Gorky's biography is the most important thing. Interesting facts from the biography of M

Maxim Gorky (born March 28, 1868) is an honored Russian writer, prose writer and playwright. Who does not know, then the real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. Author of many works bearing revolutionary themes.

His life deserves special attention, as it is a worthy example for young people. Despite many difficulties and hardships, he was able to glorify his name and gain recognition not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Chronological table of the biography of Maxim Gorky

Briefly about childhood

This one was born outstanding person in Nizhny Novgorod in an ordinary working-class family. His father was a cabinet maker. At a young age, he remained an orphan and was brought up by his grandfather, who has a tough and despotic disposition. Since childhood, he felt needy and was forced to quit his studies and earn a living on his own. But this did not prevent him from developing and learning independently.

The only outlet for him was the spiritual poems of his grandmother. It was she who contributed to the literary talent of her grandson. In the notes, the writer very rarely mentions his grandmother, but these words are overflowing with warmth and tenderness.

At the age of 11, he decided to leave his grandfather's house and go to free bread. Where only he did not work, trying to somehow feed himself. He was running errands in a shoe store, an auxiliary worker for a draftsman, a cook on a steamer. When he was 15 years old, he ventured to enter Kazan University. This attempt was unsuccessful, because young man there was no financial support.

Kazan met him not very friendly. There he knew life in its lowest manifestations. He ate anything, lived in the slums, communicated with the lower strata of society. Because of this, he decided to commit suicide.

The next destination for him was Tsaritsyn. He worked there for a while. on the railway. Then he contracted as a scribe to the sworn attorney M. A. Lapin. This man played an important role in his fate.

Restless temper did not allow Maxim to sit in one place and he decided to go on a trip to the south of Russia. Having tried many different professions, he replenished his baggage of knowledge. In his wanderings on foot, he never ceased to propagate revolutionary ideas. This is what led to his arrest in 1888.

The beginning of literary creativity

The first story of M. Gorky"Makar Chudra", was published in 1892. Returning to your hometown, he met the writer V.G. Korolenko, who made a significant contribution to the fate of the writer.

Fame came to him in 1898, after the publication of the work "Essays and Stories". His creations have become popular not only in Russia, but also abroad. Gorky's list of novels includes the following:

• "Mother",
• "The Artamonov Case",
• "Foma Gordeev",
• "Three" and others.

The most famous were the story "The Old Woman Izergil", the plays "At the Bottom", "Petty Bourgeois", "Enemies" and others.

Since 1901 M. Gorky was constantly under the gun police, as he conducted propaganda revolutionary movement. In 1906 he was forced to leave his homeland and went to Europe and the USA. The main thing is that even there he did not stop defending the revolution, expressing this in his work. On the island of Capri, he lived for about seven years, where he did not stop writing. There appeared the following works:

• "Confession";
• "A life unnecessary person»;
• "Tales of Italy".

At the same time, he was undergoing treatment. In the same period of time, the novel "Mother" appeared.

After the October riot in 1917, Maxim Gorky became the first chairman of the Union of Writers of the USSR. Under his protection were all those who were persecuted by the new government.

Last years

In 1921, the writer health deteriorated exacerbated tuberculosis. He had to travel abroad for treatment. There is evidence that Lenin strongly insisted on this departure. Perhaps this was due to the growing ideological contradictions in the opposition of the writer. At first he lived in Germany, from it he moved to the Czech Republic and Italy.

In 1928, Stalin himself invited M. Gorky to celebrate his 60th birthday. In honor of this event, a grand reception was arranged. It was transported to many regions Soviet Union demonstrating achievements Soviet people. In 1932, the writer returned to Russia for good.

Despite a severe and debilitating illness, Alexei Maksimovich tirelessly continues to work in newspapers and magazines. At the same time, he was intensely busy with the novel The Life of Klim Samgin, which he never completed.

There was also no stability in Maxim Gorky's personal life. He was married several times. The first marriage took place with Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. They had a daughter who died in infancy. The second child was a son, Maxim Peshkov. Was a freelance artist. He died shortly before the death of his father. This was a surprise to everyone, which gave rise to many rumors about the possibility of a violent death.

For the second time, Gorky married an actress and an associate of the revolutionary movement, Maria Andreeva. The last woman in his life was Maria Ignatievna Burdberg. This person had a dubious reputation among the people because of his turbulent life.

An interesting fact is that after the writer's death, his brain decided to study in more detail. This was done by scientists from the Moscow Brain Institute.

Maxim Gorky short biography

Maxim Gorky (1868 - 1936) - famous Russian writer and playwright, author of works on revolutionary themes, founder of socialist realism, nominee for Nobel Prize in the field of literature. He spent many years in exile.

early years

Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a poor carpenter's family. The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. His parents died early, and little Alexei stayed with his grandfather.

His grandmother became a mentor in literature, who led her grandson into the world of folk poetry. He wrote about her briefly, but with great tenderness: “In those years, I was filled with grandmother's poems, like a beehive with honey; I think I was thinking in the forms of her poems.

Gorky's childhood passed in harsh, difficult conditions. With early years future writer I was forced to do part-time work, earning a living with whatever I had to.

Education and the beginning of literary activity

In Gorky's life, only two years were devoted to studying at the Nizhny Novgorod School. Then, due to poverty, he went to work, but was constantly self-taught. 1887 was one of the most difficult years in Gorky's biography. Because of the troubles that had piled up, he tried to commit suicide, however, he survived.

Traveling around the country, Gorky promoted the revolution, for which he was taken under police surveillance, and then arrested for the first time in 1888.

Gorky's first printed story, Makar Chudra, was published in 1892. Then, published in 1898, the essays in two volumes "Essays and Stories" brought fame to the writer.

In 1900-1901 he wrote the novel "Three", met Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy.

In 1902 he was awarded the title of member Imperial Academy Sciences, however, by order of Nicholas II, it was soon declared invalid.

To famous works Gorky include: the story "Old Woman Izergil" (1895), the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901) and "At the Bottom" (1902), the stories "Childhood" (1913-1914) and "In People" (1915-1916), the novel " The life of Klim Samgin (1925-1936), which the author never finished, as well as many cycles of stories.

Gorky also wrote fairy tales for children. Among them: "The Tale of Ivanushka the Fool", "Sparrow", "Samovar", "Tales of Italy" and others. Remembering your difficult childhood, Gorky paid special attention to children, organized holidays for children from poor families, published a children's magazine.

Emigration, return home

In 1906, in the biography of Maxim Gorky, he moved to the USA, then to Italy, where he lived until 1913. Even there, Gorky's work defended the revolution. Returning to Russia, he stops in St. Petersburg. Here Gorky works in publishing houses, deals with social activities. In 1921, due to an aggravated illness, at the insistence of Vladimir Lenin, and disagreements with the authorities, he again went abroad. The writer finally returned to the USSR in October 1932.

Final years and death

At home, he continues to actively engage in writing, publishes newspapers and magazines.

Maxim Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in the village of Gorki (Moscow Region) under mysterious circumstances. There were rumors that the cause of his death was poisoning, and many blamed Stalin for this. However, this version has not been confirmed.

Alexey Peshkov, better known under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky, is one of the most influential and famous writers THE USSR.

He managed to walk all the way to the Caucasus. During his travels, Gorky received a lot of impressions, which in the future will be reflected in his biography in general, and in his work in particular.

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov

The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. The pseudonym "Maxim Gorky", by which most readers know him, first appeared on September 12, 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" in the caption to the story "Makar Chudra".

An interesting fact is that Gorky had another pseudonym with which he sometimes signed his works: Yehudiel Khlamida.

Abroad

Having received a certain fame, Gorky goes to America, and after that - to Italy. His moves have nothing to do with politics, but are dictated solely by family circumstances.

In fairness, it must be said that Gorky's entire biography is permeated with constant trips abroad.

Only towards the end of his life did he cease to be in continuous traveling.

Traveling, Gorky actively writes books of a revolutionary nature. In 1913 he returned to Russian empire and settled in St. Petersburg, working in various publishing houses.

Interestingly, although the writer himself had Marxist views, he was rather skeptical about the Great October Revolution.

After graduation civil war, Peshkov again goes abroad due to disagreements with new government. Only in 1932 did he finally and irrevocably return to his homeland.

Creation

In 1892, Maxim Gorky published his famous story Makar Chudra. However, the two-volume collection Essays and Stories brought him real fame.

It is curious that the circulation of his works was three times higher than the circulation of other writers. From under his pen, one after another, the stories “Old Woman Izergil”, “Twenty-six and One”, “ former people”, as well as the poems “Song of the Petrel” and “Song of the Falcon”.

In addition to serious stories, Maxim Gorky also wrote works for children. He owns many stories. The most famous among them are "Samovar", "Tales of Italy", "Vorobishko" and many others.

As a result, Maria lived with him for 16 years, although their marriage was not officially registered. The busy schedule of the sought-after actress forced Gorky to repeatedly leave for Italy and the United States of America.

Interestingly, before meeting Gorky, Andreeva already had children: a son and a daughter. Their upbringing, as a rule, was handled by the writer.

Immediately after the revolution, Maria Andreeva became seriously interested in party activities. Because of this, she practically stopped paying attention to her husband and children.

As a result, in 1919, relations between them suffered a crushing fiasco.

Gorky openly told Andreeva that he was leaving for his secretary, Maria Budberg, with whom he would live for 13 years, and also in a “civil marriage”.

Friends and relatives of the writer were aware that this secretary had stormy romances on the side. In principle, this is understandable, because she was 24 years younger than her husband.

So, one of her lovers was the famous English writer— Herbert Wells. After Gorky's death, Andreeva immediately moved in with Wells.

There is an opinion that Maria Budberg, who had a reputation as an adventurer and collaborated with the NKVD, could well be a double agent (like), working for both Soviet and British intelligence.

Death of Gorky

Last years his life, Maxim Gorky worked in a variety of publishing houses. Everyone considered it an honor to print such a famous and popular writer, whose authority was indisputable.

In 1934, Gorky held the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers, and makes a keynote speech there. His biography and literary activity are considered a benchmark for young talents.

In the same year, Gorky acts as co-editor of the book "The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin." Alexander Solzhenitsyn described this work as "the first book in Russian literature that glorifies slave labor."

When Gorky's beloved son suddenly died, the writer's health deteriorated sharply. During the next visit to the grave of the deceased, he caught a serious cold.

For 3 weeks he was tormented by a fever, due to which he died on June 18, 1936. The body of the great proletarian writer was decided to be cremated and the ashes placed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. An interesting fact is that before the cremation, Gorky's brain was removed for scientific research.

The riddle of death

In more later years more and more often they began to raise the question that Gorky was deliberately poisoned. Among the suspects was People's Commissar Heinrich Yagoda, who was in love and had a relationship with Gorky's wife.

Also suspected. During the period of repression and the sensational "Doctors' Case", three doctors were accused of Gorky's death.

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Maksim Gorky - creative pseudonym playwright, writer and prose writer Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. Gorky's brief shows how a person, not succumbing to circumstances, creates himself.

Gorky's biography briefly, the most important

Alyosha Peshkov was born in 1868 in the town of Kanavino. Left an orphan at the age of 11, he went to work. I read a lot. Traveled, twice emigrated from the country, but always returned. Posted by 61 literary work. Supported revolutionary views. He has been treated for tuberculosis all his life. He died in the summer of 1936.

Childhood and adolescence

My father nursed four-year-old Alyosha, who was sick with cholera. The boy survived, but Maxim Savvatievich himself became infected and died. The writer's mother, having been widowed, returned to her father's house. She remarried and entrusted her son to her parents. Grandfather was a strict, stingy and religious man. Grandmother Akulina Ivanovna is the only one who loved little Lyosha. Thanks to her cares, Alexei was imbued with love for folk tales and songs. The grandfather taught the boy to read from church books. At the end of the summer of 1879, the writer's mother died. The grandfather went bankrupt, sent his grandson to earn his “bread” on his own.

Alexey worked as a "boy" in a shoe store, washed dishes on a steamer. He was a bird hunter, sold icons, repaired fair buildings. mastered creative professions: studied icon painting, was an extra in the theater. When the boy served on the ship, the cook - Mikhail Smury, a retired officer, aroused his interest in reading. Gorky later wrote that resistance environment shapes man, creates him.

Youth, the beginning of literary creativity

Gorky worked as a watchman when he did not become a student at Kazan University. The first stories were published after a trip in which the writer came to the Caucasus on foot. He emigrated to America in 1906 and moved to the island of Capri in Italy. He wrote books filled with revolutionary ideas.

Makar Chudra is the first book in which the author refers to himself as M. Gorky. "Essays and Stories" became popular in the country and abroad. short tales Alexey wrote for children, arranged holidays for them.

The playwright demonstrates his attitude to life through thoughtful works that schoolchildren study in the 11th grade: "", "Petty bourgeois". The final novel in the writer's biography was the pearl of his work - "The Life of Klim Samgin", which Gorky wrote for eleven whole years and never finished.

Personal life

In 1896 he married Ekaterina, a newspaper proofreader. Soon they gave birth to two children: son Maxim and daughter Katya. The writer raised his godson, who was like a son to him. Love quickly passed. The family rested on the parental obligations of the spouses. After the death of her daughter, the marriage broke up. Former spouses remained friends.

A friend of Gorky introduced him to Maria Andreeva, a theater actress. Although, the lovers did not formalize their relationship officially, but they lived together for 16 years. After the revolution, Maria was an active party worker, there was no time left for her family, the couple quickly dispersed.

(real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) - prose writer, playwright (28.3.1868, Nizhny Novgorod - 18.6.1936, Gorki near Moscow). Born in the family of a cabinetmaker, spent his childhood with his grandfather, went to school for only a few months; from the age of 12 he worked as a messenger, a cook, an icon-masker, etc. From 1884 he lived in Kazan, continued his self-education; was a member of revolutionary circles. Since 1888, he made extensive travels in Russia.

Alexey Maksimovich Gorky. Biography (briefly). video film

In 1892 his first story appeared Makar Chudra, published in Tiflis under the pseudonym "Gorky", chosen as a symbol for his fate and the fate of the characters. From that time on, Gorky's literary and journalistic work began in Nizhny Novgorod and Samara. He gained fame through a number of stories, of which the most famous are - Old Isergil(see summary and full text) and Song of the Falcon. In 1898, his first two-volume edition was published, which met with the exceptional attention of readers in the country and abroad. Then come the novels Foma Gordeev(1899) and Three (1900).

Great fame to Gorky, who at that time stood in solidarity with the Leninist " spark”, brought a revolutionary prose poem Song of the Petrel(1901). Then Gorky wrote the first plays; in one of them - At the bottom(1902, see its full text and summary), written in the spirit of then fashionable naturalism, he brings to the stage completely new characters from the lumpen proletariat. Staged on the stages of the Moscow Art Theater and the Max Reinhardt Theater in Berlin (1903), this play, despite its weak literary merit, was such a success that none of Gorky's subsequent plays had.

With the assistance of Gorky, in 1905 the first legal Bolshevik newspaper, New life". In 1905, Gorky met Lenin, this acquaintance grew into direct communication, which lasted until the death of the Bolshevik leader, but was subject to fluctuations.

For supporting the revolutionaries, Gorky was forced to go abroad in 1906; via Berlin and Paris, he went to the United States, where, among other things, his novel was written Mother. From 1906 to 1913 Gorky lived on the island of Capri in Italy. Being under the influence A. Bogdanova, Gorky sought to unite the Russian god-building with revolutionary ideas, which was reflected, in particular, in his story Confession (1908).

After the tsarist amnesty, Gorky returned to Russia in 1913. In 1914 he published The First Collection of Proletarian Writers; in 1915 he founded the journal Letopis, which was often criticized by the Bolsheviks. During these years, Gorky began his autobiographical trilogy by publishing two stories: Childhood(1913/14) and In people (1915/16).

In 1921, Lenin insisted that Gorky go abroad again, and this was only partially justified by Gorky's state of health. Until 1924, Gorky lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia, founded the journal Beseda in Berlin, which published both Soviet writers and émigrés. In 1924, after the death of Lenin, Gorky remained abroad, in Sorrento. His attitude towards the USSR was ambivalent. In a 1922 novel My universities Gorky completed his autobiographical trilogy. In later years he wrote novels The Artamonov case(1925) and Life of Klim Samgin(1925-36), the latter was left unfinished.

In 1928 and 1929 he visited the Soviet Union, in 1932 he returned there permanently, because he had many unpaid debts abroad. Gorky, about whose right to be called a "proletarian writer" the Communist Academy had long disputes as early as 1927, upon his return he took a leading and honorable place in the literary and political sphere and became chairman of the Academy founded in 1934 Union of Writers of the USSR. He was settled in a luxurious Moscow mansion, which previously belonged to the millionaire Ryabushinsky; he began a personal relationship with Stalin. Gorky completely sided with the entrenched system, he even spoke out in defense of the Soviet camp system, which A. Solzhenitsyn vividly wrote about in The Gulag Archipelago.

The circumstances of Gorky's death remain unclear. The official Soviet report dated 3/3/1938 stated that he was killed on the orders of the head of the GPU, Yagoda; now this report is refuted, but it nevertheless does not exclude the possibility that Gorky became a victim of Stalin's arbitrariness, as well as Kirov, next to which Gorky is buried in the Kremlin wall.

In the USSR, Gorky is considered the founder Soviet literature, although his most famous works depict pre-revolutionary Russia. Novel Mother it is customary to call the first work of socialist realism, although this concept itself arose 26 years after the creation of the novel. Gorky was "addicted to extraordinary characters." Tramps, criminals, merchants, representatives of the anti-revolutionary and sympathetic revolution of the intelligentsia - that's typical heroes his extensive work. Neither during his first nor during his second stay abroad, Gorky did not draw material for creativity in the new world for himself. He did not learn a single foreign language.

Written in Soviet time Gorky's works again turn to autobiographical material, most often to the experience of life in old Russia. In these works (including plays) his spontaneous epic talent, nurtured by the Volga nature, is manifested. In the novel Life of Klim Samgin Gorky tried to display historical events over the course of four pre-revolutionary decades from the point of view of a petty-bourgeois Russian intellectual, who is opposed to the images of convinced Bolsheviks. This huge, many times reworked epic, the fourth part of which is made up of sketches left after the death of the writer, is a novel-chronicle in structure; only sketches of characters in individual episodes of the novel have artistic value.

Gorky showed complete incomprehension in relation to all sorts of searches for form among writers of the early 20th century, his romantic-pathetic realism reflects the transition from the literature of the 19th century to the literature of socialist realism.