Customs of Circassians. Adyg's wedding: Vintage customs and rites
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 Slide
Slide description:
The purpose of the work is to identify the features and peculiarities of the customs and traditions of Adygs; The value of the family ritual poetry of Adygs. Tasks for research: trace the main traditions of Adyg family; Consider the features of compliance with the customs of the Adygs associated with the birth of a child. Research Methods: Analysis and Synthesis reference book For the everyday life and traditions of Adygs.
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By the nature of the product being created: information and creative. By the number of participants - personal. By duration - medium duration: 1-2 months. In content - investigate the region "Student - Nature - cultural values" According to the profile of knowledge - the interprete project. According to the nature of coordination - with the open coordination of the teacher. In terms of contacts - at the level of the municipal educational institution S.P. Shardakovo according to the type of design object - morphological (design of a particular product - presentation).
3 Slide
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The results of the work can be used in the structure of courses on historical local history in schools and secondary special educational institutions of the city and the district. The assembled material may be of interest to broad Circle Readers interested in the history of the native land. Testing work: Materials of work served to create a presentation and booklet, which were used at the school conference, at the lessons of the surrounding world and in the lessons of history on the study of the native land and the city.
4 Slide
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The total number in Russia is 520 thousand people, from them in Kabardino-Balkaria - 499 thousand, which is 55% of the population of the republic. Also live in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, in Europe, Africa and America, where are the descendants of the internally displaced persons who left the Caucasus during the Russian-Circassian war 1763-1864. Circassian diaspora has from 5 to 7 million people.
5 Slide
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Flag of Adygov Flag of the coat of arms of the coat of arms of Russia. "Mount of Happiness" - the pride of residents of the CBD of the 90th anniversary of the statehood of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, we noted 1.09.11. The true content of the Day of State is to live in friendship, harmony and mutual respect, not forgetting the traditions of their people.
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Kabardinsky men's suit Included, as a rule, the Circass with a silver belt and a dagger, dad, saffiano feeling with the feeders; Outerwear - Burring, Sheepskin coat. The complex of men's clothing established in Kabarda during its political heyday of 16-18 centuries. The aristocracy of many neighboring peoples of the Northern and South Caucasus, as well as the Cossacks of Terek and Kuban, was underway. Kabardinskaya women's clothing included sharovars, tunic-shaped shirt, top long to fifth dressing dress, silver and gold belts and bibs, embroidered with a hat, saffiano sapping.
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Paew agriculture, gardening and distant cattle breeding. Cattle breeding is represented mainly by horse breeding, worldwide fame received the Kabardian Breed of Horses. Also, the kabardians diluted large, finely horned cattle and poultry. Crafts and crafts were developed: men's blacksmith, weapon, jewelry, female - submal, felt, gold coal.
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Kabardian cuisine Traditional Kabardians food - boiled and fried lamb, beef, turkey, chicken, broths of them, sour milk, cottage cheese. The dried and smoked lamb is common, from which the kebab is made. Pasta is served to meat dishes (steeply welded millet porridge). A traditional festive drink with a moderate alcohol content is Makhsima, made of millenic flour with malt.
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In January 1851, a Kabardian school with a contingent of 25 people opened in Nalchik. Kabardians and Balkarians, Russians, and Ossetians studied there. It existed only 10 years, but played a certain role in the admission of Hards to the development of education, contributed to the formation of national intelligence. In 1906, 38 schools were in Kabarda. In 1923, the pedagogical technician was opened by Nalchik, and then in 1957 and the KBSU. It was the first university in the North Caucasus.
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They live high in the mountains, from the time of the Prophet Lee, God gaze. And above all vertices of the East consider their own honor! R. Gamzatov These lines Dagestan poet dedicated to people of old age. Senior by age pays special attention to all Caucasian peoples, no exception and Kabardian people.
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12 Slide
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Ancient religion Cherkessov (Adyghe) represents monotheism (monotheism) with a slender system of worship One God - Great TXA (THE, THESHHO). Tha does not interfere in the daily life of a person. He is the Creator of the Laws of the Universe. Most of Adygov profess Islam. Muslim mosque in Nalchik
13 Slide
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Family is the core around which human community is organized and which gives life to other families. In historical, ethnographic science, it is customary to divide the family to large and small. A small family consists of two generations: parents and their children. Large families Always united at least three generations. The family is based on mutual respect, which is built on Namys and adygage between older and younger.
14 Slide
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Adyghe family and everyday rituals can be divided into: the rites of children's cycle; wedding rituals; Rites associated with sad events in the family life. In this regard, the Circassians said: "People are going to three times for a man when born, when the family acquires and when he goes to the other world." And in fact, according to Adyge Habz, each of these events is celebrated solemnly.
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They were heading out to ensure your child's health, to protect it from evil spirits, to create normal conditions for development. The head of the family was beginning to infiltrate the oil long leather belt and his mistress (uneguasche) smoked in the hearth tube (uendzhak) round cheese (khueyplyzh). Their example followed other family members. All this was done in case a boy to make a ritual of "hanging red cheese" (kheyplyzh k1erysch1e).
16 Slide
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About how much attention was paid to adyghe habze health of the child before birth, evidenced by the fact that for the expectant mother, as far as possible, getting out all the dishes, fruits and vegetables, which she would like to eat. It was believed that if a woman expecting a child, I wanted something to eat, and a desire not to comply, then he, the child, in life will always miss that claimed his mother's soul. New mother was not allowed to kill insects and birds, Kindle hearth morning, sits on the utensils. She was not allowed to mourning the deceased.
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Each family member, a neighbor and even passing a guest could infant with the newborn name, but for all the one who gave him the name did for the kid "shirt to the nasky" (Ts1EF1, Jianhe). Moreover, a gift to the newborn and his mother usually added to the shirt. According to Adyge, Habz was accepted if the morning, when replenishment appeared in the family, a foreign person came to the courtyard, to give His name to the boy. However, more often the name "harvested" in advance. As a rule, devices, sinking of a young mother were engaged in this. In conventional cases, the child could set the name of a long deceased relative or a narrative hero.
18 Slide
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The new-minted grandfather lit the lamb (Kuuensh), collected friends, the head of the family was congratulated with the addition, toasts pronounced (kelo). The father of the newborn is imperceptible from the older "Drazy Ear", which, apparently, meant: Be worthy of dad. In the family of Knyazhisko-Works, as you know, the children were given to the upbringing in the "Alien House" atalyk, where they grew to the age of majority. There was a hubz in honor of the birth of a boy to post a white material, like the flag, in a prominent place near the gate. Knowing this custom came to her grandfather and grandmother and congratulated them with joy. Birth was noticed also by shots from the gun and guns.
19 Slide
Composition of plasticine tape "Youth". Multiple relief. Modeling from foil "Lezginka" Modeling from the fabric "Hot" modeling from paper "My edge" graphics "Scross"
Slide description:
Sarabi Ma Benedzev. "Adyge Habze. Adygi. Customs. Traditions". KBSU. HM Berbekova. International Department of UNESCO education and education in the spirit of culture of peace and human rights ", 2007, p.219. Materials of participants of the Festival of Research and Creative Works "Portfolio" -2009. Disk 4, section "Regional science". Bollagina OD Life, traditions and family rites Cossacks on Don. S.B. Legs. History adygei people. Nalchik, 1958, p. 76-88. Kabardino-Russian phraseological dictionary. Cost. B.M. Cardanov. Nalchik, 1969, p.296. Betrazov R. Adygi. The origins of the ethnic. Nalchik, 1990., with 44. Magnetics. MA Family and family life of Adygov in the past and present. Culture and life of Adygov. Maykop, 1976. Issue.1, p.53. Smirnov Ya.S. Family and family life of the peoples of the North Caucasus. M, 1983, p.103. Keshev, etc. Wedding rites of the Kabardians. // Ethnographic browser. M., 1892, KN. 15. p. 82.
Maykop, December 25 - Ayf-Adygea.Many centuries ago the life of people was saturated with many rituals. One of the most colorful rituals, of course, the wedding remains. At Adyg, she took place in several stages.
At the beginning, as it was accepted all over the world, there was a walling. This mission was performed by the elders from the genus Groom - Uncle on the maternal line and three-four men in paternal. With the family of the alleged bride, the matchmaker agreed on three visits. If after three visits to the guests never covered on the table and did not promise to give an answer, then it was regarded as a refusal. If the families agreed, the preparation for the wedding began. All these rituals, including the wedding process itself, were stipulated in the non-rational etiquette of Habze.
It happened that the in love was not allowed to marry. Then the groom could paint his bride, but exclusively by agreement with her. If, after she was brought to the house of the groom, she left - it spoiled the reputation of a young man, and considering that for Adyga his name was above all, then it was like death.
Today, brides often steal - in most cases it is very young guys and girls, and many of them create good and strong families.
For happiness will have to compete
At the first stage of the wedding, about fifty riders led by the bridegroom came to pick up the bride from the house. At the same time they prevented them to pass, created various obstacles. For about three days, guests lived in the bride's house, where they were also trying to withdraw from equilibrium with various provocations, thereby checking the patience of the groom and his accompanying. Leaving with the future wife, the groom gave the mother-in-law horse, and the young went to relatives of the future husband. Moreover, when he took the bride, the inhabitants of Aul did not give them to the cortex to get quietly, could attack riders with stakes. It happened that killed horses or even people. With the bride, her relative was all the time - a young guy who defeated her and watched her so that everything was well addressed. Driving to the house of the groom, the Cortem was not allowed to enter freely.
Such cruel rituals were explained by the fact that in both families, when creating a new union, reluctance arose, in one case, to give his daughter to foreign, and in the other, to accept someone else's woman.
Wedding today
However, in our time the wedding for all its participants is stress. And it is often in the rush of emotions different incidents occur. But still the wedding is always a joyful event, and a slender series beautiful machines, slowly and decent moving around the city one of the most fascinating spectacles. Young people and girls are proud today with their customs, and many weddings are held in traditional style.
Traditional wedding rituals are very beautiful. Especially when the bride leads to new housein which she was not, and then removed into the courtyard to guests. I also really like when the bride dress national dresses - "Sai". Moreover, now they are so beautifully sewn. This is our culture, priorities, and I would also like my wedding to be with such beautiful rituals, "said Student MSTU Darina Khretlev.
FREE I. interethnic marriagesWhen whole cultures are connected and a new reading of wedding rites appears when each side brings its flavor to a common holiday.
So that fate is like silk
When the bride turned out to be in the yard of the groom, the path of silk fabric was spread in front of her, and she went to the house. For the newlyweds, a specially prepared premises were given, in which the bride could be from one month to a year, or even more. During her stay there, she was not engaged in economic affairs, but received guests and gifts. The larger respect turned out to be a girl, the longer she was in this room.
The bridegroom was hiding at his friend until all the questions about the payment of calam and marriage were not settled. Modern weddings preserved the elements of ancient customs, so brides and today are hardened in the house along the path, pay for it calm and allocate a special room, but all this is done in a shorter time.
Ah this wedding ...!
The busiest day was "NysacheJagu" - the celebration of the wedding with dancing, games, girlfriend's care houses from the house, entering the bride to a large house and in the kitchen. In honor of the marriage, races could be arranged. The wedding began and completed the dance dance. All festivities lasted to three days, the princely weddings could last up to nine days. As before, at modern weddings, a special leading "JAGAUKO" is disposed of - "playing". In his hands, he holds a symbol of power - a hazelnut wand, and directs the entire course of the event according to the traditional plan.
Wedding is a complex ritual complex, and a great test for young. But first of all it is a beautiful ritual through which people speak the world about their love.
Kananokova Farizet
An abstract classes "Family customs of Adygov"
Subject: "Family customs Adygov. The first placement of the child in the cradle "
This material will be useful for teachers of pre-school educational institutions, with the aim of forming regional culture in children.
Types of childhood activities: Game, cognitive research, communication, perception of fiction, muzyklno-art.
purpose: Introduce children to the culture of his people, replenish the stock of knowledge the children of his native country, education of love and respect for the traditions and customs of Adygov.
Introduce children with the rite of first lacking a child in the cradle (Kushchuhaphe);
Continue to acquaint children with traditional - household culture adyg National;
maintain and develop interest in the traditions of a small homeland;
Expand and deepen the presentation of children about vintage family customs;
Fasten the knowledge of vintage adygean names;
Enrich vocabulary nouns: Charm, cradle.
Preliminary work:
Conversations to familiarize themselves "Items adygei Starina» ; "I and my name", Visit the district museum;
Reading adygei folk fairy tales , epics, viewing illustrations, hearing adygei folk songs, lullabies; Organization and holding with children adygei folk games.
Equipment: Items adygei life and culture, cradle adygeyskaya, Baby doll, white egg, cat toy.
Structure occupation
Children enter the hall, decorated in accordance with the topic classes.
Org. moment
Educator: Guys, look at how many guests came to us. Let's say hello to guests and warm them with your smiles. And what is still warming up and improves our mood? Right sunshine. And we will imagine that our hands are solar races, we will touch each other with them and give warmly warm to your friends. (Children become a dance, pulling hands up, in contact with each other).
Children:
Sun, sunshine!
We are your rays!
Be good people
You teach us!
Educator: So we warmed our warm friends and guests, and shared with them a good mood.
Guys, tell me, what is called ours country: (Russia)
Our Russia is a huge, mighty country. Russia includes many small republics. We live in one of these republics. What is the name of our republic? (Republic Adygea)
Right. From the shores of the Black Sea far east from time immemorial, Circassians lived or Adygi.. IN Adygea People are different nationalities: both Russians and adygi., and many other nationalities.
In our republic there are beautiful cities, villages, farm, stanitsa.
We live in the village with you. What is it called? (village Krasnogvardeyskoye).
And in the republic there are villages in which they live adygi..
And how they call the villages in which they live adygi.? (Aul)
Now in aulah a large modern houses, and before, in the old days adygi lived in homesbuilt from shuttle cylindes, indoor straw or reed.
What were the name at home in the village in old times? (Sakla).
Guys today in kindergarten, a letter from Aula came to our group. Look what envelope unusual with Adyghe Ornament. Want to know that in it (children's responses).
Open envelope and read.
Educator: Dear guys! We are very pleased that our letter reached you. We have in aul today big holiday - Our long-awaited firstborn was born! We are waiting for your visit! See you and good luck!
So guys, are you ready to go on a journey? (children's responses).
And on what we will go on the journey, you will learn, guess riddle:
Three porch house
Rides with little men (Bus)
Music game "Bus"
Educator: Here we come with you. Where are we? (In Aula)
Guys, look at the house with a red flag! Want to know what it means?
When a child is born in the family, the flag is hanging on the roof in honor of the birth of a child. If a girl was born, the flag of motley fabric, and if the boy, then the fabric is a monophonic, as a rule, red.
The flag symbolizes that the child is alive, Mom is alive, that all is well. All celebrate the birth of man.
What flag hangs on this house? (red) So who was born here? (boy).
Probably here and invited us in the letter! Let's say! (knock).
(the grandmother comes out welcomes children and on adygei, and in Russian).
Grandmother: Good day! How many guests came, glad to see you, go around, be at home, sit down. (children sit on chairs).
(The sound of a child crying is heard.)
Educator: Guys, what is this sound? Who is crying?
Grandmother: Children, look, here who is crying - baby, he was only born today, so he cries. It needs to be shifted so that he calms down
(Grandma gets a doll, shakes, crying pokes.)
Family tradition.
The basis of the family organization in the Caucasus is the superiority of a man and the indisputable authority of the elders. With respect to the elder generation, many associate the secret of longevity in the Caucasus. It is noted that, despite the obvious domination of the elders, at all times the normal of the unfortunate behavior of young people, who always had their own gathering places.
Birth of a child.
When a child is born in the family, the flag is hanging on the roof in honor of the birth of a child. If a girl was born, the flag from the motley fabric, and if the boy, then the fabric is a monophonic, usually red. The flag symbolizes that the child is alive, Mom is alive, that all is well. All celebrate the birth of man. This is the price of a person's birth, when it appears. In honor of the birth of a child during the year a tree is planting. The tree is putting grandfather on his father, in the father's courtyard at home. The child will water the tree, care for him, rejoice when it blooms, fruit, crepts to the foliage.
Only after birth is made from the tree the cradle in which the child swings. In advance, Adygi do not prepare anything before the birth of a child. Bedding is prepared by their mother's parents, they say if bed linen will be prepared by his father's family, then she or he will not be happy in marriage. The first in the cradle is putting a cat, not a child, so the baby can also sleep hard. Usually the child puts the cradle paternal grandmother, two weeks after his rozhdeniya.Vse life Adyghe sung from birth to death. In the lullaby song, the images of the future Adyg! Grandma rocking the cradle and singing a song about how brave he is, what he is generous, as it will be a good hunter. Girl sing what she is beautiful is what it is clever, what it will be needlewoman, what it will be a good mother, it is sung in the high poetic form.
The first steps.
When the baby begins to walk, the family suits the ceremony of the first step. A lot of guests are invited to this solemn event, a festive table is preparing, playing games and dancing. Legs baby tied ribbon, and the oldest representative of the family cuts it with scissors, saying, "Grow up strong and healthy baby." This is done so that in the future the baby nothing bothered to go ahead. Survise is carried out by the rite by definition future profession kid. Miscellaneous objects are put on the table - books, handles, money and various tools of labor. Then the baby will bring three times to the table and if in all cases he takes the same subject, then this is a sign when choosing his profession. It's round, sweet, solid bread on milk, but not yeast - this is a symbol of earthly solid. This bread is put on a round ritual adyg table with three legs and a child put in one leg and cut out gently around the leg. This piece of bread is given to the baby, and the rest of the bread shares children and adults in a small piece. Everyone must taste a piece of this bread in support of the confident life of the baby so that he does not stumble in life.
The first tooth fell.
Until all the milk teeth fall out, they cannot be thrown simply so. The fallen tooth and one piece of wood coal wock into a white monophonic cloth and move through the roof of the house. No one watches the featherside, hit the roof or flew the roof.
Wedding tradition.
Most urgently observe wedding traditions and rites Residents countryside. And in wedding rituals, respect for the elders is clearly manifested. Completely not accepted when younger sister Or brother play a wedding earlier than the eldest. But it's not enough, at the wedding of the bride and the groom perform a symbolic role rather. After all, the newlyweds do not even see each other in the first days, as they celebrate this event, as a rule, not only separately, but also often in different homes. They do it in the company of their best friends and acquaintances. This tradition is called "wedding hiding." In the new house, the wife must enter with right leg, necessarily with a closed face. The bride's head usually sprinkle with candies or coins, which should ensure well-being in the financial plan. The home tradition at the wedding, which is strictly observed - these are gifts prepared by each other families who have come together. A very curious and symbolic gift, which is given in our day, is a pair of warm, beautiful woolen socks for the groom. This gift indicates that his young wife is a good needlewoman. It is quite natural that the new century has made its own adjustments to the celebration of the wedding. Naturally, registration in the registry office is now a mandatory procedure. Also, the lifelong brides had white wedding Dresswhich has gained great popularity in the 20th century and gradually pushed the traditional Caucasian groom outfits.
Khan-Gire
Faith, morals, customs, lifestyle Circassians
I. Religion
II. Education
III. Mature and wedding rituals
IV. Festivities, Games, Dance and Body Exercises
V. Transferring time
VII. Burial and misery
I.
RELIGION
The only religion of the Circassian tribes (with the exception of a very small number of inhabitants inside the mountains, and the Mugamedansky, Sunni sect, is still held. The restless lifestyle of Circassians is the reason that they are weakly fulfilling the rites, I have a religion prescribed, although many of them are ready to give life for the slightest insult to their confession. It happened to see me between people who are superior to the Turks themselves with religious fanaticism and adjacent to the execution of religious rules, which spiritually teaches them. Circassians are unanimously told and believe that people for sins will be subjected to their future sentences, commensurately criminal acts, but what, being Mugampedanin, a person will not be done by an eternal sacrifice, but will return to the bliss of Paradise. Here is the chief distinctive dogma of the faith of Circassians.
As for their ancient confession, the Mughamedan religion has been expressed by the introduction between them, it was, as elsewhere, pagan. Circassians believed multi-grade, committed festivities in the name of thunder, gave the divine honors to beings, and many other beliefs of idolatry were marked by their misconception. In the times of paganism in Circassians, the main deities were:
1. Mesitic (God of forests). They begged this deity, in their opinion, the fate of the beasts, about the success of fishing. In ridiculous belts, they represented him with a golden pig, believing that his commandment of deer converge on the meadows and that there were some virgins there.
2. ZEYCUTH (deity of the ride). The imagination of Circassians created this deity, which was to patron the famous craft of them - campaign, but legends do not carry it out in forms.
3. PEREKASH (Princess Waters). The deity that commanded the waters. If Circassians knew painting, then, of course, they would portray him in the form of an excellent goddess, for their imagination represented the princess of the waters.
4. Akhin. This deity was a very strong creature, and it was necessary to believe that he was honored with a particular patron cattlebecause one family is in the mountains in the mountains, which in a famous autumn time usually catches one cow from his herd to sacred grove Or a tree, tied to the horns of her cheese and bread. Residents of the surroundings accompany this sacrifice, which is called the self-personal Akhinova Cow (Akhin and Tchaleriko), and upon reaching the sacred place they cut it. It is wonderful that when performing the sacrifice, the skin is not skidding at the site, but on the place where the skin is removed, meat is not boiled, and where they cook it, they do not eat, but gradually go from one place to another. In continuation of the time of cooking, the people gathered under the tree of sacrifice, dancing with naked heads, with loud singing of special prayer songs. They assure that the cow from the stage of the mentioned family at the occurrence of Akhinov festival itself goes to the place of sacrifice, why and she received the name of the self-personal. During the spill of the rivers, the people accompanying the Ahinov cow, slow on the way, bypassing the tops of the rivers, but the cow swims the rivers and reaches the sacrifice itself. She is waiting for her host's arrival with the people. With the rapprochement of the sacrifice of the cow, the Ahin chosen, the roar and different movements gives the owner to notice that she is elected to Ahin. In itself, of course, all such stories about the supernaturalness of the Ahinovsky cow are nothing more than absurdity, but it is right that this deity was brought in former times a sacrifice with the greatest reverence.
5. Contemplated. This deity was worshiped by the patron of agriculture. From the tree, Circassians called Hamshut, stubbling with seven bumps was kept by each family man in the breadmbar. Upon the occurrence of the conserved night (after cleaning bread), each family, gathering in his homes, brought an idol from the barn and put it among the huts on the pillows. Wax candles glued to bumps, with open heads made him a prayer.
6. Emish. The pagans revered this deity by the patron of sheephood and in honor of him made the festival in the fall, with the trick of the rams. However, all these rude delusion fictional deities, whom Circassians were honored, did not interfere with it to comprehend the essence of the Most High Creator of the Universe. Speaking: Thashhho (great God), it seems they understood him. Also worthy of comments that Circassians did not bring, like the Slavs and other pagans, sacrificed people, did not drink their blood and did not make a coherent chash from their skulls.
In the time of pagans, Circassians, except for the deities, had saints, nurses: Among their sausruk was honored; At a certain winter night, they were committed in honor of his feast, and delighted the best food and drink for Savrook in the living room, and hay and oats were prepared in the stable for his horse. Of course, Sausruk was not, but by chance that the guest replaced him, and each, honored the arrival of the guest for a good omen, happily treated him. If it did not happen to come to anyone that night, the joy of the holiday was not so solemn. Thus, the most superstition made Circassians with boss. Decently comments that in the Circassian song about this imaginary holy mentioned the Earth Uris, or Rus.
The blacksmiths worshiped some kind of lepts as their patron, and it seems that the whole people had a special reverence. And now, when careing for the wounded, let's say on, they sing a song in which the lepts is asked about the recovery of the patient.
Pagan rituals are extremely much left in the fresh memory of the mountain Circassian tribes, and detailed description They would be very curious. We are limited to the above here, but however, we still note that by a strange coincidence, on the adoption of the Circassians of the Mughamedan Faith, some of the old saints or those who have heard in the times of paganism, especially from the nurses, turned into famous warriors and other warriors of Arabian history. So, for example, they say that from the Nars of Circassian Albchko-Tutarish was the one who was known in the names of Arabyan under the name of Hampse-Peglevan, and the first Khalifa Abubekir was that bogatyr, whom Circassians were called Orzem Day, and Khalif Aliya, the son-in-law Mugamned who was called the Circassians metierz. Further, that some of the Egyptian kings, or Pharaohs, was the one who was called Circass sausruk. It should be necessary to think that Circassians originally tuned by the interpretation of Mughedian books, with the intent of their saints and heroes of the times of paganism, which then they have not yet completely ceased to honor, transformed into famous persons in the Arab legends they are found.
Considering the remains of the ceremonies of paganism in the ancestors of the current Circassians, we find and obvious traces of Christianity. So, for example, the Circassians have a song in honor of St. Mary, in which words sing: "Maria Great, the Great God mother." Christian days have been preserved. Finally, the use of the image of the cross is the undoubted sign of the Christian confession. Everything certifies us in the fact that the ancestors of the current Circassians were Christians. But here seems somewhat strange that in the remnants of the ancient confession of the Circassian people are signs of Christianity and idolatry in the same religious rites. This circumstance makes it thinks that not all the Circassians were Christians, contrary to the opinion of some writers, but that only some of the knees adopted the Christian confession on the influence of the Greeks, and when the Greeks could not support the faith I introduced, she, weakening gradually, appealed to paganism, forming a special The sect, the rites of which were made from the rites of the former idolatry mixed with rites christian faith. Thus, the transformed idolatry, in which the ancestors of the current Circassians were underloaded for a long time, before the adoption of the Mughedan Vera, left between the descendants now visible, explicit traces of Christianity and paganism, mixed together. However, how to reveal the past century events where all the last absorbance is absorbed in the abyss of the unknownness, where the expensive echo of the Dark Traditions in vain to the deceased echo? Such is the fate of the peoples of unemployed: their being and affairs, leaving, is lost in the MGL of oblivion.
Speaking about beliefing the Circassian people, it will not be unnecessary to mention his superstitions. We will offer here a description of some prejudices that remain in Circassians from the times of paganism.
The fortune telling on the lash blades is in some ways in common in Circassians, as in other Asian peoples. Watching the devices on the planes and bulges of the scapula, they are predicted in the near future the upcoming military, hunger, harvest in the future Summer, jellies, snow of the upcoming winter and, in words, foreshadow about all the upcoming well-being and disasters. Accident reinforces the belief of the people in such donations. Here is an example that Circassians tell: the Circassian prince, spending the fortune-upal bone at the dinner, and said the former thing here that in the coming night will be anxiety. He went to bed without undressing. Indeed, at midnight, the batch of robbers from the neighboring tribe attacked Aul, who was near the place of bed of Prince-Jewel, who, being ready, went out of the parties of the robbers and forced them to leave the captives captured by them and seek salvation in flight by throwing the body of his killed comrade. Unaware that the prince could be warned about the intention of the enemy, or that his prediction was a random clutch of circumstances, everyone remained confident that he had an attack by divination. They also say that they recently lived two brothers, gadets for the bones, which predicted the future. Once they were both visiting in the neighboring Aule and were in the same apartment. In the evening, the senior dined in the living room of the neighbor of his master and, returned, did not find his brother on the apartment. On the question of the reason for his absence, the owners were answered that his brother looked at his dinner for a fortuneal bone, ordered to settle the horse and hastily left unknown to where. The elder brother asked the bone to which his brother looked, and having considered her diligently, with a laugh declared him around him that the bone showed his brother to a man with his wife in his house, why he hurried to rip it, but that jealousy blinded him, for He did not see that his wife's young brother in his house was in his house. Surprised by such an explanation, the owners sent a partial after the brother of the priest, and the sent returned with the news that everything just happened, as predicted. This story, of course, the obvious fiction of some amateur of such miracles, but nevertheless, he claims to the Circassians of the prejudice of this kind.
Another kind of fortune telling is made on beans, but they are engaged in women and mostly old women. Their predictions are still funnier than progress on the bone; Although they are often resorted for different cases.
The worst shipment of the superstition of the Circassians is suspected of people in intercourse with some evil spiritsAnd it in Circassians, as in other unenmended peoples, is the source of cruel persecution. Think that people who have a connection with spirits can turn into wolves, dogs, cats and walk in invisibly. They are called Uddi and attribute to them slow children's diseases, headache, suddenly happened, the case of calves, lambs and in general livestock, which they as if smoothed. Finally, unfortunate sorcerers suspected even in the killing of their own children. There is a belief in some Circassian tribes that Uddi goes to the famous spring night flying to the mountain, which is called discharge and is within the Shatpsug tribe; They come there tops on different animals, home and wild. They are singing there and dance all night, and before dawn, it is praised by a few bags, of which the harvest is enclosed in one, and there are different diseases in others, they are flying around at home; Those who did not get a bag are chasing others. Of this belief, you can guess that all the diseases that are suffering in the spring are attributed to Uddam, and they were often exposed to the horrors of torture in former times: put between two lights of the tied Uddi, sequel with prickly rugs, and the tormented inhumanly unfortunate victims of superstitions confessed in crimes, of course , they are unknown themselves. Then they forced them to swear that they would continue they would not harm others. Kiev witches are real sisters to Circassian Uddam, as well as all such legends in all peoples are the essence of the twins.
"Ignorance, superstition and deception always serve each other help, and everywhere, although in different typesBut the United's human race is oppressed by the United forces, "said one of the smart writers rightly.
Every people had and has more or less detrimental superstitions. We will not extend more about the superstitions of Circassians, but only let's say that, although since the spread of Muslim clergy, the superstition of the Muslim clergy has increased many prejudices of the people, but it gave them a more generally humid direction. Now it is not visible to torture, nothing like that against sorcerers; Prayers and talismans replaced all other ways to get rid of them.
I.
Education
Do not be breathed in the Circassia of the example so that the children of a person are significant brought up in the parental house under the supervision of parents; On the contrary, at the birth of the baby immediately give it to raising in other people's hands, that is, in the hands of a man chosen in the uncle. The elected often comes even before the birth of a baby to the house of which he received consent to take up his future child, and waiting for permission from the burden of mother of his future pupil. Then, making a decent celebration in the house of the parents, he returns to his newborn and raises him to perfect age.
It is easy to imagine that the baby has worn under someone else's cover, who does not know how to distinguish the items, having come to youthful summer, only hearing his parents, brothers and sisters, who cannot always be nestless love. Alienated from the house of the parents, he gets used to those people who have every minute care; He will honor them with his parents, and their children almost always loves the gentle of their native brothers and sisters. This usually cools in some ways and parent's tenderness to children. Proof of this, and very obvious, the circumstance is that parents have more tender attachment to those of their children who are brought up by a neighbor, therefore, under their supervision. Is it surprisingly after the fact that the children often have a relief to their parents, whom they are used to read, so to speak, people outreach? It is surprising that almost always brothers, in habit of children who have been habit of children, nature mutual hatred, being partly arranged by daily examples submitted by their educators who, seeking one in front of another location to themselves the strong parent of their pupils, keep the eternal Enjoyment? Finally, is it surprising that the children of one parent, in adolescence and in his youth, who accustomed to each other to feed the evil hatred, which with Mother's milk gospel, having come in the summer of matureness, do not spare each other, as the lute animals? Here is the source of hostility, a tearing family of the highest class in Cherkessia, and the beginning of inter-consumables, absorbing the happiness of thousands of people in the very edge.
The reason for the introduction of this kind of education was, it seems that the following: Princes has long been, to increase their strength, was looking for all possible means to bind the nobles to themselves, and nobles for the ever-defense and alexualization in all cases, they always wanted to more close up with princes: poor Always and everywhere need to help the rich, and weak in the patronage of the strong, the power of which increases the vastness of their influence on others. For mutual approach, it turned out to be a faithful agent of children, which, connecting two families, in a sense, blood relations, brings mutual benefits, the consequence of which they spawned a strange and harmful way to popular morality, who now has the power of the law, consecrated and supported by the opinion The people, that the prince, whose children are brought up in his own house, weak in the Fatherland, without having connections. Such an opinion will damage his power, and even moreover, it would be so much for his eye, that the Circassians are considered the greatest shame. In order to avoid such an opinion, the princes and significant nobles are holy adhere to the introduced customer, the reason for which it seems that it is thus explained easily.
We describe the image of the upbringing of Circass. The teacher, or Atalyk, makes his care that his pupils was a deft, taking into walking with the elders, with the younger complied with the decency of his title, and was equally tireless in horseback riding and leaning weapons. Atalyki ride with pupils to remote tribes to purchase friends and acquaintances on the path of nearby. When the pupil comes to the perfect age, the teacher returns it to the parent of a parent with a celebration, which is that Atalyk with his family, accompanied by his relatives and friends, with Arbami, filled with disadvantages and drinks, is in the house of her pupils, which That day is richly dressed and armed with brilliant armor. There is a seven-day feast; Games, fun and dances are replaced by some others. In this case, the wife of the educator dances, despite the prohibition of women to dance, because only the girls have the right of the Circassians. At the end of the celebration, the father of the pupil generously gives the teacher and those who were invited to them on the feast. After that atalyk and friends come back to their homes. Such a certain triumph is still to the perfect return of the pupil into the parent house, when they bring it to the show to his mother.
A girl who is given to the upbringing is brought up under the care of the wife of atalyk, or a fellow mother. She taught to needlework, a decent trip, in a word, to everything that is necessary for the future of her life in marriage. The adoptive mother goes with her on the festivities, accompanied by dats, and under her supervision, the pupil spends time there in the dance. Upon returning pupils in the parent house, the same rites are complied with which they perform when returning the pupil.
Not only the family of the teacher comes into close relationship with the family of the pupil, but even all relatives of it and all the subjects come under the protection of the pupil.
Everything we said belongs to the highest rank; However, it is observed in proportion to the state of each family. As for the simple people, the lower title, people with a good fortune are also quite often at raising their children's hands. Of course, the poorest use the location of the rich, and if the poor man from small nobles takes to their upbringing of the son of a rich in the rank of free farmers, then this excrement, proud of such a connection, does not spare anything to satisfy the teacher. It is made by the real "motion of the nobility" and for the Chvanism often becomes the subject of ridicule. However, between simple people Home education is worshiped more decent, and raising in foreign houses is not such a strong hatred between brothers, as in the highest circle.
Atalyk cannot have more than one pupil without displeasure from the first pet. When the pupil from the princely kind will die, then the teacher, as a sign of its deepest sorrow, sometimes cut himself into the old days of ears; Now they are satisfied with the annual mourning.
When the pupil comes married, the teacher receives from Okupa, given to the girl, a great gift from the spouse of pupils.
In general, it is surprising how strong is the attachment of educators to their children and those to their educators.
Speaking about Atalyki, by the way here to say that atalyk can be purchased, being already in the years of courage. When the nobleman wants to close with the prince, it invites him to himself, makes a celebration and makes him gifts, which usually consist of weapons, with the execution of the custom, respected during reconciliation and is that the wives of that nobleman who is done with her lips Atalyk. In the lower titles of the people, these customs are observed, but much less often. A notable pupil can have several atals; Among them, the one who for the first time shaved his head with a young prince or nobleman and keeps his hair.
III
Mature and wedding rituals
Young Circassians, having free appeal with the girls, have the case to please each other and give to understand their feelings. After such an explanation, a man asks for his wisdom elected to her parents through his attorneys. If parents agree, he makes the father or brother of the girl's gift, called Edise, which corresponds to hoop, or conspiracy. After this rite, the chosen girl belongs to the bridegroom. Then there are the conditions for the payment time of the repurchase of quite or the conventional part. Brother or the closest relative entering the marriage with numerous friends, to at least invited, is in the bride's house, where they spend a few days before the transaction relative to the ransom payment, and the invited friends of the groom everything pays for him. In continuation of this time there is no jokes of removed and cheerful, who would not be subjected to the bride. All night, young people are going to the house where guests are located, and spends all night to light in noise, games and stakes. All good dress with guests take off, usually giving them in return the most worn out why arriving for the bride often dressed in bad and worn clothes.
Before the departure, one of the numbers who came for the bride should, entering the house where she is surrounded by a lot of women, touch her dress, to which the crowd of women who are at the bride try not to allow, in which they often have time. In order to avoid such a struggle, there are gifts to older women who, in this case, so to speak, have a ceremony, and after the groom freely gets the bride. This content is called the conclusion of the bride.
If the house appointed for the initial stay of the bride is not in the same Aule, then she rides usually on Arba, harboring steam horses or oxen. Equestrian crowds go in front and back of the arba, singing extensive funny songs, purposefully for wedding cases, and indiscriminately shooting from rifles and pistols. If anyone meets with a wedding train, it mows to him, and otherwise, young people are amused on unacceptable travelers, taking care of their caps, throwing them away from the saddle and tearing off their clothes.
At all time the train continues singing and shooting. The bride is rarely brought directly to the house of the groom, and the friend of the friend is prescribed, in the doors of which the whole train stops. The bride is introduced into the chambers, and those who accompany her travel around, making a few more shots aimed at usually into the pipe at home, where the bride is located.
During his stay in this house, the bride is called Teishe. Marriage of the rites of the Mughamedan Religion is committed here. If the husband of newlyweds has parents or an older brother, then it is usually removed into the house of any friend and from there visits a young spouse to destroy the Sun, accompanied by one young man. Before his arrival, no one else happens. A young wife stands in bed in silence while the accompanying spouse will not be removed from the room. Spouses usually break up to the ascent of the sun.
Often and the beginning of the introduction of the newlywed to the house, appointed for the temporary stay, is accompanied by the festival, and the end of her stay there will always be marked by the most solemn way: the owner of the house, where the young is located, having prepared everything necessary for the upcoming festival, collects people. The girls from the surrounding aulov come at the request of it, the celebration opens by the dances that continue sometimes for three days in the house where young lives, and on the fourth day the newlyweds will come to her husband's house. It goes, surrounded by a numerous crowd of women and maidens, with loud noise and songs. The procession opens several people sitting in Arba, harnessed by horses or strong bulls. Arba is covered with a red silk cloth that wind flies with a quick movement. The people pursue this solemn chariot, trying to trim the bedspread, and those who are sitting in Arbe are trying to prevent those running around, and in order to carry out horses or bulls, rushing quickly. Numerous crowds of the people running behind them produce terrible noise. At the very fence, the man's man accompanying the newlyweds stop it. Here the relatives of the husband must expand the silk fabric on the ground, ranging from the door of the fence to the doors of the house, for the joining the young spouse to the house where it starts for her new era Life. If young rides, then the arbost in which it is placed, also covered with a cloth.
On the threshold of the hubby house, newlyweds are shoved with crackers made by purpose, which is called squeezing. Following the dish with honey and butter or nuts. Old women are despicable dish. Three days continue again solemn dances and games. And here, like, the former owner treats people. On the seventh day of solemn passions, they travel around the houses, and the owner who invited guests thanks the honorable visitors from the number of visitors. Before the congregation is already riding the congregation, they are thrown into the people with elevations a large, whole, yellow meal, smeared by oil or lard, and crowds, Ustrav-rushes on her, try, every hand, drag her to your side to have time to carry by yourself in your aul. The struggle continues sometimes for several hours and is accompanied by noise and cry crowd of foot and horseback. This game is belonging only a wedding celebration, though, however, it is not used everywhere.
The owner of the house, where the young spouse stayed for a while, is done by the atalyst her husband, exactly as educators.
In this, the days of joy and fun residents are not only of that Aul, where the celebration occurs, but even the surrounding Aules participate in it. Only a young spouse stays in solitude or goes to the national and not before the end of the wedding celebration and all rituals, while those observed, returns home.
Wedding rites at a simple people are consistent with rites accompanying the weddings of the highest title, according to the state of each person. Who is poorer, it is less invited, like everywhere it is found, guests and easier treats them.
Marriage must be concluded on the equality of childbirth. The princes take wives from the princely childbirth and evenly give daughters only for the princely sons. The nobles are connected by marriage by all means with nobles.
When the parents of the maiden will not agree to give it to the one who asks her hands, the bride will take off the bride with an oborce and comes into marriage without the will of the parents, which is often done and because the outstanding of girls marry for parents or brothers is associated with significant costs: It should wear a bride how much is possible, to give it to the servants of the maid, and so on. That all when the bride can be avoided. Therefore, Circassians look at the abduction of girls, so to speak, through the fingers. It also happens that the father marries his son, without asking his desire, and on such a person he never seen that, however, it happens quite rarely. Often weddings against the will of the maiden and her parents. The young man, in love with his beauty, collects the crowd of young comrades and friends and, choosing a convenient case, grasps the girl and gives it to the house of the people respected by the people. It comes in under his patronage to a violent marriage. It is easy to imagine what unfortunate consequences should have such an inhuman customer for spouses and a nasty sensational mind marriage!
IV.
Festivities, Games, Dance and Body Exercises
During the prosperity of the people, free from business hours are usually devoted to pleasures. On the contrary, with disasters, comprehending the people, and his pleasure becomes less common. Circassians, never reaching the degree of proper prosperity and undergoing serious disasters, were now alienated from many games and fun to the greatest pleasures that were once delivered to them in idle hours.
Of all the folk games, now almost forgotten, notable other than others called Dior. It is very likely that it remained in the people from those times when the rites of paganism and Christianity were mixed (on the adoles of some Circassian tribes Dior means "cross"). This game began with the onset of spring. Residents in all aulh were divided into two parties, horse and lower. The dwellings in the eastern part of each aul were called the upper reaches, and the Western lower reaches, and this separation and now exist in large and oblongs to the arms located. Everyone took a long puss in his hands, at the top of which the attached basket was stuffed with dry hay or straw. Thus, the armed parties performed one against the other, the baskets were lit and with these huge torches were attacked by one side to another, shouting from all his strength: Diora, Diora! The game usually began with the onset of night darkness, and the view of the lights flaming in the darkness took a very wonderful sight. Party, mutually one to another attack, as the prisoners were captured, who were brought to the seating house of Starin, where, after the end of the struggle, each batch was collected separately. There were negotiations among themselves, exchanged prisoners, and then each party had redeemed or released or released, taking a promise with them to deliver the redemption for them, which consisted of edible supplies. Thus, the assembled supplies were instructed to one of the elders of the party, which was preparing a feast, called other elderin of Aul to himself or in a seating house of one of them, which brought tables with disadvantages and drinks. There were a whole day or only evening, spending time in full joy of carefree fun. The game began on both sides of young people with baskets, but the elderly, and even the elders came to them, and even the elders came, partly look at the fun and sigh, recalling the past years of youth, partly take precautions from fire, which could easily hurt Baskets, in madness fun rapidly distinguished from one Aul angle to another. The old people often came across, being weak and unable to oppose the strong young fighters that impose the belt shackles on them. However, such captives were expensive to the winners, and equally, and the party that had been abducted: for reconciliation, they were supposed to satisfy them for reconciling them for, without respecting them, he fascinated them in captivity, and in this case the culprits prepared their disadvantages and drinks And reconciliation with elders was a new treat.
Princes and nobles, mainly during their stay in the field or on the congresses, were divided into two directions, and one declared his own requirements under any pretext. He elected the judges, before which the defendants defended the power of eloquence, and the prosecutors did not germinate strong expressions for the victory of their opponents. Thus, a field was opened, where the elders, princes and nobles showed the power of their eloquence and knowledge of the existing advocations of the people's and feudal rights of the ancient families of their nation. This fun, or, if you can put it, exercise in a serious eloquence, served in the Circassians with a school, forming speakers.
Here is another game: in winter, after cleaning the bread and hay, the inhabitants of Aul, separated by two parties, attack each other. First, the snow comes are fighting, then it comes to a hand-to-hand battle and then captivated prisoners who are forced to bite off, after which the treatments follow.
In Big Aul, when there is a congress and many young princes and nobles will be gathered, they are often amused in this way: the youth of the highest title, that is, the princes and nobles make up one side, and the youth of free farmers are another, and both come into fight. The first, how much will capture the captives from the second, leads them to the associated hands into the living house of one of the noble elders of Aul; The second leads its prisoners in the living room of one of their elders. This game also begins with young people, but, however, it always comes to old people. The side of the highest title begins to capture the elders of the simple people in their homes, and the commoner attack in turn on the senior of the highest title and they will, often without any mercy and caution, captivated. Then the negotiations begin, exchange prisoners or produced under conditions. The nobles give for the redemption of their different things, and the farmers are obliged to deliver oats for horses of noble young men and the like needs, a decent place for their stay. Next, follow the satisfaction of honorary people. Elected strangers who did not participate in the game of foremen, which determine satisfaction. Several sentences are the fact that the side of simple, prepare many eats and drinks, is with a submissive head in the seating house of a senior prince or nobleman, where everyone is going and dodged, and the princes and nobles make gifts to olders who, without respecting their secular, took in captivity, and the world is weaving.
Circassians play chess and checkers, especially checkers in great use. We will talk about other games that are coming by commemoration and at weddings, while describing these rites.
Dance of Circassians are divided into two discharge: some are called Fedchi and enjoy preference. Men, taking under the hands of girls, become in a circle, in the form of a Russian dance, and move gradually into the right side, hacking with heels. Sometimes the circle is so great that musicians, violinists, flaves, unauthorized persons, often and children of elders are put in place inside him, are put on the same, riding horses when they dance in an open place. All decent people, excluding old people, are danced in large meetings, somehow: with the marriage of noble people, at the birth of children, their returns to their parenting and return to the home of the parent. In such meetings, several terminal people are appointed for observing the order in the circle of dancing. Their responsibility is that the people do not close the dancing, but equally that the horse riders are not too approaching. In addition to these warders, a few more people, more honorable, are appointed by the special choice of the host, and their responsibility is revered by the most important: they lead the girls to the dancing men, strictly observing the adopted decency, consisting in order to visit the guests not to remain without ladies, and so on. It should be noted that public opinion requires that the girl does not dance too often and long with one man, and on the contrary, he wore more decently in turn to dance with many. The girl can leave his cavalier, or more correctly the cavaliers, on both sides of those who are, and go to another, and also return to the room to relax. Then it is accompanied by older women, usually at Princess and noble girls who are, and when they dance, then the films do not bring eyes from them, standing in distance. Maiden is also accompanied when returning to the room elected to that person and home friends of the owner, giving a celebration. A man among dance, on the contrary, should not leave his lady, but he can dance without it.
The dacies speak freely with the girls, and the girls are free and without timidity they answer them, of course, observing all the decency, do not laugh, they do not speak mutually about the fact that obscene sex and rank; At the very least, it is supposed to according to the generally accepted law of the hostel, which are not as the girls who are worshiped by the brought up, and men with rude and alien knowledge of the decency inherent in the nobleman. During the dance, the musicians become against the most significant girls: the violinist plays beside her, and the kinking shouts in all the throat, that "the girl is such a dancing with such something surrounded" and that "she will take a handkerchief (usually plugged behind the belt, which dance Ottife sweat from the face). " Next says: "Are there any friends from her cavalier who could buy his lady?" Then are Kavalera's friends and give some thing, for the most part, the gun (and, giving it, usually shoot the air). Assistant musician hurts, raising a presented thing that "such a thing for such a gift did some kind of gift," after which the presented thing hangs on the post set for this among the circle. Often even donors in this way horses are injected into the circle, of course, when they are dancing outdoors, which always happens if the weather does not hinder.
When a circle of big and musicians in the middle of a lot, the shooting of donor guns is incompletely continuing and smoke is over the circle of dancing. Noise, talk, clicks of the people, choking in a circle, merging with the sounds of tools and shots, the air announced. Young riders with beauties who are of the objects of their sighs, sometimes, loading into sweet dreams, then indulge in the pleasant hopes of future and do not miss the case to creep into each other about those feelings that at that time filled the hearts. Thus, the dance continues to shed a few hours, and then replaces her game, more noisy and quite dangerous. Hiking crowds armed with huge stakes, tested horse riders, ready to join the battle to show the agility of their runners and their own dexterity. Hiking rush to them with thick crowds, with a cry and beat both them and horses, without mercy. Riders also, for their part, do not regret walking, turn them with their horses, fearlessly rushing in the middle of the crowd, ruthlessly affecting them. Often, the horses overcome hiking, overclock them to protect the walls of the houses, even at the most at home, and the delicate removals on dashing runners sometimes jump out surprisingly easily high fences, breaking the horse the weak structures. Such attacks continue until one side wins the other. The case sometimes comes from both sides before the frenzy, and then the old people, entering into mediation, stop such a dangerous fun battle.
It is easy to imagine that accidents are almost inevitable here. Often kill horses, even people, or make grave blows, they are addicted to their members. No wonder Circassians say that "who is not scary on the day of such a game, he will not be afraid of the battle." In fact, the reckless game of Sia can some way show bravery and courage, quality, so necessary in battles.
After dance and games to fatigue begins the feast. Guests and honorable points deal drinks and tables, burdened by disadvantages. The people are going to in different places, the inhabitants of one aul in one, and the other elsewhere, and so on. The Kushans are distributed everywhere and distribute under the supervision of the elected who care that the old people and the honors were decently treated and that young chalwans do not plunder the Kushan, which often happens.
Such festivals sometimes continue for a few days, and at the end of their owner, that is, who gave a celebration, seizes his gratitude to the honorable individuals who honored his festival with his presence, and the people diverge to homes, befell by pleasure, food and drinks.
Musicians get gifts and beyond that the remuneration for their works take their skin skated on the day of bulls and rams. Gifts made by him during the dancing return they gave them, receiving them for every few charges of gunpowder, and sometimes the princes give them particularly different things and horses.
Ceiling festival and in simple people They are also produced, but they are then supected with the state and significance of those who give them.
As for the other kind of dancing, it is that one, speaking at the middle of the audience, dances, highlighting very promptly different difficult movements of the legs. He comes to one of those present, touches his clothes with his hand, and then he replaces him, and so on. The girls are also involved in this dance, but both they and men do not make unfavorable televitations, which happens in other Asian peoples. However, such a dance is not in respect.
Big celebrations generally become less common in Circassia due to indifferent concerns. A lot of confession of the clergy, which represents the opposite Mughamedan religion of all kinds of public fun in the community with women, and in the absence of excellent sex, no public enjoyments can already be revived, even in the middle-aged peoples.
Decently comments that the ancestors of the current Circassians in the times of paganism, calling for the blessings of the bodies of items or emitting them their appreciation, danced, which appears from ancient dance songs. There are now old people who have repeatedly participating in such dances when the festivities were committed in honor of thunder, and so on. They say with regret that the blessed times of the old days had many charms, which now, among the violent worries of life, were rare in their homeland.
During the smell, ordinary residents of Aul are divided into two sides: those of them that are in the field are one, while others remain in the village other. The first come to Aul, grab the hat of the virgin of a noble home and belong to her shala. They are pursued, but rarely manage to catch up, because they come and make their raid secretly. A day later, or more return the cap, wrapped it into the handkerchief, and moreover brought from the fields and drinks, for such a case cooked, in the house of the girls and there they often have a whole night and dance, collecting all residents of Aul. At the end of the entertainment, the father or brother of the maiden makes gifts, but mostly young princes or nobles living in Aul, do not admit before, and from themselves generously reward the kidnappers.
Another side, in confusion, nasty, gathering the crowd, goes to the field; There, grabbing a belt, which plow is connected (it is called Vwash), takes it, defending against the persecution. For breakdowns, the belt is brought with dishes and drinks in the house where the belt is put and spend the whole evening in the fun. Upon returning the pagarlers, the other party meets them and the struggle begins; Each party tries to push the other in the water in the clothes. Often women are poured by water or fond of the river. This fun is very important, because there is a belief that it should be done for the harvest.
Lifting weights, throwing kernels and stones, fighting, runway bulk, horse jump, jumping through fences and raised beams, and so on., Also in Circassians, the objects of fun, strengthening the body, and healthy health. But the main thing of bodily exercises is to own with a special arms with a weapon and a horse, in which the Circassians are really inimitable. With an incredible speed, on all the rapid horse itself, they charge the guns in the covers, but only one mig-gun is needed to snatch from the cover and shoot a good rider. Increablely shoot Circassians from pistols and guns, however, not every of them is a good shooter, although those who are famous for art reaches in it to significant perfection. Often, the arrow is broken out of Luke, quite thick, and there are such that with amazing power stretch onions and shoot it. In a word, the whole life of Circass runs in the fun and exercises more or less militant.
V.
Transferring time
As the human knowledge is extensively and the circle of its actions is distributed. Circassians whose classes are limited to the subjects necessary for his simple life, most of the time spends on idle or in exercises, the festival inventive. Higher titles consisting of princes and nobles, honor their dignity exercise in the sciences delivering to the tool to know the country in which we live, customs, morals and finally the nature itself. Evenly consider not only inappropriate to their rank, but even a shameful to live quietly at home, in Nege, why most of the time and spend on a horse in the roads.
Spring and autumn two times a year, which can be called at the Circassians by ridiculous. Then the princes, gathering the parties of young nobles, go out, as they say, in the field and, choosing a comfortable place, are located in the slashes on the entire autumn or spring. Here each of them offers classes fixed with them with complete pleasure. The ministers and young people travel around at nights for prey, capture and drive bulls and rams for food, which sometimes, looking through convenience, do both in the afternoon, and sending to the surrounding delas of provisions, which cannot be acquired by youngness, somehow behind the fast, milk, cheese and so on. Meanwhile, the best riders go to distant tribes. They caress her herds horses, capture people and returned to their comrades with prey, who, having pouring all nights of the nearest residents of the neighboring Aules, is looking forward to the return of riders. At the same time, the prince, the leader of the party, sends his binders from himself to the prince of another tribe, his friend, and he gives generously sent. Often, the princes themselves go to other princes and receive personally gifts, which in such cases usually consist in prisoners, or in herd horses, violently captured. In such robbing, but warlike exercises are carried out autumn almost before the winter, and the spring to strong heat heat. If this kind of fishing is successful, then at the time of staying in the field, you can say, without a silence, the Circassians sing songs and cheerful clicks are announced by the air, and shooting, the sign of luck in the departures is accompanied by joy, and the echoes of the forests are far away from the signs of the celebration.
Finally, at the occurrence of time, connecting the houses of ordinary prisoners and horses, which went to the extraction, commemorate the goods, and here it begins the entire acquired, for which people are elected from the environment, whose impartiality is relying. They make prey on equal parts, by the number of people who make up the party, and everyone, since the older years, chooses the part that he will like it. Thus, the production section continues to the end. It turns out to be special respect for old age and in general age, so each of the party, although it would be just a cook, but older to the years, before the prince of his own has the right to choose a part of the delere, which he likes. However, the prince-leader, and is equal to some other faces, regardless of the delegation, a particular share. If divisible mining consists of such an item that those who have taken away by opening the kidnappers, may require their satisfaction from the leader, in this case, the leader sometimes offers the party to get only half of the extraction for universal divisions, and half a half to give it to him that he It will give satisfaction in case of recovery, or proposes to divide everything properly equally, so that in the event of a penalty, each has made part it, and so on. This kind of condition is confirmed often by oath.
Cooks are provided with the skins of rams and bulls, eaten in the continuation of the party stay in the field.
At the end of the injury, the prince returns to himself, dissolving the party at home. Residents of Aulov congratulate riders returned from the field, and they usually make gifts to congratulations, especially old men and older women.
In continuation of the summer and winter, the riders stay at home and refill their favorite horses, prepare new babies and weapons or renew and decorate the old on the occurrence of the pores of the ride, when they again start their craft and indulge in free lessons, while looking for such cases in them that could To glorify them, at the same time delivering and prey. In the intervals between the departments, using a convenient case and looking through circumstances, make raids, sweeping, theft, etc., and equally correct the needs of homework: go to the assembly or the congresses of people and attend each other.
Old people and elders, if the worstness of the years and circumstances do not allow them to participate in enterprises of predatoryness, are engaged in affairs by people and their homework.
So they spent the time of the princes and nobles in Circassia, when she enjoyed calmness. One evil eradicates or reduces the other. Since Circassians underwent incessant and universal concerns, the rustling time of the rider, when the village did not know the rest of the attacks of riders in the field, went, how everything passes in the world. Now the Circassians have become less likely to spend autumn and spring in the departures, although, however, the dangers did not too much, because still still nobles go to the princes and serve as many years for them, and the princes still make mutual visits accompanied by Distributions and theft. Still, the highest titles spend time on horseback and in warlike departments, but the spirit of thirst for the glory of the ride, meshly decreased by everyone.
As for the simple rank of farmers, after sowing bread in the spring to hay, they are prepared by the preparation of ARB (teleg on two high wheels) and other home and agricultural tools. Other with nobles and princes share time in the departures and use the awards from them or wandering themselves, with the goal somewhere and something to steal. The crowds and alone they are sent to search, and the passion for theft reaches them to a contemptuous extent. Others sit at home, not doing anything, and with fear await the onset of bread harvesting, that is, the time of the worker. At the end of the cleaning, the idleness aroused again that again awakens passion to abduct someone else's property. With the onset of a deep winter, using the Sunny, carry firewood for all summer, and after this work is immersed again in the idleness, which occasionally interrupt care of the house Skotot for a while.
In Circassia, like everywhere, residents of places where there are less convenience for scarce farming, there are hardworking the inhabitants of beautiful plains and do not quite know the useless months of idleness, as they say lately From the spring sowing before starting the bow and cleaning bread. This saying proves the tendency of Circassians, inhabitants of Plains, to idle life, generating many vices.
We talked about the transmitting time of men, let's say about the classes in which the time of Cherkhenyki, which do not like idleness at all, or are not able to be idle.
Women and maiden girls are increablely engaged in needlework. The duty of the wife of Cherkes Harvest: She sews her husband all the clothes, from the legs to the head; Moreover, all the burden of home control lies on it; Food and drink, prepared for her husband and guests, should be known for her, and it is evenly watching for cleanliness.
When all the eats are ready and already on the tables to attribute to the living room, the hostess, in the highest rank, give me to know, and it goes into the kitchen to inspect the cleanliness and order, and then returns to its office. At the end of the lunch or dinner, I have a close home about whether her spouse and guests were pleased.
The girls, being daily witnesses to fulfill the duties of their mothers, are involved in grave services conjugate with the title of Circassian's wife.
A relatively lower title should be added that in addition to all the work on the management of the house and the education of children, the wife of a simple farmer helps her husband and when harvesting bread. She goes with him to press together, folding the stogs of bread, Skird Sena, and so on. In a word, the diligence of wives of Circassians replaces all the shortcomings from the feast of their husbands, and they spend all their lives in classes, and at repellate for those who are not alien to those inherent in the wonderful semi inclination of curiosity, we welcome the case to talk and pursue.
The rites, observed by Circassians in the content of the wounded, the most important remains of the times of the paganism of the Circassian people and Dynama are unreasonable and everywhere with unimportant differences and changes continue. The wounded person of noble origin for the most part is placed in the home of the owner the nearest to the place of Aula, where he is wounded. The owner of the aul on the debt of hospitality and in relation to the concern generally accepted invites the wounded to himself, and without particular circumstances, they do not refuse to accept the suggestions on the shelter, because the refusal may insult.
A minute of making a patient to the house, appointed for its premises, precedes superstition: doors threshold elevated, having nourished the thick board. The girl under 15 years old drives around the inner wall of the house the line with a cow fender, hoping to protect the patient from harmful influence Evil eye, as the Circassians say. The bed of the patient put a cup with water and chicken egg And immediately put iron housing, with a hammer from the same metal. The visitor who for the first time visits the patient, going to him, hits three times with a hammer in dry, then slightly sprinkles the blanket on a sore from the cup, where the egg is laid, saying: God will make you healthy! Then he retreats from the bed of the patient and takes a decent to his years and the rank of place.
Incoming to the house to the patient and leaving there, carefully crossed the sublime threshold, fearing to hurt him, which is revered by an unfavorable omen. The visitor always hits the hammer to dry so much that the sound is heard to everyone in the house. There is a belief that if the visitor of the Brahiberian (Meadda) or the killer of an innocent person (canlas), then the hammer does not produce sound, and also that from his touch to a cup with water burst the egg, there is laid, which is the proof of the visitor's crimes. Notice that obvious killers do not touch the water at all, trying, however, hide such an act from the sights of people here.
Many of the visitors comprehend the absurdity of such superstitious rituals, but everyone without seizure is observed with all the rigor. Prejudice in the opinions of the people are very strongly rooted. It is necessary, however, to say that these believes of all prejudice, ignorance generated, at all harmful! They say that in the previous times, obvious fratricians and the sorcel blood of innocents avoided visits to a sick person, for the people were confident that their presence could damage the patient, and now many hold this opinion; and how obvious killers between visitors are a lot, then their presence of ignorance looking after the sick attributes bad changes to the state of health of the suffering, proving an smoothing that the egg, laid in the water, find a cracked, not even thinking that from water, especially winter sometimes, or From the inappropriate touch to the cup, it in itself could burst.
Be that as it may, good people with contempt look at the obvious killers who are present at the sick Odra, and such believers, superstitious and funny, prove that the ancestors of the current Circassians were more bent and afraid of the presence of criminals, respecting virtue until these feelings , in an impenetrable MGL of ignorance, they were not absorbed by the disorder of morals.
After the patient's transfer to the house, a person uses the wounded, which remains with a sick to its cure. Aul, where the patient is located, is made by the prefab place of not only neighboring, but even distant nobles and the whole highest title from the surrounding auls. Every night to the patient there is a visit and those who stayed in Aul, as well as the old men and the youth of any title. It is revered by decent for fathers and mothers of families, so that their daughters visited the patient, which is sometimes preceded by an invitation from wives and daughters of the owner of the house, where the patient is located. But it should notice that women are strictly revealed by the entrance to the patient, when the girls are even encouraged towards that.
With the onset of twilight, they start to gather to the patient and singing is distributed under the arch of his dwelling. Visitors are divided into two parties, and each tries to exceed the other. Sing first songs for a similar case folded, and then they go to ordinary songs, if the patient is out of danger and cheerful; Otherwise, previous songs continue to fatigue. After stopping singing, there are different entertainment games and fun in which the girls are especially involved. From the fun, while the most important, the most important thing: one of the visitors begins the game; Going to one of the girls (Of course, preferably choose pretty), it requires that she stretches his hand; he hits her in the palm of his hand, after which she, in turn, coming to whom from men, hits him, also on the palm of her face, which continues from one to another for quite a long time, because no other fun in the bumps gives so much pleasure to men . Probably, the girls are not unpleasant to enormous with young riders who attract their attention, because they play in the game very extremely.
Then different other games begin, accompanied by a cry, noise, excitement and push. Finally, all these funny pants gradually subside, and songs relating to the state of the wounded, again with hoarse voices begin to sing, but not long. The dinner are tables, aggravated with dishes and drinks, in jugs for honorable guests and in huge cadakes for the people. The girls, accompanied by the owner's friends, return to the women's office, and from there in the morning they diverge down at home, and about twilights are going to the patient again.
At the end of dinner, sang some more funny songs, everything, with the exception of non-external with the patient, is removed before the onset of the other night. Again in the twilight, everything is to the patient, with new forces after restoration during the day, and many with new plans against beauties.
Such assessments continue until the patient is cured or before his death. Of course, if there is no hope for recovery, when the patient is clearly approaching the coffin, the gatherings are unemployed, the traces of despondency are noticeable on the faces of visitors, which are in this case are few and consist of mostly from the friends of the patient and the owner of the house containing it. But the songs do not stop and in last night Life of the patient.
The patient himself participates in fun and singing, often overcoming unsteady pain, and at the entrance of the honorary visitor or maidens every time it rises from bed. If you fulfill this courteance there is no possibility, then at least it is raised from the head of the head of the user, despite the prohibition of the user.
I saw a man for a disaster of death, to that close to the coffin that there was no hope of any hope, but at the entrance of our, hearing that we came to visit him, he had used the effort to have damaged the bones and fainted from terrible pain . Pieneling it was to look at his convulsions, and three days after, he died, exalted by praise for courageous patience.
If the patient is sick, wrinkles and does not get up at the entrance of visitors, then the bad opinion of the people is entrusted and subjected to ridicule; This circumstance makes Circassians patient in diseases to incredibility.
In continuation of the treatment of relatives and close owners, Ata-Lyki patient and acquaintances, often even outsiders, but living in the proximity of the nobles, drive and send cattle for the preparation of the eats, and all drinks needed when the patient's content.
According to the recovery of the wounded owner of the house, where he was treated, it sometimes makes the feast recovered in his house, and he brings his gifts consisting of weapons, and leads him a horse with the whole horse break. The drug used by the patient also makes the owner of great gifts, except that he belongs to all the skin of bulls and rams eaten by the people in the house, where he was kept in continuation of its use.
Cured gives a woman who soap bandages, rags, and so on. In continuation of his treatment, as equal to those who were uneaten with it in the service. Moreover, he makes a gift and that young girl who covered the feature of the inside wall at home, where he was treated. Subsequently, the owner himself was injured, if he is prince, sometimes gives family of people or prisoner, and friendship is waging between them.
What we talked about the content of the wounded, belong to people notable, the highest title, and as for people less significant, the image of their content although the same, but with the difference that the gatherings and treatments are consensted with the significance and state of the wounded and host house where it is contained if he does not lie in his house, which, however, rarely happens in the simple people.
In the lowest rank are also almost always traded with the men who are taken to treat the wounded, that in the highest rank is rarely done, for to negotiate the nobleman, who knows the decency, honors offensive, and Lekary confirm such beliefs because they do not lose .
Justice requires to say in conclusion that disinterested observance of decency produces sometimes the Circassians are truly generous. A young nobleman, or any of the title warrior, ready to sacrifice himself for glory, catch up with the enemies who have made an unexpected raid, and, in spite of them, nor for danger, rushes on them, heats and gets death or severe wound. In case of death, the first noble manFounded by the body, according to his land, he makes all that religion prescribes the relatives of the deceased to provide his memory. If he finds him wounded, then he takes him to himself, contains the most the best way, I pay a doctor who uses it, and finally, according to recovery gives him a beautiful horse with all the horse babies and full of armament on one person, even clothes, and everything makes out of one honor, without meaning no remuneration, except for Praise People. The desire to become famous often forces Circassians with true selflessness to do good and defend innocence, but these noble features of the morals, unfortunately, are often disappearing by the oblique concepts of Circassians about Glava: they often spill blood flows, expose their life danger, and all for the acquisition of folk praise, Without any benefit by the Fatherland, rejected and the God and the laws of mankind.
VII
Burial and misery
Since the captured Circassians, Mughamedan Faith followed a lot of changes in their indigenous, ancient customs. In no other case, this is not manifested by this as specifically opposite, as in the rites, observed in the burial of the deceased and when sending a comment on it. I offer a detailed description of rites, with the burial and commemoration of a noble person observed.
As soon as the patient will leave the last breath, the deplorable cry rises in the house; Mother, wife, kids, relatives, friends and all in the house announce the air with laminations. Women beat themselves in the chest and pulling their face; Men scratch forehead to blood, and the blue stains from shocks on the body remain for a long time, even often there are cruel wounds in mutual places. Such signs of the deepest sorrow left for themselves especially wife, friends and relatives of the deceased.
All women aula converge multiplying. Extraneous persons who come to Audru of the Dead, begin to emit a long-standing cry yet at the house where the dead man lies, continuing the cry, entering the house and, going closer to the body, remain for a short, come out of the house, but rarely cease to cry, as outside. Those who wish to more seal the signs of a special sorridge remain in the house, or release from there, stop at the wall at home and continue to cry.
Meanwhile, old men, having ceased to cry quite soon, dispose of the preparation of the body to the burial. They exhort the close dead man not too far to indulge in grief and advise them to have a hardness to transfer the impact of fate. Older women do the same against women.
At first, urge Mulla, who washes the body of the dead man with the help of one or two of his students or assistants; Washing body on hand Wear bags from that white fabric from which the dead man sew? Under Savana, similar to the bag, with both ends open, put on the corpse and called Kefin. The body is washed carefully, even often cutting the nails to the dead man and this duty some of the mullets are performed with a special diligence that forces people to reverend in front of them.
The body of a woman washes and prepared for the burial of the old woman, exactly as the male body. Where there is no Mullah, there knowing although somewhat read prayers, replace it. Preparating the body to the burial, prepared and the grave. Do not breathe in Circassia, so that they have ever hired for the workers, and, on the contrary, all residents of Aula flock in the house of the dead man, from where the right number of people go to the cemetery and dig a grave there, the opposition is hurrying with each other to replace in the work and counting digging graves The duty of everyone. The body of the deceased is put on the associated boards, and mostly on short stairs, Moscow enterprise so that the body lay motionless; Top covers a rich brothering blanket and carry on their hands from home to the cemetery. Relatives of the dead man with crying accompany his remains, as well as women who are honorable elders often begged to return, not reaching the grave. To continue the procession from the house to the cemetery, they stop three times, and Mullah reads prayers. The accompanying body opposition replaces the carrier dead man. Previously left to lower the body into the grave, they make prayer over him; Then Mullah takes from the relatives of the deceased gifts that brought them, I refer, and the devote does, that is, several times asks about the voluntary offer of gifts. Getting Starting, he first asks: how old was the dead man and what was he behavior? Then reads the installed prayers. Breathrs of gifts on the grave hope to destroy, or at least reduce the sins of the dead man. Finally, they lower the body into the grave, head to the west, and are somewhat tilted on the right side, so that it lay down to the south. In other places, put handwritten prayers in the grave.
Falling asleep grave, everything is alternately working, one of the other inferior to a wooden shovel; No one gives her hand, but puts on the ground. They sacrificed the Baran, and Mullah reads chapter from the Quran. Sometimes people released on the will on the will of the deceased or at their own desire of his heirs and friends, then freedom is announced.
Usually at the end of the entire rite, the grave is watered with water, and then everyone retreats from the grave for forty-steps, and Mullah, remaining on the grave, reads the prayer Talkin, about which superstitious tells that if the dead man is not aggravated by sins, then he repeats her word in word for Mullow . Mullah returns to the waiting for him and, still making a prayer, everyone go home. Here the present reveal to relatives of the dead man regretted themselves * about their loss, and the honorable people exhort them to be solid, submissive to God and not indulge in sorrow.
In the night, the clergy is going to the house of the dead man; There, sometimes until the dawn, spend a night in prayers to calm the soul of the deceased and forgive him with sins and after dinner diverge to houses. Often, three nights are stood down the reading of prayers. On the seventh day they make the first commemoration, and on the fortieth day, the second. The clergy and the people are gathering on the commemoration: the first read the Quran, having received a conditioned fee for reading, and the second are saturated with food and drink, for such a case prepared .. Third commemorations are often sent in the sixtieth day or at the end of the year. All rites, here described about the burial and compensation, eliminating the duties of a long cry to cry without parsing to all persons, torment themselves to relatives and friends, and evenly free work in the cemetery, the essence of the customs introduced between the Circassians of the Mughamedan Religion.
The current Circassians are almost unknown, as the bodies of their ancestors burned during the times of paganism, but it is necessary to believe that together with the body and the weapons of the deceased, judging by the fact that weapons are often found in the depths of the earth along with human skeletons. Now the rites remaining from the oldest times of the so-called big commemoration are particularly curious.
The death of a family of a family or a significant member is everywhere and in every people turns into sorrowful, if not always spiritual, at least the pretended despondency of those who remained in the living relatives of the deceased. But such a despondency does not leave such terrible traces and so long tears as in Circassia. Not only friends and familiar deceased, but even those who barely knew him visit his relatives to express their mental participation in their loss. Having arrived at home, where the wife or mother of the deceased is, the visitors get off his horses, remove the weapons from themselves, go to the house and, approaching, begin to cry, and often tripods, and sometimes the scare, sometimes of themselves In this case, they meet them, keep strikes that are applied by themselves, and summarize them to the house. If visitors do not have belts in the hands, they do not meet, and they go, quietly navigating forward and with both hands covering the face. With the cry, they enter the house where women respond to them the same; Going out of the house, they are in the living room and relatives of the deceased to express there, with a sad view, but without crying, regretfully about their loss and leaving. When visitors do not cry, entering the house to women, they are not sobs in the presence, but only a visitor comes out, the air is announced by the air, an extremely touching soul; A particularly pitiful voice of orphans amazes the heart. Syroids often continue to cry when visits almost until the expiration of the year, investigately, and the deplorable lance in the house of the dead man does not cease very long. Those who have prevented an important circumstance to come to the personal expression of their grief, send people who deserve respects. Of course, not all crying is because they are crying that the bitterness is great, but follow the generally accepted wonders, the non-compliance of which deprives respect of the people's respect and exposes the renovation.
An iron trident is put on the grave of the pupil in the form of a fork on a pole, to which black or red tissue is attached. In previous times, instead of a trident, iron crosses were put, also with a cloth.
On the pupil wearing one-year mourning; The wife also carries one-year-old mourning on her husband and continuously sleeps on soft beds. It should be noted that the husband does not cry in his wife, and if there will be sadness during her illness or death, inevitably undergoes ridicule.
Relatives and friends of the dead man for a long time are alien to the fun and retain a sad look. Failure to fulfill all rituals is worshiped for shame.
After the year, they send great commemoration, or TRIZNU. Such a commemoration, or triction, by a significant person, whose heirs are able to support the decency of their house, begin that when the appointed day approached, the commemoration of the commemoration prepare extremely many dishes and drinks. Close and even unauthorized persons, according to customary, bring ready-made eats and drinks and drive the cattle appointed to the shelter. A few days before the day of the day, solemn avenue is sent to neighboring aules to invite people. The honorable points go to ask to honor the TRIZNU with its presence, and in the case, if circumstances do not allow you to remove the most respected people, entrusted to the most significant people, entrusted to them to apologize to individuals, which they invite you that they themselves could not personally come to them.
On the eve of TRISS, invited persons go to the inviting, or stop in neighboring auls. Meetings are often numerous that the room in one Aul is made impossible.
The trianen celebration opens with a horse jump. Even before the light, the ramps are sent to the appointed place. With them, an honorable person is sent to them, who, putting them in a row, let all suddenly. The first prize gets the first horse to the goal; The second prize is the second, the third one; Sometimes the most recent horse is prescribed as a reward some bale. Equestrian crowds meet returning horses and often borne by the fact that every party caresses his horses. After returning from the horse, the honors from the guests are going to the living room, where there are tables, burdened by disadvantages. Here, those present spiritual Operations before starting lunch read prayer. Writing, however, such a commemoration, in which one playing one is replaced by another and all the people are in celebration, other Mughamedan religion, they do not always visit them. Other guests, which are located on a dinner in Aul in their apartments, are spreading tables with disadvantages and drinks in large vessels. The people are going outdoors, in the yard, under the canopies and near buildings by crowds. Drinks and tables with disadvantages are spreading and the people, but so that no one remains not fed and not disturbed, bread, pies and other dry dishes spread in the beams and distribute everyone without seizure. For compliance with the order, people who look so that everything is done properly is prescribed. Drinks people are put outdoors in barrels, and for the supervision of them are elected people. Who wants, he can approach drinks and drink. The guardians of the order are in the hands of the sticks, which are trapped by young shaluns, and carefully look at the old men decently tremendous. In the continuation of the feast, many horses covered with multi-colored tissues, stands on the yard; They are given relatives, friends and familiar dead man to devote his memory. In the former times, the ears of the deceased horses devoted to the memory of the ears were cut off, but now they are satisfied with one drive in rich bedspreads called Shyen.
Crowd numerous nation, merry lively, noise, talk, rusty horses, near the set, in rich ulorars, with multi-colored bedspreads, fussy women, who do not miss the case to show themselves to men in shine and sometimes look at Lukovo - all this is a very entertaining spectacle. On the same day, weapons and clothes of the deadman are decomposed in the house. Young princes and nobles are looking forward to the end of the meal, and are impatiently inferior to them good arrows, prompt youth and boys of all the titles, because every of them is coming different fun. Also only stop saturating, immediately the riders sit down on her horses, surround the rides sitting on the covered horses *, and, giving them time to disperse, they are started to pursue them, and they dug, they try to snatch off their covers, when they seek to rip off his pursuers. If you have time to have time, then by overpowing a waving fabric, throw it among the crowd of the walk of people, between which comes from that fight, and the fabric in small pieces is broken.
On the other hand, jump out in the field of riders in helmets and shells woven from nuts, and a hundred riders will be launched behind them; Some tries as close as possible to slip with their trophies, while others quickly take the trophies from them and they themselves be crowned with them, when the third tend to fill their pockets with nuts. If you finally do not manage to fulfill your desire from the pursuers, then the helmets and shells are thrown among the crowds of the walk of people, from which noise and struggle begin. Shooting in the goal meanwhile does not cease: one shoot hiking, at a distance of two to three hundred steps, and the prizes falling into the goal; Other riding, on all the jumps, the goal is shot by usually from the pistols and the assigned prize caught. In another place, the spectacle opens special: the very long pole is raised, the round small board is naked to the upper end. Captive riders, having a bow and arrows at the ready "fly on the dashing ramps one by one, so that the back of the rear horse is behind the horse's horse straight; The rider does not manage reins, and only left leg It remains on the saddle, and his whole * housing holds below the horses' mane. In such a difficult position, beating like a whirlwind, past the pole (Kebek), so at a moment, when the horse comes with a pole, the rider descends the bow "and the pennate arrow lies in the board, at the top of the pole attached, and sometimes, breaking it, falls to the legs of the audience. Such a game, or better to say, the experience of an extraordinarily degrees, belongs to the highest class. At the same time, in the other place, prompt boys crowded near the post, purely orange and smeared from the top of the Donis Salom. At the top of his very thin pillar attached basket, filled different thingsAnd who will fit there without any other help, except for their hands and legs, takes all things. Each shows here their remoteness, one of the other encounters, everything is noisy, worry, and the laughter of the audience increases the noise. Cunning boys, filled with their pockets and sinuses as a column, often get to their goal, but in case all their efforts remain in vain, good arrows shoot in a wand, who is attached to the basket - it falls, and boys And large rushes to praise things, with terrible pressure, dump, noise and scream.
Games, shooting, jumps around the entire field of field and on Aulu continue all day. Motion crowds carry from one end to another; One of the other breaks from the horse, rolls on the ground: everything in ^ madness fun is spinning. It is easy to imagine that often the life of the riders is at risk when they rushes on ravines and rods through the fields, or shifts to jump over the plentores and fences in Aul. There are often examples of misfortunes that happen from unnecessary fun, but the deft riders reward the beautician's apparent smiles.
Noise, talk, cry, shooting ends with the end of the day, and with the onset of the night, saturated with the pleasures of spectacles, disassemble and drinks, the people diverge and travels around the houses. Silence of the night stands up the place of excitement of the day of TRIZNA or solemn sound of the deceased. We talked here about the burial and commemoration of the people of the highest title, but also the simple people also follows, it takes, however, in consideration the condition and circumstances.
We note in conclusion that all these rites from day to day decrease in Circassia, and in other tribes and at all ceased since the effort of Islamism by the effort of the clergy and because of the increased concerns. It is impossible to residents of Circassia do not blame their clergy in recklessracy, if it tries to destroy all the ancient customs of the ancestors, as if outdoor humility softens the destructive passions of the soul. Cannot mourn of the current state His homeland coming from where civilians, war and weakening of the morals expelled calm and abundance, and at the same time both fun folk celebrations.