What scientific name was reflected in the picture by the chocolate maker. Three masterpieces of the Dresden gallery
Swiss artist J.-E. Lyotard was called "the painter of kings and beautiful women". Everything in his life consisted of happy accidents and circumstances that talented painter, gifted, moreover, with a practical mind, skillfully used.
J.-E. Lyotard. Self-portrait in Turkish costume. Pastel.
At one time, the family of J.-E. Lyotard was forced to emigrate from France to Geneva. Future artist at one time he studied in Paris with the engraver and miniaturist Masse. Then in the life of J.-E. Lyotard began years of wandering, during which he visited many cities and countries. He traveled as a companion of noble persons, as many had to do so often. painters XVIII century.
Travels were given by J.-E. Lyotard varied material for observation and accustomed him to the almost documentary accuracy of sketches. For portraits J.-E. Lyotard is characterized by exceptional accuracy in the reproduction of the model, and it is precisely with this that the artist acquired European fame for himself and acquired high patrons. He was warmly welcomed by the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna, by the Pope in Rome, and by Turkish Sultan in Constantinople. Everyone liked the portraits of J.-E. Lyotard's likeness of faces, completeness in the depiction of materials of clothing and jewelry and the colorfulness of his canvases.
The portrait of the beautiful Anna Baltauf, known worldwide as La belle chocoladiere and copied and engraved countless times (located in the Dresden Gallery), was painted in Vienna.
Most likely, Anna was a servant at the court of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, where the painter noticed the girl. Anna, the daughter of an impoverished knight, served as a maid at court.
They say that it was there that the young prince Dietrichstein noticed her beauty.
He fell in love and - to the horror of the aristocracy - married her.
As a wedding present, Prince Dietrichtein ordered Jean Etienne Lyotard, who worked at the Viennese court at the time, to have a portrait of his bride in the very clothes in which he first saw her.
They say that on the wedding day, the bride invited the chocolatiers she knew and, being happy with her elevation, gave them her hand with the words: "Here! Now I have become a princess, and you can kiss my hand."
This painting is also notable for the fact that it was the first to depict the first porcelain in Europe - Meissen
Now this painting is in the Dresden picture gallery, but originally it was bought by the Venetian Count Algarotti, a connoisseur and lover of painting. In one of his letters, he said: "I bought the famous Lyotard pastel. It is executed in imperceptible detradations of light and with excellent relief. The transmitted nature is not changed at all; being a European work, pastel is executed in the spirit of the Chinese ... sworn enemies of the shadow. Well, then. As far as the completion of the work is concerned, it can be said in one word: this is Holbein pastels, which depicts in profile a young German girl-maid carrying a tray with a glass of water and a cup of chocolate.
Indeed, the picture shows only one female figure.
But she is depicted in such a way that she bewitches most of the viewers who visit the famous gallery in Dresden. J.-E. Lyotard managed to give the picture the character of a genre scene. Before "Shokoladnitsa" - free space, therefore, the impression is that the model does not seem to pose for the artist, but passes in front of the viewer in small steps, carefully and carefully carrying the tray.
The Shokoladnitsa's eyes are modestly lowered, but the consciousness of her attractiveness illuminates her entire tender and sweet face. Her posture, the position of her head and hands - everything is full of the most natural grace. Her little foot in a gray high-heeled shoe peeks out modestly from under her skirt.
The colors of the "Shokoladnitsa" clothes were selected by J.-E. Lyotard in soft harmony: a silvery-gray skirt, a golden bodice, a shining white apron, a transparent white kerchief and a fresh silk cap - pink and delicate, like a rose petal ... The artist, with his inherent precision, does not deviate a dash from the most detailed reproduction of the form body of "Chocolate Girl" and her clothes. So, for example, the dense silk of her dress is really puffing up; the folds of the apron, which had just been taken out of the linen drawer, had not yet straightened; a glass of water reflects the window, and a line is reflected in it top edge a small tray.
The painting "Chocolate Girl" is notable for its completeness in every detail, to which J.-E. Lyotard. Art critic M. Alpatov believes that "due to all these features," Chocolate Girl "can be attributed to the miracles of optical illusion in art, like those bunches of grapes in the picture of the famous ancient Greek artist who tried to peck sparrows." After the conventionality and mannerism of some masters of the 18th century, the almost photographic accuracy of the painting by J.-E. Lyotard gave the impression of a revelation.
The artist worked exclusively in the pastel technique, which was very common in the 18th century, and was fluent in it. But J.-E. Lyotard was not only virtuoso master of this technique, but also its convinced theorist. He believed that it was pastel that most naturally conveys color and the subtlest transitions of light and shade within light colorful tones. The very task of showing a figure in a white apron against a white wall is a difficult pictorial task, but J.-E. Lyotard's combination of a gray-gray and white apron with pale-gray shadows and a steel shade of water is a real poetry of colors. In addition, using thin transparent shadows in "Shokoladnitsa", he achieved perfect drawing accuracy, as well as maximum convexity and volume definition.
based on the materials of Wikipedia and the story of N.A. Ionina, publishing house "Veche", 2002
Jean-Etienne Lyotard. Chocolate girl. Pastel, parchment. 82.5x52.5 cm. 1743-1745 Gallery of old masters in Dresden
It is not known for certain who posed for Lyotard. There are many legends about this. The most popular says that before us is the daughter of a ruined nobleman.
She liked the prince who came to the cafe so much that he decided to marry the girl. And before the wedding, he ordered her portrait in the outfit in which he fell in love. That is, in the outfit of a chocolatier.
Rather, it's just beautiful legend... Which played a significant role in making the picture one of the most recognizable in the world. She is almost the main one business card Dresden Gallery (along with).
But I'm not surprised why such a legend was born in principle. Her pictorial characteristics themselves suggest the nobility of the heroine.
See how fair skin with a delicate blush is. A girl of simple birth could hardly afford such a thing. After all, she needed a lot of being in the air.
In addition to working in a cafe, you also have to do housework: dragging water from a well, going to the market or even fiddling around in the garden. And in this case, her skin would certainly be darker.
Her hands are also very sleek. Lyotard wrote them out with particular fondness. A hard-working girl could not afford such a thing either. Sewing, washing dishes and other household chores would certainly have left their mark.
Jean-Etienne Lyotard. Chocolate girl (fragment). 1745-1747 Gallery of old masters in Dresden Gives out a girl and a stately posture. To have such a back, it was necessary to keep an eye on it from early childhood... And this was only possible within the framework of a noble family.
In addition, Lyotard picked incredible colors. Golden ocher color of the corset. Blue-gray color of the skirt. A soft pink cap with a blue ribbon. Snow-white color of the apron and shawl. All colors are light, emphasizing the feeling of freshness and well-groomed.
If the artist had chosen other colors, the impression of the painting would have been definitely different.
Also notice how carefully Lyotard wrote out the glass and porcelain cup on the girl's tray. We can say that they are also "from high society».
Most likely, it was because of all these "noble" details that the legend about the lady was born blue bloods who fell into the service of the financial problems of the family.
But something tells me that it's all about the artist Lyotard himself. He clearly had a delicate taste and knew how to create nobility where there was not such a quantity. And he willingly flattered his models.
Jean-Etienne Lyotard. Portrait of Mary-Joseph of Saxony, Dauphine of France. 1751 Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam Such was the Rococo era. Art was supposed to be light and bring beauty to people. Lyotard himself said that painting is just a mirror in which the most beautiful of the real world is reflected.
"Chocolate Girl" - a painting by the Swiss artist Jean Etienne Lyotard, the most famous work the author. Written in mid XVIII century, it still attracts the attention of visitors to the Dresden Gallery, to the collection of which it belongs.
Meet the artist
Jean Etienne (1702-1789) is a non-trivial figure. He was known as a "painter of truth", but not because he sought to capture the injustice of the world or to expose those in power. Lyotard loved to accurately portray what he saw. His work is often close to photography. Today, this approach is unlikely to surprise anyone, but at that time there were canvases in fashion that convey reality in an embellished form, full of brilliance and obligatory charm. Lyotard can be called a rebel, but with a happy fate. He was loved the mighty of the world This is what he left to descendants with magnificent portraits of Marshal of Saxony, Pope Clement XII, Empress of Austria. The image of the latter vividly illustrates the author's approach, which is not standard for the 18th century: the queen was not painted surrounded by the attributes of power or full of thoughts about the fate of Austria, in the portrait she looks more like a mother worried about her sons and a woman full of health.
Jean Etienne was an avid traveler. He visited Moldova and Romania, did not ignore Italy, France, Greece, lived in Turkey for some time and brought from there a love for the East and numerous images of gentle beauties against a background of exotic flowers. Just some time after the artist's return from Constantinople, "The Chocolate Girl" appears - a painting that brought Lyotard worldwide fame.
Attention to detail
The composition of the canvas is quite simple: full height depicts a girl with a tray in her hands. This is a chocolate maker. The author of the picture managed to capture the young lady in such a way that it seems as if she is about to go further past the enthusiastic observers. How is this effect created? It's all about the details. The folds of clothes, the elements of the cup, and finally the reflection in a glass of water - everything makes the image so realistic that the girl seems alive.
Each element is carefully crafted. You can see that the maid's apron is quite fresh: even the folds have not yet straightened, apparently, it was recently put on. The artist paid attention to the drawing of both the lace on the cap and on the cup. In creating the illusion of movement, free space plays an important role in the direction where the chocolate maker is going. Lyotard's painting captivates with this: realism and simplicity, not devoid of tenderness.
Light and color
The warmth of the artist's relationship to the model is always perceived in one way or another by the viewer. Here it is conveyed using a color palette. Delicate pink, white, golden, silver-gray, flowing into each other, glow from the inside, like the young chocolate-maker herself. The picture is painted in pastel, conveying the slightest nuances of shades. Lyotard preferred a similar painting technique to others and was considered a real virtuoso of pastels.
The author also managed to convey the inner light of the heroine. She is modest, but in her posture and head position one can read pride and the consciousness of her own beauty. A simple maid? An ordinary chocolate maker? The picture allows us to hope that this is not the case.
Legends of all-conquering love
The painter definitely did not draw the girl from his imagination. Despite the fact that Lyotard's main biographer does not agree with this, rumor attributes a romantic origin to the canvas.
Jean Etienne often portrayed beauties, including the chocolate girl. The author of the picture, according to one version, was hired by the Prince of Liechtenstein (or the Duke of Dietrichstein) to perpetuate the image of his future wife. The girl's name was supposedly Anna or Charlotte Baldauf. V different options legend, she served at the empress or in a small cafe. Future husband noticed her at the moment when she was carrying a cup of wondrous and aromatic drink royalty or visitors to the establishment. The noble lover, despite the protests of his relatives, proposed to Anna. Having received consent, he turned to the artist with a request to capture his beloved as she appeared before him for the first time. True or myth, now it is rather difficult to find out. However, it is absolutely certain that the subsequent fate of the picture was full of adventures and a certain romanticism.
For the glory of the pastry chefs and on the brink of death
"Shokoladnitsa" visited the collection of the German Elector and ended up in the Dresden Gallery. there in late XIX century it was noticed by the owner of the company Baker's Chocolate. Having admired the painting and inspired by the legends associated with it, he decided to make it the company's logo. To this day, Lyotard's chocolate girl can be found on the packaging of delicacies produced by the company.
During World War II, she, along with other masterpieces, was taken from the constantly bombarded city and hidden in one of the fortresses. They found her in a mined basement Soviet soldiers and saved from certain death, returning back to the gallery.
The painting "Chocolate Girl", photos and reproductions of which are already in the thousands, is still in Dresden today. Written over two centuries ago, it continues to fascinate and inspire.
Swiss artist J.-E. Lyotard was called "the painter of kings and beautiful women". Everything in his life consisted of happy accidents and circumstances, which a talented artist, gifted, moreover, with a practical mind, skillfully used.
At one time, the family of J.-E. Lyotard was forced to emigrate from France to Geneva. The future artist studied at one time in Paris with the engraver and miniaturist Massé. Then in the life of J.-E. Lyotard began years of wandering, during which he visited many cities and countries. He traveled as a companion of noble persons, as many artists of the 18th century often had to do.
Travels were given by J.-E. Lyotard diversified material for observation and accustomed him to the almost documentary accuracy of sketches. For portraits J.-E. Lyotard is characterized by exceptional accuracy in the reproduction of the model, and it is precisely with this that the artist acquired European fame for himself and acquired high patrons. He was warmly welcomed by the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna, and by the Pope in Rome, and by the Turkish Sultan in Constantinople. Everyone liked the portraits of J.-E. Lyotard's likeness of faces, completeness in the depiction of materials of clothing and jewelry and the colorfulness of his canvases.
The portrait of the beautiful Anna Baltauf, known worldwide as La belle chocoladiere and copied and engraved countless times (located in the Dresden Gallery), was painted in Vienna.
Most likely, Anna was a servant at the court of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, where the painter noticed the girl. Anna, the daughter of an impoverished knight, served as a maid at court.
They say that it was there that the young prince Dietrichstein noticed her beauty.
He fell in love and - to the horror of the aristocracy - married her.
As a wedding present, Prince Dietrichstein ordered Jean Etienne Lyotard, who worked at the Viennese court at the time, to have a portrait of his bride in the very clothes in which he first saw her.
They say that on the wedding day, the bride invited the chocolatiers she knew and, being happy with her elevation, gave them her hand with the words: "Here! Now I have become a princess, and you can kiss my hand."
This painting is also notable for the fact that it was the first to depict the first porcelain in Europe - Meissen
Now this painting is in the Dresden Art Gallery, but it was originally bought by the Venetian Count Algarotti, a connoisseur and lover of painting. In one of his letters, he said: "I bought the famous Lyotard pastel. It is executed in imperceptible detradations of light and with excellent relief. The transmitted nature is not changed at all; being a European work, pastel is executed in the spirit of the Chinese ... sworn enemies of the shadow. Well, then. As far as the completion of the work is concerned, it can be said in one word: this is Holbein pastels, which depicts in profile a young German girl-maid carrying a tray with a glass of water and a cup of chocolate.
Indeed, there is only one female figure in the painting.
But she is depicted in such a way that she bewitches most of the viewers who visit the famous gallery in Dresden. J.-E. Lyotard managed to give the picture the character of a genre scene. There is free space in front of the "Shokoladnitsa", so the impression is that the model does not seem to pose for the artist, but passes in front of the viewer with small steps, carefully and carefully carrying a tray.
but the consciousness of her attractiveness illuminates her whole tender and sweet face. Her posture, the position of her head and arms - everything is full of the most natural grace. Her little foot in a gray high-heeled shoe peeks out modestly from under her skirt.
The colors of the "Shokoladnitsa" clothes were selected by J.-E. Lyotard in soft harmony: a silvery-gray skirt, a golden bodice, a shining white apron, a transparent white kerchief and a fresh silk cap - pink and delicate, like a rose petal ... The artist, with his inherent precision, does not deviate a dash from the most detailed reproduction of the form body of "Chocolate Girl" and her clothes. So, for example, the dense silk of her dress is really puffing up; the folds of the apron, which had just been taken out of the linen drawer, had not yet straightened; a glass of water reflects the window and reflects the line at the top of the small tray.
The painting "Chocolate Girl" is notable for its completeness in every detail, to which J.-E. Lyotard. Art critic M. Alpatov believes that "due to all these features," Chocolate Girl "can be attributed to the miracles of optical illusion in art, like those bunches of grapes in the picture of the famous ancient Greek artist who tried to peck sparrows." After the conventionality and mannerism of some masters of the 18th century, the almost photographic accuracy of the painting by J.-E. Lyotard gave the impression of a revelation.
The artist worked exclusively in the pastel technique, which was very common in the 18th century, and was fluent in it. But J.-E. Lyotard was not only a virtuoso master of this technique, but also its convinced theorist. He believed that it was pastel that most naturally conveys color and the subtlest transitions of light and shade within light colorful tones. The very task of showing a figure in a white apron against a white wall is a difficult pictorial task, but J.-E. Lyotard's combination of a gray-gray and white apron with pale-gray shadows and a steel shade of water is a real poetry of colors. In addition, using thin transparent shadows in "Shokoladnitsa", he achieved perfect drawing accuracy, as well as maximum convexity and volume definition.
Jean-Etienne Lyotard and his "Lovely Chocolate Girl"
To the 270th anniversary of the creation famous painting
"Chocolate Girl" can be attributed to the miracles of deception
vision in art, like bunches of grapes in a painting
ancient artist which the birds tried to peck "
M. Alpatov. Academician of art history
Who does not remember one of the pearls of the Dresden Gallery, the elegant painting "Chocolate Girl", which depicts a young Viennese beauty, gracefully carrying on a tray a fragile porcelain cup with a newfangled chocolate drink and a glass of clean clear water? Painted almost three centuries ago on parchment in the pastel technique, the picture amazes with its pictorial skill and poetic freshness.
The author of "Shokoladnitsa" (other names - "Wonderful Chocolate Girl", German "Das Schokoladenm; dchen", French "La Belle Chocolati; re") is Swiss artist Jean-Etienne Lyotard (1702 - 1789). He was considered one of the most mysterious masters of his time. Many legends have survived about his wanderings and adventures.
Lyotard was born in Geneva to a Protestant French jeweler who had once had to emigrate to the Alpine republic. He showed a penchant for drawing as a child. He loved to paint portraits of friends, scenes from Roman history, was fond of miniatures and enamel painting. Having started studying in Gardel's workshop, in a few months she surpasses her teacher. Lyotard masterly copies the canvases of the old masters.
In 1725, the artist went to Paris for three years to perfect his technique. A few years later, he finds himself in Rome, where he creates many pastel portraits, including Pope Clement XII and a number of cardinals, this was the beginning of his fame in Europe.
I must say that Jean-Etienne had two main hobbies: painting and a craving for wanderings, and much in the artist's life consisted of happy accidents and circumstances related specifically to travel. Once, thanks to his acquaintance with a noble Englishman, Lyotard makes a trip to the East (Messina, Syracuse, Malta, Smyrna, the islands of Delos and Paros), which ended in Constantinople. The artist stayed here for 5 years. He embodied his impressions in magnificent drawings, in which skill and freedom of technique (fancy patterns, lines, refined tones of a silver pencil and red-red sanguine) were combined with documentary accurate reproduction of the appearance of the characters, their costumes, the texture of fabrics and even the cut of clothing. People organically fit into the lush decoration of the premises with an abundance of carpets, draperies, tables, vases, pillows. True, his oriental beauties sometimes resembled exquisite Parisians.
Returning to Europe, Lyotard continued to wear a long beard, robe and turban, for which he received the nickname "artist-Turk". He constantly moved from one country to another, communicated with interesting people, painted their portraits, leaving the descendants reliable “... appearance people who have long disappeared from the face of the earth ”. The synthesis of the decorativeness of the French Rococo and the clarity of the Dutch realism of the 17th century in the artist's work brought Lyotard great success.
In 1745, fate brought Jean-Etienne Lyotard to Vienna, where in 1740 the 23-year-old Maria Theresa took the imperial throne. eldest daughter Emperor Charles VI. The Empress rendered famous artist warm welcome and instructed Prince Dietrichstein, a man close to the court, to take care of the guest.
Soon Lyotard created his Galatea here - “The Beautiful Chocolate Maker” (82.5; 52.5 cm). The unpretentiousness of the composition, the light atmosphere and the almost photographic accuracy of the pastel, after the conventionality and mannerism characteristic of the masters of the 18th century, made an impression of revelation on contemporaries. Pastel was perceived by them as a masterpiece on a par with the works of Chardin and Vermeer, with their characters, deep in their daily activities. The Venetian Count Algarotti, a connoisseur and lover of painting, in one of his letters wrote about the "Chocolate Girl": "As for the completeness of the work, we can say in one word: this is Holbein pastels."
Lyotard's masterpiece is dedicated great amount articles and studies giving a detailed description of it. Here is a small selection of them: “... Nothing special happens in this simple genre scene, but it captivates with the poetry of the perception of life, great pictorial skill. ... Everything here caresses the eye - a pretty girl with an open, clear face and an easy gait, calm, harmonious combinations light colors- white, pink, golden brown, gray. ... The girl is depicted against an almost neutral background formed by a light wall and floor.
The artist places her to the left of the center of the picture, as if giving the heroine the opportunity to move forward. The direction of her movement is emphasized by a gesture outstretched arms carrying an elegant lacquer tray by the lines of the floor. ... Looking at this picture, you admire how masterfully and accurately the subtlety of a porcelain cup is conveyed (pastel for the first time in European art depicts the recently invented Meissen porcelain), a glass with transparent water reflects the window, and refracts the line of the upper edge of the tray.
The texture of velvet, silk, lace is remarkably conveyed. Some fabrics fall in heavy elastic folds, others, light and mobile, shimmer in different shades colors, softly enveloping the figure. ... The colors of the “Shokoladnitsa” clothes were selected by J.-E. Lyotard in soft harmony: a silvery-gray skirt, a golden bodice, a shining white apron, a transparent white kerchief and a fresh silk pink cap. "
There is no reliable information about whom the artist portrayed in the image of the "Beautiful Chocolate Girl". In the most romantic and most beautiful version the legend about the creation of "Shokoladnitsa" sounds like this. On a chilly winter day in 1745, Prince Dietrichstein dropped into a small Viennese coffee shop to taste a hot chocolate drink that was a hot drink at the time. A pleasant drink was also considered a medicinal one, and it was served with a glass of water. The aristocrat was served by a young waitress, Anna Baldauf, the daughter of an impoverished nobleman. The prince was so fascinated by the girl's grace and beauty that he immediately fell in love with her. To get to know Anna better, he now visited the coffee shop almost daily. Despite the strong resistance of the court nobility, in the same year Anna became Dietrichstein's wife and an Austrian princess. As a wedding gift, the newlyweds ordered the artist Lyotard a painting "The Beautiful Chocolate Girl". The master created a masterpiece in which he portrayed Anna in the costume of a chocolate waitress, singing love at first sight.
The circle of Lyotard's life was closed on June 12, 1789, when the "artist of kings and beautiful women" dies after returning to his homeland in Geneva. He created many wonderful works, especially pastels, but in the memory of descendants he remained famous precisely as the author of "Shokoladnitsa".
Since 1855 "Shokoladnets" has been in the collection of the famous Dresden gallery.
During World War II, the painting, along with other masterpieces, was transported by the Nazis to the Königstein castle above the Elbe in Saxon Switzerland, near Dresden. Here, in a deep, mined casemate in flat pine boxes, treasures from Dresden were discovered by Soviet troops. It's a miracle that they weren't blown up during the retreat. German troops, survived and did not have time to die from cold and dampness.
In 1955, Lyotard's pastels were shown at a farewell exhibition in Moscow, among other German art trophies, before returning to the Dresden Gallery. The paintings were exhibited from May 2 to August 20, 1955. People came from afar, sometimes queuing for days to see legendary treasures, among which the modest "Chocolate Girl" by Jean-Etienne Lyotard was not lost.