Great Britain. Natural conditions and resources

30.09.2019

Great Britain

It consists of three historically established separable areas: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The United Kingdom is an island state (located on the British Islands) in the North-West of Europe. It consists of three historically established separable areas: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

According to the terrain of terrain, the country can be divided into two zones: the so-called "high Britain" in the north and west, with the prevailing highy relief, and mostly flat, "low Britain" in the south and east. The highest point of the country is Mount Ben-Nevis, 1343 meters above sea level. A variety of rivers, Severn, Trent, Merse, and others proceed to the territory of the British Islands, in the north also many mountain lakes - Loch, Loch Ness, Loch-Lomond.

The name "Britain" most likely happened from the tribes of the Britons who inhabited the islands into ancient times. In the middle of the first millennium of our era, many British tribes moved to the territory of modern France and the area of \u200b\u200btheir settlement was called "Small Britain" or "Brittany", and the historical homeland is "the Great (i.e. Big) Brittany", "United Kingdom".

United Kingdom is included in NATO (since 1949)
1. Schedule the dynamics of the number

Analysis of the development of the demographic situation in Western Europe (on the example of Great Britain, Germany and France) to the beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century.

Dynamics of population changes.

For many millennia, the population of the western part of the European continent, like the land as a whole, grew very slowly. This is due to the low level of development of productive forces, a large dependence of a person from nature in the early stages of human history. The subsequent development of civilization is associated with such phenomena as the use of metal, improvement of agriculture and cattle breeding, the introduction of a number of technical inventions.

Europe in the development of civilization was a historical leader. But its population for the first thousand years of our era increased only one and a half times. The most populated here was the territory of the current France.

2. Population reproduction
The population of our planet is now over 5 billion people, grows very quickly - a quarter to a quarter of a million people. Only for the current decade, the population of the world will grow by 1 billion.

However, in different parts of the Earth the rate of changes in the population of different. The bulk of new residents is born in developing countries, whereas in the group of economically developed countries the population grows or moderate pace, or very slowly (or even reduced

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population this is a combination of fertility, mortality and natural growth, ensuring the renewal and change of human generations. They are expressed in the calculation of 1000 inhabitants of this territory, i.e. in PROMILL.

2.1. Birthday

During the 1970s, the birth rate in the United Kingdom decreased and reached the mortality rate. From the birth level of 1969, which was 16.7 people per thousand inhabitants, he fell in 1977 to 11.8. However, in subsequent years, the birth rate slowly increased.

Population growth. According to the first census of the Great Britain, conducted in 1801, the population of England and Wales amounted to almost 9 million people, and Scotland - more than 1, 5 million throughout the 19th century. The population increased annually by 1-1.5%, but in the 20th century. His height slowed down, and by the mid-1970s almost stopped.

2.2. Mortality.

In the twentieth century, the main factor of influence on the population was a decrease in mortality. But the opposite tendency arose - a decline in fertility. The "legislator" of the latter was France, but soon the same trends covered the UK and Germany. The birth rate after the economic crisis of 1929 in France has greatly decreased, for example, for the first time in Europe, the fertility coefficient turned out to be less than the mortality rate. Reducing the natural increase in some countries has become so large that the public and scientists of these countries (France, Austria, Belgium) spoke for the first time about the threat of depopulation and began to seek measures to prevent it.

2.3 Natural increase

For 1981-1999. The coefficient of natural growth has increased from 2.2 to 6.0. At the same time, the birth rate remained at about the same level (14.5-15.5), which is slightly higher than the average in the country (11.5-13.5), and the mortality rate decreased markedly - from 11.4 to 8.5 (In general, in the country in 1999 - 10.6).

3. Sexual structure of the country's population

Pension age in women is 60 years old, men - 65 years old.

For the sexual structure of the population of Bolshoi London, the predominance of women, which, taking into account the greater duration of their life, is particularly noticeable in the older age groups. The number of men in the age category is 65 years old and older almost one and a half times less than the number of women (378 thousand against 550 thousand in 1999).

4. Age structure of the population

The age structure of the population of Large London has always been considered a kind of reference to demographic old age. It was traditionally very high the proportion of pensioners (often above 20%, more than the proportion of children). However, in recent times, the proportions have changed noticeably.

5. Raily composition

The population of the planet is a kaleidoscope of numerous races and peoples. Humanity is customary to divide into four main races: the European) (42.9% of the world's population), the Mongoloid (Asian and American branches - 19.1%), the Negroid (about 7%) and Australoid (0.3)%. However, representatives of these races in the total population of the world constitute only about 70%. The remaining 30% - comes to representatives of mixed and intermediate racial groups: Ethiopia, Malagasy, Melanesians, as well as: metis, Mulati, Sambo.

6. National composition
The ethnic composition of the Great Britain population is quite motley. From the earliest periods of the history of the British islands, the process of formation of three different ethnic communities - the British, Scots and Walessets, or Valtsev, who held three historically established areas of the UK island, and Wales, and Wales. The relationship between these three indigenous peoples of the island and the processes occurring in their environment always occupied an important place in the political history of the country. The national question is not resolved today. The National Composition: British - more than 80%, Scots - 10%, Welsh (Wales Indigenous) - 2%, Irish - 2.5%.

7. Language compound

LanguagesUK: The official language is English, while the Scottish language and two Celtic languages \u200b\u200bare actively existing: Welsh and Gaelle. Scottish and Gaelic Languages \u200b\u200b- National Languages \u200b\u200bof Scotland (in Gaelic, they speak in the mountainous region of Scotland). The National Tongue of Wales - Welsh, according to the legislative act, adopted in 1967, Welsh language has equal rights with English. In Wales, all inscriptions are given first in Welsh, and then duplicated in English.
In North and West England, they speak the many local laws and dialects of English.
8. Religious composition of the country's population

Religion: In the UK, there are two main varieties of Protestantism: Anglicancy (in England) and Presbyterianism (in Scotland). In Wales and some regions of Scotland, Catholicism is common. The UK also lives adherents of Judaism, Muslims, Buddhists, other Protestant currents.

Religion - British - 27 million, Catholics - 9 million, Muslims - 1 million, Presbyterians - 800 thousand, Methodists - 760 thousand, Sikhi - 400 thousand, Hindus - 350 thousand, Judaists - 300 thousand.

9. Social composition

For the social composition of the population of modern England, a fairly high percentage of medium-sized layers is also characterized, including employees of various categories. These are the notorious "Medium British", which the English press writes so much, often calling them "workers in white collar." Among them, the large army of clerks - office workers of industrial, financial and trade enterprises are especially allocated.

10. Health

From the beginning of the twentieth century. Gradually increases the life expectancy of the British population: the average life expectancy of 69 years for men and 75 years for women. In connection with the decrease in the birth rate and an increase in life expectancy, the "aging" of the UK population occurs, which sharply reduces the reserves of labor. In different parts of the Earth, the rate of changes in the population of different. The bulk of new residents is born in developing countries, whereas in the group of economically developed countries the population grows or moderate pace, or very slowly (or even reduced.

11. Placing the population. Density.

The United Kingdom is one of the most densely populated and highly urbanized countries in the world. On average per 1 square. km. Its square accounts for 230 people. However, in the territory of the country, the population is distributed very unevenly. The main part of the inhabitants of Great Britain is concentrated in England, which has the most convenient geographical position, favorable natural conditions and playing a leading economic role throughout the history of the British Islands.

12. Migration of the population.

Migration of the population – moving the population from one territory to another for the purpose of permanent or temporary residence. Migrations are also indicated by the term "mechanical movement of the population."

The main indicators of the characteristics of migration are their scales (the total number of arrivals and declarations from this territory during this period), the intensity of migrations (the ratio of the amount of the arrivals and decisions to the entire population of this territory) and the balance of migrations (positive, if there is more than the loss, and Negative - on the contrary).

LITERATURE

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2. Kizitsky M.I., Timofeeva Z.M. Tutor in geography, Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 2004,411c.

3. Brooke S.I. Population of the world. Ethnodemographic directory. - M.: Science, 1986. - 830s.

3. Valentine D.I., Kvasha A.Ya. Basics of demography. -M.: "Thought", 1989. - 288c.

4. Kabuzan V.M. Natural increase, migration of the population of Europe and the Russian Empire in the XVIII - early twentieth century / domestic history, 2001, №5. - p.155-160.

5. Kapitsa S.P. Humanity and modern demographic explosion // Teaching history in school. - 2001, №4. - C.11-19.

6. Kapitsa C. Growth of the population of the Earth and its Mathematical Model / Science and Life, 1998, # 3. - P. 54-61.

7. Krasiche E. Migration of the population // Economist. - 1997, №8. - p.48-59.

8. PUMP MA United States and national in demographic development // News of St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 1995, №1. - p.37-43.

9. Population countries of the world. Directory / Ed Urlanisa B.TS., Borisova V.A. - M.: "Finance and Statistics", 1984. - 446С.

10. Population: the current state of scientific knowledge / ed. Valente D.I. - M.: MSU, 1991. - 228C.

11. The population of the world. Demographic reference / ed. Borisova V.A. - M.: "Thought", 1989. - 478c.

12. Rymalov V.V. New demographic contours // International Life. - 1997, №9. - C.105-112.

13. Harder A.E. Demographic problems of Western Europe // Modern Europe. - 2000, №4. - P.93-99.

14. Stamp D. World population in 2000: the number, fertility, life expectancy. - M.: "Thought", 1988. - 207c.

Area - 244.8 thousand km2. Population - 60.4 million people

Constitutional monarchy - Unitary state with autonomous formations (England ,. Scotland ,. Wales, North. Ireland, Island. Maine and. Norman Islands). Capital -. London

EGP

The United Kingdom is an island state in the northeastern part. Atlantic Ocean, from the mainland. Europe is separated by the Strait. English Channel. Besides the island. The United Kingdom, its composition includes n north-eastern part of the island. Ireland and a number of small islands. In the West, the state is bordered by. Ireland that more than 700 years have been a colony. UK her. Nearest neighbors on the mainland -. France and. B Yelgia. The United Kingdom is a member. EU,. NATO and other integration associations, which contributes to the development of pan-European cooperation.

The United Kingdom is a central state. Commonwealth - political and economic association of countries and territories previously included in. British. Empire (49 states and territories) to the staff. The Commonwealth includes 14 states, among them are such highly developed as. Canada,. Australia,. New. Zealand *.

Location. The UK on the islands contributes to the development of maritime transport and exit in international nautical trading paths. The tunnel laid in the narrowest place of the strait. La Mans, connects. United Kingdom with mainland. This significantly improves it. EGGP.

Population

By the number of population, the country ranks second among European states after. Germany. For. Great Britain has long been characterized by a low natural population growth, which is today more than W 1 per 1000 people per year. For several years, there was even a minor reduction in the population of the state. Right now in. UK Population is slowly growing due to a slight prol of one increment and influx of foreigners. Low fertility against the background of a significant average life expectancy (78 years) leads to the process of aging Naziaqi.

The national population is motley. More than 80% is the British, about 4% - Walessets (Welsh), 2% - Irish, about 5.2% - the Scots and over 4% - immigrants from states. Commonwealth and more. From the middle of the XX in here there lives about. Zo thousand immigrants from Ukraine. For religion residents. Great Britain belong to three confessions: the British and Walessets are supporters of the Protestant Anglican Church; Irish - Catholics; Scots - Protestants (Presbyterianiyani).

Posted population. Britain on the territory is unevenly. The average population density is about 240 people per 1 km2. The greatest population density. England (350 people per 1 km2), the smallest in. Scotland Nondi (more than 100 people per 1 km2). More than 90% of the population lives in cities. For. Great Britain is characterized by large agglomerations with a population of over 1 million people in which a third of the urban population lives. They together with smaller agglomerations (about 30) form. English Megalopolis with population. Zo million people. Most Milionerive Two -. London (7.6 million people) and. Birmingham. Countryside in the way of living I have little different from Missіd Misst.

In the structure of employment of the population, about 80% fall on working in the service sector, 19% in industry and 1% in agriculture. There is unemployment in the country, an average annually reaches pona pon 5.5%.

Natural conditions and resources

. Island. United Kingdom is rich in coal resourcesThe reserves of which are very exhausted today. The largest coal pools. Yorkshire, Newcastle (North. England) and. Welsh. Significant are oil and gas reserves (shelves. North Sea). V. British Ohm sector. North Sea concentrates significant deposits of oil and natural gas. The United Kingdom is the only one of the European countries "Big Seven", which fully ensures their needs of their own oil and hectares of Sogaz

Nadra Islands contain small reserves of iron ore in the central coastal parts of the state, lead-zinc and tin ores on the peninsula. Cornwell (southwest. Great Britain). In the central part. England has deposits of cook and potash salts.

The state is relatively rich in water resources (the wet climate contributes to the fullness of the rivers). Only in the central one. England has a shortage of water resources. Minor hydroresours are concentrated on rivers. Sh. Scotland and. Wales.

Forest stocks in the country are insignificant. Only 10% of its territory is covered with forests and at the expense of its own resources is covered only by 15% of the need for wood.

Plain relief prevails in the country. Significant areas occupy old destroyed mountains (Cambrian ,. Peninsky), which do not have a significant impact on the nature of the development of the territory

Moderate sea country climate with soft winter, cool summer. It contributes to the cultivation of all cultures of a moderate belt. On the west coast of the island there is 2000 mm of precipitation, and on the Eastern - 600 mM Opad Dov to Reik.

The United Kingdom has limited agricultural resources. Soil states are quite fertile (brown forest, podzolic), but require a significant amount of mineral and organic fertilizers

In the north. Scotland placed a large lake edge characterized by significant recreational resources

4.2K (61 per week)

England is the largest historical and administrative part of the United Kingdom. The territory of England occupies most of the southeast of the island, and the population of the country is about 80% of all residents of Great Britain. The number of people living in English land - more than 53 millionUntil the beginning of 21 years, the most numerous country was considered the Netherlands, who now lost the championship of Misty Albion.

Basic information

The population density is about 400 people per M2, the rest of the United Kingdom can not boast of indicators. In the blood of the British mixed many nationalities and peoples. In the UK, only the inhabitants of Wales are considered the most "clean" by origin, as they live apart, without entering into marriage with others. A distinctive feature of some Walessets is low growth, dark skin, dark hair, elongated skull shape.
The formation of the English nation has a great influence of fair-haired, high and large men and women. In the period of the Roman rule, the influence of the Mediterranean peoples, as well as the signs of the Scandinavian race, became noticeably noticeable.
After England was conquered by Normans, an increasing number of people migrated on this land. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Irish began to arrive on the island, but the blood of Normans left the most significant trace at the appearance of the British. The smallest impact on the British rendered Jews and Huguenots, which arrived here more than 3 thousand years ago.
In the nature of true British - calm, restraint and rational warehouse of the mind. 93% of British - employees and workers, the rest are busy in agriculture and services.

Statistical data

The age structure of the Population of England is as follows: 19% of residents from 0 to 14 years old, 65% - from 15 to 64 years old, and people over 65 years - 16%. The increase in the increase is 0.24, 11.9 people are born per 1000 person, and dies 10.64. For 1000 inhabitants account for about 1 emigrant.
The average life expectancy of the British of both floors is 77 years old, men - 74 years old, women - 80 years. Ethnically, the inhabitants of England include themselves to the indigenous British (81.5%), to the Scots (9.6%), Irish (2.4%), Walessemi (1.9%), Oltersemi (1.8%), Indians and others (2.8%). On the streets of English cities you can see Africans, Pakistanis, Turks, Chinese and Arabs.

Language

It is not surprising that the only language in the country is English. In some localities, Wales speak several adverbs. In different areas, the British speak on such a number of dialects that some residents are difficult to understand each other.
The most serious differences from the literary language are observed among the residents of Lancashir and Cornwall and some regions that are in the east of the capital. Southeast talks in classical English, and language phonetics has undergone significant changes due to the dissemination of information technologies.

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England is located on the islands, the largest of which is the United Kingdom and Ireland. Islands of Maine, Englsi, White, Shetland Islands Group, Orkney, Hebrides - have a relatively small area. The population of Great Britain is 64,789,810 people (for 2015), with a density of 255 people at km².

State Square is 242,514 km², the form of government is a parliamentary monarchy.

England is completely in moderate climatic belt.

Orography Great Britain

England is an island state. The largest islands are the United Kingdom and Ireland, which are divided by the Irish Sea. Together, these islands occupy 85.8% of the total area. Groups of Islands - Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides, as well as individual islands - Maine, White, Enlcy - have a small area.

The island of the United Kingdom can be divided into several parts:

Highlated Scotland with mixed and coniferous forests. The North Scottish Highlands includes the Grampian Mountains and North-West Highlands, which are separated by a depressing Glen-Mor. Mount Ben-Nevis in the Grampian Mountains is the highest, its height is 1343 m. South Scottish elevation relative to the North Scottish lower. Here is Merrick Mountain, the highest on this highlands, its height is 842 m.
Hilly England and Wales.
Southeast England, where the plain landscape prevails.

In the north of England there are Pennic Mountains. In the north-west of them are located Cherberland Mountains.

Cambrian mountains are located in Wales. In the north they are higher than in the south.

Rivers and Lakes Great Britain

On the whole length, the coastline of Great Britain is strongly disseminated.

The rivers of England have a small length, and they all are not able to miss the ships from the ocean. The longest river is Severn, its length is 354 km. The Thames ranks second, its length is 346 m. \u200b\u200bIn the delta of all major rivers there are seaports.

The largest and most famous lakes of England are Loch Ness and Loch. Lake Loch Ness is located in Scotland, its area is 65 km². Lake Loche is located in Northern Ireland, its area is 396 km². This is the largest lake of England.

Climate

The climate of the island European state is wet, with soft in winter and cool summer. This is due to the fact that the coast of Great Britain passes the warm flow of Gulf Stream, which carries a large amount of heat from equatorial latitudes. Throughout the year, a sufficiently large amount of precipitation falls here - 760 mm in coastal areas, more than 2500 mm on elevation.

The wind blows to the northwest on the side of the ocean. Therefore, winter here is warm, the thermometer bar below 0 ° C is rarely lowered, and the average temperature is 4 ° C. The average temperature of England in the summer is 16 ° C.

The coldest region of the United Kingdom is Scotland, and the warmest is Wales.

Minerals

Coal

In the reserves of this mineral resources, the United Kingdom ranks second among Western European countries. There are four large coal pools: North, South, Central and Scottish. The average power of the reservoirs is an average of 2 meters. There are both long-flame coals and anthracites.

Oil and gas

England in the reserves of natural gas ranks fourth among the countries of Europe, and in oil reserves - the second. The main deposits of oil and gas are located on the shelf zone of the North Sea. Main places of production: Lehman, United Kingdom, Indi infeed Gas; Fortis, Magnus, Limin, Hewette - Oil and Gas.

Iron

Main fields: cute egremont, corby.

Kaolin

Deposit: Li-Moore and Saint-Osten.

In the UK in small volumes, copper, polymetallic ores, barium, tin, zinc, fluorite, ornamental and building materials are carried out in small volumes.

Features of the population of Great Britain

The main ethnic group of England are Europeans who make up 87.2% of the total population of Great Britain. The remaining are Africans, Pakistanis, Indians, etc.

23 Place in the world in the number of person is occupied by the United Kingdom. The population of this country at the beginning of 2015 amounted to 64,789,810 people. Fertility prevails over mortality: 12 children of children per 1000 population, 9 dead per 1000 population. Fertility ratio: 1.9 children per 1 woman.

Net-coefficient of migration: 2.56 migrants per 1000 population.

The density of the United Kingdom's population is 255 people. At km²

Characteristics of the population of Great Britain

The national language of the United Kingdom is English, but in each province people speak their regional language. Recognized regional languages: Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Cornish.

The leading religion of England is Christianity, which includes: Anglican Church, Roman Catholics, Methodists, Presbyterian - 59.5% of the population. The rest are Muslims, Buddhists, Jews and others. The United Kingdom is very tolerant, the population calmly perceives the existence of other religions on its territory.

List the largest cities. The population of UK cities is:

More than 9 million people in London.
2.3 million people - Birmingham.
2.2 million people - Manchester.
1.6 million people. - Western Yorkshire.
1.1 million people. - Glasgow.

More than 79% of the total number is occupied by the urban population.

United Kingdom: population and economics

The head of state is the British monarch, in this case the Queen. The head of the government is the Prime Minister. The United Kingdom is a unitary state, it consists of four provinces that have significant autonomy: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In addition, England has sovereignty over the territories that are not part of the kingdom. British Overseas Territories: Bermuda, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, British Territory in the Indian Ocean, Oh-in Montserrat, Gibraltar, Oh-in Pitcairn, Oh-in St. Helena, Cayman, O-Va, TERKS and Caikos, Ascension and Tristan da Cunya, South Sandwichi O-Wa, South Georgia, Falkland O-Wa. As well as sovereign military bases in Cyprus.

Crown lands: Man's Island, Gernsey Islands and Jersey - All rights to these territories have the United Kingdom. The population of these islands is 253 thousand people, and their area is 766 km².

England ranks fourth in the world in the world, despite the fact that its population is only 1% of the population of the entire Earth. The United Kingdom exports more finished goods than raw materials. The main exporter of the country is the United States.

One of the most important industrial sectors is the automotive industry. More than 800 thousand people are employed on it, and the turn of turnover is 52 billion pounds.

The leading sector of the British economy is the selection of services. It accounts for 74% of GDP.

Main Industry Industries: Mechanical Engineering, Chemical (Pharmaceutical), Metallurgical, Mining, Food.

The production and consumer sectors are fully secured by electricity. Most of the electricity is produced by TPP - 86%. The rest is NPP and HPP. The largest TPP is located on the Trent River, its capacity is more than 1 million kW.

Most of the HPP is located on Scottish Highlands.

According to the demographic characteristics of the United Kingdom - a typical Western European country with low fertility and mortality rates and almost zero natural increase. This modern situation contrasts sharply from the XIX century, when, despite the mass emigration to all ends of the world, the population of the country almost tripled. Life expectancy is about 78 years old.

The United Kingdom today is a multinational and multiracial state. The British make up 82% of the population (about the same amount as Russians in Russia). About 10% - Scots, 2% - Wales and Irish. About 3% of the population falls on naturalized immigrants from British colonies.

Ethnically, the British were formed in the process of mixing the Romans, Celtic and German (Anglo-Saxon) tribes. English is part of the northwestern group of Germanic languages. The British are famous for love for traditions and thrift. Individualism raised by centuries, embodied in principle, "My House is my fortress", combines all sorts of societies and clubs in the life of the British, as well as a crowded pastime in pubs (English bars). England is the birthplace of many sports games, in particular football.

Walessets, Scottish, as well as the Scottish "Highlanders" of Halas belong to Celtic peoples. Worldwide, the Male Scots is known for the original national attributes: wearing skirts (kilt) and play by Volyn. It is noteworthy that many Scots still wear skirts in everyday life. According to their ornament, you can learn not only the historical homeland of the owner, but also belong to one or another family. The British consider themselves reasonable, calm, patient, well-educated and possessing a subtle humor, and "Celts" (Scots and Irish) are romantic, easily excitable and impulsive. "Celts" believes that the British are overly arrogant and cold.

If the separatist sentiments do not find the majority support among the Scots and Walessets, then the British relations are tense with the British. The fact is that Northern Ireland was attached to only in 1922, when the rest of Ireland received independence. Fate ordered so that three people of different denominations were identified on one territory: Catholics Irish, Protestants Scots (Presbyterians) and British (British). At the same time, the indigenous population, the Irish, turned out to be in the minority. The smoldering religious conflict is actually a complex node not only and not so much interfaith contradictions, how many struggle of economic, social, political and clan interests.

The problem of immigrants, which in the country more than a million are exacerbated. These are mainly people from the Caribbean countries. More than half of immigrants asslaved in Big London. The "Islamic" factor becomes more increasingly significant in the political and economic life of English society. A branched network of various Islamic organizations has been created in the country, some of which cause increased attention of British special services, especially after the explosion on September 11, 2001 of the shopping center in New York.

The structure of the employment of the population is typical for a modern developed country, and post-industrial trends here manifested themselves particularly brightly. 70% of the working population is occupied in the intangible sphere - these are the so-called "white collars", of which most of which work in the financial sector, in the field of material production is employed less than 20% of working, in the agricultural sector - less than 1%. The unemployment rate is changeable, in the first years of the new century it was quite high - about 6%, which indicates not a very prosperous situation in the country's economy as a whole.

The social composition of the population also has its own characteristics. In the last century in the UK, there were no such ambitious shocks as the Great French or October Revolution. Until now, an old generic aristocracy has been preserved here, although her role in the life of the country has long been a third suspended. After depriving Peters of Lifetime Places in the House of Lords, the effect of aristocracy is reduced almost. But it was in the UK that sooner other countries became a key estate, which brings together more than half of the country's population. "Middle Class" - the support of the modern English economy and have been the most massive classes for several decades. The average is indeed in many senses, including in income.

The working class, the main acting person of the industrial revolution, today is less than 1/5 of the population. And about the fact that the peasantry in England ceased to exist as a class at the beginning of the XIX century, wrote K. Marx.

United Kingdom - a densely populated country. The population density in England is over 350 people. At km 2, Wales - 130, and North - about 100. Another distinctive feature is an ultrahigh level of urbanization, 90% of the population lives in cities, almost half of them - in cities with a number of more than 100 thousand people. The largest agglomerations (more than 1 million people): London, West Midland with the center in Birmingham, Merseiseide around Liverpool, Big Manchester, West Yorkshire (Leeds-Bradford), Yuzhno Yorkshire (Sheffield Roterm) and Klaidside around Glasgow . Big London has about 10 million people.

London is not only the capital of Great Britain, but, as already mentioned, one of the world cities - the most important assemblies in the framework of the modern global economic system. It was founded almost two thousand years ago (more than twice as older than Moscow). Each historic city district has its own history and its functions. The oldest of them Westminster and City. Westminster is a political, administrative and religious center of the Kingdom. There is a building of the English Parliament with the famous Big Ben and Westminster Abbey, where Newton, Ch. Darwin, Ch. Dickens. City is the main business part of London, while the borders of the City are held along the line of the fortress walls of the Roman Londinium. Westdend - traditionally was a rich aristocratic area of \u200b\u200bthe capital, and Eastland, located closer to the docks at the Thames - workers. It is built up with non-zero-sized bedtime houses. Today, the visual boundaries between the central districts are largely erased. This is due, firstly, with a stormy post-war building of the city, including the center. During World War II, London was very destroyed as a result of massive German bombing. Secondly, its functional structure has changed significantly and complicatedly, which contributed to the erosion of an old, tougher territorial organization. In recent decades of the XX century. Many Londoners moved from the city center to a more environmentally prosperous suburbanization "Bublik", and the center became increasingly settled with immigrants of all the masters. Many in the center and foreign tourists. Walking around Piccadilly or Trafalgar Square, unwittingly remember the biblical Babylonian pussy. Special attention is attracted to the unique elements of the famous English conservatism: telephone boats began the XX century, the design taxis of the 1930s, two-storey buses. At the same time, they are all equipped with an ultramodern "stuffing".

After the war around London, eight new satellite cities of the so-called London rings were built, which reduced the housing load, but at the same time increased the pressure on the transport infrastructure of the capital.

The second largest city of Great Britain Birmingham is the center of West Midland conurbation (more than 2.5 million people). This is a classic industrial and urban agglomeration, birth and the "golden age" of which falls on the era of "coal and steel".

In recent decades, the government has taken measures governing the resulting decline of the old-industrial cities and agglomerations, which is primarily associated with the increasing of post-industrial trends in the economy. These measures allowed somewhat weaken the severity of social problems generated by the mass internal and dieting hundreds of settlements.

Very interesting phenomenon in the UK - new cities. The ego of the city, which began to be created "from the Kolyka" but special general plans at the end of the XIX century. They were laid as the city of the future: scientifically based optimal layout, creation of an extensive infrastructure, the maximum accounting for the environmental parameters of the quality of life. Now such cities in the UK are about hundreds. Many of them became centers of R & D, cores of technopolis.

The key indicators of the quality of life, the United Kingdom stands in a number of highly developed countries, although, according to UN experts, an integral assessment for the 1990s. Not brilliant - 10-15th place in the world depending on the year, behind such countries, like Australia. This is connected, in particular, with the growth of the "poverty index" and with a difficult environmental situation. Nevertheless, according to such an indicator of the quality of life, as the actual finite consumption of households (according to PPS), the UK is ahead of and. Hourly wage here is higher than in the United States (10.3 pound sterling in 2000). It is also important what distinction in the standard of living between the city and the village.

In the UK, geographical differences in the level and quality of life are manifested. The highest rates of income of the population in the counties of the south and southeast of England and South Scotland. Living in a quiet provincial town or village is not only more comfortable, but also prestigious than in Thiege London. Traditionally, the population of Wales and Olster (Northern Ireland), which is aggravated by the crisis of a number of key branches of the economy, especially. Here the highest unemployment rate in the UK and relatively low incomes of the population (by a third lower than the UK average).

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