Where Raphael Santi was born country. What did Rafael Santi died? Painting Raphael in Vatican Logs
Rafael Rafael.
(Actually Raffaello Santi (Santzio), Raffaello Santi (Sanzio)) (1483-1520), Italian painter and architect. In the harmonious art of Rafael with the most clarity, humanistic ideas about the beautiful and perfect person existing in harmony with the world, the life-affirming ideals of beauty characteristic of the era High rebirth.
Rafael was born in the family of painter Giovanni Santi and childhood spent in Urbino in 1500 moved to Perugia, where he entered the workshop of Perugino. Already early works Raphael, written under the influence of the teacher, are distinguished by a thin poetry and soft lyrism of the landscape ("Sleep of the Knight", National Gallery, London; "Three Graces", Museum of Conde, Chalihood; "Madonna Concreate", GE; all three - about 1500-02) . Youth period Rafael's creativity completes the altar image of "Mary's engagement" (1504, Brera), according to the spatial solution, a close fresco "Transfer of Keys" in the Sistine Chapel of the Palace in the Vatican. In 1504, Rafael went to Florence, where she studied the work of her outstanding masters (especially Leonardo da Vinci and Fra Bartolomeo), and also practiced anatomy and prospect. Dynamics appeared in Rafael's painting dramatic action ("Coffin position", 1507, Borghese Gallery, Rome). The glory of Rafaelu brought numerous Madonns, created by him in Florence between 1504-08 ("Madonna Grand Duka", Pitti Gallery, Florence; the so-called "Beautiful Saddleman", 1507, Louvre).
In 1508 Rafael received from Pope Julia II invitation to Rome. Here he was closer met with antique monuments, participated in archaeological excavations. By order, Julia II Rafael created a cycle of paintings of the parade halls (so-called stans) of the Vatican Palace. The ideal of the freedom and earthly happiness of a person, the comprehensive development of his physical and spiritual opportunities, is chased in the painting of the station. In performed calm greatness and the harmoniously slender composition of the painting, architectural backgrounds, inspired by the ideas of modern Rafaell architecture, are of great importance. They are inherent in the classic clarity of the drawing and plastic modeling forms, soft harmony of light, elegant flavor. In the station Della seventies (1509-11), Rafael presented 4 areas of human activity: theology ("dispute"), philosophy ("Athens School"), poetry ("Parnas"), jurisprudence ("Wisdom, Measure, Strength"), and Also corresponding to the main compositions of allegorical, biblical and mythological scenes on the ceiling. In the station D "Eliodoro (1511-14), a grant of Raphael was manifested with a special force - Masters of Lights. Here are the frescoes on the legendary topics (" Exile Eliodor "," Lion's meeting with Attila "," Mass in Bolsene "," Liberation of the apostle Peter From the dungeon "). The growing drama of the frescoes of this machine takes the shade of theatrical pattical palatine in the painting of the station Del Incondio (1514-17). This is due not only to the larger participation in the work of students and assistants, but also by the impact of the reaction, the imaginary humanistic principles of the art of Rafael. To Vatican frescoes are adjacent to the works of Raphael over cardhouses to a series of a sleeper for decorating the walls of the Sistine Chapel (1515-16, an Italian pencil, a brush, and the Museum of Victoria and Alberta, London, and other meetings). The spirit of the ancient classics with its cult of sensual beauty penetrated the fresco "Triumph Galatei "Villa Farnesina in Rome (1514).
Rome reached the maturity of the brilliant talent of Raphael-Portretist ("Portrait of Julia II", about 1511, Uffizi; "Portrait of Cardinal", about 1512, Prado; "Woman in the bedspread", or "Donna Velat", about 1513, the Palatine Gallery; " Portrait of B. Castiglione, 1515-16, Louvre; "Lion X with Cardinals", about 1518, the Gallery of the Palatina). In Roman Madonnap Rafael, the mood of poetic idyll is replaced by a deeper sense of maternity ("Madonna Alba", about 1510-11, National Gallery, Washington; "Madonna di Foligno", about 1511-12, Vatican Pinakotek; "Madonna in a chair", about 1516 , Gallery of the Palatina). The most perfect work of Raphael - "Sicstinskaya Madonna" (1515-19, art gallery, Dresden) harmonically combines the mood of anxiety and the deepest tenderness. In recent years, Rafael has been so overloaded with orders, which trusted the fulfillment of many of them (frescoes of Psychei Loggia Villa Farnesina, 1514-18, as well as frescoes and stucco from Vatican logs, 1519) to their students and assistants (Julio Romano, J. F. Penny, Perino Del Vaga, J. da Udomy, etc.), usually limited to general supervision of the work. In these works, it clearly manifested the features of the crisis, a mannerism (an unfinished altar image "Transfiguration", 1519-20, Vatican Pinakotek). The activity of the Rafael-architect, which is a link between the creativity of Bramte and Palladio, is exceptional importance. After the death of Bramte, Rafael took the position of chief architect of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome (amounted to the new, already basilical plan of the cathedral) and the Vatican courtyard with loggias began with Bramte. In Rome, he also built a round church of Sant Elijo Deli of the Orefichi (from 1509) and Kidji Chapel Church of Santa Maria Del Popolo (1512-20), Palazzo Vosoni-Kaffarelli (from 1515) and Branconio del Aquila (ended in 1520, Not survived). In Florence - Palazzo Pandolfini (built from 1520 for the project of architect J. Ya Sangallo). In these works, Rafael tried to give each palace as a smarter and individual appearance. Partially implemented by the architectical intent of Raphael is the Roman Villa Madama (from 1517 Construction continued A. Yes Sangallo Jr., not completed), organically connected with surrounding gardens, a terraced park.
The art of Raphael for a long time retained the significance of an indisputable authority and sample, having a significant impact on the European painting of the XVII-XIX centuries.
"Sistine Madonna". 1515 - 1519. Art gallery. Dresden.
Source: "Popular artistic Encyclopedia.. " Ed. Polevoy VM; M.: Publisher " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)
RaphaelSanti (Raffaello Santi) (1483, Urbino - 1520, Rome), outstanding italian artist and the Architect of the High Epoch Revival. Son Santi artist's son. He studied at P. Perugino. In 1504-08. Worked in Florence. In 1508, at the invitation of Pope, Julia II moved to Rome.
Already in the early paintings, the desire for harmony, the ability to find a subtle consonance of the forms and rhythms of lines, movements and gestures of characters, color gamma ("Madonna Concreate", OK. 1502-03; "Knight's sleep", approx. 1504 g .; "St. Georgy", approx. 1504; "Mary's engagement", 1504).
Creative atmosphere of Florence, where Rafael met with Leonardo da Vinci, Played a huge role in the formation of the artist. Starting to work with nature, he studies anatomy, complex poses and racurs; Looking for capacious and concise, harmonically balanced composite formulas. The basis of the composition becomes, as in the works of many other Renaissance masters, the pyramid, in which the figures are inscribed. Favorite theme - Young Madonna in the landscape, at the foot of which the baby is played by Christ and John the Baptist ("Madonna with a Scheggle", Ok. 1506-07; "Madonna in Green", 1506; "Beautiful Sadman", 1507).
In Rome Raphael received an order from Pope Julia II on the painting of the Paradinary Region of the Vatican Palace. The frescoes of Della Machines Sienyatura (1509-11) are majestic multifigure compositions, personifying the main areas of spiritual activity: theology ("dispute"), philosophy ("Athens School"), poetry ("Parnass"), jurisprudence ("Wisdom, Measure, Power "), as well as corresponding to the main compositions of allegorical, biblical and mythological scenes on the ceiling. The figures are wetted by a single rhythm, smoothly flowing from one group of characters to another. In the neighboring hall - Elder's station (1512-14) - the walls are painted by compositions "Exile Elideor from the Temple", "Wonderful Failing to the Apostle Peter from the Tomnov", "Mass in Bolsene", "Meeting of Pope Lion I with Attila." Dramatic, fascinating story leads through agitated movements and gestures, contrasts of light and shadow. In the "wonderful hop of the Apostle Peter from the Tomnov" were transferred to the most complex effects of night lighting: an angel is in dazzling radiance against the background of the cold light of the moon and fiery folds from the torches on the lats of the guards. Farnesina was performed on the Villa frenzy fresco "Triumph Galatei" (approx. 1514-15).
Rome Raphael also showed himself as an architect. From 1514, after the death of D. Bramte, Rafael led the construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter, created the projects of church and secular buildings (Church of San Elijo Deli Orefichi, OK. 1509; Capell Kiji in the Church of Santa Maria Del Popolo, Ok. 1512-20; Villa Madama, From 1517; not completed). In 1515, the artist was appointed Commissioner in antiquities, headed archaeological excavations, studying the ancient monuments.
Turning to the face of Madonna, Rafael is looking for new figurative solutions. In Madonna Della Sediya "(approx. 1513) The figures of the Yuna's Mother of God and the kids of John the Baptist and Christ are associated with a circular motion, which is underlined by a round framing (TDDO). Madonna seems to be stripped in his arms of his son looking at the viewer who is a serious look at the viewer. Rafael persistently looking for the path of incarnation perfect image Our Lady. Searches were crowned with the creation of the "Sicstinian Madonna" (approx. 1515-19.). Barestay, but the royal and majestic, it steps on the clouds. On Madonna, with a reverence, the Sicst and St. Barbarian. Young Our Lady is calm, but in her radiator, in a gesture, which she presses the baby, has already been ready to give it to. She will foresee the godway of the Son and His suffering. A heavy curtain, who opened over the Mother of God, strengthens the feeling of a wonderful phenomenon that appeared before people.
Portraits of Rafael are distinguished by nobility and harmony of images, compositional equilibrium, subtlety and wealth of color solutions ("Baldasar Castiglion", approx. 1514-15; "Donna Velat", approx. 1516).
The work of Rafael had a significant impact on all the subsequent development of Italian and european painting, Being along with the works of antiquity by the highest example of artistic perfection, to which the masters of the most different creative orientation were treated, from classicists to symbolists.
All paintings of Raphael are a bright reflection of his fine nature. FROM early years It was endowed with hardened hardworking and the desire for spiritual and clean beauty. Therefore, in their works tirelessly passed the charming forms of high intentions. Perhaps, therefore, under the brush, such a huge number of works were born under the brush, which transmit the perfection of the world and his ideals. Probably, none of the artists of the Renaissance are so masterfully and deeply revived the plots of their paintings. Recall at least a real masterpiece of the art of that time " Sicstinian Madonna" The image of a unique, wonderful vision arises in an unshakable and desirable, wonderful visibility. It seems to be descended from a bluish depth of heaven and envelops those surrounding with its majestic and noble golden radiance. Maria descends solemnly and boldly, holding his baby on the hands. Such pictures of Raphael are a bright reflection of its sublime feelings and pure sincere emotions. Monumental forms, clear silhouettes, balanced composition - this is the entire author, his aspirations for high ideals and perfection.
On his canvases, the master fell in love with the feminine beauty, elegant greatness and gentle charm of heroin. No wonder, at least two of his works " Three Graces"And" Amur and Grazi."Deeded the wonderful goddess of Roman mythology - ancient Greek Harita. Their soft forms and saturated lines embodied the most joyful, kind and bright end of all life. Raphael tirelessly screams from them inspiration. Purposefully he depicted the goddesses naked to bring each viewer to the virgin and gentle nature high art. Perhaps, therefore, divine power is brightly displayed in the rest of the artist, sensual beauty, inextricably connected with ideals of the world.
Text: KSUSHA KORS
Biography
The era of high rebirth in Italy gave the world of great artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rafael, Titian. Each of them in his work embodied the Spirit and the ideals of the era. In the work of Leonardo, I brightly reflected cognitive purposefulness, in the works - Michelangelo - Paphos and the drama of the struggle for great perfection, Titsian is cheerful freedomiff, Rafael chas the feelings of beauty and harmony.
Rafael (more precisely Rafaello Santi) was born April 6, 1483 (According to other data on March 28, 1483) in the family of the court artist and the poet of the Duke of Urbinsky Giovanni Santi in the city of Urbino. Rafael's father was a man educated and it was he who instilled his son's love for art. And the first lessons of painting Rafael received from his father.
When Rafael was 8 years old, his mother died, and at 11 years after the death of his father he remained orphan.
The city of Urbino, in which Rafael was born and grew up, in the middle of XV - a brilliant art center, the focus of the humanistic culture of Italy. The young artist could get acquainted with the wonderful works of the arts in the churches and the palaces of the city of Urbino, and the beneficial atmosphere of beauty and art was waking imagination, dreams, brought up artistic taste. Biographers and researchers of the creativity of Rafael suggest that the following 5-6 years he studied painting from the mediocre urbinist masters of Evangelist Di Pionemeleto and Tyotheo Viti.
IN 1500 The year Rafael Santi moves to Perugia to continue his education in the workshop of the largest Umbrian painter Pietro Perugino (Vanutcchi). The art manner of Perugino contemplative and lyric was close. The first art compositions were executed by Raphael at 17-19 years Three Graces», « Sleep Knight"And the famous" Madonna Concontabile" The Lyrical Talent of Rafael Theme Madonna is especially close and not by chance she will remain one of the main in his work.
Madonna Raphael, as a rule, are depicted against the background of landscapes, their faces breathe calmness and love.
In Peruginsky, the painter creates the first monumental composition for the church - " Mary's engagement"Banning new stage In his work. IN 1504 Raphael moves to Florence. In Florence, he lived four years, occasionally leaving in Urbino, Perugia, Bologna. In Florence, the artist is attached to art ideals Renaissance art, meets the works of antiquity. At the same time, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo worked in Florence, creating cards for battle scenes in Palazzo Vecchi.
Rafael studies antique art, makes sketches from the works of Donatello, with the compositions of Leonardo and Michelangelo. He draws a lot from nature, depicts the models naked, achieves the correct transmission of the structure of the body, its movement, plastics. At the same time studies the laws of the monumental composition.
Rafael's painting style is changing: it is stronger than the expression of plastic, forms - more generalized, compositions are simpler and more stringent. During this period of his work, the image of Madonna becomes the main one. To replace the brittle, dreamy Umbral Madonnam, the images of more terrestrial full-bloodeds came, their inner world became more complex and rich in emotionally.
Compositions depicting Madonn with babies brought Raphael fame and popularity: " Madonna Del Granduca"(1505)," Madonna Tempi."(1508)," Orleans Madonna», « Madonna Column" In each picture on this plot, the artist finds new nuances, artistic fantasies make them absolutely different, images are found greater freedom and movement. Landscapes surrounding the Virgin - this is the world of serenity and idyll. This period of painter, " artist Madonne"- the flourishing of its lyrical dating.
Florentine period of the creativity of Raphael ends with a monumental web " Position in the coffin"(1507) and marks its transition to the monumental-heroic generalized style.
In autumn 1508 The year Rafael moves to Rome. At that time, at the invitation of Pope Julia II, the best architects, sculptors, painters from all over Italy came to Rome. Scientists were gathered around the papal court. Humanists. Pope, powerful spiritual and secular lords collect works of arts, patronized science and arts. Rome Raphael becomes a great master of monumental painting.
Pope Julius II instructed Rafael to decorate painting papal chambers in the Vatican Palace, the so-called stans (rooms). Above the frescoes of Rafael station worked nine years - from 1508 to 1517. Rafael's frescoes became the embodiment of the humanistic dream of the Renaissance about the spiritual and physical perfection of a person, his high vocation and his creative opportunities. The themes of the frescoes forming a single cycle are the personification and glorification of truth (VERO), good, good (Bene), beauty, beautiful (Bello). In addition, it's like three interrelated areas of human activity - intellectual, moral and aesthetic.
Theme frescoes " Dispute» (« Dispute») Approval of the triumph of the highest truth (truth of religious revelation), communion. On the opposite wall - the best fresco of Vatican stans, the greatest creation of Raphael " Athenian school». « Athenian school"Symbolizes rational searches for truth in philosophy and science. IN " Athenian school»The painter depicted a collection of antique thinkers and scientists.
The third fresco of Della Machines Senyatura " Parnassus"- the personification of the idea of \u200b\u200bBello - beauty, beautiful. This fresco shows Apollo surrounded by the music, inspired by Wiole, the famous and unnamed poets, playwrights, prozaiki, prose, in most antique (Homer, Safo, Alkey, Vergilius, Dante, Petrarca ...). Allegoric scene on the contrary " Parnassa", Glorified (Bene) good, good. This idea personifies the figures of wisdom, measures and forces, rhythmically combined by figurines of small geniuses. Three of which symbolize virtues - faith, hope, mercy.
Rafael engaged in monumental painting until the last years of life. The preserved drawings of Raphael clearly reveal the originality creative method artist, preparation and incarnation the main task Works. The main goal is to create a combined and completed composition.
During the years of work in Rome, Rafael receives many orders for the execution of portraits. Portraits created by him, simple, strict on the composition, in the guise of a person allocated the main thing, the most significant, unique: " Portrait of Cardinal», « Portrait of a writer Baldassa Castilion"(Rafael friend) ...
And in the easel painting of Raphael, the plot of the Madonna remains unchanged the topic: " Madonna Alba"(1509)," Madonna in the chair"(1514-1515), altar paintings -" Madonna di Foligno"(1511-1512)," St. Tzcilyl"(1514).
The greatest creation of Rafael's easel painting " Sistine Madonna"(1513-1514). Cardigid - the masterful intercession of human descends on the ground. Madonna presses the little Christ to himself, but her hugs are meaningful: in them and love, and parting - she gives him to people for suffering and flour. Madonna is moving and stationary. It remains in his elevated perfect world and goes to the world of earthly. Maria forever brings her son to people - the embodiment, a symbol of the highest humanity, beauty and greatness of sacrificial maternal love. Rafael created the image of Our Lady, understandable to everyone.
The last years of Rafael's life was devoted to different areas of activity. IN 1514 The year he was appointed to lead the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral, supervised over the course of all construction and repair work in the Vatican. Created architectural projects of the church of Sant Elijio Delya of Herfichi (1509), Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence, Madama Villas.
IN 1515-1516 For years, together with their students, he created cardons to carpets designed for decoration on the festive days of the Sistine Chapel.
Last work - " Transfiguration"(1518-1520) - executed with the significant participation of students and was completed by them after the death of the master.
Painting Raphael reflected the style, aesthetics and the worldview of the era, the era of high revival. Rafael was born to express the ideals of Renaissance, the dream of a beautiful man and a beautiful world.
Rafael died at the age of 37, April 6, 1520. The Great Artist is buried with all the honors in Pantheon. The pride of Italy and the whole mankind Rafael remained for the century.
Rafael Santi (Raffaello Santi) is an Italian artist, a master of graphics and architectural decisions, a representative of the Umbral Picturesque School of Renaissance.
Rafael was born at three in the morning in the artist's family and decorator on April 6, 1483 in the Italian city (Urbino). It is the cultural and historical center of the region (Marche) in the east of Italy. The resort cities of Pesaro (Pesaro) and Rimini are located nearby Rafael's place.
Parents
Father Future Celebrity, - Giovanni Santi (Giovanni Santi) worked at the castle of Urbinsky Duke Federico da Montefeltro (Federico Da Montefeltro), MARGIE Charla's mother (Margie Charla) was engaged in household.
Father earlyly noticed the ability of his son to painting and often took him with him to the palace, where the boy communicated with such famous artists as Pierot Della Francesca (Poolo Uccello) and Luca Signorelli (Luca Signorelli).
School in Perugia
At the age of 8 years, Rafael lost his mother and his father led the New Wife Bernardina to the house, which did not show love for someone else's child. At the age of 12, the boy remained round orphan, Losing and father. Trustees sent young diving For training for Pietro Vannucci in Perugia (Perugia).
Until 1504, Rafael received education at School Perugino, with enthusiasm to study the skill of the teacher and trying to imitate him in all. Friendly, charming, devoid of arrogance Young man everywhere found friends and quickly adopted the experience of teachers. Soon his works could not be distinguished from the works of Pietro Perugino (Pietro Perugino).
The first outstanding masterpieces of Raphael became paintings:
- "The engagement of the Virgin Mary" (Lo Sposalizio Della Vergine), 1504, exhibited in the Milan Gallery (Pinacoteca di Brera);
- Madonna Connestabile (Madonna Connestabile), 1504, belongs to the Hermitage (St. Petersburg);
- Sogné Del Cavaliere (Sogno del Cavaliere), 1504, the picture is exhibited in the National Gallery (National Gallery) of London;
- "Three Graces" (Tre Grazie), 1504 exhibited in the Musée Condé Museum in Chantilly (Château de Chantilly), France;
- In the works, the effect of Perugino is brightly traced, own style Rafael began to create a little later.
In Florence
In 1504, Rafael moved to (Firenze), following his teacher Perugino. Thanks to the teacher, the young man met architectural genius Bachcho D'Anolo (Baccio d'Agnolo), an outstanding sculptor Andrea Sansovino (Andrea Sansovino), a painter of Bastiano da Sangallo (Bastiano da Sangallo) and its future friend and Taddei Taddei protector. Significant impact on the creative process of Raphael was a meeting with Leonardo Da Vinci. Before this day, a copy of the "Leda and Swan" painting was preserved ("Leda and The Swan"), belonging to Rafael (unique in that the original itself was not preserved).
Under the influence of New Teachers, Rafael, during the stay in Florence, creates more than 20 Madonn, putting their longing for the long-term love of love and caress. The images breathe love, gentle and sophisticated.
In 1507, the artist takes an order from Atalanta Baglióni atalanta (Atalanta Baglióni), which was killed by the only son. Rafael creates a picture of the "Coffin position" (La Deposizione), the last work in Florence.
Life in Rome
In 1508, Pope Julius II (Iulius PP. II), in the world - Giuliano della Rovere (Giuliano Della Rovere) invites Rafael to Rome for the painting of the Old Vatican Palace. From 1509 and until the end of the days, the artist is engaged in putting all his skill, all talent and all knowledge.
When Donato Bramante's architect died (Donato Bramante) Pope Leo X (Leo Pp. X), in the world - Giovanni Medici (Giovanni Medici), from 1514, appoints Raphael leading construction architect (Basilica Sancti Petri), in 1515 he Still becomes keeper of values. The young man took responsibility for the census and preservation of monuments. For the temple of St. Peter, Rafael compiled another plan and finished the construction of the yard with loggias.
Other architectural works of Raphael:
- Church of Sant-Elijo-deli Orefichi (Chiesa Sant'ELigio Degli Orefici), erected on the same street in, the beginning of construction was made in 1509
- Cuppella Chigi (Basilica Chigi) of the Church (Basilica Di Santa Maria del Popolo), located on Piazza Del Popolo). Construction began in 1513, completed (Giovanni Bernini) in 1656
- Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli Palace (Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli) in Rome, located at the intersection of Vidoni Square and Corso Vittorio Emanuele Street (Corso Vittorio Emanuele). Construction began in 1515
- Now the destroyed Palazzo Branconio Dell'Aquila (Palazzo Branconio Dell'Aquila) was located in front of the Cathedral of St. Peter. Construction was completed in 1520.
- Pandolfini Palace (Palazzo Pandolfini) in Florence on San Gallo Street (Via San Gallo) was built by the architect Juliano da Sangallo (Giuliano da Sangallo) according to Rafael sketches.
Dad Leo X was afraid that the French could relocate a talented artist to themselves, so I tried to give him as much work as possible, not stupid also for gifts and praise. Rome Raphael continues to write Madonn, not leaving the favorite theme of motherhood.
Personal life
Pictures of Rafael brought him not only the fame of an outstanding artist, but also a lot of money. He never felt a shortage of both the monarch of the monarch and financial resources.
During the reign of Lion X, he got a luxurious house in the ancient style, built on his own project. However, multiple attempts to marry a young man from his patrons did not lead to anything. Rafael was a big fan of female beauty. At the initiative of Cardinal Bibbien (Bibbiena), the artist was engaged to his nephew Maria Dovizi Da Bibbiena, but the wedding did not take place, maestro did not want to bind himself to marriage. The name of one famous mistress of Raphael - Beatrice (Beatrice) from Ferrara (Ferrara), but most likely she was an ordinary Roman curtain.
The only woman who managed to conquer the heart of a rich lobby, became Margarita Luti (Margherita Luti), a bull daughter, nicknamed fornarin (La Fornarina).
The artist met a girl in the Kiji Garden (Chigi) when I was looking for an image for "Amur and Psychai". The thirty-year-old Rafael painted (Villa Farnesina) in Rome, belonging to his rich patron, and the beauty of seventeen-year-old girls, as it should not suit this image.
- We advise you to visit the excursion:
The father of the girl for 50 gold allowed the daughter to pose an artist, and afterwards for 3,000 gold, he allowed Rafael to pick her up with him. For six years, young people lived together, Margarita did not cease to inspire their admirer to all new masterpieces, including:
- "Madonna Sistina"), Gallery of Old Masters (Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister), Dresden (Dresden), Germany, 1514 g;;;
- "Donna Velata" ("La Velata"), the Palatine Gallery (Galerie Pitti), (Palazzo Pitti), Florence, 1515;
- "Fornarina" ("La Fornarina"), Palazzo Barberini (Palazzo Barberini), Rome, 1519;
After the death of Rafael, young Margarita received lifelong content and home. But in 1520 the girl became an obedient in the monastery, where she later died.
Death
Rafael's death left a lot of riddles. By one version, tired of the night adventures, the artist returned home in a weakened state. Doctors were supposed to support his strength, but they made bloodletting that destroyed the patient. According to another version, Rafael was cold during excavations in underground burial galleries.
April 6, 1520 Maesto did not. He was buried in (Pantheon) with submerging honors. Rafael's grave can be seen during the sights of Rome at dawn.
Madonna
Imitating your teacher Pietro Perugino (Pietro Perugino), Rafael wrote a gallery from forty-two pictures of Our Lady with a baby. Despite the variety scene linesWorks are united by the touching charm of motherhood. The lack of maternal love The artist transfers to the canvas, strengthening and idealizing a woman, anxiously protecting angel baby.
The first Madonns of Raphael are created in the QuattroCento style, common in the period early rebirth In the XV century. Images are apparent, dry, human figures are presented strictly frontally, the view is still, on the faces calm and solemn abstraction.
The Florentine period introduces the Mother of God in the images, anxiety and pride in their child appears. The landscapes are complicated in the second plan, the interaction of the characters depicted.
In later Roman works, the origin of Barochko is guessed (Barocco), Feelings are becoming more difficult, poses and gestures are far from the renaissance harmony, the proportions of the figures are pulled out, the predominance of the gloomy tones is observed.
The Sistina Madonna (Madonna Sistina) is the most famous of all images of the life of 2 m 65 cm for 1 m 96 cm. The image of Madonna is taken from 17-year-old Margherita Luce (Margherita Luti), daughter of the dog and the mistress of the artist.
Maria, going down the clouds, carries an unusually serious infant on his hands. They are met by Pope Sixtus II (Sixtus II) and the Holy Varvara. At the bottom of the picture, two angels presumably relying on the sobility cover. Angel left one wing. The name of Sequust with Latin translates as "Six", the composition consists of six figures - the three main components are a triangle, the background for the composition serve as an angels in the form of clouds. The canvas was created for the Altar of the Basilica of St. Sisto (Chiesa di San Sisto) in Piacenza in 1513. From 1754, the work was exhibited in the gallery of old masters.
Madonna with infant
Another name of the picture created in 1498 is "Madonna from the House of Santi" ("Madonna di Casa Santi"). She became the first appeal of the artist to the image of Our Lady.
The fresco is stored in the house where the artist was born, on Rafael Street (Via Raffaello) in Urbino. Today, the building is called the "House Museum of Rafael Santi" ("Casa Natale Di Raffaello"). Madonna is depicted in profile, she reads a book installed on the stand. On her hands a sleeping baby. Mother's hands are supported and gently stroke the child. Poses of both figures are natural and relaxed, the mood sets the contrast of dark and white tones.
Madonna Granduca (Madonna del Granduca) is the most mysterious work of Raphael, finished in 1505. Her preliminary sketch is clearly indicates the presence of a landscape in the second plan. The drawing is stored in the Outline and Etudes Cabinet (Galleria Degli Uffizi), in Florenze (Firenze).
- We advise you to visit: With a licensed insusive guide
The X-ray shot of finished work confirms that another background was originally present in the picture. The analysis of paint indicates that upper layer The picture was applied 100 years after its creation. Presumably, it could make the artist Carlo Dolch (Carlo Dolci), the owner of Madonna Granduca, who preferred a dark background of religious images. In 1800, the share sells a picture of Duke Francis III (François III) already in the form in which it has been preserved to our time. The name "Granduk" Madonna gets the name of the same owner (Grand Duca - the Great Duke). Pattern sizes 84 cm by 56 cm is exhibited in the Galerie Palatine Gallery Palazzo Pitti (Palazzo Pitti), in Florence.
For the first time, the similarity of Madonna Bridgewater (Madonna Bridgewater) with his wife Natalia Nikolaevna A. S. Pushkin noticed in the summer of 1830, seeing a copy of the paintings created in 1507 in the shop window of books on Nevsky Prospect. This is another mysterious work of Raphael, where the landscape on the second plan is painted with black paint. She traveled for a long time around the world, after which the Duke of Bridgewater became her owner.
Subsequently, the heirs kept the work in the estate of brideworms in London (London) over a hundred years. In second world War The Blonde Madonna is transported to the National Gallery (Edinburgh) in Edinburgh, where and is exhibited today.
Madonna Concentabile (Madonna Connestabile) - the finishing work of the maestro in Umbria, written in 1502 Before purchasing it by the Count ContestAbile Della Staffa, she called "Madonna with a book" (Madonna del libro).
In 1871, Alexander II bought it at the count to give a spouse. Today is the only work of Raphael, which belongs to Russia. It is exhibited in St. Petersburg Hermitage.
The work is presented in a rich frame created simultaneously with the web. When translating the paintings from a tree to canvas in 1881, it was found that instead of the book Madonna first held a grenade with him - the blood sign of Christ. During the creation of Madonna, Rafael has not yet owned the technique of mitigation of lines - SFUMATO (SFUMATO), so I presented my talent not diluted by the influence of Leonardo da Vinci.
Madonna d'Alba was created by Raphael in 1511 at the request of Bishop Paolo Giovio (Paolo Giovio) In the times of the creative zenith of the artist. For a long time, until 1931, the canvas belonged to St. Petersburg Hermitage, was subsequently sold to Washington, the United States and today is exhibited in National Gallery Arts (National Gallery of Art).
The pose and folds of the clothing of Our Lady are reminiscent of antiquity sculptures. The work is unusual in that its framed is a circle with a diameter of 945 mm. The name "Alba" Madonne went to the XVII century in memory of the Duke of Alba (at one time the picture was in the Sevilla Palace (Sevilla), belonging to the heirs of Olivares (Olivares). In 1836 russian emperor Nicholas I bought it for 14,000 pounds and ordered to translate from a wooden carrier to canvas. In this case, part of the nature of the right was lost.
Madonna Della Seggiola was created in 1514 and exhibited in the Galerie Palatine Gallery Palazzo Pitti (Palazzo Pitti). The Mother of God is dressed in the elegant clothes of the XVI century women.
Madonna hugs two hands and fastens his son tightly, as if feeling that he would have to experience. On the right they look at John the Baptist in the image little boy. All figures are drawn close-up And the background for the painting is no longer required. There is no rigor of geometric shapes and linear perspectives, but there is a befolded maternal love, expressed by the use of the paints of warm tones.
Large canvas of Raphael (1 m 22 cm at 80 cm) "Beautiful Sadman" (La Belle Jardiniere), written in 1507, belongs to one of the most valuable exhibits of the Paris Louvre (Musée Du Louvre).
Initially, the picture was called "Holy Virgin in the dress of the peasantry" and only in 1720. Art historian Pierre Mariett (Pierre Mariette) decided to give her another name. Maria is depicted sitting in the garden with Jesus and John the Baptist. The son pulls his hand to the book and looks into the mother's eyes. John holds a rod with a cross and looks at Christ. Nimes are barely noticeable above the heads of the characters. Title and calm gives a turquoise sky with white clouds, a lake, blooming herbs and chubby children near good and tender Madonna.
Madonna with a shcheleky
Madonna Del Cardellino (Madonna del Cardellino) is recognized as one of the best creations of Raphael, written in 1506. Exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery (Galleria Degli Uffizi) in Florence.
The customer of the painting became a friend of the artist, the merchant Lorenzo Nazi (Lorenzo Nazi), he asked for work to be ready for his wedding. In 1548, the picture was almost lost when Mountain San Giorgio (Monte San Giorgio) collapsed to the House of the merchant and neighboring houses. However, the son of Lorenzo, Batista (Batista) collected all the parts of the painting from the ruins and gave them to the restoration of Ridolf Girlandaio (Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio). He did everything possible to give the masterpiece the initial appearance, but the traces of damage could not be completely hidden. On the x-ray picture 17 separate elements connected by nails, a new painting and four inserts on the left side are seen.
Small Madonna Cowper (Piccola Madonna Cowper) was created in 1505 and named after Count Cooper (Earl Cowper), in whose collection the work was many years. In 1942, donated by the National Art Gallery in Washington. Holy Deva, as in many other pictures of Raphael, is represented in red clothes, symbolizing the blood of Christ. From above, as a symbol of innocence, a blue cape added. Although no one went to this in Italy, Rafael portrayed the Mother of God in such clothes. Main plan It occupies resting on the bench Maria. Left hand she hugs a smiling Christ. The church resembling the Chiesa di San Bernardino (Chiesa di San Bernardino) in Urbino, at home the author's paintings.
Portraits
In the collection of Raphael, there are not a lot of portraits, he died early from life. Among them, it is possible to distinguish early works performed in the Florentine period and the work of mature pores created during the residence in Rome from 1508 to 1520. The artist draws a lot from nature, always clearly denoting the contour, achieving the most accurate matching of the image of the original. The authorship of many works is questioned, among other possible authors are indicated: Pietro Perugino, Francesco Francia, Lorenzo Di Credi (Lorenzo Di Credi).
Portraits created before moving to Florence
Outlook on a tree on a tree (45 cm for 31 cm), made in 1502 exhibited in (Galleria Borghese).
Until the XIX century The authorship of the portrait was attributed to Perugino, but recent studies point to the belonging of the masterpiece of the brush of early Rafael. Perhaps this is an image of one of the dukes, contemporaries of the artist. The flowing curls of the hair and the absence of facial defects are somewhat idealizing the image, It did not fit the realism of the artists of the North Italy of the time.
- We recommend:
Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga (Elisabetta Gonzaga), 1503 years of creation of 52 cm in size for 37 cm. Exhibited in the Uphrian Gallery.
Elizabeth accounted for the sister Francesco II Gonzaga (Francesco II Gonzaga) and his wife Guidobaldo Da Montefeltro. Women's forehead decorates Scroppio pendant, hairstyle, clothes depicted in fashion contemporaries author. According to the assumption of art historians, Gunzaga and Montefeltro portraits were partially performed by Giovanni Santi. Elizabeth was the road to Raphael because he was engaged in his upbringing when he remained orphan.
Portite Pietro Bembo - One of the first works of Raphael 1504, represents the young Pietro Btembo, who became a cardinal, practically the twin of the artist.
In the image, the long hair of the young man gently falls out from under the red hats. Hands are folded on the parapet, in right palm Clamp paper sheet. Rafael first met Btembo in the castle of Urbinsky Duke. The portrait of a wood oil (54 cm for 39 cm) is exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts (Szépművészeti Múzeum) in Budapest (Budapest), Hungary.
Portraits of the Florentine period
A portrait of a pregnant woman in Donna Gravida (La Donna Gravida) was executed in 1506. Oil on canvas 77 cm with 111 cm and stored in Patti Palazzo.
At the time of Rafael, women who carry a child, were not accepted, but the portrait wrote his little soul images without looking at the dogmas. The theme of maternity, passing through all Madonn reflected in images of worldly man in the streets. Art historians believe that it could be a woman's family Buffalini Chità di Castello (Bufalini Città di Castello) or Emilia Pia da Montefeltro (Emilia Pia Da Montefeltro). On belonging to a rich class indicates fashionable outfit, decorations on hair, rings with precious stones on the fingers and chain on the neck.
A portrait of a lady with a unicorn (Dama Col Liocorno) with a 65 cm wood oil for 61 cm, written in 1506 in the Borghese Gallery.
Presumably for the image posed Julia Farnese (Giulia Farnese), mystery love Pope Alexander VI (Alexander PP. VI). Work is interesting in that during numerous restorations, the image of the lady was changed many times. On the X-ray, instead of the unicorn, a silhouette of a dog is shifted. Perhaps the work on the portrait passed several stages. Rafael could be the author of the torso figure, landscape and sky. Giovanni Soliani (Giovanni Sogliani) could draw columns on the sides of the loggia, hands with sleeves and a dog. Another later layer of paint increases the volume hairstyles, changes the sleeves and teleshes the dog. In a few decades, the dog becomes unicorn, rewrite hands. In the 17th century, the lady becomes Saint Catherine in a raincoat.
Self-portrait
Self-portrait (Autoritratto) with a size of 47.5 cm by 33 cm, executed in 1506 is stored in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
The work for a long time owned Cardinal Leopoldus Medices, since 1682 entered the collection of the Uffizi Gallery. A mirror image of a portrait is applied by Raphael on the "Athens School" fresco ("Scuola Di Atene") in the main hall of the Vatican Palace (Palazzo Apostolico's Apostolic). The artist depicted himself in a modest black robe, decoring it only a small strip of a white collar.
Portrait of Anolo Doni, Portrait of Muddalen Donon
Portrait of Anolo Doni and Portrait of Agnolo Doni, Portrait of Maddalena Doni) written by wood with a wood oil in 1506 and perfectly complement each other.
Anolo Doni was a rich wool trader and ordered to write himself and his young wife (in the magnitude of Strozzi (Strozzi)) immediately after their wedding. The image of the girl was created according to the "Mona Lisa" ("Mona Lisa") (Leonardo da Vinci): the same turn of the housing, the same position of the hands. Careful drawing of details of clothing and decorations indicate the wealth of a couple.
Rubins symbolize prosperity, sapphires - purity, pearl suspension on the neck Maddalena - virginity. Previously, both works were combined with hinges. From the mid-20s. XIX century The descendants of the Doni family pass portraits.
Major painting (La Muta) oil on canvas with a size of 64 cm by 48 cm was made in 1507 and exhibited in the National Gallery of Mark (Galleria Nazionale Delle Marche) in Urbino.
The Picture of the image is considered Elisabeth Gonzaga (Elisabetta Gonzaga), the spouse of Duke Guidobaldo da Montefeltro (Guidobaldo da Montefeltro). According to another version, it could be a sister of Duke Giovanna (Giovanna). Until 1631, the portrait was in Urbino, subsequently transported it to Florence. In 1927, the work was returned to the homeland of the artist. In 1975, the picture was kidnapped from the gallery, after a year it was discovered in Switzerland.
Portrait of a young man (Portrait of a Young Man) Wood oil (35 cm at 47 cm), written in 1505 to Florence, in the Uffizi.
The Francesco Maria della Rovere presented in the image of Francesco Maria Della Rovere (Francesco Maria Della Rovere (Giovanni Della Rovere) and Julian Faltria (Juliana Feltria). Uncle prescribed a young man in 1504 by his heir and immediately ordered this portrait. The young man in red apparel is presented on the modest nature of the North of Italy.
Portrait of Guidobaldo Di Montafeltro (Ritratto Di GuidoBoldo Da Montefeltro) Oil on a tree (69 cm for 52 cm) Failed in 1506. The work was kept in the castle of the Dukes of Urbinsky (Palazzo Ducale), after which it was transported to the city of Pesaro.
In 1631, the picture entered the wife of Ferdinando II Medici's wife (Ferdinando II De Medici), Victoria Della Rovere (Vittoria Della Rovere). Montefeltro in black robe is placed in the center of the composition, which is framed dark walls of the room. On the right depicted an open window with nature behind it. The immobility and asceticity of the image did not allow for a long time to recognize the author of Raphael.
Rafael Machines in Vatican
In 1508, the artist moves to Rome, where it remains until the very death. Architect Domato Bramante (Donato Bramante) helped him become an artist at the papal courtyard. Pope Julius II gives his protege under the painting, the parade halls (stans) of the old Vatican Palace, called later (Stanze di Raffaello). Seeing the first job of Raphael, Dad ordered his drawings on all planes, removing the frescoes of the rest of the authors and leaving only the plafoons intact.
- Visit MUST:
The literal translation of "Stanza Della Segnatura" sounds like "docking", its only one did not renamed the topic of filled frescoes.
Raphael worked on her painting from 1508 to 1511. In the premises, the monarchs were putting signatures on important papers and there was a library. This is the 1st station from the 4th, over which Rafael worked.
Fresco "Athens School"
The second name "SCUOLA DI ATENE", the best of the created frescoes, is "philosophical conversations" ("Discussioni Filosofiche"). The main topic is Aristotle's argument (Aristotels) with Plato ((Platon), written with Leonardo da Vinci) under the vaults of a fantastic temple, is designed to reflect philosophical activities. The length of the base is 7 m 70 cm, more than 50 characters are placed in the composition, Among which Heraclit (Heraclitus) was written with), Ptolemy ((Ptolemaeus), Rafael Socrates), Sokrates, Diogen (Diogen), Pythagoras (Pythagoras), Euclide ((EVKLID), written with Bramtert), Zoroastr ( Zoroastr) And other philosophers and thinkers.
Fresco "Dispute", or "Spore about the Holy Communion"
The size of the "La Disputa Del Sacramento"), symbolizing theology, 5 m at 7 m 70 cm.
On the fresco, heavenly residents are leading the theological dispute with earthly mortals (Fra Beato Angelico), Augustine Blessed (Dante), Savonarola (Savonarola) and others). The clear symmetry in the work does not oppress, on the contrary, thanks to the Rafaelevsky gift of the organization, it seems natural and harmonious. The leading figure of the composition is a semicircle.
Fresco "Wisdom. Moderation. Force"
Fresco "Wisdom. Moderation. Power "(" La Saggezza. La Moderazione. Forza ") placed on the wall cutting down the window. Another name of the work glorifying the legislation of secular and church, "jurisprudation" (Giurisprudenza).
Under the threat of jurisprudence on the ceiling, three figures are located on the wall above the window: wisdom looking into the mirror, power in helmet and moderation with reins in hand. On the left side of the window depicts Emperor Justinian (Iustinianus) and standing in front of him tribonian (tribonianus). On the right side of the window image of the Pope Gregory VII (Gregorius PP. VII), presented by the roman dads.
Fresco "Parnas"
Fresco "Parnass" ("He Parnassus") or "Apollo and Muse" ("Apollo and The Muses") is located on the wall opposite "MUDOSTY. Miracles. Ciles "and depicts ancient and modern poems. In the middle of the image, ancient Greek Apollo with a manual lie, surrounded by nine music. On the right are: Homer, Dante (Dante), Anacreon, Vergilius, right - Ariosto (Ariosto), Horace (Horatius), Terentics (Terentius), Ovidius (Ovidius).
Theme for painting Di Eliodoro (Stanza di Eliaodoro) selected intercession higher Forces For the church. Hall, work on which came from 1511. On 1514, it was called on one of the four frescoes applied by Raphael on the wall. The best masters' student, Julio Romano, helped the teacher in work.
Fresco "Discussion Elias from the Temple"
The fresco of Cacciata Di Eliaodoro Dal Tempio depicts a legend in which the faithful servant of the Tsarist Dynasty of Seleucidov (Seleukid), the leader Eliodor was sent to Jerusalem to pick up Solomon Casner and orphans from the temple.
When he went to the hall of the temple, saw a ridiculous angry horse with a rider angel. The horse began to trample with the hooves of Eliodore, and the satellites of the rider, too, angels, several times hit the robbery of the wag. Pope Julius II is presented on the fresco with a third-party observer.
Fresco "Mass in Bolsene"
Over the Mass of Bolsena fresco, Rafael worked alone, not attracting helpers. The plot depicts a miracle that happened in the temple of Bolshen. The priest German was going to start a rite of communion, in the depths of the soul, not believing in his truth. Then from the clouds (pellets) in his hands flowed 5 blood pills (2 of them - a symbol of punched Christ, 2 - feet, 1 - blood from the wound of the punched sides). In the composition there are notes of collision with German heretics of the XVI century.
Fresco "Failing to the Apostle Peter from the Tomnov"
The fresco "Failing to the Apostle Peter from the Tomnov" ("La Delivrance de Saint Pierre") is also the work of fully Rafael. The plot is taken from the "Acts of Apostles", the image is divided into 3 parts. The composition of the composition shows the shining apostle Peter, enclosed in a gloomy chamber of the dungeon. On the right, Peter with an angel come out of imprisonment until the guards are sleeping. On the left, the third action when the security wakes up, discovers the loss and raises the alarm.
Fresco "Bustre Lion I Beliky with ATTEL"
A significant part of the work "The Meeting Between Leo The Great and Attila" width of more than 8 m was performed by Raphael students.
The Lion Great has the appearance of Pope Lion X. According to the legend, when the leader of the Huns approached the walls of Rome, Lev Great went to a meeting with him with other members of the delegation. He convinced his eloquence of the invaders to abandon their intentions to attack the city and leave. According to the legend, Attila saw behind the lion of the clergy, threatening him with a sword. It could be the apostle Peter (or Paul).
Stanza Dell'Incendio Di Borgo Stan - the Finish Hall, which was working on Raphael from 1514 to 1517.
The room was called in honor of the main and best frescoes of Rafael "Fire in Borgo" ("Fire In The Borgo") Maestro's brushes. Over the rest of the paintings worked his students according to the specified drawings.
Fresco "Podar in Borgo"
In 847, in the Roman Quarter, Borgo, adjacent to the Vatican Palace, embraced the flame. It has grown while the Lion IV (LEO PP. IV) did not appear from the Vatican Palace and did not stop the disaster with the godmond. In the background, the old facade of St. Peter's Cathedral is depicted. Left The most successful group: Athletic young man makes an old father on the shoulders from the fire. Next is trying to climb another young man (presumably, the artist drew himself).
Stanza Konstantin
An order for the painting "Hall of Konstantin" ("Sala di Costantino") Rafael received in 1517, but only sketches of drawings managed to make. The sustainable death of the ingenious Creator prevented him to finish the work. All frescoes were performed by students of Raphael: Julio Romano, Gianfranchesco Penni (Gianfrancesco Penni), Rafaellino Del Colle, Perin Del Vaga.
- Giovanni Santi insisted that the newborn Rafael Mother feeds herself, without resorting to the help of the cormal.
- Up to our days, approximately four hundred maestro drawings, among which there are sketches and images of lost paintings.
- Amazing kindness and spiritual generosity of the artist manifested not only in relation to loved ones. Rafael was cared for all her life as a son about one poor scientist, a translator of Hippocrates to Latin, Rabio Calve (Rabio Calve). The scientist husband was as holy, as far as scientist, so I did not save myself and lived modestly.
- In the monasteric records, MARGARITA LUTIES was marked as the "Widow of Raphael". In addition, exploring paint layers in the picture "Fornarin", the restorers found a ruby \u200b\u200bring under them, possibly wedding. The pearl decoration in the hair "Foundanina" and "Donna Velat" also testifies to marriage.
- A painful bluish spot on the Breast "Friend" gives reason to assume that the woman had breast cancer.
- In 2020, 500 years from the day of death ingenious artist. In 2016, for the first time in Russia, the exhibition of Rafael in Moscow was held, in the GMI named Pushkin. At the exhibition called "Rafael. Poetry images "It was presented with 8 paintings and 3 graphic patterns collected from various Museums of Italy.
- Rafael's children are familiar to children like one of the "Ninja Turtles" in the cartoon of the same name, which owns a stitching bladed weapon - Sai, externally similar to the trident.
↘️🇮🇹 Useful articles and sites 🇮🇹↙️ SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS
The Great Italian Painter was born in 1483 in Urbino. His father was also a painter and schedule, so the future master began his training in the Father's workshop.
Rafael's parents died when the boy was barely turned 11 years old. After their death, he went to continue to study in the workshop of Pietro Perugino. He spent at the master of the master for about 4 years and during that time gained his own style.
Carier start
As read short biography Rafael Santi, after graduation, the artist went to live and work in Florence. Here he met such outstanding masters like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Bartolomeo dellas the port. He studied from these outstanding masters secrets portrait painting and sculptures.
In 1508, the artist moved to Rome and became the official painter of the papal court. He occupied this position and under Julia II dad, and when Dad Lev X. It was for the last Rafael who painted the Sistine Chapel - the greatest masterpiece of the Renaissance.
In 1514, Rafael became the chief architect of the Cathedral of St. Peter. He also engaged in a lot of excavations in Rome, worked to order for numerous churches, wrote portraits (though, mostly portraits of friends), performed particularly significant private orders.
Retrospective of artist's creativity: Florentine period
The artist performed his first work still in the Father's workshop. The most vivid example of the creativity of the young artist Khorugwe with the image of St. Trinity. This work is still located in the House-Museum in Urbino.
During the period of training at Pietro, Perugino Rafael began working on the images of his classic Madonn. The brightest work of the period from 1501 to 1504 is "Madonna Concatented".
The Florentine period is the most saturated in Rafael's life. He created his recognized masterpieces at this time, such as: "Lady with a unicorn", " Holy Family"," St. Ekaterina Alexandria. "
Also during this period, he painted Madonn a lot. Rafaelevsky Madonna is primarily a mother (most likely, the artist has greatly influenced the early care of his own mother). The best Madonns of this period: "Madonna with a carnation", "Madonna Granduca", "Beautiful Saddleman".
Retrospective of artist's creativity: Roman period
The Roman period of creativity is the top of the artist's career. He slightly moved away from classic biblical plots and turned to antiquity. The recognized world masterpieces are: "Athens School", "Parnas", "Sikstinskaya Madonna" (painting on the wall of the Sistine Chapel - the top of the skills of Raphael), "Madonna Alba", "Madonna with fish."
The death of the artist
Rafael died in 1520 allegedly from Roman fever, which "picked up" on excavations. Buried in Pantheon.
Other biography options
- Rafael was familiar with A. Durer. It is known that the latter gave Rafael his self portrait, but his fate is still unknown to this day.
- Villa Farnesina is a special stage in the artist's activities. It can be said that he first appeals to antique mythology and historical painting. So the frescoes "Triumph Galatei" and "Wedding of Alexander and Roxana" appear. Interestingly, Rafael wrote from nude. The best thing his work in this regard is "Founderina" (it is believed that most female portraits, made by the artist, were written off from his simulator and beloved fornar, about which little known fate).
- Rafael wrote wonderful sonnets, mostly devoted to love for women.
- In 2002, one of graphic work Rafael was sold at the Sothesshis auction for a record amount for this type of work - 30 million pounds sterling.
(1483-1520) is one of the brightest geniuses. He survived hard childhood, wishing a mother and father early. However, then fate, not bothering, he gave it all. what he wanted - numerous orders, huge success and loud Slav, wealth and honor, universal love, including women's love. Delightful admirers called him "Divine". However, it was noticed for a long time that the fate of capricious and unpredictable. Because she too generously sick with gifts, she can suddenly turn away. This is how it happened to Rafael: in the flourishing of life and creative strength, he suddenly died.
Rafael was an architect and painter. Following Bramante, he participated in the design and construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter, built Kijelli Kiji Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome. However, unprecedented glory brought him painting.
Unlike Leonardo, Rafael fully belonged to his time. Its works there is nothing strange, mysterious and mysterious. They are all clear and transparent, everything is fine and completely. He with the greatest force embodied the positive ideal beautiful man. In his work reigns a life-affirming beginning.
The main theme of his creativity was the theme of Madonna, who found him unsurpassed, the perfect embodiment. It was she dedicated to Raphael one of the earliest works - "Madonna Concreate", where Madonna is depicted with a book that the baby flies. Already in this web brightly manifested important artistic principles Great Artist. Madonna is deprived of holiness, it expresses not only maternal loveBut embodies the ideal of an excellent person. In the picture, everything is noted by perfection: composition. Color range, shapes, landscape.
Behind this web was followed by a whole series of variations on the same topic - "Madonna with a shcheler", "Beautiful Saddleman". "Madonna among greens", "Madonna with Bezboro Joseph", "Madonna under the Baldakhin". A. Benua identified these variations as "charming pictorial sonnets." All of them exaltate and idealize a person, chasing beauty, harmony and grace.
After a break when Rafael was busy with frescoes, he again returns to the theme of Madonna. In some of its images, he seemed to vary previously found models. Such, in particular, are "Madonna Alba" and "Madonna in a chair", the composition of which is subordinate to the round framing. At the same time, it creates new types of Madonna images.
The vertex in the development of the topic of Our Lady was " Sistine Madonna" who has become a real hymn of physical and spiritual perfection of man. Unlike all other Madonn Sicstinskaya expresses an inexhaustible human meaning. It combines earthly and heavenly, simple and elevated, close and inaccessible. On her face you can read everything human feelings: tenderness, timidity, anxiety, confidence, rigor, dignity, greatness.
The main among them, according to Winkelman, are "noble simplicity and calm greatness." The picture reigns measure, equilibrium and harmony. It is distinguished by smooth and rounded lines, a soft and melodic pattern, wealth and compatibility of color. Madonna itself emits energy and movement. This work Rafael created the most exalted and poetic image of Madonna in the art of Renaissance.
The outstanding creations of Raphael include paintings of personal papal chambers (stans) in the Vatican dedicated to biblical plots, as well as philosophy, art and jurisprudence.
The Fresco "Athens School" depicts a collection of philosophers and scientists of antiquity. In the center of it are the majestic figures of Plato and Aristotle, and the ancient wise men and scientists are located on the sides.
Parnas's fresco represents Apollo and Muses surrounded by great poets of antiquity and Itchyansky Renaissance. All paintings are marked by the highest skill of composition, bright decorativeness, naturalness of poses and gestures of characters.