House Indian. Tipi - the dwelling of nomadic Indians of the Great Plains Indian house

John Manchip White ::: Indians of North America. Life, religion, culture

As we could have been convinced by people of crops with wool and anashai, who lived in the southwest (which was selected earlier than any other area) at the dawn of our era, already then were skilled architects. Culture Indians Hochkels erected their famous buildings, including Casa-Grande, or from adobov - bricks from the dried dirt on the sun or from kaliste - Bricks from dried hard clay. Adobe and Kalisha, who were the first white American settlers called the "marble of the prairie" or "steppe marble", were cheap, but durable and durable building materials; And today we made many residential and public buildings in the southwest. As for the people of Anasazi culture, they showed themselves wonderful masters of the stone architecture, turning the usual caves in Mesa Verde and other places in the dwellings truly fabulous beauty, and building their famous detached "apartment buildings" in the Chaco Canyon.

Several north we meet the earthen dwellings of their nomadic neighbors - Navajo Indians. This numerous tribe of the Atabask language family has long nomadic before settling in the area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement of Pueblo on Rio Grande. These "dugouts" are unique in that, together with the dwellings, Pueblo, they are the only real Indian dwellings that are used and understood. In the reservation of Indians Navajo, you can literally at every step you can meet these squat, striking dwellings that call hogani. The floor inside the hogan has a circle shape, symbolizing the sun and the universe; From above, it is covered with the shape of a vault of a wooden roof, which, in turn, is covered with a tightly rammed land. The entrance is a simple opening, hung with a blanket. He addressed to the east - towards the rising sun. At a short distance from the main hogan there is a "bath" - smaller in size of the Hogan without a flue hole; In this building, reminiscent of a sauna or a Turkish bath, a family can relax and relax. Similar "Baths" are very common and found almost all of the Indians of North America. Next to the main housing was also located ramada - Made from wooden pillars under the shadow of the trees gazebo, in which old men could take rise, children - play, and women - weave or cook food.

Housing from the Earth, a variety of species, one could meet on the plains and prairies, but to a greater extent in the northern regions where summer was very hot, and winter harsh and cold. Powes in Nebraska, as well as Mandans and Hidats in North and South Dakota, dug their dwellings deep into the ground. If Powney's housing was round unpaired dugouts, then the hidats and mandanan dwellings were large, skillfully performed structures that pierced from the inside with a powerful branched wooden frame. Some of the housing of Mandanov occupied the territory with a diameter of 25-30 m; In such a housing there were several families, and also had a horses stall, which the owners did not risk leave outside. The inhabitants of such dwellings rested and lazy to the sun on the roof of Hogan. Iroquest tribes also "crowded" in one long house; According to the testimony of European missionaries who had to live there, it was very difficult to withstand the "bouquet" from the heat of fire, smoke, various smells and dog flashes.

In the central part of the Plains, i.e., on most of the territory of North America, the main housing of the Indian was the construction of a tent type, which was called types. Tipi is sometimes mistakenly called Wigwam, but this is a completely different structure, in which we will be convinced now. Tipi was a cone-shaped tent, covered by the painted skin of the bison; Such tents are well acquainted in many films about the Indians. Hunting tents were small in size, but tents in the main camp, as well as tents for solemn ceremonies, could reach 6 m in height and occupy the territory with a diameter of 6 m; At its construction left to 50 bison skins. Regardless of its size, Tipi was perfectly fit both to the conditions of the terrain and to the living conditions of nomadic tribes: they were easy to install and roll. The "set" of Tipi included 3-4 main poles and 24 wooden backups, smaller in size. When the tent was disassembered, from the same structures it was possible to collect the already mentioned Volokuchi, which was laid as folded TIPI and other goods. In the camp, the main wooden backups were put together with a large triangle and tied them at his top, then auxiliary backups were assumed to them, the coverage was tensioned on top and fastened the entire design that resembled a giant crescent belt, belts from tendons. At the bottom, the coating was fixed using wooden pegs. In winter, the coating inside Tipi was tied to supports, and the bottom was fixed on the ground to save the heat. In the summer, on the contrary, the coating threw up to provide fresh air access. The fire was divorced right in the center of the dwelling, and the smoke went out through neatly laid out of the cane, tapering to the top of the chimney. If the wind blew in this direction that the smoke remained inside Tipi, the care of the supports was very deftly changed in such a way that the whole smoke would go outside. Unlike dwelling from Earth, Tipi was decorated outside with beads, porcing needles; various signs and symbols of religious and mystical character were applied; It also depicted a personal sign or a housing owner symbol. Tipi, belonging to such tribes like Schayen and Black, was truly wonderful structures of great beauty and originality. Not without the foundations of the Indians of the Plains district called the paradise "Earth, where a lot of Tipi", believing that it is a beless blooming land, destroyed by sparkling multi-colored tents-typi.

Tipi were characteristic of other areas of North America; True, they did not differ there as magnificence as on the plains. Some tribes did not decorate Tipi at all; Others, especially those who lived in a harsh climate, tried, as they could, insulate them using mats, bedding, carpets and everything that could serve as an insulating material. In Canada and on the northeast coast, a birch bark used as a coating, which was not suitable in order to abundantly decorate her drawings. It should be noted that the dwellings of the type of tent-typi were known not only in North America, but also in other parts of the world, especially in Northeast Asia. It is likely that the ancient Asian hunters came to America and Canada lived in winter in the caves, and in the summer - in tent housing; Although, of course, such a short-lived material, like the skin and tree, could not be preserved to the present day, and therefore we do not have archaeological confirmation of this assumption. People of that time are only called "cavemen."

Vigwam - A housing that has wooden supports, like Tipi, but its top of the rounded shape, and it is not covered with hides, but disinanted mats or bark. Often, a wooden frame was located for stability inside Wigwam, which reminded the platform from wooden forests, which were firmly attached to the base of the ropes from the fiber, which made a dwelling like an inverted boat. More fragile, usually temporary dwellings covered on top of the island beams of cane and dry grass were called wikas. In such huts, they lived in the areas of the deserts like the Great Basin District, and on the arid outfits of the south-west, where the tribes lived in poverty and were at a very low level of material culture. A vicap was a typical housing of apaches - a brave tribe, but very backward.

Wigwama and Vicaps should be distinguished from covered with cane material of majestic residential buildings, which were characteristic of southern US regions. These structures were built by people settled in the south-east and in the Mississippi basin, where the builders of famous "temples" mounds lived and worked and worked. These people built an impressive and magnificent species of high buildings of a rounded form with a powerful wooden column. Often the roofs and walls of the houses were covered with tightly woven and brightly decomposed cane mats. In such houses there were forest tribes of Northern and South Carolina, as well as the northeast coast. There were often long houses with a dome-shaped roof and a lattice veranda. Over the entire length of such houses, wide benches were located on which the whole families of ate were sleeping, entertained and sent religious rites, like those who lived in a similar manner of Southeast Asia communities.

The culture of the construction of "long houses" reached the highest level in the North-West; As noted, this area is known for its cultural achievements and in a number of other regions. Such tribes like Hyde, Tsimshan and Trucites, made boards and beams from red and yellow cedar, which were used to build houses where 30-40 people could live. Such houses almost always had a length of at least 15 m and a width of at least 12 m and were masterpieces of carpentry, wooden architecture and tiled wooden decorations. On the boards were skillfully performed grooves and tongues, firmly included in the butt grooves. Roofs of houses covered the bark of trees. The walls, both from the inside and outside, and partitions that separated the interior of several rooms were decorated with carvings and drawings, their subjects were associated with the sacred spirits that had to defend the house and households. The house of each leader was decorated in a special way, and uniquely individually. The lip of the roof was covered with threads and drawings, and in front of the house was put in the famous Town Pole of the North-West Indians, on which the history of this family or kind was displayed; At the top of the post, a family or generic emblem was depicted. These pillars that sometimes reached a 9-meter height were clearly visible from afar, including from the sea, and served as a good landmark. And today, residents of Indian settlements of the North-West lead an active life, showing interest in professional classes and crafts and everything in the lifestyle of their great ancestors.

The Indians had two types of dwellings, which distinguished them from other nations, is Tipi and Wigwam. They have features peculiar to the people who used them. They are also adapted to typical people and the environment.

Everyone - according to his needs

Houses of nomads and sedentary tribes are distinguished. The first prefer tents and chalashi, while fixed buildings or sonons are more convenient for the second more convenient. If we talk about hurns of hunters, then they could often see animal skins. North American Indians - the people for whom it was characterized by a large number of each group she was their own.

For example, Navajo preferred semi-ray. They created a global roof and a corridor called "Hogan", through which it was possible to enter inside. Former residents of Florida built pile huts, and for nomadic tribes from the subarctic, the most convenient was Vigvam. In the colder time, he was covered, and in warm - bark.

Scaligence and strength

Iroquoise built a frame of wood bark that could serve under 15 years. Usually, throughout this period, the community lived near the selected fields. When the land was worn out, relocation took place. These constructions were high enough. They could reach 8 meters in height, from 6 to 10 m wide, and their length sometimes accounted for 60 meters or more. In this regard, such dwellings were nicknamed long houses. The entrance was placed in the end. Nearby was a picture depicting the Totem of the kind, the animal, which he patronized and faith. The dwelling of the Indians was divided into several compartments, each living has a couple that form a family. Everyone had in his hearth. For sleep, there were Nara at the walls.

Settlements of sedentary and nomadic type

Pueblo tribes built strengthened houses from stones and bricks. The courtyard was surrounded by a semicircle or circuit circuit. The Indian people struggled whole terraces on which houses could be built in several tiers. The roof of one dwelling became an outside site for another, located on top.

People who have chosen forests built Wigwam. This is a portable domestic dwelling in the form of the dome. It was different in small sizes. The height, as a rule, did not exceed 10 feet, however, indoor to thirty inhabitants. Now such buildings are used in ritual purposes. It is very important not to confuse them with Tipi. For nomads, such a design was quite convenient, since it did not have to apply great effort to construction. And you could always move the house to the new territory.

Design features

During the structure, trunks were used, which were well bent and were rather thin. To tie them, a leaky or birch bark, mats made from reed or reeds were used. Also came the leaves of corn and grass. Wigwam nomad was covered with cloth or skin. So that they do not sculpted, used frame outside, trunks or poles. The inlet was covered with a curtain. The walls were inclined and vertical. Planning - round or rectangular. To expand the construction, it was pulled into an oval, spending several holes for the exit of smoke. For the pyramidal form, the installation of smooth poles, which bind upstairs are characteristic.

The dwelling of the Indians, similar to a tent, called Tipi. He had a stiffe, from which a conical shape was obtained. For the formation of the tires used bison skins. The hole from above was designed specifically so that the smoke from the fire went outside. During the rain it was covered with a blade. The decoration of the walls served drawings and signs that mean the belonging to one or another owner. Tipi really finds many on the Vigvam, which is why they are often confused. This type of construction of the Indian people used also quite often as in the north, so in the south-west and far west traditionally for the purpose of nomadicity.

Gabarits.

They also built a pyramidal or conical form. The base diameter was up to 6 meters. The forming poles reached the length of 25 feet. The tire was made from an average to create a coating had to kill from 10 to 40 animals. When North American Indians began to interact with Europeans, trading exchange began. They had a canas, who had more easily. Both skin and fabric have its drawbacks, so combined products often created. Pins made of wood used as a fastener, the coating was tied to spicks that were traphed from the ground. Especially for the movement of the air left the gap. As in Wigwam, there was a hole for the exit of smoke.

Useful devices

A distinctive feature is that there were valves regulating air craving. To stretch them to the bottom corners, leather belts used. This dwelling of the Indians was quite comfortable. It was possible to attach a tent or another such building that significantly expanded the inner area. From a strong wind defended the belt descended from above, which served an anchor. At the bottom, the lining was laid below, which had a width of up to 1.7 m. It retained the inner heat, fencing people from external cold. During the rain, the ceiling of a semicircular shape was stretched, which was called "Ozan".

Exploring the construction of various tribes, it can be seen that each of them differs from some of its own inherent in her feature. The number of poles is different. They are connected differently. The pyramid formed by them can be both inclined and straight. The base has an ovoid, round or oval form. The tire is dismissed in a variety of options.

Other popular varieties of buildings

Another interesting dwelling of the Indians is a Wikiyap, which is also often identified with Wigwam. The building in the form of the dome is a slash in which they lived predominantly Apache. It was covered with slices of fabric and grass. They were often used for temporary purposes to hide. Covered with branches, mats, put on steppe outlets. Atabasi, inhabited by Canada, preferred this type of building. It was perfectly suitable when the army put forward on the battle and needed in a temporary place of stay to hide himself and hide fire.

Navajo settled in the Hogans. As well as in summer-type houses and dugouts. In the hogan, the cross section of the round shape, the walls form a cone. Often there are and square designs of this type. The door was located in the eastern part: It was believed that the Sun brings good luck through her. Also in building a large cult value. There is a legend telling that Hogan was first built in the form of Coyote. He was helped by beavers. They were engaged in the construction in order to provide housing for the first people. In the midnight of the five-pointed pyramid there was a forktime pole. The faces had three angle. The place between the beams filled the earth. The walls were as dense and strong, which could effectively protect people from winter weather.

Front was located the lobby, where they conducted religious ceremonies. Residential buildings were distinguished by large sizes. In the 20th century, Navao began to build buildings with 6 and 8 corners. This is due to the fact that then the railway function was functioning not far from them. It was possible to get sleepers and use them in construction. There was more space and space, despite the house stood quite tight. In a word, the habitats of the Indians are quite diverse, but each of them performed functions assigned to it.

Shishmayv Ilya

The paper explores various types of housing of the Indians living in the north of America

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Municipal causative

General Education

"Average educational school №1" p. Grachevka

Direction: Linguistics (English)

SUBJECT: "Settlements of North American Indians"

Performed: Shishmarev Ilya

student 6 "b" class

Scientific adviser: Tulchina E. S.

english teacher

Grachevka, 2013

Introduction .......................................................................................... 3.

1. Indian settlements .................................................................. ..5
2. Types of houses of North American Indians ....................................... ..6

1. Dwelling tribes Hochow and Anashai ................................................ 6
2. Houses of the navajo tribe ............................................................................. ..6
3. Hogans Tribe Powney and Mandanan ................................................ 6
4. Iraqisa and their dwelling ................................................................7
5. Wigwami ................................................................................. 7.
6. Vikapy - Typical dwelling of the Tribe of Appalachi .............................. .8
7. Culture of construction of long buildings ....................................8
8. Poles totem ...................................................................................... ..8
9. Interior decoration ............................................................... 9

1. Conclusion .............................................................................. 10.
2. List of used literature ................................................ 11
3. application

Introduction

Indians are indigenous people, Aboriginal America. The story of their life is tragic. Very often, the Indians are associated with terrible films about cowboys and indians, where the latter act as villains, villains. In fact, the history of American Indians is the story of the most cruel, ruthless genocide in modern history.

Before North America in the 1500s, the first European immigrants arrived, she was a home for millions of people who are callednorth American Indians. The Indians came to North America thousands of years ago and settled over the entire continent.

Indians lived with groups called tribes. By the time of the appearance of the first Europeans in North America, about 300 different tribes lived and each had its own form of government, their own language, religious beliefs and culture. According to experts, before the opening of America, up to 3 million people lived in the territory of modern US and Canada. By the end of the XIX century, their numbers decreased to 200 thousand.

The lifeguard of the tribe mainly was determined by the natural conditions of its habitat. Inuita (Eskimos) compounded by the cold Arctic for food hunted on seals. From the sealing skins they made dwellings, boats and clothing. On the dry and hot south-west of the continent, the Indians of the Pueblo tribal built global dwellings. The water was jewel, so they invented special methods to obtain water deeply from under the ground.

The daily life of the tribe of the North American Indians was focused on the most important needs - food and dwelling. The main cultures that the Indians grown were corn, pumpkin fruits and beans. Many tribes lived hunting on bison and other game or collected berries, roots and other edible plants.

Religion occupied an important place in the life of all Indians. They believed in the powerful world of spirits, from which all people depended.

A variety of homemade utensils of North American Indians, made of wood or stone, is also decorated with heads of animals or people or has a distorted form of living beings.

Such utensils include festive masks, fantastic grimaces of which indicate the inclination of the fantasy of this people to terrible; These include gray clay tubes with distorted animal figures similar to those who are similar to those in Melanesia; But first of all, this kind of works belongs to pots used for food and fat, as well as a bowl for drinking beasts or people. Beasts (birds) are often kept in the teeth (beak) of other animals or even tiny people. An animal is standing on the legs, and the back of it is poured in the form of a shuttle, then it lies on the back, and then the role of the vessel himself is played by the extended belly. In Berlin stores a cup for drinking, which is a human figure with his eyes and with rapid legs.

In this paper, only one side of the life of the Indians is considered: their dwelling.

The dwellings of the North American Indians of different tribes was very different. Some used mobile dwellings, and residents of the Great Plains built typi, conical tents, covered with bison skins, stretched on a wooden frame.

It is clear from the above descriptions that it was a truly great civilization and it is an important part of American culture.

Relevance This work is to need to prove that the Indians were highly developed society.

Purpose of work: Find a description of the various types of dwellings of different tribes, compare the types of dwellings.

Tasks Examine material on the topic, select the study object, systematize the data obtained.

Research methods. This paper uses search, selection, analysis, generalization and systematization of information.

Practical orientation. The work allows the use of material in the lessons of English, Russian, history, in extracurricular work, as well as people learning the language.

Object of study: The lifestyle of the North American Indians, their dwellings, as evidence of a high level of development.

Subject of study: Types of dwellings of North American Indians.

Hypothesis: north American Indians, North American Aboriginal, is a highly developed civilization that has enormous knowledge in different areas and had a distinctive, unique culture.

1. Indian Settlements

Just Imagine That You Visited One Of The Indian Settlements At Any Time Between 1700 and 1900 and, Having Taken The Warm Wercome of the Hospitable Hosts Who Were Always Glad to Give Shelter to Any Traveler or Stranger, Made a Little Tour About the Village. What Would You Have Seen and Paid Attention To?

First of all You Would Have Noticed That Regardless The Sight Of The Skettlement ItSelf and Its Building, The Site Had Been Chosen With Great Care. Even In The Places with No Trees, Mercilessly Sun Scorched and Blown Through with Winds, Indians Could Find The Poce for Their Settlement, Which Was Most Protected from The Sun, Wind and Rain. There In Such A Place, Was To Be Some Water Sourse Neaby. IT COULD BE A NATURAL SPRING, A RIVER, A BROOK OR A STREAM WITH FISH. There Was To Be Some Place for Deer Or Some Other Wild Animals To Come and Have A Drink. The Settlement Could Be Built On The Banks of Great Rivers Which Had Been Giving Food for Different Cultures During The Whole History of Mankind and Civilizations. And The Place Was To Be Protected from Enimies Attacks AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.

USUALY FROM 100 TO 300 PEOPLE LIVED IN THE SETTLEMENT, THOUGH SOME OF THEM COULD BE VERY BIG: THEY HOUSED ABOUT ONE THOUUSAND PEOPLE. The Territory Was Devided Between Clans and About 30-50 MAN, Women and Children Lived in the Pot. Some Indian Camps Didn't Have Any Fortification. Others, on the Other Had Were Fortified Very Carefully. THEY HAD BANKS OR WOODEN WALLS-IT DEPENDED ON THE MATERIAL THEY COULD FIND NEARBY. And This Was The Main Factor for the Sight and Type of their Homes. THEY WERE DIFFERENT IN EVERY REGION OF THE CULTURE DISTRIBUTION.

2. TYPES OF HOUSES

2.1. Types of Houses Of Hohoks and Anasasi

People of Hohoks and Anasasi Who Lived in the South-West, The Region Which Was Populated Earlier That Any Other Region At The Beginning Of Our Era, Were Skilled Architects. They Built Their Famous Constructions Including Kasa-Grande Either by the Adobes, That Is The Bricks from The Dirt Dried in The Sun or From Kalishi The Bricks Made from Dried Hard Clay. Adobes and Kalishi Which Were Called "The Marble of The Steppe" by The First White American. The Bricks Were Cheep and Long Lasting Building Material in the South-West. As For the People of the Anasazi Culture They Appeared to Be Wonderful Architectors of Stone, Having Turned The Caves of Mesa-Verde and in Other Places Into The Paces of Fantastic Beauty. They Also Built Their Famous Dwelling Houses in Chako-Canyon Which Stand Separately.

2.2. Houses of Navaho Indians

A LITTLE TO THE NORTH WE CAN SEE MUD-HUT HOUSES OF THEIR NOMADIC NEIGHBOURS - NAVAHO INDIANS. These Mud-Huts Are Unique Because Together with Pueblos They Are The Only Indian Houses Which Are Used Nowadays.

In The Navaho Reservation You Can Often See These Low Habitation Which Are Called Hogans Is A Circle Which Symbolized The Sun and The Universe. On The Top of It Thera Is A Wooden Roof Which Has The From A Vault. The Entrance IS A Simple Doorway Curtained With A Blanket. IT Faces The Rising Sun and Looks East. Not Very Far From It There Is A Bath-House Which Is A Smaller Hogan, The Poce Where A Family Can Relax and Rest. This Bath-House Is Like A SAUNA OR A Turkish Bath. The Baths Like These Are Rather Spread and Can Be Seen Practically In The Settlements of All Indians of North America.

There Was A "Kamada" Near The Main Building. The Summer House Was Made of Wooden Posts under the Trees and Was The Place for Old People to Rest, for Children To Play, for Women to Weave or Cook Food in.

2.3. THE HOGANS OF PAUNI AND MANDANAS

The Dwellings in The Ground of A Lot of Types Could Be Found in the Valleys and In The Prairie, But Mostly In The Steppes of Northen Districts Where The Women Was Very Hot and the Winter Was Very Cold and Severe. The Pauni in Nebraska and the Mandanas and the Hidatsas in South And North Dakota Made Their Homes Deep In the Ground. Some of the Dwellings of The Mandanas Occupied The Area of \u200b\u200b25-30 Metres and Some Were Also Stalls for Horses. The INHABITANTS OF SUCH HOUSES RESTED AND BASKED IN THE SUN ON THE ROOFS OF A HOGAN.

2.4. THE IRAKEZE AND THEIR TEEPEES

The Irakeze Tribes Clustered in One Long House. Some MissionAries Who Had to Live for Some Time At Such A Place Statedt That It Was Very Difficult to Endure The Adore Off Fire Heat, Smoke Different Smells and Barking Of Dogs, It Was The Usual Type of Living of An Indian In The Central Part of The Valley Region. IT Means On The Most Part of the Territory Were Constructions of a Marquees Type Which Were Called Teepees. Some People Call Such Dwellings Wigwams, But It Is a Mistake. THEY ARE DIFFERENT. "Tipi" IS A Cone-Shaped Tent Fit close by Painted Bison Skins. Such Tents Are Familiar to Many People From Many Films About Indians. Hunter Tents Were Not Very Big, But The Tents In The Main Cemp and The Tents for Solemn Ceremonies Could Be As High As 6 Metres and Occupy The Territory of 6 Metres by Diameter. IT TOOK UP TO 50 BISON SKINS TO COVER SUCH A DWELLING. Despite The Size Suited Both The Conditions of the Territory and That Could Easily Be Put and Rolled Up. In Summer The Cover Could Be Turned Up to Let Fresh Air in and In Winter The Cover Was Tied to a Bearing and The Latter Warmth. The Fire Was Made In The Middle of the Dwelling and Smoke Rose Up Through A Chimney, Made of Reeds. The Chimney Was Narrowing AT The Top. If the Wind Blew and There Was Smoke Inside The Tipi, The Disposition of The Bearing WaS Changed and The Smoke Went Out. Teepees Were Decorated Inside with Glass Beads, Porcupines Quills, Different Signs and Symbols of Religious and Mystical Type. There Was Also A Personal Sing Or A Personal Symbol of The Owner of the Tipi on the Skin.

The Teepees, Which Belonged to Such Tribes AS The Shyens and the Blackfoot, Were Really Wonderful Construction and Peculiarity. SO THE INDIANS OF THE VALLEY REGION HAD GROUNDS TO CALL THE PLACE THERE ARE ARE ARE ARE A LOT OF TEEPEES "- A PARADISE. They Considered That It Was Boundless Flourishing Land, Studded With Glittering Multi-Colored Tents-Teepees.

They Common to Other Regions of South America, Though The Were Not Notable for Such Splendor Asia Were in the Valley Region. Some Tibes Didn't Decorate Them At All. OTHERS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO LIVED IN SEVERE CLIMATE TRIED AS THEY AS THE COULD TO MAKE THEM HABITABLE, Using Mats, Beddings Carpets An Everything They Could Find and All Kinds of Things That Could Serve AS An Insulating Material.

In Canada and North-Eastern Coast Peple Used Birch Bark and It Wasn't Suitable for Being Decorated with Drawings. IT SHOULD ALSO BE MENTIONED THAT DWELLING LIKE TEEPEES WERE KNOWN NOT ONLY IN NORTH AMERICA, BUT IN OTHER REGIONS OF THE WORLD AS WELL, ESPECIALLY IN SOUTH-EASTH-EASTH-EASTERN ASIA. IT IS PROBABLE THAT ANCIENT HUNERS FROM ASIA WHO HAD COME TO CANADA AND NORTH AMERICA LIVED IN CAVES IN WINTER AND IN CAMPS IN SUMMER. Of Course, Such Short-Live Materials Like Leather And Wood Couldn't Have Remained Preserve Up to Our Time, So We Have No Archeological Evidence of this Supposition.

2.5. Wigwam

Wigwam Was A Dwelling Which Had Wooden Bearings Like Teepee, But Its Top Is a Cupola and It Is Covered Not by Skins But by Woven Mats of Birch Burk. For Making The Construction Firm There Was A Wooden Carcass Inside. IT Reseld Rostrum Wooden Saffoldings Which Were Firmly Tied to the Foundation with Ropes of Fiber And It Made The Dwelling Look Like An Upturned Boat.

2.6. "Vikap" - a Typical Dwelling Place of the Appalachian

Temporal Britter Dwelling Which Were Covered with Wisps of Reed and Dry Glass Were Called Vikaps. Both Indians of Deserts Like The District of the Great Basin and of Dry Outskirts of South-West Lived in Such Huts. They Lived in Poverty and Had A Low Level Of Material Culture. "Vikap" WAS A TYPICAL DWELLING PLACE OF THE APPALACHIAN, THE TRIBE OF VERY BRAVE BUT RETARTED PEOPLE.

WIGWAMS AND VIKAPS MUST BE DWELLING DWELLING HOUSES Covered with Woven Material Of Reed and Which Was Characteristic for Southern Districts of the USA. These Constructions Were Built by People Who Settled in The North-East and In The Mississippi Basin, The Place, Where the Builders of the Famous Temple Mounds Had Lived and worked. These People Built High Imposing and Majestic Buildings of a Rounded Form With Very Hard Wooden Colonnade. Very Often The Houses Were Covered by A Tightly Women and Painted Mats Made Of Reed. Forest Tribes of North And South California, and Those of North-East Coast Used to Live In Such Houses with Cupola Roofs and Trellis Verandahs. Alone The Whole Length of Such Houses There Were Wide Long Benches on Which People Ate, Slept, Enjoyed Themselves and Had Perfomances of Religious Rites. IT WAS JUST THE SAME WAY OF LIFE LIKE THAT OF DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA.

2.7. THE CULTURE OF "LONG HOUSE BUILDING"

The Culture of "Long House Building" Reached Its Peak In The South-West. IT WAS ALREADY MENTIONED THAT THIS REGION WAS FAMOUS FOR ITS CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS IN A NUMBER OF OTHER SPHERES. Such Tribes AS Naiad, Tsimshian and Tlinkits Made Planks of Red and Yellow Cedar and Used Them in House Building Which Could Have Room for 30-40 People. SUCH BUILDING WERE AS LONG AS 15 METRES WIDE. They Were Chef-D-Oeutres Of Carpentry, Of Wooden Architecture and Tiled Wooden Decorations. The Roofs Were Covered with Barks of Trees. The Walls Both Inside and Outside, Partitions Which Divided Inner Lodgings INTO SEVERAL ROOMS, WERE DRAWINGS. Themes of The Holly Spirits Which Were To Protect The House and The Household. The House of Each Chief Was Decorated in a Particular Way, and It Was Done with Unique Individuality. The Ridge of the Roof Was Also Cared and Drawn.

2.8. The Totem Pole.

A Well-Known Totem Pole of the Indians of the North-West Was Placed in Front of It. The History of the Given Family Or That of The Whole Generation Was Reflected on The Pole and the Family Emblem Was Placed On The Top Of The Pole. Such Poles Were about 9 Metres High Were Sea From Far Away and From the Sea Too and Were A Good Orienteer. Even Now The Citizens of the Indian Settlements LEAD An Active Life, Expose Interest to Professional Activities and Handicraft and To The Way of Life of their Great Ancestors.

2.9. The Inner Decoration.

If You Were Invited to Enter An Indian House You Would See there Was Almost No Furniture. The Rammed Ground Floor As Smooth As Parquet or Glass, Neatly Swept With a Broom of Brunches or Grass and Covered with Furs, Fells and Mats. There Were Curtains and Amulets. The Members of the Family Slept Along The Walls and Each Had His Own Place. Sometimes The Bench, But More Often The Slept On The Ground Having Wrapped ONESELF IN A Warm Blanket. A TYPICAL KIND OF FURNITURE WAS AN INDIAN Chaise Lonque Which Gave Support to The Man Who Was Sitting On The Floor. Some Parts of The House Were Inted for the Religious Symbols and for the Sacrit Shaman Ties. The Houses Were Marked with Stones, So That Everybody Shld Go Round Them As The Dead Ancestors or More Aimed for Religio-Spiritual Aims.

There Was A Hearth In The Middle of the During The Day and It Was Choked A Little During The Night Fire Was Considered to Be The Gift of Gods and It Was Kept Vigilant Watch on. The Dwelling Around the Fire Symbolized The Universe: The Door of the Home Faced The East to Meet The First Rays of the Rising Sun. The Fire Was Carried From Place to Place in a Buffalo Horn, In A Closed Pitcher, Or Kept IT Inside A Big Wisp of a Slowly Smoulderng Moss. A Lot of Tribes Worshiped Fire and There Was "Eternal Fire" Burning in their dwelling and a specially appointed Fire Custodian Was Responsible for It. The Custodian Had to Keep IT Burning All the Time.

3. Conclusion

Indians who live or dwelling in all North America east of the Rocky Mountains are real "red", their scattered remnants of Ponyne live among the "palenitsy", which deprived them of ancient dwellings, ancient faith, ancient art. What we know about the art of these "real" indians is largely belonging to history.

They achieved large results in their development and made a huge contribution to world culture. It is only worth looking at the grandiose buildings of Pueblo, Minds from saman bricks, hogans, typics, wigwams, vicars, long huts, and you can immediately understand that these unique buildings could be made only amazingly talented, thinking, developed people.

The position of modern North American Indians in US and Canadian reservations is a separate topic. Some tribes were able to better adapt to new conditions imposed on them, the other worse. And yet, among the current Americans, the Indians still stand a mansion. They could not fully fit into a new American nation, as black, Latin American, descendants of immigrants from Europe and Asia fit into it. US residents still perceive the Indians as something special, alien, incomprehensible. In turn, the Indians cannot fully adopt the civilization of a white person. And this is their tragedy. Their old world is destroyed, and in the new for them there was no worthy place. For people who have morally surpassed their enslavers and who observed the covenants of the Great Spirit cannot take more primitive morality and accept the fact that in the new society about money they still remember more often than God.

4. List of used literature

1. American History. Office of International Information Programs United States Department of State, 1994.
2. G. V. Nesterchuk, V. M. Ivanova "The USA and The Americans", Minsk, "Higher School", 1998.
3. The Internet
4. Myths and legends of America, Saratov, 1996.
5. Paul Radine, Trixter. The study of the myths of North American Indians, S.-PB., 1999.
6. F. Jacin, Indians at the time of European conquest of America, M., 1999.

And today we will introduce our readers with the meaning of the word "wigwam" and its differences from the "Tipi" of the nomadic tribes.

Traditionally, Wigwam is called the place of residence of forest Indians who lived in the northern and northeastern part of the continent North America. As a rule, Vigvam is a small slag,the total height of which is 3-4 meters. It has a dome-shaped form, and about 30 people can live at the same time in the largest wigvamama. Also, the Wigvamam can also include small chalashi, having a conical shape and similar to Tipi. Now Wigwams are often used as a place for traditional rituals.

Vigvamov analogs can also be found in some African peoples, Chukchi, Events and Soytov.

As a rule, the hut cake is made from thin and flexible wood trunks. They are binding and covered with bark of trees or mats from plants, corn leaves, skins and slices of fabric. A combined coating option is also found, which is also additionally strengthened with a special outer frame, and in the case of its absence, trunks or special poles. The entrance to the wigwam closes the curtain, and it can be both small and the full height of Wigwam.

In the upper part of Wigwam there is a chimney, which is often covered with a piece of cortex. Rim up it to withdraw the smoke with the help of a pole. The dome-shaped versions of Wigwamov can be both vertical and inclined walls. Most often there are round vigvama, but sometimes you can see a rectangular design. Wigwam can be pulled into a sufficiently long oval and also have some chimneys instead of one. As a rule, oval wigwams are called long houses.

The vigvamov conical shape of the frame is made of direct poles that are connected together on top.

The word "Wigwam" originates in Protoalgonkinsky adverb, and it translates as "their home". However, there is also an opinion that this word came to the Indians from the language of Eastern Abenakov. In different nations, their variant of the pronunciation of this word, but in general they are close enough.

Also known and another term -wetu. Despite the fact that it is widely used by Indians from Massachusetts, this term did not fit in the rest of the world.

In our time, Wigwam is most often called dome-shaped inhabitants, as well as the simplest chalashi designs in which Indians live from other regions. Each tribe gives his name to his Vigvam.

In the literature, this term is most often found as the designation of the dome-shaped place of the residence of the Indians from the fiery land. They are quite similar to the traditional wigwams of the Indians from North America, but they are distinguished by the lack of horizontal ligaments on the frame.

Also, Wigwam is often called the dwelling of the Indians with high plains, which correctly call the word.

Different sized tent, according to the form similar to Wigvama, is often used in various rituals of revival and purification in the tribes of the Great Plains, as well as from a number of other regions. In this case, a special pyrine is done and the Vigvam himself is in this case is the body of the greatest spirit. A round form denotes the world as a single whole, and pairs in this case are a preamune of the greatest spirit that makes spiritual and cleansing regeneration and transformation.

"Zone Gringo"

The miner's village of Bonans was lost in the Nicaraguan jungle among the hills in the West Department of Seleia. From the port city of Puerto Cabezasa is about two hundred kilometers. Almost five hours drive, "if everything is fine." In Selai, you often hear this phrase when it comes to the departments. The road is or rather, not the road, but broken by wheels, blurred by shoes trail marked on the cards of the dotted line, is going through the jungle, crossing them from east to the west.

The only transportation is the shabby Pickup "Toyota" - goes to Bonans once a day. It is departed from the central square of Puerto Cabezsa. Elderly chauffeur does not hurry: there are no schedules, and the more people will go to the pickup, the better. Sit in the shade, smoke. Fifteen minutes later, a tall young ebony with a cap of curly hard hair is suitable. Then two doodle traders appear, they carry round baskets filled with vegetables and fruits. Finally, the area crosses the junior lieutenant in the full combat ammunition and the militia and the Karabin. We are six. The chauffeur, squinting, looks at the sun. Then, not to mention the word, goes to the car, sits down and starts the engine. We occupy places and we. Dorodic traders are hardly clenched into the cabin, men are arranged in the body. At the departure from the city of Pickup stops an average year-old man, in his hands he has a child. It turns out that this is a Cuban volunteer, traveled to Puerto Cabezas to negotiate about medicines for the hospital in Bonans. The younger lieutenant, looking at the child, knocking his fist along the wall of the cabin. The merchant makes the form that everything that happens does not concern.

- Hey, senorites, lie in the body! - Shouts the younger lieutenant. - Do not you see, a person has a child in his arms? Nothing, shake in the bodies, it is useful for you ...

The merchant is long worried about two voices - the meaning of their words is reduced to the fact that "the new power does not allow each joy to insult two respected women! They have sons at his age! And if he thinks, once in the hands of the machine, then everything can be - mistaken! " - But still inferior. While women get out of the cabin, the younger lieutenant speaks with Cuban.

"You see, in anyone who does not want to part with me," as if the doctor is apologized, nodding on the baby. The boy is thin, big. - Dad calls. We found him six months ago in the hut. The gang attacked the village, killed everyone. And he stayed alive. Two weeks sat one in the hut among the corpses of parents and brothers, while we did not find it. We then walked on the villages and made children vaccinations from polio. The boy died of hunger. After all, he is four years old, but looks two. Six months I was keen, barely saved. And since then he rushed to me, he does not let go. And my business trip ends. We'll have to take with you. I have five in Cuba. Where are five, there and the sixth. Go to Cuba, Pabito? The boy joyfully nods, smiles and still cuddles to the shoulder of the doctor.

Before Bonans, we get in the evening. Road envelopes a steep hill. So we are already in the village, and the road is not at all the road, but the street. On the right, below us, - the gaping dips of the shifts, workshops, rope lifts, mechanical drags. Mountains of a blank breed ... mines. Behind the hill, on the other vertex, like a mirage: a complex of modern cottages, trimmed lawns, flower beds, a banana grove, a blue pool bowl.

- "Zone Gringo," explains Cuban doctor, intercepting my amazed look.

Details I recognize the next day when I drive me one of the activists of the local SFNO Committee, Aleryano Savas, is a powerful, cattle and leisurely mining mining.

"A manager of the mine, engineers and employees of the company lived before the revolution," said Arleano, pulling the cottages with his hand. All Americans, of course. So we called this place "Zone Gringo." We have been closed there there, and they appeared in the village, only when they went to the office. The company knew how to share people on "clean" and "unclean."

- And what about the company, isleano?

- "Neptyun Mining." This is the last one, and before there were others. I started working at her in the fifties, the boy. Father, too, was miner, until he died. Probably grandfather, just I do not remember him. Father spoke, our family moved here from Matagalpa, so we are "Spaniards". And there are both Miskito, mestys, negros ... The company owned everyone, even by air, even the life of our own. The land on which we set our homes belonged to the company, building materials - too, the company brought out products in the village and sold in their stores. Light in homes, electricity - also the ownership of the company, as well as boats, and pier on rivers, and in general any transport to drive to cable or Matagalpu ... Do you know who the manager was for us? God! He and kalle and pretty. True, milked rarely. It will not give bones to the products, so we live as you want. Or refuses towards treatment. The hospital also belonged to the hospital. And you will not kill - the range in debt. And if you still hold, the National Guard will definitely find and lead back. Still will be invented, otherwise they are shot in the edification of the rest ...

"Yes, a companguero," Arleano continued, sitting on the stone at the side of the road. "Here, in the mines, every person has let the revolution in the heart. As the company embroidered, everyone sighed. Life saw. Mines are now state, we work on ourselves. Imagine, there are no spare parts, many people got up, because the gringo does not supply us the details. But - We work! And to live joyfully. School built, the hospital is now our products, distribute products by justice. In the "Gringo Zone" there is a kindergarten, the kids swim in the pool, and the library and cinema and cinema have been placed in the former club.

Herleano came down on the exterior steps to the management of mines, and there were tired workers in the mining helmets, many by their shoulders were rifled. Another change was returned from the mine. Their faces were black from indestructible dust, in bright sweats of sweat, but they had fun on each other, laughed fun and infection. And Arleano also smiled in a thick mustache ...

NEW GINEY

Someone, and Wilbert, I did not expect to meet in Puerto Cabstone. According to his rare letters that came to Managua, I knew that he was fighting in Nueva-Segovia. And so in the evening at the entrance to the city Square, a low army sergeant helped me for the elbow. A familiar gesture corrected points, smiled at a familiar smile ...

- Wilbert! What fate?!

- Translated. How did you find himself here?

- on business ...

Then we have long remembered a trip with the Bibliobus, the guys and the black night on the road that led from the new Ginea to the village of Jerusalem ...

New Guinea - South Department Seleia. The Indians of the Rama tribe live there - they plow the ground around the tiny and rare villages, graze herd on the plains. Mountains in the south of Seleia are low, flat, as if cut by a giant knife, vertices. They are naughty, they are a bit like Scythian mounds, and therefore seem to be superfluous on the green smooth steppe tabletop, where the herbs hide the rider with his head. Cattle Paradise, New Guinea ... I went there in April 1984 with students of the metropolitan technical school "Maestro Gabriel".

My acquaintance with these guys began a long time ago. Back in 1983, students found an old rusty minibus "Volkswagen" on the outskirts on the outskirts of Managua. On the hands through the whole city, they dragged this rhylad to workshop of the technical school. It is difficult, it is almost impossible to get spare parts in Nicaragua, clamped blockade by visits. But - got, repaired, then covered with yellow paint and wrote on the sides: "Youth bus - library." Since then, "Bibobus" began to run through the most remote cooperatives and villages, according to student production teams, collecting cotton and coffee crops. And in one of the flights, students took me with them.

New Guinea - dusty and noisy town - comes to life with the first rays of the sun. When "Biblobus", Davezha and jumping on Ughab, rushed into the winding streets, in the new burner and selflessly moorled roosters. The Zonal Headquarters of Sandinist Youth has built columns of student production teams that went on collecting coffee. In the courtyard, a sergeant-border guards was sitting in the courtyard with his sleeping eyes and, she saw her lips, recorded the number of machine guns issued by students, the number of ammunition and grenades.

While Wilbert pushed at the headquarters, finding out the route, Gustavo and Mario stood in line for weapons. The sergeant raised a loss view on them:

- Are you from the brigade?

"No ..." the guys jumbled, loyering.

Sergeant, reappearing into his notebook, silently waved his palm from top to bottom, as if he cuts off from the whole turn. Clear. It is useless to talk to him: the order is the order. It is not known how everything would have arisen, at the table Lieutenant Umberto Korea, head of the state security of the area.

- Give them four cars with spare stores, sergeant, "he said to a smooth and calm voice. - This is the guys from the" biblus ". Did not recognize?

And then, turning to the student Vilbert, said quietly:

- In the zone is still restless. Again, the young traitor moved. Yesterday we ran into an ambush, seven died. You have a difficult route, you will go through state schools, right? So, Wilbert, I allow only the day. In the farms, of course, our patrols, and students put their posts, but there may be surprises on the roads ...

All day we dwined around the villages stretched along the roads. Everywhere around the bus in a matter of minutes, a crowd was collected: the peasants who had recently learned by diploma, students, women with children; The little girl looked curious eyes on an unprecedented spectacle. Gustavo, Mario, Hugo, Wilbert distributed books, explained, told ...

In the evening in seven kilometers from the village with a rare biblical name for these places, Jerusalem minibus got up. Dried, movable, small growth of Carlos driver, looked into the engine, crushed his hand: 2 hours are repaired. From the height of his thirty-six years, he looked at the "these boys" patronizing and swore, which is going with them for the last time. Nevertheless, Carlos has not missed a single trip - and there were more than thirty, - without receiving, naturally, for that neither Sentavo.

Mattered quickly. The sunset spilled out with a shrink gold on the pale sky. The shadows disappeared, and the round fruits of wild oranges became similar to yellow lanterns, wipe in the dark foliage. Wilbert and Mario, hanging the machines on the chest, went right away from the road, Hugo and Gustavo to the left: Combat hosted, just in case. I highlighted Carlos portable lamp, which, climbing the bus, was picking in the engine.

Suddenly the left, very close, there were automatic queues. Somosovtsy! One, second line. Then the machines were blocked. Ratherly, filling the air with a thick knock and ringing. Fucked through the Mario Road. He did not even look at our side and disappeared into a dense shrub, approached the sidelines. Then the Wilbert appeared.

- Soon? He asked, melting air.

"I try," Carlos exhaled, without interrupting work.

"You give a beep," Wilbert again disappeared into the bushes.

Shooting rolled, Satolon, tormented. Finally, Carlos got out of the car and jumped into the cockpit. By opposing hand turned the ignition key - the motor came to life. In joyful excitement, Carlos, with force, hit Klakson - the car rooted unexpectedly powerful bass.

"Gony!" Wilbert ordered in a whisper, while the guys on the move, sending a light jet of the tracks into the dark wall of the shrub, jumped into the opening door of the Biblobus.

And Carlos, extinguishing the headlights, drove the bus by barely distinguished in the night the ribbon of the road. In Jerusalem.

There were also awaited books ...

Return of Nara Wilson

Tashba-when translated from Miscito means "Free Earth", or "Land of Free People". In February 1982, the revolutionary government was forced to relocate Miskito Indians from the Coco border river into specially built Tashba villages, with ... Endless raids of gangs from Honduras, murders, huggers for cordon, robbery - all this put Indians on the edge of despair. Funked by counter-revolutionary, which were often relatives or coumings, the Indians were increasingly distinguished from the revolution, closed in themselves, and then they fled where her eyes look.

I reset the Indians from the combat zone into the departure departments, the government not only built them at home and schools, churches and medical groups, but also allocated community land. A year later, many of those who once left with "contrace" returned to the families in Tashba. The Sandinist Government declared Amnesty the Indians of Miscito, who was not involved in crimes against the people.

So returned to his sons and Nar Wilson - Indian, with whom I met in the village of Sumubil.

When Nar Wilson married, he decided to leave the community. No, it did not mean at all that he did not like life in the village of Tara. Just Nar Wilson has already been serious in those years and because he judged that it was not worth it with his father and brothers under one roof. I wanted to have a house - my home, own.

And the Nag went along with the wife of kilometers to ten downstream the Coco River, separating Nicaragua from Honduras. There, in deserted, deserted places, in the rule, on the jungle died in the jungle, he set his house. Put firmly for years. As it should be, vomed deep into the crude clay land of piles from strong seborate trunks, made on them the flooring from red boards. And only then erected four walls, covering them with wide leaves of wild bananas. It was twenty-five winters back. Twenty-five times froze from the shower of the water Coco, approaching the threshold itself, and the house was standing, as if they built it only yesterday. Only squeezed from moisture and the Sun of the piles and they polished to the shine of the stage.

Everything in the world is subject to time. He himself has changed and Nar Wilson. Then he was eighteenth, now forty-one is superfluous. He rang out in his shoulders, the palms became wide and crawled, we were wicked, time sketched the wrinkle network for a dark face. Life flowed like a river in summer, smoothly, measured and leisurely.

Nag fishing, hunted, he was smuggling a little. He did not like smuggling, but what was done? After American companies passed through the forests, Dići left very little. Lamine disappeared from the mouth of Coco, behind the boar and it had to run.

Children were born, growing, adultels. Senior, married, put their homes nearby, behind the bend of the shore, on green low cavity. Let's the grandchildren. So lived everything around, not noticing time. The years were allocated only to rich catches and outbreaks of the number of beasts in rural. It seemed that nothing happens in the world. To lead from the West, from the Pacific coast, rarely came, even less often came from there with new people.

Nar from childhood remembered an important Tolstoy Sergeant, the head of the post of border guards in the packaging, to whom his father paid a weekly MZD for smuggling. Then he also gently began to pay it and Nar. It was the power of the military. Honorable Peter Bond personified the power of spiritual. Priest Bond, like a sergeant, lived in the village from time immemorial. Baptized and instructed Nara, then children Nara, grandchildren ...

Changes have come unexpectedly. Suddenly the sergeant disappeared. They spoke, he drew in Honduras, swimming Coco on the boat. And Bond began to tell in the sermons the incomprehensible things about some santinists who want to deprive all the Indians of democracy. Then Peter Bond and closed the church at all, saying that Sandinists prohibit praying to God. Then everyone was indignant. How so, no one seen them, these subordinists, and they no longer allow people to go to church! Especially unhappy were old men. And when Sandinists appeared in the district, they met them intensely, silent. For the most part, Sandinists turned out to be young guys from the West, the Spaniards. Hot were guys, collected rallies, talked about the revolution, about imperialism. But few people understood them.

Gradually, the storm of events subsided. Instead of the former sergeant, another - Sandinist appeared in Tara. He did not take bribes and did not allow smuggling, which caused the wrath of many. Honorable Bond reopened the church. AU has already begun to think that life will slowly return to the older, but his hopes did not justify. Increasingly, Wilson began to look at Pedro, the Sandy chief from the packaging. Starting a conversation from afar, he ended every time the same - convinced Nara to create a cooperative. They say, everything will be as before and the citizens will be able to raise rice, bananas, fish, - but not alone, but with other peasants. In the words of Sergeant, Nar Wilson felt sense and truth: Indeed, he, his older sons and the neighbors, working together, will be able to heal better and without smuggling. But, cautious, Nag is dismissed, did the form that he did not understand everything. Pedro spoke in Spanish, and this language Nar and actually knew very badly.

Since May 1981, they began to visit Nara and people from the side of the border. There were among them Miscito Hondurassic and Nicaraguan, were "Spaniards". They were transported across the river at night, remained in his house for several days, using the hospitality of the owner. After all, Nar - Miscito, and Miskito cannot drive a person from his hearth, whoever he could. Aliens were dangerous people, although they spoke their native language. They did not part with the weapon, cursed Sandinists and persuaded the Nar to go with them for Cordon. He dismissed, although not a truth, no sense in their words found.

Once in November, when after a long rain, the Selva was impregnated with moisture as a sponge into the sea, the Nar had a large squad, a man in a hundred who sailed from Honduras on ten large boats. Among them, Nar saw his older brother William and the son-in-law, her husband of sister Marlene. The rest were not familiar to him. Nara was asked to hold a detachment by land to the village of Tara. For a long time he refused, but William, talking to the commander, promised that then he would immediately be allowed to return home and leave alone.

Attack on the village was short. For half an hour, the shootout, and the detachment broke into the narrow streets of Tara. Only then understood the Nag, which was accomplished, and realized that there would be no refund to the former life. The border guards killed, Sergeant Pedro chased the machete. Raped, and then shot a young teacher who recently arrived in the village of Managua.

Somosovtsy returned to boats excited, fascinated by success. William walked next to Nar, was silent for a long time, and then finally said:

Nar only silently shook his head. He was not going somewhere. I did not want to leave my house, leave your boat, parted with my family. However, I had to. Before loading, the leader of the detachment said, evil squeezing his eyes: "Go with us, Indian." The leader was not Miscito, was not Nicaraguan. Therefore, he said as if he gave the order: "You will go with us, Indian." Again, he shook his head negatively, did not tend a sound. The leader, grinning, showed his finger on him, and two gangsters buried the rifles in the breast of Nara. Indian shook his head for the third time. The leader began to scream and wave his hands. Nag stood silently. Finally, the leader, having woolen his head - the three of his people dragged out of his home wife and children Nara, put them back to the river, moved and prepared to shoot. "Now go, Indian?" - the leader asked and grinned again. There is still so silently silently walked around the sand to boats. Behind him, the gangsters pushed the butts of a woman and kids.

While they crossed the river, the Nag stood on the stern, face to the Nicaraguan coast, and, holding back the sobs, looked at his house, watched his house. Buggy glare fled on the water.

"Why did you set fire up?" - in a whisper, without tearing away from the fire, asked the Nar.

"And in order not to pull you back," someone's dark voice answered from the darkness.

In Honduras, Nara was placed in a training camp, the family lived nearby in the village. In the camp, Nar under the leadership of Hondurassic officers and two Yankees engaged in military affair: crawled, shot, threw grenades, studied the machine. Three months later, he was determined in a group consisting of three hundred people, and sent to Nicaragua to kill. For several weeks, they hid in the jungle, arranged ambushes on the roads, attacked the villages, on the divisions of the Sandinist army. And all this time, Nara did not leave the thought of escape. But how? After all, there, for koko, family.

He managed to run only a year after that fatal for him of November night. The wife by that time died, Nara began to let go more often to children. In one of these days, they left the ingur - nar and four sons. For several days, wandered around the rural, confused traces, leaving the Honduranians and Somosovts. One day I had to shoot. But thanks to Americans and other instructors - taught. Nar and before was a good shooter, now he had no hunting shotgun in his hands, but a machine gun. In a shootout, he dumped two, the rest behind.

Then the Nar with his sons swam to the raft Coco and came to the packaging. But in the village it was empty. The package is extinct, many houses stood burnt, only black heads were left. Five fugitives met the army patrol. Nara was sent to Puerto Cabezas, from there - to Managua. Five years of conclusions defined by the court did not seemed to mention an excessive period. Understand: He deserved more for having managed to do Nicaragua on Earth. Sexed only a few months - came the amnesty. What to do in the wild where to go? Always advised to leave to Selai, in Tashba-at. There, they said, they live and his sons, with whom he came from Honduras.

Nar went through the Sumubil and did not believe his eyes. Indians have good homes, school, medical center on the hill. Music is driven out of open lashing doors - it is included in the radios, the kids play in the glade in front of the garden. And most importantly - many in the village of the weapon. But in Honduras, he was inspired that Sandinists oppress Indians, they take children and wives from them, the bosses share the property and lands of Miskito ... So, did you grow? It turns out so. It turns out, the Indians do not need to protect Somosovts at all. On the contrary, they themselves took a weapon to protect against these "defenders", from him, Nara ...

I met Nara on the outskirts of Sumubili, at the very edge of the jungle. He dug deep pits in clay, damp land. Next was the thick white trunks of the Sahib.

"I thought, as much as separately," he said, squinting on the logs and snapping. "Soon one more son will leave me - to marry thinking. I will stay with three younger, I will give them to school, let them learn. Practice. In the cooperative I will join. Here is just a new home will put ...- And he stroked a wide palm with a slightly damp, alive still trunks ...