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25. Te Papa Tongarewa National Museum (Wellington, New Zealand)

The National Museum of New Zealand focuses on the history of the island nation and the culture of its indigenous population - the Maori. Nature lovers will be pleased with the huge collection of dinosaurs, birds, fish, insects and even mythical creatures such as orcs. And all because it was in New Zealand that Peter Jackson filmed the famous film trilogy "The Lord of the Rings".

24. Museum of Latin American Art (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

The exposition of the museum is devoted mainly to works of Latin American art of the 20th century: on the first floor there are works by contemporary masters, and on the second - earlier paintings. Almost all exhibits are owned by the Argentine philanthropist Eduardo Constantini.

23. Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses (Xian, China)

The Great Wall and the Terracotta Army are one of the most recognizable symbols of China, the construction of which took place during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the united Chinese state. In them, the powerful ruler saw the bulwark of the security of his country and the continuation of personal power in the afterlife. It is noteworthy that among the figures there are no identical warriors: they all differ in rank, weapons used and facial expressions.

22. Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial (Jerusalem, Israel)

The Holocaust Memorial Complex is located on Mount Herzl in the western part of Jerusalem. Eternal memory of the catastrophe and tribute to all fighters against fascism.

21. National Gallery of Art (Washington, USA)

The complex consists of a sculpture garden and two buildings connected by an underground passage. The museum's collection displays a myriad of works of art from different eras and styles. By the way, a considerable part of the exhibits are masterpieces of the Hermitage, bought by American connoisseurs of beauty from the Soviet authorities.

20. Inhotim (Brumadinho, Brazil)

Art objects under the crowns of primeval forests? Why not! In the Brazilian park-museum, modern art objects are placed directly under the open sky. Of course, there are also closed exhibition centers of a very different nature. Bright Inhotim is often called "Disneyland for adults."

19. Ricardo Brennand Institute (Recife, Brazil)

The cultural center is owned by the Brazilian collector Ricardo Brennand and includes a museum, an art gallery, a library and a park. A considerable number of exhibits are dedicated to the colonial era of Brazil. Of particular interest to tourists is an impressive collection of weapons.

18. National Air and Space Museum (Washington, USA)

The Smithsonian Institution Research Center is a real outlet for those who, for whatever reason, cannot become a pilot or. Under the high vaults of the museum, unique specimens of real aircraft and spacecraft are collected.

17. Getty Center (Los Angeles, California)

The Getty Complex will delight its visitors with amazing architecture with stunning views of Los Angeles. The museum presents the work of European photographers, sculptors and artists. The adjacent park is famous for the unique murmur of its waterfall. Within the walls of the research institute, training sessions and exhibitions are held.

16. Pergamon Museum (Berlin, Germany)

The exposition of the museum is divided into three blocks: the Antique Collection, the Museum of Islamic Art and the Near Asian Museum. Here are monumental works of architecture, sculpture, mosaics, relief and writing with a very difficult fate. The fact is that the bombing of Berlin during the Second World War touched the Pergamon Museum, as a result of which part of the collection was transported and has not yet been returned.

15. National World War II Museum (New Orleans, USA)

The opening of the museum was timed to coincide with the 56th anniversary of the strategic landing operation in France in 1944. The atrium of the building displays military equipment that contributed to the Allied victory in World War II.

14. Academy of Fine Arts (Florence, Italy)

Within the walls of the first academy of painting in Europe, you can see world-famous art objects, for example, Michelangelo's David. Don't like sculpture? All the same, do not pass by: tourists, who adapt themselves to the naked stone bodies in an original way, will amuse you pretty much.

13. Vincent Van Gogh Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

The beautiful has no price, but we have heard more than once about the fabulous sums for which the paintings of the famous Dutch post-impressionist artist are sold. In addition to the works of the master himself, the museum exhibits works of his no less famous contemporaries: Paul Gauguin, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso.

12. British Museum (London, UK)

For centuries, colonists from the British Empire discovered the most hidden corners of the planet and grabbed interesting “souvenirs” from there, which later became exhibits of the second most visited museum in the world. The huge collection covers a variety of eras, cultures and art forms.

11. New Acropolis Museum (Athens, Greece)

The complex, costly and lengthy construction of the museum was due to two interrelated reasons. First, Greek history has accumulated an excess of artifacts. Secondly, the British did not want to return the stolen historical and cultural values, referring to the fact that there was nowhere to exhibit and store them. I had to give up in the end.

10. National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico City, Mexico)

The culture of the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica is shrouded in a haze of fantasy, ideas about their bloodthirstiness and unprecedented wealth. How true all this is, you can appreciate in the main museum of Mexico, which presents the ancient values ​​​​of such powerful civilizations of the past, such as the Maya or the Aztecs.

9. Vasa Museum (Stockholm, Sweden)

Scandinavia's most visited museum was built around the 17th-century Swedish ship, the Vasa. This is the oldest warship that has survived to this day. And, oddly enough, a very quick crash during his first voyage helped him to withstand the test of time. Having plunged into low salinity waters, the ship was not eaten by sea worms.

8. State Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

The central place in the exposition of the museum, founded in 1808 by Louis Bonaparte, is occupied by paintings by Dutch masters of painting of the 15th-19th centuries. For example, here is Rembrandt's Night Watch, a canvas measuring 363 by 437 cm, which is famous for its difficult history with attempts at destruction, a lot of mysteries and several mentions in the cinema.

7. London National Gallery (London, UK)

The art gallery annually receives about 6.5 million tourists. More than two thousand paintings are exhibited in chronological order, which helps the unprepared viewer to follow the development of Western European painting since the 13th century.

6. State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Mecca for all guests of the Northern capital of Russia, with a breathtaking number of exhibits, unimaginable decoration, as well as representative offices throughout the country and beyond.

5. Louvre (Paris, France)

Trying to guess the smile of the Mona Lisa through the lens of a smartphone is the sacred duty of every visitor to Paris. To do this, you have to look into the most popular art museum in the world. However, before your date with the painting by Leonardo da Vinci, you will have a photo session with a glass pyramid - the main entrance to the Louvre.

4. Prado National Museum (Madrid, Spain)

Along with bright works of art belonging to the masters of the Flemish, English, German and French schools, the museum, of course, keeps the richest collection of paintings by Spanish painters. Admirers of El Greco, Velazquez and Goya will be delighted.

3. Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, USA)

The museum is part-time the highest art educational institution in the United States, where such creators as Walt Disney were educated. Of course, among the exhibits there are many examples of American art.

2. Musee d'Orsay (Paris, France)

The museum collection is located in the building of the former railway station. In addition to a rich collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works, visitors can enjoy wonderful views of the Parisian Seine here.

1. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, USA)

In the "Big Apple" and so there is nowhere for an apple to fall, and then there are millions of visitors running from one attraction of the city to another in order to get acquainted as soon as possible. The Metropolitan Museum of Art will not work quickly: even a cursory acquaintance with some of the "motley" exhibits will take many hours.

Have you ever been to an interesting museum? Tell us about it in the comments.

A museum is a special institution that stores monuments and objects that have their own unique history. Any museum begins with a collection, and the more original it is, the greater the interest in it. The main museum tasks include constant monitoring and analysis of the work of a particular museum. Modern museum technologies include several components:

• Museum exhibitions require a special approach, because they must be properly organized and planned.
• Equipment for storage of exhibits.
• museum climate. At low humidity or too high humidity, the exhibits are deformed, and their value is also lost. It is necessary to install all the necessary equipment to prevent this.
• Museum showcases.
• Restoration equipment.
• Keepers.
• The concept is a document that will show the uniqueness of this institution at the present stage. It consists of three main points: modernization, innovation and the preservation of one's own traditions.

In order to create a new museum, it is necessary, first of all, to specifically identify its goal, it is on it that the further development of activities will depend. You can combine several appointments, for example, tell the story of your city in a club of like-minded people. Then you need to choose a room where certain exhibitions will be held, it is better if it is a very crowded place, you can save on advertising. An important factor is the choice of working staff (for the good functioning of the museum, at least four employees are needed). It is necessary to competently organize excursions in order to interest more people, and they began to bring their friends here. But, excursions alone are not enough, interest in them quickly disappears, it is necessary to hold creative evenings, meetings of like-minded people and various cultural events.

No museum can exist without constant funding. Therefore, it is necessary to find a rich like-minded person to solve this problem. It is necessary to prove the significance of this institution for the benefit of society, and then things will go up, increasing profits. To create a museum that will constantly have visitors, you need to have a lot of experience in this area, otherwise it will be a complete fiasco. This should be done by masters who know how to properly organize everything and outperform competitors. A competent trend in the development of a modern museum is the creation of internal and near museum structures that create a single space. People visiting the institution should receive cultural general development.

The State Historical Museum is one of the best museums in the country, located in the very center of the capital on Red Square.

The unique exposition reflects all the milestones in the history of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century; more than 5,000,000 exhibits are stored in the museum funds. The State Historical Museum is the largest museum in Russia.

The museum was founded by the decree of Emperor Alexander II on February 21, 1872, and received its first visitors on May 27, 1883. The building for the Historical Museum on Red Square was designed by prominent architects V.O. Sherwood and A.A. Semenov in the pseudo-Russian style with elements of tower architecture, the interior decoration was carried out by famous artists Aivazovsky, Repin, Vasnetsov, Korovin and others.

In 1990, the building of the State Historical Museum as part of the Red Square objects was included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List.

During the years of Soviet power, the interiors of many halls were changed: the murals were whitewashed, decorative details were destroyed. In the 1990s, the building and interior were restored and brought back to their original form.

Front entrance hall with rich wall paintings and lions. On the ceiling - "The genealogical tree of the sovereigns of Russia", 68 portraits of the great princes, tsars and emperors.

The permanent exhibition is located on two floors in chronological order, each room corresponds to a certain historical era. At the beginning of the path there are exhibits from the time of the primitive communal system - stone tools, authentic mammoth tusks, sculptural portraits of ancient people.

A huge 7.5-meter canoe found on the territory of the Voronezh region, hollowed out with stone axes from solid oak:

Hall of the Bronze Age. In the center there is a relatively recently transported to the State Historical Museum from near Tuapse the dolmen "Kolikho" - an ancient structure made of stone slabs.

A bronze idol found in the Galich treasure in the Kostroma region is considered an attribute of a shamanic cult. The second photo shows bronze headdresses for women found near the Murom village of Podbolotye.

Transition from the hall of the early Middle Ages of Eastern Europe and Asia to the hall with exhibits of the Old Russian state.

The museum helps to remember the dramatic events of Russian history: fragmentation, the Mongol invasion, the war with the Swedes and the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Kulikovo and the Time of Troubles.

Showcase with armor and weapons of a Russian warrior from the Battle of the Ice, the seal of Alexander Nevsky and the helmet and shield of a Western European knight.

The second photo shows steel armor and a saber of the Polish Winged Hussar. Behind the armor is a “wing” with swan feathers, giving the rider a spectacular and formidable look. I saw reenactors in similar attire last year in Kolomenskoye on.

Hall "Russian culture in the 16-17th" centuries.

Icon "Our Lady of Kazan" with a gold and silver frame, precious stones - sapphires, emeralds, rubies, pearls, spinels and almadins.

A particularly valuable exhibit is the globe of the Dutch company Blau, acquired by Peter the Great during a trip to Western Europe.

The other floor shows the politics, economy and culture of the Russian Empire from Peter the Great to Alexander the Third.

The first Russian Emperor is a casting made from a mask taken by the sculptor Rastrelli in 1719.

Kamzol of Peter the Great.

Halls of the reign of Catherine the Second and Alexander the First.

The museum regularly hosts interesting thematic exhibitions. One of them is Gold. Metal of the gods and the king of metals. Luxurious gold items and jewelry, coins and orders, exhibits of the religious nature of the East and West of the last two millennia from the funds of the Historical Museum are presented here.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

Opening your own private museum seems like a promising undertaking to a small number of people, yet a trip to such an institution is perceived by few as an interesting form of leisure. However, there is still demand, and if you choose the right theme for your museum and properly organize it, you can count on a good profit. Moreover, there are a huge number of development options here, an entrepreneur can work in different formats, offer his visitors something unique, and the variety of topics allows you to occupy a niche that no one else is engaged in. A good museum can be popular and generate income absolutely everywhere - both in small towns and in big cities, it is especially convenient to do such a business in historically significant places. Given some of the features of running this kind of business, you can start a business that will bring a stable and fairly high income. At the same time, for many entrepreneurs, such a business becomes an interesting undertaking, because it allows you to do exactly what he devoted his life to.

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To begin with, in general, you need to study the market in order to determine what exactly is interesting to the population. When working in resort or simply popular cities with tourists, it is worth focusing not even on the local population, but on visitors, there are a lot of opportunities here. Determining the theme of the museum is the most difficult stage, here the entrepreneur has to do a full-fledged research, because in case of an unsuccessful choice, it will not even be possible to talk about covering expenses, not to mention making a profit. As for competitors, they are unlikely to significantly affect the conduct of their business, because no one will create two museums of the same subject, and when choosing a museum, people always go exactly where they themselves are interested, here a marketing campaign is unlikely to will affect their choice. However, there are museums that are just trying to attract their visitors through something new and unusual, these are, of course, most often museums in tourist cities, because it is difficult to attract the local population to the exhibition of some too unusual collection all the time. But tourists will be happy to visit not only historical sights, but also a very unusual museum. In general, after finding out what people are interested in and making sure that there will be enough people as visitors, you can start opening your museum.

An important point is the registration process. At its core, an entrepreneur has only one way out - to register a legal entity in order to make a profit on the provision of services, and his museum will simply be an entertainment, cultural and leisure institution. The process of registering a legal entity is standard, there are no special conditions here. But if he does not aim to make a profit, then he can register a non-profit organization, which will become an autonomous institution. It is quite difficult to obtain the status of a museum, which allows you to apply to the Ministry of Culture for any subsidies and support, usually private commercial organizations do not become them. But in any case, the application is submitted just to the Ministry of Culture, and there the value of the collection and its significance as a cultural asset are already assessed, as well as the state of the museum itself. In general, there is a difference here, commercial museums most often amass a collection that is unlikely to matter to the Ministry of Culture, and more "traditional" museums are almost always NPOs.

A separate conversation if the entrepreneur has items of important cultural and historical significance, if they really are in a private collection, then the Ministry of Culture will be interested in having these exhibits on display, but it will be very difficult to rent items of this kind. This is in case the entrepreneur assumes the possibility of renting some valuable things in other museums or other institutions. In general, from a legal point of view, there are no restrictions on the conduct of its activities, the main thing (in the case of a commercial organization) is to pay taxes, but to one degree or another, the historical museum, in any case, has to contact the Ministry of Culture in its area on many issues. Therefore, before starting work, it makes sense to contact there in order to find out about the requirements and some provisions in the region, because, for example, there may be a restriction on the use of any items obtained during even a private archaeological expedition, this may be for example, if the excavations took place on the territory of hostilities in the past.

The next step is to find a place to work. There are many options here, but they depend, just on the chosen format of work. Some private museums are even located in the houses or apartments of their founders, but these are rather small museums that are of interest only to a small group of like-minded people. A normal museum needs at least one exhibition hall approximately 100 m 2 in size. True, there are smaller halls, and much larger ones, museums in general are very, very different. An important point may be exactly the location in the city, optimally, of course, located in the center, but there the cost of rent will be very high. 100 m 2 will cost 70 thousand rubles a month on average, but this is a very rough indicator, in large cities this money will not be enough, in a small town, on the contrary, it will be possible to save money. When working in a smaller room, of course, the savings will be more significant. In general, the museum in this regard is a rather complicated undertaking, because in some cases there is seasonality (for example, in tourist cities), and not every month the flow of visitors is equal, but the rent is constant, and it must be paid without delay.

In general, it is better to have a reserve fund of funds in order to be able to pay rent at least six months in advance without the risk of being left without a room. With 70 thousand rubles for rent, such a fund will amount to 420 thousand rubles. For six months, at least work will be done to attract visitors, after which the risks will decrease. And the museum, which is subject to seasonality, should plan its budget for the year ahead. Some entrepreneurs, by the way, find temporary places to place their expositions, thanks to which they can not engage in this activity at all for several months, but also not pay rent. For example, you can negotiate with an already operating museum to open its exhibition only for the summer months. Here you already need to explore the possibilities in order to find the best way out of your situation.

In general, if a decision was made to open a museum, then the organizers probably already have some exhibits, that is, the exhibition is ready to one degree or another. In extreme cases, a decision has already been made about what and where to buy. It must be said here that the cost of the exhibits can be very different. These may be the finds of archeological students who sold them for a symbolic amount, these may be things made by the entrepreneur on their own (some people who are fond of some kind of creativity subsequently think about opening a museum of their crafts, and some it succeeds), and it can also be real works of art, antiques, things of great historical value - such expositions can be estimated at millions of dollars. That is, even the approximate cost of purchasing exhibits cannot be named, the range is very, very wide, in fact, from “free” to “astronomical amounts”. It all depends on what exactly you are doing. And, of course, you need to consider what size the exposition will be, and in general, how many of them there will be in one museum.

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You also need to take care to properly equip your rooms. To do this, you will need to purchase the appropriate equipment. In general, placing exhibits in museums may require the purchase of somewhat unusual equipment (for example, racks for armor), but we will consider ordinary shelving and display cases. They are usually made from simple materials, but sometimes you need an increased degree of protection if you have to deal with valuable items, that is, when there is a possibility of theft. Of course, a simple local history museum hardly needs a complex and expensive security system, but in some cases it is critically necessary. The cost of a rack 4-5 meters long is 30-40 thousand rubles, small showcases are 1.5-2 times cheaper, that is, one average museum hall can be equipped with furniture for 200-300 thousand rubles. Of course, there are many options here too, a lot depends on the exhibits themselves, sometimes you don’t even have to buy something more expensive than a simple table. Additionally, a security complex is installed, for this you can contact a specialized private security organization, which will be able to connect a security system for an amount of about 50 thousand rubles, but in the future you will have to pay for security. Here, too, much depends on the complexity of the system, on the level of security, you need to count on the amount of 5 thousand rubles. For the protection of large museums, the amount will be several times larger. A separate item of expenditure will be the creation of a design project, if this, of course, is appropriate when creating a museum. Some of these institutions are really equipped in accordance with any theme, so it makes sense to contact a specialized office that performs such work. The cost of a design project (its development) is approximately one thousand rubles per square meter of a room (taking into account that the size is 100 m 2, that is, if it is a large room, otherwise it is 1.5-2 times larger). Thus, about 100 thousand more rubles are needed for a design project.

It is also worth considering who exactly will work in the museum. It should be noted that the entrepreneur himself is quite able to serve a small institution, but if the museum has a huge number of exhibits, and many of them are valuable, then it is worth attracting special employees. Well, if they already have experience in similar positions, many museum workers who have worked in public institutions will almost certainly be interested in the higher level of salaries that a private museum can offer them. To service an average museum, a staff of 4-5 people will be enough, the salary of one person here lies within 20 thousand rubles for an average city. Of course, in large settlements, people will have to pay a little more. In fact, the entrepreneur himself can also continue to take part in the work of the museum, especially if he forms a collection that is of interest to him. Here you will need a person responsible for the exhibits, their accounting and maintenance, an administrator, and in some cases a guide. Sometimes cheap labor is additionally involved in organizing exhibitions; this is necessary, for example, when working with large paintings or heavy sculptures. Thus, the salary fund is about 100 thousand rubles a month, but this figure only applies to really large museums, which are visited by a lot of people. At the same time, it is better to outsource all business processes that are not related to making a profit, this includes the already mentioned security activities, as well as bookkeeping. Either an additional knowledgeable person or the entrepreneur himself should deal with the issues of regulating relations with the Ministry of Culture, but even a specialist from the outside does not have to be hired, but only contacted if necessary.

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Now let's take a closer look at the possible formats of work. The simplest example is an ordinary historical or similar museum, which is mostly interesting for a certain group of people, but “general cultural” institutions often host entire school classes or even student groups if their exhibits consist of objects of research in a certain field of science. Here already people go to the museum for the sake of enlightenment (and in the case of schoolchildren - often simply on a voluntary-compulsory basis). Therefore, when organizing a museum of this kind, it is worth starting cooperation with educational institutions, offering a discount on mass trips. The entrepreneur only benefits from this, because the discount on tickets does not affect the level of income, because many people come at the same time. However, the most interesting for schoolchildren, students and their teachers are registered museums, which, as already noted, are most often non-profit enterprises.

A different format of work is museums with unusual themes, there are a huge number of such small institutions in the world that collect things that are incomprehensible to a simple layman. The most banal example is the Museum of Celebrity Items. Everything is determined by the founder's imagination, but the biggest risk in this direction is not finding an audience. On the other hand, there are examples of museums of this format that people from all over the world go to. The cost of a ticket to such institutions is usually an order of magnitude more expensive than a ticket to a simple museum, although only a well-known institution can set such a price. The next category is museums designed for tourists, these are the institutions that are most dependent on the season, but in special cases they can earn many times more in a couple of months than a regular museum. Usually these museums are devoted to the history of the city, its architecture, art, some events that took place in the life of the city. It is clear that such a museum will be successful only in a city that is initially interesting to tourists. And a separate category is museums that are dedicated to some unusual direction, which the organizer himself is fond of. What distinguishes such museums is that most of the exhibits are the product of the creative thought of the museum owner himself, such institutions just start with exhibitions in their own apartment or house. It can also be anything, but here you need to be sure that there will be enough like-minded people to make money on it. An additional (and sometimes the main or even the only) income item is the sale of made things; in general, any museum can deal with the sale of exhibits.

Thus, the cost of opening a museum can be both very small and very significant, an average simple museum can be opened (without taking into account the collection, the cost of which, as was noted, cannot be estimated at all and is always calculated individually) for the amount of about one million rubles with taking into account reserve funds for maintaining work in the first months. The amount of monthly expenses is 200 thousand rubles, and it should be noted that this is a very large figure. To cover the costs, you need to maintain at least a page on the Internet about your museum, and for this you need to invest at least an additional 50 thousand. The cost of a ticket to the museum starts from 50 rubles (but not even the one described here, but much simpler), the average cost is 300 rubles. Thus, to cover the costs, almost 670 people will have to be involved every month, or about 30 people per day (a working month with 22 days is taken into account).

For a museum that is located in a relatively large settlement and has established cooperation with schools and other educational institutions, this is quite realistic; for museums of a different format and a different way of attracting customers, this figure can be very large, unrealistic. In this regard, many commercial museums are located in small areas and are served by one person. But a popular place always has its visitors, you just need to understand that it will take several months of hard work before there will be many customers in an open museum. This business is very complex, and definitely suitable for those who themselves are passionate about a particular area and are ready to develop an interest in it.

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Matthias Laudanum
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