of the 19th century, other songs appeared, in which there was a protest and complaints about their life. Such songs began to be called blues.

The main feature of jazz is considered to be free rhythm, as well as complete freedom in the melodic style. Jazz musicians had to be able to improvise individually or collectively.

Since its inception in the city of New Orleans, jazz has managed to go through enough difficult path... It spread first in America, and then around the world.

Top Jazz Artists

Jazz - special music filled with unusual ingenuity and passion. She knows no boundaries or limits. Famous jazz performers are able to literally breathe life into music and fill it with energy.

The most famous jazz performer Louis Armstrong is considered, who is revered for his lively style, virtuosity, ingenuity. Armstrong's influence on jazz music is invaluable as he is the greatest musician of all time.

Duke Ellington made a great contribution to this direction, as he used his musical group as a music laboratory for conducting experiments. Over the years of his creative activity, he wrote many original and unique compositions.

In the early 80s, Winton Marsalis became a real discovery, as he preferred to play acoustic jazz, which made a splash and provoked a new interest in this music.

Jazz
As a kind of music developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. as a result of the synthesis of elements of two musical cultures - European and African. Of the African elements, one can note polyrhythmicity, multiple repetition of the main motive, vocal expressiveness, improvisation, which penetrated into jazz along with the common forms of Negro musical folklore- ritual dances, work songs, spirituals and blues.
The word "jazz", originally "jazz-band", began to be used in the middle of the 1st decade of the 20th century. in the southern states to refer to music created by small New Orleans ensembles (trumpet, clarinet, trombone, banjo, tuba or double bass, drums and piano) in the process of collective improvisation on themes of blues, ragtime, and popular European songs and dances.

Born in the 1960s. It is characterized by the desire to free jazz from the "shackles" of harmony, rhythm, meter, traditional structure, to make it program music. Avant-garde jazz relies on new expressive means and techniques. He is completely subordinate to the goals of performing individual and collective self-expression.

The most famous representatives are Alice Coltrane, Sun Ra, Archie Shepp.

So what exactly is Acid Jazz? This is a funky musical style with built-in elements of jazz, 70s funk, hip-hop, soul and other styles. It can be sampled, it can be "live", and it can be a mixture of the latter two.
Basically, Acid Jazz focuses on music, not lyrics / words. it club music which aims to make you move.
The first Acid Jazz single was "Frederick Lies Still" by Galliano. It was a cover of Curtis Mayfield's "Freddie's Dead" from the movie Superfly.
Gilles Peterson, who was the DJ for KISS FM, contributed a lot to the promotion and support of the Acid Jazz style. He was one of the first to found the Acid Jazz label. In the late 80s - early 90s, many Acid Jazz performers appeared, who were both "live" teams - De-Phazz, James Taylor Quartet, Galliano, Jamiroquai, Don Cherry, and studio projects - PALm Skin Productions, Mondo GroSSO, Outside, and United Future Organization.

Big band
Of course, this is not a jazz style, but a type of jazz instrumental ensemble, but nevertheless it was included in the table, for any jazz performed by a "big band" stands out very strongly against the background of individual jazz performers and small groups.
The number of musicians in big bands usually ranges from ten to seventeen people.
Formed in the late 1920s, it consists of three orchestral groups: saxophones - clarinets (Reels), brass wind instruments(Brass, later groups of trumpets and trombones were distinguished), rhythm section (Rhythm section - piano, double bass, guitar, drums musical instruments). The heyday of big band music, which began in the United States in the 1930s, is associated with a period of mass enthusiasm for swing.
Later, up to the present time, big bands performed and perform music of the most different styles... However, in essence, the era of big bands begins much earlier and dates back to the times of American minstrel theaters of the second half of the 19th century, which often increased the number of actors to several hundred actors and musicians. Listen to The Original Dixieland Jazz Band, King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, The Glenn Miller Orchestra, Benny Goodman And His Orchestra and you will appreciate the beauty of jazz performed by big bands.

Bebop
A jazz style that emerged in the early - mid 40s of the 20th century and opened the era of modern jazz. It is characterized by a fast pace and complex improvisations based on changing harmony, not melody.
The super-fast pace of performance was introduced by Parker and Gillespie to keep out non-professionals from their new improvisations. Among other things, an outrageous demeanor became a hallmark of all Bebop members. Gillespie's "Dizzy" curved trumpet, Parker and Gillespie's behavior, Monk's ridiculous hats, etc.
Having emerged as a reaction to the widespread spread of swing, bebop continued to develop its principles in the use of expressive means, but at the same time discovered a number of opposite tendencies.
Unlike swing, for the most part representing the music of large commercial dance orchestras, bebop is an experimental creative direction in jazz, associated mainly with the practice of small ensembles (combos) and anti-commercial in its direction.
The bebop stage was a significant shift in emphasis in jazz from popular dance music to more highly artistic, intellectual, but less mainstream "music for musicians." Bop musicians preferred complex improvisations based on playing chords instead of melodies.
The main instigators of the birth were: saxophonist Charlie Parker, trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, drummer Max Roach. For Be Bop, listen to Chick Corea, Michel Legrand, Joshua Redman Elastic Band, Jan Garbarek, Charles Mingus, Modern Jazz Quartet.

Boogie woogie
Boogie-woogie, in its "non-commercialized" forms, is an instrumental solo that combines elements of blues and jazz. From blues to boogie-woogie - 12-bar progression and a kind of "blues" sound with slides (this is the name of sliding from a black key to a white one played with one finger), all kinds of melismas, trills, indistinct "slipping" fingering of adjacent notes. From jazz - the importance of improvised solos, which is why pianists often looked to jazz standards in search of improvisational ideas.
Barrelhouse, honky-tonk, boogie-woogie are the designations for "lax" musical styles that are directly related to the places in which they were born, namely, taverns, pubs, barns, saloons - for this was the name of the establishments themselves. Of course, musical instruments in such establishments were not of the best quality - this is in the first place. And secondly, because of the "unacceptable" operating conditions. Therefore, what would later become boogie-woogie was originally a kind of adaptation of the honky-tonk musicians to the constantly disturbed state of the instruments.
The beginning of boogie-woogie, the first piece in this style is considered to be "Pine Top" s Boogie Woogie "by Clarence Pinetop Smith, Chicago pianist of" custom "parties (December 1928) Hundreds of pianists from Count Basie, Albert Ammons, Clarence Lofton to Pinetop Perkins - adopted son of Pinetop Smith - recorded their own version of the song Clarence Smith used the term "boogie woogie" to describe the syncopated bass figures and wiggly dances inspired by the music. boogie-woogie, after which sketchy and unimaginative songs replaced what in the early thirties was the newest style of piano playing (meanwhile, this genre of playing nevertheless developed, and did not stand still - such original pianists played in this style, as Piano Red, and Alex Moore and David Alexander are considered modern classics this style).
The younger generation - Meade Lux Lewis, Albert Ammons, Pete Johnston - friend-taxi drivers turned boogie-woogie from dance music into concert music (i.e., the one that is only listened to). As instrumentalists, these are unsurpassed virtuosos, next to whom few can be put. Pete Johnston used to practice by covering the keys with a rag and playing through it. Other names for boogie-woogie are breakdown (in Chicago), fast Texas blues, and fast western (in the Midwest). Notable representatives classic boogie woogie: Pine Top Smith, Jimmy Yancey, Cripple Clarence Lofton, Fats Waller.

Bossa Nova
In terms of rhythm, the southern part of the New World has noticeably influenced in our century all popular (and jazz) world music and has given it a lot in terms of rhythm. Over the course of a century, tango, rumba, beguin, cha-cha-cha, calypso, sleep, merengue, mambo and, of course, samba came out of here, and in addition, many different Latin American percussion instruments, new to us (percussion ).
The mambo style and dance gained immense popularity in America and Europe in the 50s, both in jazz and in popular music. It was a Latin American dance that was a kind of fast rumba in a 4/4 time signature.
The "King of Mambo" in the United States was the head of the dance orchestra Perez Prado (1916-1989), a native of Cuban. But since many American cool musicians then regularly toured with concerts around the world, including South America, there they became closely acquainted with Brazilian samba. Thanks to this, a unique synthesis arose - the rhythm of the Brazilian samba combined with jazz improvisation in the style of "cool" (that is, "jazz samba", "ice and fire"), and this music called "bossa nova" ("new wave "," something new ") became extremely popular in the United States, and soon it covered all of America and Europe with the speed of a forest fire, because it combined and irresistibly attracted swing, melody and poetry.
The most outstanding personality among the composers of the bossa nova was, of course, Antonio Carlos Jobim (1927-1994), and among the American performers were saxophonist Stan Getz and guitarist Charlie Bird.
In February 1962, Getz and Bird recorded their first disc, which was called "Jazz Samba", and in the same year they received a Grammy for it, and in March 1963 Stan Getz recorded in New York another successful album of the bossa nova with the Brazilian singer Astrud Gilberto and A.K. Jobim himself at the piano. In the future, it would be difficult to name such a jazz or popular artist who would not record themes in the spirit of bossa nova.

Classic jazz
The generally accepted final designation for early jazz styles, the existence of which usually dates from the late 19th century to the second decade of the 20th century, that is, before the appearance of "white" orchestras, playing in the manner of Dixieland.
In the late 1930s, an attempt was made to restore old New Orleans jazz under the names New Orleans Renaissance and Dixieland Revival.
Traditional jazz, as all varieties of New Orleans style and Dixieland and even swing began to be called later, became widespread in Europe and almost merged with the urban household music of the Old World - the famous three "Bs" in Great Britain - Acker Bilk, Chris Barber and Kenny Ball (the latter became famous for his Dixieland version of Moscow evenings at the very beginning of the 1960s). In the wake of the Dixieland renaissance in Great Britain, there was also a fashion for archaic ensembles of home-made instruments - skiffles, with which the members of the Beatles quartet began their careers.
Recommended: Louis Armstrong, Nino Katamadze, Ella Fitzgerald, The Glenn Miller Orchestra, Duke Ellington, Bill Sharpe, Michel Petrucciani, Wynton Marsalis, Greg Grainger.

Cool jazz
One of the styles of modern jazz, formed at the turn of the 40s - 50s of the 20th century on the basis of the development of the achievements of swing and bop. The origin of this style is primarily associated with the name of the Negro swing saxophonist L. Young, who developed the “cold” manner of sound production, opposite to the sound ideal of hot jazz (the so-called Lester sound); he also introduced the term “kul” for the first time. In addition, the prerequisites for cool jazz are found in the work of many bebop musicians, such as Charles Parker, T. Monk, M. Davis, J. Lewis, M. Jackson and others.
However, cool jazz has significant differences from bop. This manifested itself in a departure from the traditions of hot jazz followed by bop, in the rejection of excessive rhythmic expressiveness and intonation instability, from the deliberate emphasis of a specifically Negro flavor. Played in this style: Miles Davis, Stan Getz, Modern Jazz Quartet, Gerry Mulligan, Dave Brubeck, Zoot Sims, Paul Desmond.