Slavic life: the bodies of the ancient Slavs with the coated symbolism

Slavic culture and life were famous for the embodiment in each binding of native beliefs and successful attempts to give not only practical, but also a magical, ritual meaning to each of them. Our masters have prepared for you many vintage items of life of ancient Russia and the eastern Slavs made taking into account the traditions and culture of ancestors, when applying for help and blessing to the gods - patrons of crafts.

Each product in the site catalog shows the strength and ease of life of Slavs: Eastern and Western, helps to touch its owner to the secrets of the past, get help in the present and create happiness and good luck in the future. Chira, Slavic Coaners on these products and a ritual purpose of them prove them - in the descendants of their own, in each part and the merger of Navi, Javi and Rights in nature creates an unbreakable Union of Being.

Beliefs and life of Slavs: culture of interaction of gods, ancestors and descendants

In the culture, belief and the life of the ancient Slavs: especially Eastern special attention was paid to the manufacture of objects, which may somehow affect the fate of the person and the well-being of the genus: for the adoption of food, the storage of Scarba and the collected crop, clothing and utensils: knives, spoons, pots Agricultural tools.

The magic of spindle and needles, the art of knitting the novia and to spin the best share - this is patronized by Mother Makas and shares his skills with those who wish to strengthen their family and protect it, recreation by the old objects of life and culture of Slavs. Craft cutting on wood, making locks, cultivation of land, gathering and creative designs - all of the above helps to master and realize Batyushka-Veles. The blacksmithing case is jealously protecting the weld and makes steel stronger, and the blade is sharper. Lada-Virgin Mary loves those who seek to make women more attractive and manufactures out of precious metals, instilling patience with girls when doing homework. Grow and save the harvest, get a reward for the proceeds done with pleasure will come to the rescue of grandpa-Dazhibog.

As you can see: in the beliefs of the Slavs, their culture and life are closely intertwined by worlds and gods, goddesses and their children, residents of Russian land respect each other and have help and gratitude, reverence to their native nature.

The life and economy of the Eastern Slavs were confined to the calendar of the gods and the time of their appearance in Javi, willingness to start rule here or pass their post to replace their elements, its time of the year and its direction to the Slavic Pantheon.

The most common foundations of life in the life of Slavs and their role

In our catalog you will be able to buy the following items of Slavic life, household and consultation in ancient Russia, made by handmade from natural materials and waiting for the owner's gain and activate them in order to obtain maximum benefits when used:

• Comb

They played a very large role in the life and life of the ancient Slavs and were not only the subject of everybody, but also the most powerful faith. It was believed that they could be considered a negative, protect themselves from a bad eye, get rid of headaches. The characters that were applied to the ridge were different and chosen depending on the task.

• Rushniki

With embroidered Coa, the ornament was an indispensable attribute of each Slavic wedding on ancient Russia. They were stored and passed from generation to generation, such towels had a lifeful strength of the genus and were able to get rid of his aid, the evil eye and spanking, open new ways and roads.

• Cutlery

Spoons-rhe bubbish wooden spoons And knives, large shovels for baking - they were all used not only in practical, but also to ritual purposes. Attract the flow of money and wealth, gain strength through food, press the child in order to get rid of it from diseases - all this was done using the above household items with ancient Slavs.

• Tablecloth

Picture tablecloths are often mentioned in Russian folk fairy tales. This is the personification of the ancient subject of culture and life of Slavic. A treats were served on the woven maters of the tables and family feots were arranged in honor of a particular holiday and harvest. Chira Mother Makoshi, symbols of Beregin and Rozhanits, as well as other coastal symbols were embroidered.

• Chests

In the chests, the ancient Slavs kept grain, clothes, hued property and savings. They served as a wardrobe, safe, and a chair, and a bed. That is why they were supposed to be strong and reliable, and demanded applying to themselves by the coast of the thieves and multiply the stored symbolism. The chest kept the generic secrets and was a symbol of wealth.

• Locks

The forging of the castles of heavy, real and property stored was the lot of elected by the gods of Kuznetsov. Masters appreciated and sorry, talent and experience was shrule and passed in inheritance. Reliable mechanisms were heard not only in all the ancient Slavs, but also beyond the limits of ancient Russia. Behind the castles came from distant countries and were ready to pay a good price for them.

• Dolls

- This is a separate part of the objects of each ancient Slavyanina. On the this moment More than thirty species of these useful dolls are known, each of them was done for a certain purpose: attracting the narrowed and share, prosperous genera and cure from the disease, the harmonization of relations and obtain the desired. When billet and connecting parts of the body of the Slavic Code, scissors or needles are not used.

• Pellets and spindles

Spreading and spindlemen were not only necessary and important item for every Slavic family on ancient Russia, but also the symbol of Makoshi - straight heavenly. With the help of spindles and spindles, it was possible to straighten the best proportion and create protection for each of the members of the genus, and subsequently cut out other useful things from the woolen threads.

As well as other household items of the ancient eastern Slavs of Russia, who will become a powerful guard of your home, exquisite detail of the interior design in an ethno-style, and just a useful, functional thing.

Peasant going to hay pesterem behind the back. Olonetskaya lips. 1901.

Today I put a great addition to our dictionary - from a very explanatory book-encyclopedia "Russian hut" ("Art-SPb", 2004), created on the basis of studying the genuine objects of peasant life stored in the Russian Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg.

All photos are scanned from the same book.

Tub, outrigger,bucket, worship, kud, quadruck, bucket, cradle, box, rocker, korchaga, wallet, krinka, kitchen, cake-teremok, laghan, fire, flip beam, pester, sausage, headrest, supply, samovar, lightweight, hidden, chest , Ushat

Tub- Wooden container for lifting water from a well or river in the form of a vessel, round in a section, with a wide rode and aged to the bottom of the tool, with iron hoops and ears in which the handle has been doing. Water lifting for two buckets (about 24 liters) from a deep well for many years demanded from the baffle of strength and convenience in use, which was achieved by the use of oak wood, which is characterized by high hardness, resistance to humidity, i.e. The ability to not swell in water, but, on the contrary, becoming stronger. Iron hoops were well tolerated bauds about the wall of the conductive log cabin, unlike wooden. Oak Badje, hinge, accommodating a large amount of water, was heavy enough, so the water in it was taken using a lever device - crane or a chain gate.

Outrigger - Flat wooden lump with handle for ducting linen while riding or for riding linen on rope. The rollers were made predominantly made of light tree breeds - linden or birch. The upper facial surface of some rollers was decorated with a laid thread, painting.

Bucket- Wooden capacity for water transfer. In Russia, traditionally was made by bonds from spruce, pine, aspen smells - rivets. The wood of these trees was distinguished by ease, strength, moisture resistance. She made it easy to make a bucket, which was very valued, reliable in work. Hoops, tightened the cords of the bucket at the upper and lower part, were mastered from willow, cherry, lilacs whose branches were flexible and strong. Of them, they were also made and a handling inserted into the "ears" - the continuation of rivets. The greatest distribution received a bucket in the form of a truncated cone. The peasants liked it because it was less splashing water and it was more durable. Bondari buckets always did "in the rise of a woman", i.e. Such a woman can easily carry them on the rocker. The standard tank of the Russian bucket is about 12 liters.

Worship–

1) Long box with a lid used for storage of economic utensils and as a shop;

2) low locker with doors and two-three shelves for dishes and other kitchenware, as well as some products located on a bench near the furnace;

3) space at the bottom of the Russian stove for storing dishes, closed by the door.

Tub - Capacity for the workpiece of the termination of pickles, quays, urenations, was also used for kvass, water, for storing flour, cereals. As a rule, there were bonding works, i.e. Delivered from wooden planks - rivets, pulled by hoops. Pubs were made of wood deciduous trees: aspen, linden, oak; Hoops are from the branches of Willow, lilac, cherry, hazel. For pickles and urenations, oak wood, containing preservative substances that kill putrid bacteria, and adding an additional fragrance and taste is especially valued. Osin's jelly was used mainly to breed the cabbage, which was maintained in it white and crispy to the spring itself. Tanks were made in the shape of a truncated cone or cylinder. They could have three legs, which are a continuation of rivets. The necessary supplies of the bag were a circle and a lid. The circle pressed the products placed in the tub, the oppression was put on top. Packages were different in size: height ranged from 30 to 100 cm, diameter - from 28 to 80 cm.

Quashnya- clay or wooden utensils for brewing the dough. Wooden was made of linden, aspen, oak. She could be pushed out of a solid piece of wood or be coolant, i.e. Composed of dug - rivets, tightly fitted with each other and pulled wrap from wood or iron. Quachries were round in cross section with the walls expanding to the upper edge. The height ranged from 50 to 100 cm, the diameter of the vertex is from 60 to 120 cm. Large sizes of quashers were due to custom bake bread for the whole family a week ahead.

Ladle- wooden or metal vessel for drinking and spill kvass and others. Completed in Russia with antiquity until the middleXIX. century. It has the shape of a rook with one highly raised handle or two - in the form of a head and tail of the bird. Depending on the purpose, the buckets are remote, choir, burgular. For royal suggestions for the military prowering or the ambassadorous service, there were premium buckets with a double-headed eagle and named on the bottom. In accordance with the shape of the bucket, their specific types were developed: Northern Buckets, Moscow, Kozmodemyansky, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma. Especially allocated northern buckets - "empowerment" and Kozmodemian buckets - a small scales. Moscow dining buckets call typical ladle-like buckets made of wood or from the cap, famous in Moscow Rus inXVI - XVII explosive Such a bucket has a flat bottom, a cylinder nose and a horizontal handle on a neck-rising neck. On the edge of the Moscow bucket decorated with floral ornament. Kozmodemiana buckets, sweeping from the linden, differing from the Moscow large size and depth (some of them have accommodated up to 2-3 buckets), they were close in shape. Small Kozmodemian Buckets - ChatsXVIII - XIX. explosive - We had the shape of a cup with a rounded, a slightly flattered bottom, pointed nose and handle with a slotted loop and a crochet for hanging the bucket. Tver buckets known withXVI c., sweeping from the root of the tree and having the form of the rook, are characterized by more elongated in width than in length, tool, with a wide frontal side, decorated with ornamental carvings. Tulovo ends with one side of two or three conquer heads on the rising narrow neck, and on the other hand, the massive faceted handle in the form of "stem". Small Northern BucketsXVI - XIX. explosive Made by Vologda masters and served to screaming from large buckets. Their feature is a spherical bottom and handle in the form of a handicuit, decorated with a slot in which the opener prevailed.

Cradle- Sleep fixture and baby damp. In Russia, there were four types of cradle based on the design and material. The cradle in the form of a rectangular wooden frame, covered with canvas. The ends of the frame perform in the form of sharpened balls in which iron rings were screwed. This type includes cradle from the hoops, also covered with canvas. Another type is the cradle in the form of a narrowing book of a rectangular wooden box with a bottom formed by two transverse crossbars. Two handles were attached to the hanging walls. The walls outside often sampled. The third type of cradle is a lubyanny box of oval or rectangular shape. The bottom was hung out of the hemp rope, the flashes in the form of a grid. And the fourth appearance is woven cradle (from the vine, flax, straw). All four types of cradle have one common hell - These are suspended cradle. Later tradition should consider the appearance of baby cots on bent legs.

Ku- Capacity for storing and transporting small home scar, clothes, books. It was made of a bent aspen, a lime loob in the form of a high cylinder with a mounted wooden or powered on top of a lid or a rectangular drawer with rounded corners, with a mounted flat or convex lid. Pretty widely distributed boxes oval in cross section, with covers, like a cylindrical box. The bottoms of the boxes were made from thin milking and inserted into a special swing of the walls, where they were strengthened with wooden pins, stitched with urine, scroll, pine root. The box of rectangular shape with ventilated angles was often made by metal stripes. Sometimes embedded with black or tinned metal strips were additionally decorated with metal spacing overlays in the corners of the lid or near the keyword. Under the iron window of such boxes inXVII - First halfXVIII in. Often leased bright or painted in green color mica. Along with the boxes decorated with metal, the box was widespread, decorated with painting - on the side walls and the upper plane of the lid. The painting was usually carried out by tempera, the surface of the lubyanny box is pre-several times okay.

Rocker- Device for transfer buckets, Badeeks, baskets. It was made from linden, aspen, willows whose wood is distinguished by ease, flexibility, elasticity. In Russia, curved rhockers were most widely spread. They were wounded from the sparkling wood, giving the shape of the arc. The rocker of this type is conveniently located on the shoulders of a woman who adhered his hands. Buckets, put on the ends of the rocker in specially cut outs, almost did not swing when walking. In many parts of Russia, rockers were also encountered, carved from a wide and durable board. The straight board was coated to the ends, and in the middle there was a neckline for the neck. Water buckets fixed on long hooks descended from the ends of the rocker. The rocker in the form of a round in the cross section of the stick, with movable crossing suspensions at the ends, well known in Western Europe, was rare in Russia.

Korchaga- Vessel of type of amphora with rounded plastic forms common in Kievan Rus inX - XII. explosive Also called later clay vessels in the shape of a pot with a very wide fool for heating water, cooking, beer, kvass, etc. Korchagha could have the shape of a jug with a pen strengthened on the neck, and a shallow groove - draining on a wedge. As a rule, Korchag did not have a lid: when cooking beer, the neck was closed with a canvas, unwinding it with a dough. In the furnace, the dough rushed into a dense crust, hermetically clogging the vessel. Korchagi were widespread throughout Russia. In every peasant economy there were usually several pieces different sizes - from half-bright (6 liters) to Corchag for two buckets (24 liters).

Waller - Road Blood Capacity for Product Transfer, Woven from Bersers Strips, less frequently in the scoop technique, occasionally a straight weaving. The wallet has a simplified rectangular shape, closed with a triangular valve. The valve is held with ropes that are wrapped around special wooden chips inserted along an open top of the wallet. On the back of the wallet, belts made, made different ways From Berriest, Skin, Canvas, Hemp Rope. For children, small wallets were made, up to 40 cm high, 20-30 cm wide, for adults, respectively, more. The advantage of barkpieces was that the products in them retained freshness for a long time, and they did not freeze in winter. The wallet was indispensable during the hayfall, on fish and hunting fishery, in a long road.

Krinka- Clay vessel for storing and serving milk on the table. A characteristic feature of the cryanka is high, quite wide throat, smoothly turning into a rounded Tulovo. The shape of the throat, its diameter and height are designed for grabbing with hand. Milk in such a vessel retains freshness longer, and when scraping gives a thick layer of sour cream, which is convenient to remove the spoon.

Kitchen- The vessel for transfer of beverages for a short distance and feeding them on the table is a small boiled barrel of oak riveting, with two bottoms. Bulo barrel is located horizontally and has four short legs. In the top of the kitchenette there is a small span sput, a hole with a drink for pouring a drink, a handle for transfer.

Casket teremok- Storage capacity especially valuable things: money, jewelry, documents, varying chest. It has a shape of a deep, rectangular (square) drawer with a folding, four-tight cover with a flat conclusion. On the lid, an iron bracket or ring-handle was usually fixed. Large strains that achieved 50 cm height had inside two compartments: the first is the casket itself, and the second is a four-tight lid. Such strains were called "Larters about two fat." Each department was locked on the inner castle. The strainers were made of metal, bones, but in most of the tree - pines, oak, cypress. Wooden was molded by iron strips, decorated with painting, were embraced by bone plates.

Lohan- Capacity for laundry laundry, washing dishes, washes, made from Wood spruce, pine as a cooler way. The choice of these rocks for rivets was explained by their ease and moisture resistance. The difference between Lohani was low onboard and a wide round or oval bottom. They were made with legs or without legs, but always with two handles - "ears". Lohani were, as a rule, large sizes (about 70-80 cm in diameter).

Flint- The device for the production of fire is a metal plate of oval shape with uncrowed ends, which are bent inward or outward so that rings are formed - "mustaches". Such a shape of the fire was widespread everywhere inXIX first XX in. At earrig, the Russian life was known for fire, which had a form of dagger without a handle, with stupid edges and an acute end. Its length ranged from 9 to 30 cm. To get a fire, it was necessary to have besides Filibrium flints and a clutch. The man who carved the fire hit the fire in the flint, which appeared at the same time the sparks were caught on the cloud, lying in a box with a lid - drummer. The fire flared up in a box, from where it was transferred to Beresto, Soloma, Poklcloth, Pine Coals or Series - homemade matches. Fired fire after it is used by closing the lid box. The fire obtained by fire was considered particularly beneficial for humans. Fire, flints and clutch were used by Russian peasants as the main means of mining the fire up to the 1920s. Matches. Invented by the German chemist chamber in 1833, they did not get in the villages of widespread, despite the fact that they were sold in shops, shops, in fairings in large numbers. Some groups of the RKS population, such as Old Believers, did not use matches in general, considering their "demonic debt." It was considered everywhere that the fire, grilled by matches, does not have the beneficial properties of fire extracted with the help of the fire.

Perea bench - The type of furniture for seating and spongas characteristic of the European Middle Ages and Ancient Russia. In Russia, existed to the first quarterXVIII in. It differs from a simple bench back, hingedly fixed with the seat that can shift on any of its long sides. If it is necessary to arrange a sleeping place at the top, on the circular grooves made in the upper parts of the side limiters, shifted on the other side of the bench, and the last moved to the bench, so that the bed, limited in front of the "Movement" formed. The back of the patch bench was often decorated with through thread, which significantly reduced its weight.

Pester- Road blowing capacity for the transfer of products, collection of berries, mushrooms, etc., woven from Berriest or Lyk. In the form of pester close to the cat.

Flower–

1) the dishes made most often from clay or wood for cooking and eating food, is a low flat vessel, round or oblong shape, with expanding upwards, sometimes decorated with painting or carvings;

2) Lighting device consisting of a flat vessel, having an in-depth, tube or cylinder with a luminaire tube (wick). For the plates used homemade clay vessels, any flat metal dishes. The luminais served the hemp, flax, rag. Salo, animal fat, vegetable oil poured into a wick with phylel.

Headrest- Road chest for storing and transporting money, jewelry, securities in the shape of a shallow rectangular box with a hinged lid and two half rings on the side. The sloping lid allowed to turn a road trunk in the headboard at a night in a sleigh, at a bombard or in someone else's house. The lid consisted of two parts: a narrow, located in parallel, and wide, inclined. Both parts of the lid were connected to each other hinges. The same loops were combined the narrow part of the cover with the rear wall of the head restraint. Blurred box on the inner castle. The headrest inside had two compartments, they corresponded to two parts of the lid. The head restraints were usually made of solid wood and embedded with metal stripes. Many headrests, especiallyXVII - Invoice XVIII c., had a laying of colored leather, painted paper under the metal window, mica. Metal bands were performed with sparkles forming a solid openwork coating. The inner side of the lid was often decorated with painting.

Supplied –

1) Wooden sharp-solo dishes - a round wooden bowl on a low pallet, having the same deep lid, sometimes with handle. The presence of the lid features a supply from the bowl and bowls. The supply was used as dinner dishes, most often for one person. Having a cover, almost in size equal to the lower part, the supplied in the open form was already two vessels for food;

2) Copper, tin, clay vessel on a stand or legs for feeding a table of kvass, beer;

2) wardrobe for dishes diverse shape: With open upper shelves (type of buffet), a kitchen table with a locker at the top, a wall of an angular locker on a special bottom.

Samovar- The device for boiling water and cooking, was always metallic, usually from brass and copper (in rare cases of silver, steel, cast iron) and often nickened. Tulovo could have the most diverse form: ball, wine glasses, cylinder, barrel, rectangular box, pears, eggs. The upper part of Tulova, through which the water was poured, was closed with a lid. Tulovo ended with a pallet and four short legs. In its lower part there was a crane for water drain. The liquid in the samovar was heated in a metal brazier, which passed through Tulovo. The upper end of the brazier went out and ended with the burner on which the "closure" was attached; The lower end was covered with a grid. Hot coals were laid in the roaster. The fire in it was maintained due to improving the air from the bottom of the brazier and the exhaust pipe with the knee, put on the upper part of it. After boiling liquid, the pipe was shot, and the roaster was closed by a plug. To exit steam on the "closure" there was a sandpaper - a small hole with a lid. Samovars came to Russia from Western Europe inXVIII c., where they were used to heal the broths. INXIX. in. They were widespread in all layers of Russian society. In addition to the described samovarov for the preparation of tea, there were samovars intended for other purposes. For example, a samovar for coffee was a small size with a drawer for coal and a special device in the form of a metal frame with a canvas bag in which coffee was poured. Samovar for a shot - a hot drink from honey with herbs and spices - resembled a large brewed metal kettle with a pipe and a confusion.

Svetts. - Device for holding burning rays. Svets have a variety of shape and magnitude. The simplest selection was a bended rod of adhesive iron bent at a right angle, at one end of which there was a fork with three or four horns, and on the other - Pnotnik (edge). Such lights were sticking with the edges in the gap of the log wall, and the lady was inserted between the horns. For falling coals under Svetts, they put a trough with water. Another type of Svetsov - Hanging, calculated on several raysin. Suspended lights started behind the iron bracket, driven into the boom (the long shelf, located around the perimeter of the entire hut), also put the vessel with water. Little Svets were more common and comfortable. Small, consisting of metal developed, wooden rack and the Donets, put on a shop. High Svets (about 1 m and above), fully formed from iron and glued from iron rods and strips, put on the floor anywhere in the hut.

Hidden - Variety of the chest, Larz. It was usually rectangular, slightly elongated the shape and the folding upper part, made by the Teremk, like Larz. It consisted of three compartments, which recorded each on their own key. The first was in the folding lid, the second - in the middle of the hidden, the third, the biggest, took the lower part. Bottom part Filled with drawers and closed the doors located in the front wall. Doors could be laid on a mounted or inner castle. Metal handles in the shape of a semiring used during its transfer were attached to the sides of the sides. The hide was made from oak boards and brought themselves with metal plates. They met in homes of representatives of all sections of Russian Society until the era of PeterI. , and at a later time only in the peasant environment. INXVII - first XVIII in. The main centers of their production were holmogora and great Ustyug, which were famous for their trophical products. Hiding these two craft centers in their finishing and decor reminded the lars-teremki-teremki manufactured here with the iron.

Chest- (from Arab. Sanduk) Large capacity with mounted on the loop cover used to store various items of clothing and household goods. In Russia, the most common - wooden chests - made from flat, tightly nailed to each other. Used for them various breeds Tree: Pine, spruce, cedar, oak, linden, aspen. The chests had internal or exterior castles, often these constipation was made "with a secret" and their unlocking was accompanied by a melodic ringing or music. Inside the chest in the top of it, there were often special storage compartments for storing small things - a narrow box on the side of the entire width of the chest. Sometimes for curious things in the chest, removable trays were arranged in several rows. Chests were made of various sizes with such accounting so that they could be put in each other during transportation to the fair. Such chest sets had special names: Troika, Patracheka, Flock - Hams, Semeriki. All centers made of chests had pronounced distinctive features. Thus, the products from Nizhny Tagil were carried out mainly from pine or cedar and quickly brought in white iron - tin with the ornament of chasing work. In addition, round or heart-shaped grooves were made on the side walls, where the "mirrors" from polished tin was inserted. Often the lid, the front and side walls of the chests were decorated with painted genone scenes. Makarev chests were decorated with strips of tinted straight or oblique lattice, or tailed squares painted with bouquets, vases, fruits, birds, wreaths. The latter were called "tray." In Velikotuyvsky chests under the strip of the stuffed metal metal, a color mica was put. Holmogorsk masters rushed their products with red yuffy or sealing skins. From the inside, the chests were often born with a mitkalem, the knee, was blocked by paper.

Tub - Judge with two ears on the top cut, in the holes of which the stick is for lifting, wearing. It serves to transfer water, storage of products, malty meat and bass. The aquifers used for watering the garden, washing the linen, made up to 50-60 liters with a capacity.

Woman with a whip and a bucket is going to wash the floor. Arkhangelsk lips. 1910.

Cleansing grain in a step. Voronezh lips. 1908.

Sale Sit at the Fair. Ryazan lips. 1916.

Bondari at work. Ryazan lips. 1913.

Trading at the fair baskets, boxes, children's toys. Vladimir lips. 1914.

Merchant pears and kvass. Vladimir lips. 1914.

Sale of clay dishes in the village. Ryazan lips. 1916.

Cleaning the well with the help of buckets and baudes. Vladimir lips. 1914.

To keep the farm in Russia was not easy. Without accessing modern benefits of mankind, the ancient masters invented the subjects of everyday life, which helped a person to cope with many cases. There were already forgotten about many of these inventions today, because technology, household appliances and a change in lifestyle completely outstretched them. But despite this, according to the originality of engineering solutions, ancient objects are not inferior to modern.

Bad chest

For many years, people have kept their valuable things, clothes, money and other trifles in the chests. There is a version that they were invented in the Stone Age. It is reliably known that they were used by the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. Thanks to the armies of conquerors and wombing tribes, the chests spread throughout the Eurasian mainland and gradually reached Russia.

The chests decorated with painting, cloth, carvings or patterns. They could serve not only a cache, but a bed, a bench or chair. The family, having several chests, was considered a wealthy.

Sadnik

One of the most important items National Economy in Russia was considered Sadnik. He had a kind of flat wide shovel on a long stalk and was intended to send bread or cake to the oven. Russian masters have made an item from a solid piece of wood, predominantly aspen, linden or alder. Having found the tree of the desired size and suitable quality, it was split into two parts, carving from each one long board. After that, they were smoothly sharply and dragged the outline of the future Sadnik, trying to remove all sorts of bones and jar. Cutting out need subjectHe was carefully cleaned.

Rogach, Kocherga, Chapelnik (SPA)

With the advent of the furnace, these items became indispensable in household. Usually they were kept in the backspace and were always at hand at the hostess. Standard set The furnace equipping was considered several types of grasp (large, medium and small), chapelnik and two kochergs. In order not to confuse in the subjects, the identification signs cut out on their handles. Often, such utensils were made to order at the village blacksmith, but there were craftsmen who could easily make a chockerel at home.

Sickle and Pulzov

At all times, bread was considered the main product of Russian cuisine. The flour for cooking was removed from the collected grain crops, which were planted annually and were collected by hand. He helped them in this sickle - a device having a look of an arc with a sharpened blade on a wooden handle.

As it is necessary, the collected crop peasants were ground into flour. This process was facilitated by hand mills. For the first time, such an instrument was found in the second half of the 1st century BC. Handheld Gherry had a type of two circles, the sides of which were tightly fit to each other. The top layer had a special hole (a grain was falling asleep into it) and the handle, with which the top of the mill was rotated. It was made by such utensils from stone, granite, wood or sandstone.

Pomel

Pomelo had a kind of cutlets, at the end of which pine, juniper branches, rags, washed or twig were fixed. The name of the purity attribute occurred from the word revenge, and it was used exclusively for cleaning ash in the furnace or cleaning near it. For compliance with the order in the entire exhaust broom was used. Many proverbs and sayings are connected with them, which are still many on the lips.

Rocker

Like bread, an important resource has always been water. To prepare lunch, drink livestock or wrapping, it was necessary to bring. The faithful assistant was a rocker. It had a kind of bent stick, to the ends of which special hooks were mounted: buckets clung to them. They made a rocker from linden wood, willow or aspen. The first memos about this adaptation date back to the 16th century, but many rumors manufactured by the Great Novgorod were found by the archaeologists made in 11-14 centuries.

Corto and Rubel

In ancient times, manual underwear was washed in special vessels. For this purpose, served trough. In addition, it was used for feeding livestock, as a feeder, kneading tests, salty cooking. The subject received its name from the word "bark", because initially the first trough was made from it. Subsequently, he began to make a mastery of the decks, hollow out in the loosening logs.

Upon completion of washing and drying underwear stroked with Rubel. He had a view of a rectangular board with a jar on one side. Things neatly wrapped on the rolling pin, the ruble and rolled on top. Thus, the linen fabric softened and smoldering. The smooth side painted and decorated with carvings.

Cast iron irons

A cast iron iron appeared on replacing a light in Russia. Indicated this event is the 16th century. It is worth noting that he was far from everyone, since it was very expensive. In addition, the cast iron was heavy, and it was harder to iron than the old way. There were several types of irons, depending on the method of heating: Burning coals were falling apart, and others were heated on the furnace. Weight such an unit from 5 to 12 kilograms. Later, the coals were replaced with cast-iron blanks.

Spinning

An important component of Russian life was a straw. IN ancient Russia She was also called "spicy", from the word "spin." Popular there were donations-donations, having a kind of flat board, which was fitted with a vertical neck and burst. The upper part of the spindles was abundantly decorated with carvings or painting. At the beginning of the 14th century, the first self-dye appeared in Europe. They had the kind of wheels located perpendicular to the floor and cylinder with spindlers. Women, one hand, served to spindle threads, and the other scroll through the wheel. This method of twisting fibers was easier and faster, which greatly facilitated work.

Today it is very interesting to see what it was.

Access, ribbed, stag and other things with strange names. This article contains some homemade household items of Slavs, who will now not meet in our homes.

Entering the house modern man, you can see a lot of things in Rass: washing machine, microwave, TV, computer, telephone and other. Some of them are designed to facilitate our daily work on the housework, but most things are designed to simply entertain us. In addition to these tasks, they must demonstrate the status of their owner: the more expensive (and sometimes unnecessary) things in the house, the higher social status man and the level of its success. And our ancestors have a little different.

Of course, in Goromas Boyar, princes and even just wealthy merchants could be observed the same snobbery as today. But the shit over coins was alien. In their homes were only those subjects that are necessary for the management of the economy. They lay in prominent places, and no one shy it. On the contrary, household items, as well as luxury items, also showed all the merits of the owners: their hardworking and skills. A good craftswoman had a spiner, pots and ruble, at the skillful masters of the circuit, chisel and awl. Of course, these were not the only items necessary for life. So let's get acquainted with those things that were necessarily in every Slavic House. We learn how they were called, for which they served and what were their features.

Homemade helpers

Every day of any woman begins equally - from the kitchen. So it was at all times. Only now cooking breakfast for the whole family does not constitute a lot of difficulties, because we have a water supply, and a gas stove. And our great-grandmother had much harder, especially in the winter and in bad weather. To begin with, they walked to a waters.

Rocker. This famous subject helped to carry two heavy buckets at once. The rocker had an arcuate elongated shape, and was placed on his back, which allowed not to pull the shoulders. It was in every home, and therefore many of the sayings and proverbs were folded about it: "smoke rocker", "raise all the horses a rocker" and so on. And in the countries of East Asia still use the rocker to transfer various goods.

By bringing water, the hostess fastened the oven. To put in it cast iron with food, I needed rogach (or grasp). He was a wooden pole with a split metallic tip. The ends of the slingshot formed a semicircle to make it easier to raise the castle and pots. According to historians, in the turbulent times of commoner, they always armed with grasp. True, it could only be used for neutralization, and not the elimination of the enemy, since the ends of the slingshot were not pointed.

During cooking, sometimes it is necessary to stir or extinguish from the furnace coal and ash. For these purposes, the hostess used kocherg. It is an iron stick with a hook at the end. In poor families, Kocherga was wooden with an iron tip. And in the most extreme cases, the poker could serve as a stick.

Once a few days of the hostess baked bread. It was a time-consuming and heavy work that began with flour dairy. For this used hand millstone - Device consisting of two stone flat circles. The grain fell asleep between them and rotated one of the rails. Thanks to this wheat, rubbed into the flour, which was poured on the grooves on the surface of the stones.

But not everyone had hand mills. More often they were replaced mortarand pest. Stupa reminded a large bucket with a wide base (for stability) and was made of solid wood. Pest was made from the same tree, giving him an oblong cylindrical shape. Imagine how much the forces required to grind in a lot of at least a kilogram of flour?

When the flour was nailed, our great-grandmothers knead the dough and prepared bread. To put and get it out of the furnace, I needed sadnik. This is a wooden shovel with a long handle and a flat and wide blade. It was tied under the finished loaf and removed the bread on the table.

In addition to bread, our ancestors baked various buns. They were driving tea, and tea was traditionally brewed in self. In Russia, he appeared in the middle of the 17th century, and the production of domestic samovarov began only in the middle of the next century. The peak of the popularity of Samovarov came to the 19th century: he had a wealthy peasants and graphs. The first samovars had an iron tube inside the tank, which was put into the cracks. The heat from them and heated water. But technical progress Did not stand in place, and in the mid-19th century a kerosene samovar appeared, and then electric. Samovar is an indispensable attribute of the Russian table, it is mentioned in many folk riddles and sayings, as well as in the works of great Russian writers and artists.

Washing also took a lot of time and time from our great-grandmothers. Lingerie was soaked and washed in cores - spent from half a log of capacities. It was the most necessary subject in the farm of the peasants: not only washed and washed, but also kneaded the dough, they prepared the salts, the hot beer, Kvass and the Uzvar, fed the cattle. But despite this, they were always happily called that the word ignorant and unreliable trial.

Washed and stroked linen with rubel. This is a board with jar on one side and handle at the end. Rubel often served as a bride with a wedding gift, in this case the master richly decorated his thread and the name of his beloved. And in the hands talented musicians Rubel turned into a musical instrument.

In the 16th century, the first appeared in Russia cast iron irons. Depending on the method of warming up, they met two species: hollows (they slept hot coals) and solid, which were split into the oven. Lingerie was smoothed not only from heat, but also from the mass of the Iron itself: after all, they weighed from 5 to 12 kilograms.

The manufacture of clothing was also a difficult thing. It was necessary to not only grow and dry luna, but also to correctly disassemble it on the fibers. It's easier for it to do chesk. It was a spatula with a long and rigid bristle on one side. Sometimes it was called "scraper" and used also for horses.

The finished fibers were called a kidel, from which the thread twisted. In this case, the owners helped manual spinning. Silber - these are two boards, fastened with each other at right angles. On one board (leg) jerked, and a Cudel was fixed on another (burst). The meaning of the spinning was that the fibers twist twisted with his arms. But for this, of course, experience and skill needed.

In addition to these items in the homes of our ancestors, it was possible to meet the items necessary to work in the field. For example, sickle. Sickle is a special knife, with a narrow blade in the form of a semicircle. It was used when collecting cereals - the reaper kept plants with one hand, and the other cut them off. Sickle most often used women.

Another agricultural instrument - chap (or moloto). It consisted of two heavy sticks, fastened with each other very short skin or chain. It was applied as follows: the cereals were laid out on Earth, and the reaper, holding one of the sticks (held), hit the second stick (tiechik).

In addition to these items in the house, Slavs could also meet many other things fit in the household, to work in the field or for the craft. After all, before everything necessary for life, our ancestors made with their own hands. In short, it was not easy!

Russian farm with its established life and agriculture has always been furnished large quantity Objects utensils and instruments of labor. Traditionally, kitchen utensils, objects for agriculture did not differ in rich decoration, but were comfortable and differed with a laconic aesthetics.

Russian hut

Izba - the dwelling of a simple Russian peasant and his family. Here, in the peasant house every subject of homemade utensils there is a symbol national Most, I lived the peasants and how they worked, doing shopping activities around the house. The objects of life are impregnated with Russian spirit and transfer the image of the difficult peasant life in Russia.

Samovar

Samovar appeared in houses about three centuries ago along with the growing popular popularity of tea. Excavations suggest that samovars existed in the clay execution of the Millennium back in Iran. Samovar rapidly won the hearts of Russian lovers to grow to their unique functionality and beauty. Water in it remained hot in it, it was fragrant from the combustion of dry birch chips, she was enough for a large number of guests and households.

Sieve

Sieve - Almost an indispensable object of utensils in household care conditions. In any exhaust, several types of sieves made from different materials and with different cells. A large sieve for sifting flour was a hoop with the walls of Berestov, opened on the one hand, a closed grid - on the other. Through the sieve sieved (hence the origin of the title) seeds, ashes, other bulk mixes.

Spinning

The spreader is the simplest device with a kidel on the leg, ending with a flat base - it was hung on it to give stability to the subject. On a Cudel or kopyl, as usual called this part, combed wool or flax folded. Of these, constantly twisting, stretched yarn. More modern devices appearing later, it was with a foot drive and a large wheel leading to a Cudel.

Spindle

The spindle was used, like a spiner, to twist the yarn in the thread. It was even easier to arrange than the spinning line and was a stick with an extended middle part. The thread was obtained due to the twist of the spindle.

Pot

Pot - one of ancient objects Kitchen utensils. In Russian traditions was to decorate the top of the pot of icing. In order to remove the pot from the furnace nearby stood grasp. In clay pots, as in the thermos, the food has long retained the initial temperature, so it did not cool or, being cooled in the cellar, did not catch.

Mortar

Without a stupa and in the absence of crushing machines in the peasant economy it would be difficult to grind grains, herbs or, for example, bones. Stupa, a vessel in which the pestle has crushed products, has always been made of solid material: stone, iron, solid wood species.

Broom

Broom, or broom - collected in a bunch of rods, widespread stalks of plants. The floors in the Russian hollow were unpainted, so they were often cleaning them was to sweep the garbage. Interestingly, the broom became the subject of many Russian belts and fairy tales.

Masterian yard

The courtyard was extensive, with a place for bird walking, passages to the well, sheds and hlev, the garden. Almost there was almost always a parcel with flower bed and benches. Traditionally, several dozen household objects and labor instruments were used in the farm. Here are some, especially characteristic of them.

Rocker

The rocker was a specially curved flat pole from two sides ending with iron hooks. Wearing buckets on it conveniently, because the center of gravity is not only evenly distributed on both arm's shoulders, but is approximately at the loan level.

Russian well

The debris of the well in Russia was usually manufactured from oak. The upper part was a gate with a crossbar and a rope or a "crane" - a high crossbar, in one end of which was attached to the rope bucket, and after another it was necessary to pull to raise it.

Pashnya

Almost every hot day of summer months, and the autumn harvest did not manage to the peasant without work in the field, where the master objects of labor tools were used in the passage to cultivate land and harvest.

Sickle

Sickle - one of the oldest agricultural instruments. Known since the time of ancient Rome. In Russian economy, it was simply indispensable for cleaning small sections of grass and grain. Sickle was known in soviet Russialike one of two symbols of the Union of Workers and Peasants.

Plow

Plow is a sacred image of agriculture. His story begins in III thousand to n. e. Then he was made from a single piece of wood lemeh and drawing. LEMEHOM has turned around upper layer Soils to improve the conditions of growing crops, for drawing stretched with cattle or man.

Cart

The cart is a cart on four, usually wooden wheels that the horse pulls. It is difficult to present a Russian village back in the middle of the last century without a cart.