Grotesque and hyperbole as methods of satirical depiction in the Tale of the Shemyakin Court. Satirical and psychological hyperbole
The story of Shemyakin court Is an example of witty and thoughtful satire. She denounces greed and greed, bribery and stupidity.
Questions and tasks
1. Who are the heroes of the story "Shemyakin's Court"? Which one is right? Whose side is the author on?
The heroes of the story are:
two brothers of a peasant - poor (poor) and rich;
pop;
a city dweller who met by chance;
Shemyaka is a judge.
We can say that each of them is right. The poor brother is not to blame for being poor in property. The rich man is also right, because the horse was unfairly spoiled. The priest had a great grief - his son died right in the house. And the citizen is right - his father died by accident.
What are the crimes of the hero of the story? Which of the heroes is punished?
The Hero's crimes are that he does not know how to get out of his poverty. the horse's tail was torn off because he tied a cart to it - he even had x there was no whirlpool, and my brother did not want to give. He ran over Popov's son by accident, because he was hungry and fell off the shelf. He also killed the father of the city dweller by chance - he jumped off the bridge to commit suicide.
Almost every hero, except the wretched one, is punished: the rich gave money for the horse, the priest - in order not to give the poor to the poor, and the townspeople - to avoid absurd death as a result of revenge. The judge was also partly punished for his greed - he did not receive a penny. However, everyone who has read the Tale of the Shemyakin Court understands that all these punishments are unfair. Each of the heroes is right, but they all got it for nothing.
2. Whom does the story make fun of? Which hero do you sympathize with and why?
The story of Shemyakin's court makes fun of the judge's greed and venality. Sympathy arises for all the other heroes, except perhaps the wretched one. He would be silent and go home, but he asks for the rest of the money.
3. What kind of court do they say: "Shemyakin court"?
About the most unfair, which not only does not resolve the situation, but also aggravates the situation.
4. What are the techniques satirical image(grotesque, hyperbole) is it used in the story? Give examples of the use of these techniques in the text of the story?
Hyperbola (exaggeration) is used in the story to show how unfair the judicial system is. Even gross exaggeration cannot surprise the reader.
Example: "I decided to betray myself to death and threw myself from the bridge into the ditch ... Rushing, I fell on the old man and strangled my father to death ...". If he could still crush the priest's child to death (for example, the child was nursing), then it is impossible to kill the old man by falling from the bridge, and even to remain healthy himself. This is a gross exaggeration.
Grotesque - a technique characterized by the use of fantastic images, illogisms to illustrate real events. They are used to focus attention on certain accents.
Example: "I took my logs, tied them by the horse's tail." Even without a collar, it was possible to fit the log to the horse. However, the poor man acted too illogical.
Cultivate the gift of speech
2. What impression does the story make on you? Prepare a detailed answer by including the expression Shemyakin court as the saying goes.
The story of Shemyakin's trial makes a sad impression, gives rise to a feeling of total injustice and stupidity. Despite the fact that it was written with a fair amount of irony, the heroes involuntarily feel sorry for them. The hopelessness of their situation reflects the life of many of the writer's contemporaries.
In modern social structures, this state of affairs is partly preserved. And from time to time we have to experience this very Shemyakin court.
3. Consider the illustrations for the story "Shemyakin Court". Choose at your discretion several scenes depicted in them. Retell them close to the text of the story.
The story of the Shemyakin court can be learned from the pictures.
2nd: He (the poor man) took a horse, and having collected a full log, tied it to the horse's tail. Then he hit her with a whip so that she pulled the load, and she jerked, and her tail came off.
3rd: He came to his rich brother to return the horse. He saw that she was without a tail, and without thinking twice, went to the city to beat the poor man with his forehead.
4th: The poor man with the pillows saw that his brother was having dinner with the priest, but his name was not, and fell down. Fell and crushed little son ass to death.
5th engraving: The poor man understood that his brother and the priest would drive him out of the world, and decided to commit suicide. He threw himself down from the bridge. And under him was one of the townspeople - taking his father to the bathhouse to wash. The poor man, falling, crushed the old man to death.
The story makes fun of bribery, the greed of judges; lack of an orderly legislative system in the state.
The heroes of the story "Shemyakin's Court", the priest and the "inhabitant of the city," whose father died, evoke sympathy. They lost their close relatives, went to court to seek a fair punishment for the offender, and found the mockery of a corrupt judge.
The expression "Shemyakin court" means an unfair, corrupt court.
The main technique of satirical depiction in the story is the grotesque. It sharpens life relationships in the story; shows both the comic of the situation and the tragedy human destinies... The decisions of the court are elevated to the level of absurdity: Shemyaka offers to give the priest to the wretched priest until the time when she takes on a new son; the rich farmer offers to give the poor horse until the tail grows out.
Hyperbole is an artistic technique based on exaggeration; used in the story to show how unfair the judicial system is. Example: "I decided to betray myself to death and threw myself from the bridge into the ditch ... Rushing, I fell on the old man and strangled my father to death ...". If he could still crush the priest's child to death (for example, the child was nursing), then it is impossible to kill the old man by falling from the bridge, and even to remain healthy himself. This is a gross exaggeration. Hyperboles can be called the ripping out of a horse's tail, the incessant commission of manslaughter by a poor man, the likelihood of which, even one by one, is practically zero.
Grotesque- a technique characterized by the use of fantastic images, as well as generalizing and sharpening life relationships through a bizarre and contrasting combination of real and fantastic, plausibility and caricature, hyperbole and alogism. Example: "I took my logs, tied them by the horse's tail." Even without a collar, it was possible to fit the log to the horse. However, the poor man acted too illogical.
Shemyaka's decisions are incompatible with the judge's decision. Therefore, they can be called grotesque: the proposal to wait until the horse has a new tail; a proposal to repeat the situation with the death of the father of a city dweller, who was being taken to the bathhouse, and also to jump on the poor man in order to try to kill him; the decision to force the poor man to correct the death of the priest's son in order to live with the priest as with a wife until their child is born to replace the murdered one.
2. How is the problem of upbringing a true citizen revealed in the comedy of D.I. Fonvizin "Minor"?
The question of false and true parenting is in the title... It is not for nothing that in modern Russian the word ignoramus means a dropout. After all, Mitrofan did not learn anything positive in his sixteen years, although his mother hired teachers for him, but she did it not out of love for literacy, but only because Peter 1 ordered so. Prostakova did not hide it "... , so that it will come to his ears how you work! .. "
Positive smart heroes, such as Pravdin, Starodum, said: "... have a heart, have a soul and you will be a man at all times ..." They despise cowardly, unfair, dishonorable people. Starodum believed that it is not necessary to leave a lot of money to a child, the main thing is to cultivate dignity in him. "... The golden fool is all fool ..."
The character of a person is formed in the family, but what kind of person could Mitrofanushka become? He took over from his mother all the vices: extreme ignorance, rudeness, greed, cruelty, contempt of others. Not surprising, because parents are always the main role model for children. And what example could Mrs. Prostakova set to her son, if she allowed herself to be rude, rude, humiliate others in front of his eyes? Of course, she loved Mitrofan, but in this regard, she greatly spoiled him:
- Go and let the child have breakfast.
- He already ate five buns.
- So you're sorry for the sixth, beast?
What diligence! if you please watch.
"... Mitrofanushka, if learning is so dangerous for your little head, stop it for me ..."
The influence of his mother and serfdom seduced Mitrofan - he grows up as an ignoramus.
The teachers also could not give a decent education to Mitrofan, because they were just as half-educated. Kuteikin and Tsifirkin did not contradict and did not force the ignorant to study, and he was not interested in this process. If something did not work out, the boy dropped the case and proceeded to another. For three years he had already studied, but did not learn anything new. "... I don't want to study, I want to get married ..."
To these teachers, Mrs. Prostakova prefers the former German coachman Vralman, who does not tire her son, and if he is tired, of course, will let the hesitant child go.
As a result, the beloved son brings the mother to a fainting state with his indifference to her feelings, betrayal.
"... Here is evil worthy fruit!" This remark by Starodum says that such upbringing leads to heartlessness, to an irreparable result. In the finale, Mitrofan is an example of heartlessness.
I think the problem of upbringing was, is and will probably always be. That is why the modern reader will be interested and useful in the comedy "The Minor". She will reveal the consequences of an unworthy upbringing given to the protagonist. Will make you wonder how young readers and their parents.
To make bad and bad funny means to devalue it, to reduce it, to induce in people a desire to get rid of negative traits... Satirical literature, like no other, has a strong educational effect, although, of course, not everyone likes to recognize themselves in heroes satirical comedy or fables. Any satirical work: a fable, a comedy, a fairy tale, a novel, has a number of specific features, which are inherent only to them. Firstly, this is a very large degree of conventionality of the depicted, proportion the real world in a satirical work are displaced and distorted, the satirist deliberately focuses only on negative sides reality, which appear in the work in a hypertrophied, often fantastic, form. Remember Gogol's admission that in The Inspector General, the writer "wanted to collect everything bad in Russia and laugh at everything at once." But this, according to the writer, "laughter visible to the world" through "invisible, unknown to him tears", the satirist mourns the lost ideal of man in his caricatured, often repulsive heroes. The satirical writer must have a special talent for creating the comic, i.e. funny, in literary work... These are various comic plot collisions, illogical, absurd situations, the use of speaking names and surnames, etc. The most important artistic techniques that allow you to create satirical images are the following (see diagram 6).
Irony(Greek eironeia, mockery, pretense) - a method of ridicule, when direct and hidden meaning what has been said contradict each other when, under the guise of imaginary seriousness, a stinging, caustic mockery is hidden.
The mayor Borodavkin "led the campaign against the arrears, and burned thirty-three villages and, with the help of these measures, collected arrears of two rubles and a half."
M. Saltykov-Shchedrin. "The history of one city"
The dialogues of the heroes, in which irony is used, are also a common technique in satirical works, the comic effect arises because one of the heroes does not feel the ironic connotation.
Sarcasm(Greek sakasmos literally tearing meat) - a stinging, cruel mockery, expressed directly, without
half hints.
Gloom-Burcheev - one of the mayors in the "History of a city" by M. Saltykov-Shchedrin - is described exclusively in sarcastic tones:
"The purest type of idiot rises before the eyes of the viewer, who has made some gloomy decision and has vowed to carry it out."
"I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with eyes slanted to her nose from constant lies."
M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Hyperbola- exaggeration, bright and, perhaps, one of the most important satirical techniques, since exaggeration, exaggeration of negative features is the law of a satirical depiction of reality, it is no coincidence that V. Mayakovsky called satire "a look at the world through a magnifying glass."
Hyperbole can be verbal ("unpleasant news"), but more often there is an expanded hyperbole, when the injection of many similar details exaggerates some feature to the point of absurdity.
According to the laws of exaggeration, whole episodes are often built, for example, the famous "scene of lies" from "The Inspector General", when in ten minutes Khlestakov made himself from a petty official to the director of a department, which subordinates "couriers, couriers, couriers ... can you imagine thirty-five thousand couriers alone! "
Hyperbole is often combined with grotesque and fantasy.
Fantastic(phantastike Greek. ability to imagine) - the image of absolutely impossible, illogical, incredible situations and heroes.
In satirical works, science fiction is very often used together with grotesque and hyperbole, it is often impossible to separate them, as, for example, in V. Mayakovsky's poem “The Sitting Ones”: “I see: half of the people are sitting. O devilry! Where is the other half ?! "
Grotesque(grotesque fr. freaky, intricate) - the most difficult satirical device, which consists in an unexpected, at first glance impossible combination of high and low, funny and terrible, beautiful and ugly.
The grotesque contains elements of fiction and exaggeration, therefore it contains a very strong impulse of emotional and psychological impact on the reader, the grotesque strikes, excites the imagination, calling to look at reality from a new, often paradoxical point of view. The grotesque was especially often resorted to in their work by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and M.A. Bulgakov.
Sometimes the plot of the whole work can be built on a grotesque situation (M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog").
THE STORY OF THE SHEMYAKIN'S COURT is a work of the democratic literature XVII v. , which is a Russian satirical reworking fabulous plot about wise decisions righteous judge, widespread both in folklore recordings and in literary adaptations.
The first part of P. tells how the main character commits three crimes (rips off the tail of a horse that belonged to his rich brother; falling from the floor, knocks the priest's son to death; throwing himself off the bridge, kills the old man, whom the son was taking to the bathhouse). In the second part, it is described how the poor man shows the unjust judge Shemyaka a stone wrapped in a shawl, which the judge takes for a promise - a bag of money, for which he sentences the rich brother to give the horse to the poor man until it grows a new tail, punishes the priest to give it to him until until the poor man “gets a child,” and the son of the murdered old man also offers to throw himself from the bridge to the killer. Plaintiffs prefer to buy off in order not to comply with the judge's decisions. Shemyaka, having learned that the poor man was showing him a stone, thanked God: “as if I would not judge by him, but he would have ushered me”.
The motive of deception with a stone at the trial, used by a Russian author to create satirical work based on a fairy tale plot, it exists in world folklore, organically included in fairy tales, different in plot. In the XVI century. by the Polish writer Nikolai Rey from Naglowice, a literary treatment of the motif was made.
P. is found in both prosaic and poetic versions. Eldest of known lists prosaic text refers to late XVII v. In the XVIII century. the prosaic text was arranged in unequal syllabic verse; there are also transcriptions of the work in tonic verse and six-foot iambic. Starting from the 1st floor. XVIII century popular publications appear (Rovinsky D. Russian folk pictures... - SPb. , 1881.- Book. 1.- S. 189-192), reproducing in an abbreviated form the plot of the work (republished 5 times, up to the publication with a censorship mark in 1838). Throughout the XVIII-XX centuries. numerous literary adaptations of P. appear; in the 1st third of XIX v. the work was translated twice into German... The title of the story - "Shemyakin Court" - has become a popular saying.
The word "grotesque" comes from French term meaning "comic", "funny", "intricate", "quirky". This is the oldest technique in literature, which, like hyperbole, is based on exaggeration, sharpening the qualities of people, as well as the properties of natural phenomena, objects, facts of social life. But in the grotesque, exaggeration has a special character: it is fantastic, in which the depicted is completely removed not only beyond the so-called lifelike, but also permissible, probable from the standpoint of plausibility. in which grotesque arises (we will present examples to you) - this is a fantastic deformation of the existing reality.
The emergence of the term
The term itself appeared in the 15th century to denote a type of artistic imagery, very unusual. In one of the grottoes Ancient Rome During the excavations, an interesting and original ornament was discovered, in which fantastically different human, animal and plant forms intertwined.
Where is grotesque used?
Along with hyperbole, grotesque is widely used in fairy tales, legends and myths. There are numerous examples of it in these genres. One of the brightest in the tale is the image
Writers, creating characters based on the grotesque, use exaggeration as an artistic convention. At the same time, it can be realistically substantiated (for example, in Khlestakov's description of Petersburg life, which is the result of this hero's passion for lies). In the works of Lermontov, this technique is used for a romantic depiction of events and heroes. It is based on, although possible, but exceptional. The boundaries between the real and the fantastic are blurred, but they do not disappear.
The basis of the grotesque
The impossible, the unthinkable, but necessary for the author to achieve a certain artistic effect, constitutes the basis of the grotesque. This is, therefore, a fantastic hyperbole, since the usual exaggeration is closer to reality, while the grotesque is closer to a nightmare, where fantastic visions exciting imagination defy logical explanations, can become a terrifying "reality" for people. The emergence of the imagery of the grotesque is connected with the most complex mechanisms that the human psyche has. The unconscious and the conscious interact in it. The exaggerated imagery that so impresses us in the works created by domestic writers, it is not for nothing that they often arise in the dreams of the characters. The grotesque is very often used here. Examples from the literature include the following: these are the dreams of Tatyana Larina and Raskolnikov.
Fantastic elements of dreams by Larina and Raskolnikova
Tatyana Larina's dream (the work "Eugene Onegin", fifth chapter) is filled with images of monsters, which are grotesque. With horror, this heroine in a wretched hut notices a fantastic dance, in the image of which the grotesque is used. Examples: "skull on a gooseneck", "crayfish riding a spider", "squatting dancing" mill.
In what is also fantastic, the image of a laughing old woman is created, which can also be attributed to the grotesque. The psychological equivalent of truth is the hero's delusional visions: his fight with evil, which was embodied in the image of a "malevolent old woman", in the end turned out to be just an absurd struggle, similar to the one he carried out with Don Quixote. Only evil laughs wildly at Raskolnikov. The more frantically he longs to kill him, the more he grows to him.
Connecting with realistic images, situations, events
Created by various authors on the basis of the grotesque seem to us absolutely absurd, implausible from the standpoint of common sense. Emotionally expressive, their striking effect is often enhanced by the fact that such imagery interacts with realistic, quite ordinary, plausible events and situations.
Realistic elements in the dreams of Larina and Raskolnikov
The grotesque has elements of reality in both of these works, and not only in them: examples from literature presented by the work of other authors also prove the presence of two elements in it (fantastic and realistic). For example, in Tatyana's nightmare, the characters are, along with terrible monsters, easily recognizable Lensky and Onegin.
In the dream of Raskolnikov's hero, the motivation of the grotesque image and situation from the episode in which the laughing old woman is portrayed is quite real. This is just a dream-recollection of the main character about the murder he committed. There is nothing fantastic about the ax and the criminal himself.
The use of the grotesque by satirical writers
The combination of ordinary social and everyday situations with grotesque imagery by various satirical writers is widely used. Thus, the images of the mayors of the city of Foolov, one of whom has a "organ" instead of brains, and the other has a stuffed head on his shoulders, were created in the "History of a City" by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin.
This story is also filled with some grotesque, incredible situations (wars against those who refused to use mustard; "wars for enlightenment", etc.). All of them are brought by the author to the point of absurdity, but they depict quite ordinary conflicts and contradictions between the people and the tyrannical government for Russia.
We briefly talked about, Examples from fiction others can be cited as well. They are quite numerous. Thus, a very popular phenomenon is the grotesque. Examples in Russian can be supplemented with the works of foreign authors, since this is also used very actively in their work.