History of the Mari Narod

The peripetics of the formation of the Mari people we learn everything is more fully and better on the basis of the latest archaeological studies. In the second half of the I thousand BC. er, as well as at the beginning of the I thousand n. e. Among the ethnic groups, Gorodetsky and Azelian cultures can also be assumed by the ancestors of Marie. Gorodetskaya culture was an autochthonne on the right bank of the Middle Volga region, while Azelian - on the left bank of the Middle Volga, as well as along the flow of Vyatka. These two branches of the ethnogenesis of the Mari people show well the double bond of Marie inside the Finno-Ugric tribes. Gorodetskaya culture for the most part played a role in the formation of a Mordovian ethnos, but its eastern parts served as a base for folding the ethnic group of the Mountain Mari. Azelian culture can be erected to the Ananyan archaeological culture, which was previously given a domicile role only in the ethnogenesis of Finno-Perm tribes, although at present this issue is considered by some researchers otherwise: possibly, Proto-Ugric and ancient-Russian tribes are part of the ethnic groups of new archaeological cultures. The successors arising on the site of the broken Ananin culture. The ethnic group of meadow Marie is also erected to the traditions of Ananin culture.

The Eastern European Forest area has extremely scarce written information about the history of Finno-Ugric peoples, the writing of these peoples appeared very late, for small exceptions only to the newest historical era. The first mention of the ethnonym "Cheremis" in the form of "C-R-MIS" is found in the writing source, which is dated x in., But rises, in all likelihood, by time for one or two centuries later. According to this source, Marie were danuts of Khazar. Then Marie (in the form of "Cheremisam" mentions compounded in. The beginning of the XII century. Russian chronicle arch, calling the place of their settlement of the Earth at the mouth of Oka. From the Finno-Ugric peoples Marie turned out to be the most closely connected with the Turkic tribes that moved in the Volga region. These relationships are very strong and now. Volga Bulgars at the beginning of the IX century. Profit from the Great Bulgaria on the Black Sea coast to the Merge Place of Kama with the Volga, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria. The ruling top of the Volga Bulgarians, taking advantage of the profit from trade, could firmly hold his power. They were traded by those who lived near the Finno-Ugric peoples living nearby, wax, fur. The relationship between Volzhsky Bulgarians and various Finno-Ugric tribes of the Middle Volga region did not dare. The Mongol-Tatar conquerors invited from the internal regions of Asia in 1236 of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors invaded from the internal regions of Asia.

Khan Battered on the captured and subordinate territories founded public education called the Golden Horde. Its capital is up to the 1280s. There was a city of Bulgar, the former capital of the Volga Bulgaria. With the Golden Horde and subsequently elected independent Kazan Khanate Marie were in allied relations. This is evidence of this fact that Marie existed a layer that did not pay taxes, but the military service is obliged to carry. This estate then became one of the most combat-ready military connections from the Tatar. Also on the existence of allied relations indicates the use of the Tatar word "EL" - "People, Empire" to designate the territory of the region inhabited by Mariers. Marie so far they call their native land Mari El.

At the joining of the Mari region to the Russian state, the contacts of some groups of the Mari population with the Slavic-Russian state formations were provided (Kievan Rus - Northeastern Russian Principles and Earth - Moscow Rus) before the XVI century. There was a significant deterrent factor that did not allow quickly completed in the XII-XIII centuries. The process of entering Russia is the close and multilateral relations of Mariers with opposing Russian expansion to the East Turkic states (Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria - Ulus Juchi - Kazan Khanate). Such an intermediate position, as A. Kappeler believes, led to the fact that Marysians, as well as in the similar situation of Mordva and Udmurts, were drawn into neighboring publications in economic and administrative terms, but at the same time preserved their own social advantage and their pagan religion .

The inclusion of Mari lands in Russia from the very beginning was ambiguous. Already at the turn of the XI-XII centuries, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years", Markets (Cheremis) were part of the Danikov of the Old Russian Princes. It is believed that the data dependence is the result of military clashes, "priming". True, there are no indirect information about the exact date of its establishment. G.S. Lebedev based on the matrix method showed that in the catalog of the introductory part of the Tale of Bygone Years "and Mordahva can be combined into one group with extent, measurements and murom in four main parameters - genealogical, ethnic, political and moral and ethical . This gives some reason to believe that Markets became danutrics earlier than the rest of the non-Slavic tribes listed by Neslavian - "Perm, Pecheque, Sem" and others "languages, and the tribute give Rus."

There is information about the dependence of Mariers from Vladimir Monomakh. According to the "Word about the killed in the Russian Earth", "Cheremis ... Bortynicha on Prince Great Volodimer." In the Ipatiev Chronicle in Unison with the pathetic tone "Words" it is said that he "Napass to Pogan's Max." According to B.A. Rybakova, this Embossing, the nationalization of Northeast Russia began with Vladimir Monomakh.

However, the testimony of these written sources does not allow us to say that all groups of the Mari population paid for old Russian princes; Most likely, in the sphere of influence of Russia, only Western Mariers, who lived near the mouth of Oka were drawn.

The rapid pace of Russian colonization caused opposition to the local Finno-Ugric population, which found support from the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. In 1120, after a number of Bulgar attacks in Russian cities in Volgo-Point in the II half of the XI century, a response series of campaigns of Vladimir-Suzdal and the Allied Princes on the Earth, either belonging to the Bulgarian rulers, or only controlled by them in charge of charging Dani from the local population. It is believed that the Russian-Bulgarian conflict broke out, first of all, on the basis of collecting Dani.

Russian princely squads have repeatedly attacked Mary Sellia, who came across on the way of their following to rich Bulgarian cities. It is known that in the winter of 1171/72. Boris Zhidislavich detachment ruined one major fortified and six small settlements just below the mouth of Oka, and here even in the XVI century. He still lived along with Mordovsky and Mari population. Moreover, it was under the same date for the first time the Russian fortress of the town of Radilov was mentioned, which was built a few above the mouth of the Oka on the left bank of the Volga, allegedly on the earth of Mari. According to V.A. Kuchena, the town of Radilov became the supporting military station of Northeast Russia on the Middle Volga and the center of Russian colonization of the local region.

Slavs-Russa gradually either assimilated, or pushed out Mariers, forcing them to migrate to the east. This movement is traced by archaeologists approximately from the VIII century. n. e.; Markets, in turn, entered into contacts of ethnic order with the permony-speaking population of the Volga-Vyatsky Meternrachia (Mariy residents called ODO, that is, these were Udmurts). In the ethnic contest, the elusive ethnos prevailed. In the IX-XI centuries. Markets were mainly completed the development of the Vytzhsko-Vyatsky interfold, to force out and partially assimilating the former population. Numerous legends of Mariy residents and Udmurts testify that it did not cost without armed conflicts, and a mutual antipathy continued between representatives of these Finno-Ugric peoples.

As a result of the military campaign of 1218-1220, the conclusion of the Russian-Bulgarian peace treaty 1220 and the foundation at the mouth of the Oki of Nizhny Novgorod in 1221 - the easternmost outpost of Northeast Russia - the influence of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria in the middle of the Volga region weakened. This created favorable conditions for Vladimir-Suzdal Feudals to conquer the Morder. Most likely, in the Russian-Mordovian War 1226-1232. "Cheremsa" was drawn and "Cherems" of the Occa and Surrection.

The expansion of both Russians and Bulgarian feudalists was aimed at relatively unsuitable for the economic development of the pools of the units and the winds. Here, the Mari tribes and the eastern part of the Kostroma Mary were mainly lived, between which, as was established by archaeologists and linguists, there was a lot in common, which to some extent allows us to talk about the ethno-cultural community of the Vetherian Marie and Kostroma Merey. In 1218, Bulgarians attack Ustyug and Uuzh; Under 1237, another Russian city in Zavolzhye is first mentioned - Galich Merry. Apparently, there was a struggle for the dry-finished trade and commercial path and for the collection of Dani from the local population, in particular, Mari. Russian domination has established here.

In addition to the western and northwestern periphery of Mari Land, Russians from about the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. The northern outskirts began to master and the northern outskirts of Vyatka, where the Udmurts lived in addition to Mari residents.

The development of Mari lands was most likely carried out not only by force, military methods. There are such varieties of "cooperation" between Russian princes and national vests, like "equal" matrimonial alliances, promotion, girlfriend, tentacle, bribing, "Pressing". It is possible that a number of these methods have been applied to representatives of the Mari Social Top.

If in the X-XI centuries, as the archaeologist E.P. Kazakov indicates, there was a "certain commonality of the Bulgarian and Milk-Mari Monuments", then over the next two centuries, the ethnographic appearance of the Mari population - especially in the record - became different. It significantly increased Slavic and Slavic-merry components.

Facts show that the degree of the inclusion of the Mari population in Russian state entities in the housesongol period was high enough.

The situation has changed in the 30-40th. XIII century As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. However, this did not at all led to the cessation of the growth of Russian influence in Volgo-Kamye. Small independent Russian government formations appeared around urban centers - princely residences, founded even during the existence of a single Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. This is Galitsky (about 1247), Kostroma (approximately in the 50s. XIII century) and Gorodetskoy (between 1269 and 1282) of the principality; At the same time, the influence of the Vyatka Land, which turned into special public education with the perpetual traditions. In the second half of the XIV century. Vyatchans have already firmly settled on the middle auction and in the Pijmas basin, to outstand Mari Marytsev and Udmurts.

In the 60-70s. XIV. In Horde, feudal troubles came, weakening the military-political power during his time. These were successfully used by Russian princes, who sought to break out of dependence on the Khan administration and to grow their possessions due to the peripheral regions of the Empire.

The most notable success was achieved by the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality, the successor of the Principality of Gorodetsky. The first Nizhny Novgorod Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich (1341-1355) "We have to settle on the Oce and around the Volga Rusky for the Ocean and for Kuma ... Where who is stupid," that is, it began to authorize the colonization of the Share-Sur Ramcery. And in 1372, his son Prince Boris Konstantinovich founded the Krymyns fortress on the left bank of the Sura, thereby establishing control over the local population - mostly Mordeva and Mariers.

Soon the ownership of Nizhny Novgorod princes began to appear on the right bank of Sura (in a breakdown), where mountain Mariy and Chuvashi lived. To the outcome of the XIV century. The Russian influence in the esia basin has increased so much that representatives of the local population began to warn Russian princes about the upcoming invasions of the Goldenopa troops.

A significant role in the strengthening of anti-Russian sentiment among the Mari population was played by the frequent attacks of the History. The most sensitive to Mariy residents, apparently, turned out to be raids produced by Russian robes in 1374, when they ruined the villages along Vyatki, Kama, Volga (from the mouth of Kama to Sura) and the winds.

In 1391, the Vyatka land was ruined as a result of the hike, the Vyatskaya Land, which was considered the refuge of the Ukhkoyniki. However, already in 1392, Vyatchan plundered the Bulgarian cities of Kazan and Zhukotin (Juteta).

According to the "Vetryvsky Chronicler", in 1394, "Uzbeks" - the warriors-nomads from the eastern half of Ulus Juchi, who "took the people for troops and took him on the wind and the Volga under Kazan to Takhtamysh". And in 1396, Kuguz Keldibek was elected Kugiz.

As a result of a large-scale war between Tukhtamiam and Timur Tamerlamin, the Goldenopa Empire was significantly weakened, many Bulgarian cities were devastated, and his surviving residents began to move on the right side of Kama and Volga - away from the dangerous steppe and forest-steppe zone; In the Kazani and Sviyagi area, the Bulgarian population entered into close contacts with Mariers.

In 1399, the cities of Bulgar, Kazan, Kermenchuk, Zhukkotin, Zhukotin, were taken by Jurie Dmitrievich, Kermenchuk, Zhukotin, in the chronicles, that "no one remembers the Tatar Earth to fought Russia." Apparently, at the same time, the Galich Prince conquered the Vervoyskiy Kuguzism - this is reported by the Velluzhsky chronicler. Kuguz Keldibek recognized his dependence and leaders of the Vyatka land, concluding a military union with them. In 1415, a collaborative campaign on Northern Dvina was made by Vyatchane. In 1425, the Vervozhsky Mariers became part of the magnitude of the Galich Prince's Multiple militia, which began the open struggle for the grand permanent throne.

In 1429, Keldibek took part in the campaign of Bulgaro-Tatar troops led by Alibeck to Galich and Kostroma. In response to this, in 1431, Vasily II launched harsh punitive measures against Bulgarians, who, without that seriously suffered from terrible hunger and the epidemic of the plague. In 1433 (or in 1434), Vasily Kosyovich, who received Galich, after the death of Yuri Dmitrievich, physically eliminated Kuguz Keldibek and joined the Vetorsky Cuguzism to his lot.

The Mary population had to experience the religious and ideological expansion of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Mari pagan population, as a rule, adversely perceived the attempts of their Christianization, although there were also reverse examples. In particular, Kahirovsky and the Vetral chroniclers report that Kuguza Koja-Eralthemtem, Kai, Bai Beard, their relatives and approximately accepted Christianity and allowed the construction of churches on the territory controlled by them.

Among the Friendly Mary Population, the version of the Welcome Legend was distributed: the version of the Mary, who did not want to conquer the "Russian princes and popam," alively buried themselves right on the shore of Svetloary, and subsequently, along with the land collapsed on them, a deep lake slipped on them. Such a record was preserved, made in the XIX century: "There can always be two or three dressed in Sharpar Marihi among Svetloyarsk pilgrims, without any signs of logistics."

By the time of the appearance of the Kazan Khanate in the sphere of the influence of Russian state entities, the Marities of the following regions were involved: Right Bank Sura - a significant part of the Mary Marytsev (here you can include the Occo-Surisk "Cheremsov"), Trestuzhye - North-Western Mari, Pijm River Pool and Medium Vyatka - Northern part of meadow Marie. Less were touched by the Russian influence of Cochai Mariers, the population of the pool of the Ileti River, the northeastern part of the modern territory of the Republic of Mari El, as well as the Lower Vyatka, that is, the main part of the meadow Marie.

The territorial expansion of Kazan Khanate in the Western and Northern directions was carried out. The south-western border with Russia was Sura, respectively, the brownier was completely under the control of Kazan. During 1439-1441, judging by the Votor Chronicler, the Mari and Tatar soldiers destroyed all Russian settlements on the territory of the former Vervoy Cuguzness, the Kazan "governors" began to manage the windy Mariers. The Vyatskaya Earth, and the Perm Great, soon found themselves in the informed dependence on Kazan Khanate.

In the 50s. XV century Moscow was able to subordinate to the Vyatka Earth and part of the Treethew; Soon, in 1461-1462. Russian troops even entered into a direct armed conflict with Kazan Khanate, during which the Mari lands of the left bank of Volga were mainly affected.

In winter, 1467/68 An attempt was made to eliminate either weaken the Allies of Kazan - Mariers. For this purpose, two campaigns "on the Cheremis" were organized. The first, the main group, which consisted mostly from the selected troops - the "courtyard of the Prince of the Great Shelves" - collapsed on the left-bank Mariers. According to the chronicles, "Raint of the Grand Prince to the Earth in the Earth, and the earth of the teacher of the land of Toy: People are objects, and others in captivity behavior, and other Izozhzhi; And the horses of them and all the animal, which Nzazhza with I IMATA, then all is objects; And what was the belly of them, then everything is taken. " The second group, where the soldiers came, scored in the Murom and Nizhny Novgorod lands, "Mountain and Barats Were" along the Volga. However, even this did not prevent Kazan, including, most likely, and Mari warriors, already in the winter-in summer, 1468 to ruin the Kichmengu with surrounding villages (the upper shovels of the Uge and South rivers), as well as the Kostroma parish and twice the neighborhood of Murom. The parity was established in punitive actions, most likely, weakly influenced the state of the armed forces opposed each other of the parties. The case was carried predominantly to robbery, mass destruction, in the captivity of the civilian population - Mari, Chuvash, Russians, Mordv, and others.

In the summer of 1468, Russian troops resumed their raids on the uluses of Kazan Khanate. And this time, the Mari population was mostly injured. Ownaya Rail, headed by the Voivoda Ivan Ruhn, "Wise the Cheremis on Vyatka River", plunged the village and commercial vessels on the bottom chamber, then rose up to the White River ("White Volzhka"), where the Russians were again "The Cheremis was wrapped up, and the people are asset and horses And every animal. " From the locals, they learned that nearby up to the chamber moves on ships taken from Mariers, the detachment of the Kazan warriors in 200 people. As a result of a short battle, this squad was broken. The Russians then followed "on the Great Perm yes to Ustyugu" and further to Moscow. Almost at the same time, another Russian army was operating on the Volga ("Zoward"), headed by Prince Fedor Chirpun-Ryapolovsky. Not far from Kazan, it is "Branche Tatar Kazan, the Tsarev courtyards, a lot of good." However, even in such a critical situation, Kazan did not abandon active offensive actions. By introducing their troops into the territory of Vyatka land, they bowed Vyatchan to neutrality.

In the Middle Ages, it usually did not exist exactly outlined boundaries between states. This also applies to Kazan Khanate with neighboring countries. From the West and the North, the territory of Khanate was adjacent to the turns of the Russian state, from the east - the Nogai Horde, from the South - Astrakhan Khanate and from the South-West - Crimean Khanate. The border between the Kazan Khanate and the Russian State on the Sura River was relatively stable; It is possible to determine it only conditionally according to the principle of payment by the population of Yasaka: from the mouth of the Surah River through the wind pool to the PIRM, then from the mouth of the Pijm to the middle chamber, including some regions of the Urals, then back to the Volga River on the Level Bank, not going deep into the steppe, Down the Volga approximately to the Samara Luke, finally, to the upper reaches of the same river Sura.

In addition to the Bulgaro-Tatar population (Kazan Tatars) in the territory of Khanate, according to A.M. Kurbsky, Mariy residents ("Cheremis"), South Udmurts ("Wheels", "Aries"), Chuvashi, Mordva (mostly Erzya), Western Bashkirs lived. Marities in the sources of the XV-XVI centuries. And in general, in the Middle Ages, these were known as "Cherems", the etymology of which is still not clarified. At the same time, under this ethnonym in some cases (this is especially characteristic of the Kazan Chronicler), not only Markets, but also Chuvashi, and the Southern Udmurts could be. Therefore, it is quite difficult to determine even in exemplary outlines to determine the territory of Mari's settlement during the existence of Kazan Khanate.

A number of sufficiently reliable sources of the XVI century. - Certificate S. Herberstein, spiritual letters of Ivan III and Ivan IV, a royal book - indicate the presence of Mariers in the Occask-Surrocheus, that is, in the area of \u200b\u200bNizhny Novgorod, Murom, Arzamas, Kurrysh, Alatyra. This information is confirmed by folklore material, as well as toponymics of this area. It is noteworthy that until recently, among the local Mordov, who confessed the pagan religion, the personal name was widely distributed.

Uzzhensky-Velluzhsky Meternrech was also populated by Mariers; This is told writing sources, toponymy district, folk material. Probably there were still groups Mary. The northern frontier is the jerking of unji, the winds, the Pijmas pool, the middle one. Here the Mariers contacted Russian, Udmurts and Karinskaya Tatars.

The eastern limits can be limited to the lower reaches of Vyatka, but apart - "for 700 miles from Kazan" - in the Ural region there was already a few so far ethnic group of Eastern Mariers; The chronicles recorded it in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of the White River in the middle of the XV century.

Apparently, Mariers together with the Bulgaro-Tatar population lived in the upper reaches of the Kazanka and Mesh rivers, on the argy side. But, most likely, they made up a minority here and, moreover, most likely, they gradually turned out.

Apparently, a considerable part of the Mari population occupied the territory of the Northern and Western part of the current Chuvash Republic.

The disappearance of the solid Mari population in the northern and western part of the current territory of the Chuvash Republic can be explained to some extent to ruiner wars in the XV-XVI centuries, from which the mountain side has suffered more than meadow (in addition to the invasions of the Russian troops, the right bank has been subjected to numerous raids of steppe warriors) . This circumstance, apparently, caused an outflow of the part of the mountain Mariers on the meadow side.

The number of Mariers to the XVII-XVIII centuries. ranged from 70 to 120 thousand people.

The greatest population density was distinguished by the Right Bank of the Volga, then the area east of M. Kokshagi, and the smallest - the region of the settlement of the North-Western Mari, especially the swampy Volzhsko-Volzhvskaya Nizin and Mari lowland (the space between the rivers Linda and B. Kokshagi).

Exceptionally, all lands were legally considered the property of Khan, personified the state. Announced himself to the Supreme Owner, Khan demanded that the use of the Earth is a natural and monetary rente - tax (Yasak).

Markets - to know and ordinary communities - like other Netaitan peoples of the Kazan Khanate, although they were part of the category of the dependent population, but were actually personally free people.

According to the conclusions of K.I. Kozlova, in the XVI century. The Marytsev prevailed a friendly, military-democratic order, that is, the Mariers were at the stage of becoming their statehood. The emergence and development of their own state structures prevented dependence on the Khan administration.

The socio-political structure of the medieval Mari society is reflected in written sources rather weakly.

It is known that the main cell of the Mari society was a family ("ESH"); Most likely, the greatest spread had "big families", which, as a rule, from 3-4 generations of close relatives on the male line. The property bundle between patriarchal families was clearly identified in the IX-XI centuries. Parcel labor flourished, which basically applied to non-nuclear studies (cattle breeding, fur fishing, metallurgy, blacksmithing, jewelry). There were close ties between neighboring family groups, first of all, economic, but not always blood-of-residential. Economic communications were expressed in various kinds of mutual "lists" ("И"), that is, mandatory related gratuitous mutual assistance. In general, Mariers in the XV-XVI centuries. experienced a peculiar period of protoferic relations, when, on the one hand, there was a selection of individual-family-owned unions in the framework of the landlocked union (neighbor community), and on the other, the class structure of society did not gain its clear outlines.

Mary patriarchal families, apparently, united into patronized groups (sat down, tuk, surrum; according to V.N. Petrov - Urmati and Vurteci), and those in larger landing unions - TISHTE. Their unity was based on the principle of neighborhood, on a joint cult, and to a lesser extent - on economic relations, and even more so - on blood-study. The priests were, among other things, unions of military mutual assistance. Perhaps the sewers were geographically compatible with hundreds, uluses and fifty days of the Kazan Khanate. In any case, from the outside, as a result of the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar domination, a ten-hundredth and ulus administration system, as was customary, did not conflict with the traditional territorial organization Mari.

Hundreds, uluses, fifty and dozens were led by the Sotniki ("Hydavuly"), Pentecostals ("Vitlevue"), the foreman ("Luvuly"). They are in the XV-XVI centuries., Most likely, did not have time to break with the government, and, by definition, K.I. Kozlova, "these were either ordinary senios of landing unions, or military leaders of larger associations like tribal." Perhaps the representatives of the top of the Mari nobility continued to be called in the ancient tradition of "Kugeza", "Kuguz" ("Great Master"), "He" ("Leader", "Prince", "Vladyka"). In the public life of Mariers, the elders were played a major role - "Kouruki". For example, even the Malvanchnik Tokhtamysh Keldibek could not become a Vetluzhsky Couguz without the consent of the local elders. Mari elders as a special social group are mentioned in the "Kazan history".

All groups of the Mari population took an active part in military campaigns into Russian lands, frequent in the hires. This is explained, on the one hand, the addicted position of Mariers in the composition of the Khanate, on the other hand, the peculiarities of the Public Development Stage (military democracy), the interest of the Mari warriors themselves in obtaining military production, in the desire to prevent Russian military-political expansion, other motives. In the last period of the Russian-Kazan confrontation (1521-1552) in 1521-1522 and 1534-1544. The initiative belonged to Kazan, which, with the filing of the Crimean-Nogai government group, sought to restore the vassal dependence of Moscow, as it was in the goldside period. But already under Vasilia III, in the 1520s., The task of the final accession of Khanate to Russia was set. However, it was possible to implement this only with the take of Kazan in 1552, with Ivan Grozny. Apparently, the reasons for the joining of the Middle Volga region and, accordingly, the Mari Region to the Russian state were: 1) a new, imperial type of political consciousness of the top leadership of the Moscow state, the struggle for the "Goldenopinian" inheritance and failures in the former practice of attempts to establish and preserve the protectorate over Kazan Khanate, 2) the interests of state defense, 3) economic reasons (land for the local nobility, the Volga for Russian merchants and commercial programs, new taxpayers for the Russian government and other plans for the prospect).

After taking Kazan Ivan the Terrible course of events in the middle Volga region acquired the following appearance. Moscow faced a powerful liberation movement, in which Ivan IV had time to swear to be swirling, and the population of peripheral regions, which did not lead the oaths. The Moscow government had to solve the problem of preserving the conquered not on the peaceful, but on the bloody scenario.

The anti-Moskovsk armed speeches of the peoples of the Middle Volga region after the fall of Kazan, it is customary to call the Cheremis Wars, since marries (Cheremis) showed the greatest activity. The most early mention among the sources existing in the scientific circulation, close to the term "Cheremis War", is found in the humble diploma of Ivan IV D.F. Selishchev on the rivers and land in Vyatka land of April 3, 1558, where, in particular, It is indicated that the owners of Kishkil and Sizhma River (under the city of Kotelniche) "In those rivers ... Fishes and Bobrov did not lavage for the Kazan Cherems of War and did not cry."

Cheremis War 1552-1557. It differs from the subsequent Cheremis wars of the second half of the XVI century, and not so much because it was the first of this series of wars as the fact that she wore the nature of the national liberation struggle and did not have a noticeable antipodeal orientation. Moreover, the anti-Moskoy rebel movement in the Middle Volga region in 1552-1557. It is, in its essence, the continuation of the Kazan war, and the main goal of his participants was the restoration of Kazan Khanate.

Apparently, for the bulk of the left-bank Mari population, this war was not a uprising, since representatives of only the orders of the Marytsev were recognized as its new citizenship. In fact, in 1552-1557. Most Mari residents led the external war against the Russian state and together with the rest of the Kazan Territory defended their freedom and independence.

All waves of the resistance movement of Gasley as a result of large-scale punitive operations of Ivan IV troops. In a number of episodes, the rebel movement has been redeemed into the form of civil war and class struggle, but the struggle for the liberation of the Motherland remained the characteristic form. The resistance movement ceased due to several factors: 1) continuous armed clashes with the royal troops, bringing innumerable victims and destruction to the local population, 2) mass hunger, the epidemic of the plague, which came from the Zavolzhsky Steppes, 3) Lugovy Marietsy lost their support from their former allies - Tatars and southern Udmurts. In May 1557, representatives of almost all groups of meadow and eastern Mari brought the oath of the Russian king. So the joining of the Mari Territory to the Russian state ended.

The meaning of the Mary region to the Russian state is impossible to determine as uniquely negative or positive. Both negative and positive consequences of Mari's entry into the system of Russian statehood, closely intertwining each other, began to manifest itself in almost all areas of the development of society (political, economic, social, cultural and others). Perhaps the main result for today is that the Mari people have survived as an ethnos and became an organic part of multinational Russia .

The final entry of the Mari Territory into Russia occurred after 1557, as a result of the suppression of national liberation and anti-refortion movement in the middle Volga region and the Ural. The process of gradual entry of the Mariy region in the system of Russian statehood lasted hundreds of years: during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, he slowed down, during the feudal troubles that swept the golden horde in the second half of the XIV century., Accelerated, and as a result of the appearance of Kazan Khanate (30-40-40- E GG. XV century) Suspended for a long time. Nevertheless, starting before the turn of the XI-XII centuries, the inclusion of Mariers in the Russian statehood system in the middle of the XVI century. It came to its final phase - to direct entry into Russia.

The joining of the Mari Territory to the Russian state was part of the general process of the formation of the Russian polyethnic empire, and was prepared, primarily prerequisites for a political nature. This, firstly, a long-term confrontation between the state systems of Eastern Europe - on the one hand, Russia, on the other hand, the Turkic states (Volzhko-Kamskaya Bulgaria - the Golden Orda - Kazan Khanate), and second, the struggle for the "Goldenopinian legacy" in The final stage of this confrontation, thirdly, the emergence and development of the imperial consciousness in government circles of Moscow Rus. The expansionist policy of the Russian state in the eastern direction to some extent was also the tasks of state defense and economic reasons (fertile land, the Volga Trading Road, new taxpayers, other projects for the operation of local resources).

The Marities' economy was adapted to natural geographical conditions, in general, answered the requirements of its time. Due to the complex political situation, it was largely militarized. True, the features of the socio-political system played their role here. Medieval Mari, despite the notable local features of the ethnic groups that existed then, in general, were experiencing a transitional period of social development from a feudal to feudal (military democracy). Relations with the central government were built mainly on a confederative basis.

Markets: Who are we?

Do you know that in the XII-XV centuries, for three hundred (!) Years, in the territory of the current Nizhny Novgorod region, in the interfluve of Pijmas and the winds, there was a Votor Mary Principality. One of his princes, Kai Hlyovsky, had written contracts about peace with Alexander Nevsky and Khan Golden Horde! And in the fourteenth century Kuguza (Prince) Osh Pandasch united Mary tribes, attracted to his side of Tatars and during the nineteen-year-old war broke the squad of the Galich Prince Andrei Fedorovich. In 1372, the Votor Mary Principality became independent.

The Center of the Principality was in the existing and so-old village of Romachi Tonneevsky district, and in the sacred grove of the village, according to historical testimonies, Osh Pandas was buried in 1385.

In 1468, the Votor Mary Principality ceased to exist and became part of Russia.

Markets of the oldest residents of the interfold of Vyatka and the winds. This is confirmed by the archaeological excavations of the ancient Mari grains. Khlyovsky on r. Vyatka dated VIII - XII centuries., Yumsky on r. Yume, the influx of the Pijmas (IX - X century), Kocherginsky on the r. Urzhumka, the influx of Vyatki (IX - XII century), the Cheremis cemetery on the r. Ludanka, the influx of the winds (viii - x century), Veselovsky, Tonneevsky and other burial grounds (Berezin, p.21-27,36-37).

The decomposition of the generic system from Marie occurred at the end of the first I millennium, the birth principalities arose, which were ruled by elected elders. Using its position, they eventually began to capture power over tribes, enriched by their account and, making raids on their neighbors.

However, this could not lead to the formation of his own early refortion state. Already at the stage of completion of his ethnogenesis, Mari was the object of expansion from the Turkic East and the Slavic state. From the south of Marie was exposed to the invasion of the Volga Bulgar, then the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. From the north and west, Russian colonization was walking.

The Mari Rhodesmond Top turned out to be split, part of its representatives was focused on Russian principality, the other part was actively supported by Tatars. In such conditions, it could not be a speech on the creation of a national feudal state.

In the late XII - early XIII centuries, the only Mari region, over which the power of Russian principalities and the Bulgarians was sufficiently conditionally, was the area between the rivers of Vyatka and the Vetluga in their middle course. The natural conditions of the forest zone did not give the opportunity to clearly bind the northern borders of the Volga Bulgaria, and then the Golden Horde, so Marie living in this area, formed a kind of "autonomy." Since the collection of Dani (Yasaka), both for the Slavic principalities and the eastern conquerors, was engaged in a local increasingly feudalizing tribal tip (Sanukov. P.23)

Marie could act as a hired army in internecine straightening of Russian princes, and make robber raids into Russian lands alone or in a union with bulgarians or tatars.

In Galich's manuscripts for the first time, war Cherems under Galichem is mentioned in 1170, where the Cherems of the Visuzhsky and Vyatski are like a hired army for the war between the brothers quarreling among themselves. Both in this and in the next 1171, the Cheremis were broken and driven from Galich Merry (Dementiev, 1894, p. 24).

In 1174, the Mari population itself is attacked.
"The Vetryvsky Chronicler" tells: "The Novgorod Paras won their city of Koksharov on the Vyatka River and called him a boocenet, and the Cheremis went to Human and Vetloga." Since then, Cheremis has a more strengthened Shang (Shangskoe settlement in the upper course of the wind). When in 1181, the Novgorod residents won the Cheremis in the UME, then many residents found it better to live in the wind - on Yakshan and Shang.

After displacing Marie with r. Uma, some part of them went down to his relatives on r. PIR. Throughout the basin r. The Mary tribes lived since sincerversion. According to numerous archaeological and folklore data: political, trade, military and cultural centers Marie were located on the territory of modern Tonneevsky, Yaran, Urzhum and Soviet areas of the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions (Akzorin, p. 16-17.40).

The basis of the base of Shanza (Shangi) in the wind is unknown. But it is no doubt that its foundation is associated with the promotion of the Slavic population to the areas populated by Mariers. The word "chance" comes from Mari Shenzé (Shenza) and means eye. By the way, the Word of Shengse (Eyes) is used only by Tonneevsky Marie Nizhny Novgorod Region (Dementiev, 1894 p. 25).

Shanga was delivered by Mariers on the border of his lands as a watchdog post (eyes), who watched the promotion of Russians. To put such a guard fortress for only a fairly large military administrative center (principality), which united the significant tribes of Mari.

The territory of the modern Tonneevsky district was in this principality, it was not by chance here in the XVII-XVIII centuries was the Mari Armachin parish with a center in the village of Romatica. And Marie, who lived here, possessed at that time "with ancient times" lands on the shores of the winds in the Shangsky settlement area. Yes, and legends about the Visor Principality are known mainly among the Tonneevsky Marie (Dementiev, 1892, p. 5,14).

Starting from 1185, the Galich and Vladimir-Suzdal princes unsuccessfully tried to beat Shangu from the Mari Principality. Moreover, in 1190 Marie put on the river. The wind is another "City of Hisp", at the head of which was Prince Kai. Only by 1229, Russian princes managed to force Kaya to conclude peace with them and pay tribute. After a year, Kai refused Dani (Dementiev, 1894. p.26).

By the 40s of the XIII century, the Velhogo Mari Principality is significantly enhanced. In 1240, the Umsky Prince of Kide Jacks built the city of Yakshan in the Wind. Kide takes Christianity and builds churches, Russian and Tatar settlements in the Mari lands are unhindered.

In 1245, according to the complaint of the Galic Prince Konstantin Yaroslavich removed (Brother Alexander Nevsky), Khan (Tatar) ordered the right bank of the Wetcil River Galich Prince, left to Cheremis. The complaint of Konstantin Removed was obviously caused by the incessant raids of the Visor Mari.

In 1246, Russian settlements in Potetvuzhe were subjected to a sudden attack and ruin of Mongol-Tatars. Part of the inhabitants were killed or captured, the rest felt in the forests. Including Galicians who were assieved on the shores of the winds after the Tatar attack of 1237 years. The scope of the ruin says "the handwriting of the pretended Varnava Varvuzhsky". "At the same summer ... Run from the captivity of the Battery ... On the banks of the river, a sowing wind, ... and where there was a dwelling to man everywhere in the forest, great forests and named the Velluzhskaya Desert" (Kherson, p. 9 ). The Russian population, hiding behind the raids of the Tatars and the cross-vessel, settles in the Mari principal: in Shang and Yakshan.

In 1247, the Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky concluded the world with Mariers and commanded the trade and exchange of goods in Shang. Tatar Khan and Russian princes recognized the Mari Principality and were forced to reckon with him.

In 1277, Galich Prince David Konstantinovich continued to engage in trade cases with Mariers. However, already in 1280, Brother David, Vasily Konstantinovich began an offensive to the Mari Principality. In one of the battles, the Mari Prince Kiye Khlyovsky was killed, and the principality was obliged to pay tribute Galich. The new Prince Marie, remaining the Danitor of the Galic Princes, resumed the cities of Shang and Yakshan, re-strengthened Bussexes and JUR (Bulaks - S. Odoyevskoe District, Yur - Settlement on the r. Yuryevka near the city of Vetlogi).

In the first half of the XIV century, Russian princes with Mari's active hostilities were not led, attracted Mari to their side to know, actively contributed to the spread among the Marie Christianity, they encouraged the transition to the Mari lands of Russian settlers.

In 1345, Galich Prince Andrei Semenovich (son of Simeon Proud) was married to the daughter of Mari Prince Nikita Ivanovich Baybooda (Mary's name Osh Pandas). Osh Pandas accepted Orthodoxy, and his daughter, Chrenne Maria, issued for Andrei. At the wedding in Galich was the second wife of Simeon Proud - the Euptraction, which on the legend, the Mari sorcerer from the envy brought damage. That, however, it cost Marries, without any consequences (Dementiev, 1894, p. 31-32).

Weapons and Martens / Cheremis Military

Notable Mari Warrior Mid XI century.

Kolchuga, helmet, sword, spear tip, score, tip swords, reconstructed using the excavation materials of the Sarah settlement.

The stamp on the sword is read as + lvnvecit + i.e. "Lun made" and is currently the only one in his own way.

The lanceal tip of the spear standing out by its dimensions (the first tip on the left) refers to the type I according to the classification of the brick and has, apparently, the Scandinavian origin.

The figure shows the warriors who occupy a low position in the social structure of the Mari Society of the second half of the XI century. Their set of weapons consists of commercial weapons and axes. In the foreground - an archer armed with onion, arrows, a knife and an eyeline. There are no data on the design features of the Mari Lukov at the moment. The reconstruction presents a simple onion and an arrow with a characteristic lunk tip. Bowlings and quiver storage cases apparently were performed from organic materials (in this case, leather and beret, respectively), about their form also nothing is known

In the second plan, a warrior armed with a massive promotion is depicted (it is very difficult to distinguish between a combat and commercial ax) with ax and several throwing spears with two-way sleeve and lanceal lugs.

In general, Mari warriors were armed quite typically for their time. Most of them, apparently, owned onions, axes, spears, seals, and fought in a walk, without applying dense constructions. Representatives of the tribal tops could afford expensive protective (chain and helmets) and offensive blade armaments (swords, scrathes).

The poor safety of the chain fragment found on the Sarah settlement does not allow for confidence to judge the method of weaving and the face of this protective element of weapons in general. One can only assume that they were typical for their time. Judging by the discovery of the ring, the tribal tip Cherems could use and more simple in the manufacture and cheap, compared to the mail, lamellar armor. The shecietic plates on the Sarah settlement was not found, but among the items occurring from Sarah-2, they are present. This suggests that Mari warriors, in any case, were familiar with such a design of the armor. The presence in the Mari complex of weapons that is also extremely likely. "Soft Armor" made from organic materials (leather, felt, cloth), tightly stuffed wool or horse hair and sophisticated. For quite understandable reasons, it is impossible to confirm the existence of this kind of armor archaeological data. Nothing definite can also be said about their face and appearance. Because of this, on reconstructions such armor is not reproduced.

No trace of using Mariers shields not found. However, the shields themselves are very rare archaeological find, and written and visual sources are extremely scarce and uninformative. In any case, the existence of shields in the Mari Set of Armament IX - XII centuries. Perhaps since the Slavs, and the Scandinavians, undoubtedly, in contact with the measure, were widely used by the shields, in fact, in fact, throughout Europe round, which is confirmed by both written and archaeological sources. Finding parts of the horse and rider equipment - strive, buckles, belt distributor, the tip of the vacuum, with the actual absence of armament items, specially adapted for cavalry fighting (peaks, sabers, brushes), allow us to conclude about the absence of cavalry . It is possible, with a very large share of caution, assume the presence of small equestrian detachments consisting of tribal nobility.

Reminds the situation with the equestrian warriors of Obzhrov.

The bulk of the troops of Cheremis, especially in the case of large military conflicts, consisted of militia. There was no permanent army, every free man could own weapons and was, if necessary, warrior. This makes it possible to assume the widespread use of Mariers in military conflicts of commercial weapons (bows, spears with double tips) and operating axes. The funds for the purchase of a specialized "combat" weapon, most likely, were only among representatives of the Social Top of Society. You can assume the existence of contingents of the warriors - professional warriors, for which the war was the main occupation.

As for the mobilization capabilities of the chronicle Mary, they were rather significant for their time.

In general, the Military potential of the Cherems can be assessed as high. The structure of its armed organization and the weapon complex over time was modified, enriched with elements borrowed from neighboring ethnic groups, but retaining some identity. These circumstances, along with a rather high population density for its time, and have a good economic potential allowed the Velluzhsky principality of Mariers to take a noticeable participation in the events of early Russian history.

Mariya Nagal Warrior. Reconstruction illustrations I. Jeys from the book "Kievskaya Rus" (Rosman Publishing House).

The legends of the Velluzhsky Bordershop have their own highlight. They usually have a girl. She can take revenge on the robber (be it Tatars or Russians), stir them in the river, for example, at the cost of their own life. It may be a girlfriend of the robber, but from jealousy - too, heat it (and to dry). And maybe herself be a robbery or a wipe.

Nikolai Fomin so depicted the Cheremis Warmer:

Very close and in my opinion - very veriss. You can use to create a "male version" of the Mari-Cheremis warriors. By the way, Fomin, apparently, did not dare to reconstruct the shield.

Marytsev National Suit:

Witch Witch in Mari

Mari names:

Male names

Abdai, Abla, Abukai, Abilec, Agei, Agish, Adai, Adenai, Adibek, Adim, Aim, Ait, Aydush, Aigusa, Ayduvan, Aiduch, Ayvak, Aymak, Aytuk, Ayplat, Azamat, Azmat, Azyay, Azambdy, Akaz, Akanai, Akipai, Akmazik, Akmanai, Akosa, Akpai, Akapar, Akpaas, Akosai, Aksai, Aksaran, Aksaj, Aktai, Aktanay, Aktana, Aktanga, Actuagan, Aktyagash, Aktyagash, Alatay, Albach, Alec, Almdai, Alkai, Almaxy, Alman, Almantai, Alpay, Altybai, Altah, Altysh, Alshik, Alla, Amash, Anai, Angish, Andughan, Ansyai, Anykay, Apay, Apakai, Apcear, Appaca, Appree, Assist, Arazgelda, Ardash, Asay, Asamuk, Askar, Aslan, Asmai, Attay, Atachet, Ayuy, Ashkeld, Ashtyayvay

Bikey, Bucky, Bakmat, Berdea

Waki, Valitpai, Varash, Wachy, Veneney, Varcan, Will, Vurspatyr

EKEY, ELGOZA, ELO, EMESH, EPIS, ESENEY

Born, Zengul, Zillay

Ibat, Ibrai, Ivuk, Idulbai, Isambai, Willow, Isierga, Isikay, Isimar, Izyrgen, Icak, Ilandai, Ilbaktai, Ilbaj, Ilmamat, Ilsek, Imai, Imakai, Imanai, Indyay, Ipai, Ipon, Irkebay, Isan, Izmena, Istak, Iti, ITI, Itykai, Ishim, Ishkeld, Ishko, Ishmet, Ibtershek

Yolgian, Yoray, Yormoshkan, York, Yyland, Yinash

Kavik, Cavail, Kaganay, Kazaklar, Kazmyr, Kazulay, Kakali, Kaluy, Kamai, Cambar, Chanis, Kani, Kanya, Karachi, Karach, Pocket, Kachak, Kebay, Kebiash, Keldush, Kelteki, Kelmeki, Kendagan, Kenchyjay, Kenjy, Cores, Kechim, Kilimbai, Kildugan, Kildyash, Kimai, Kinash, Kindu, Kirysh, Ciscelate, Cobays, Covia, Kogia, Cable, Kozhetor, Kozash, Cocker, Koksha, Kokshavui, Conakpai, Copon, Corey, Kubakai, Kugerge, Cougaye, Kulmet, Kulbat, Cults, Kumanai, Kumunzai, Kuri, Kurmanai, Kut., Kylak

Lagat, Laksyn, Paja, Levents, Levents, Loty,

Magaza, Madiya, Maksak, Mamoutai, Mamuch, Mamuk, Mamoumai, Mamut, Mankai, Mardan, Marzhan, Marshant, Masai, Mexes, Memes, Michu, Moise, Mukanai, Muli, Mustay

Ovedek, Ovty, Odigan, Ozambai, Ozati, Okthan, Oldigan, Onar, Onto, Onchep, Orai, Orliy, Orsik, Orsai, Orcham, Squin, Oskay, Oslah, Osh, Oshkeld, Oshpai, Örözöy, Ötömö

Paybacht, Payberda, Paigash, Piigish, Piygul, Pigius, Payigyt, Paider, Paidush, Paymas, Paymet, Paymurza, Paymyar, Paysar, Pakay, Pakye, Pakyt, Pakitte, Paktek, Pakshai, Paldai, Pangelda, Pask, Mobby, Patay, Patty, Patycle, Patyras, Pashhatley, Pashbek, Pashkan, Pegasha, Pegany, Paki, Peks, Beekt, Bepatyre, Pekpulat, Pectan, Pectash, Bectack, Pectagan, Pectygan, Pekshik, Petigan, Pekmet, Pibakai, Pibulat, Pidalaj, V. Jump, Show, Poltysh, Pomboy, Pravas, Pore, Farming, Portorsa, Ass, Posybey, Pulat, Pyrgynde

Rotkay, Ryazhan

Sabati, Savat, Savak, Savat, Savij, Savli, Saget, Sain, Sapaten, Satuke, Sakai, Saldai, Saldugan, Saldyk, Salmandai, Saldan, Samai, Samukai, Samut, Sanin, Sanuk, Sapai, Sapan, Sapar, Sarans, Sarpay, Sarbos, Sareva, Sardai, Sarcandai, Sarman, Sarmanai, Sarmat, Saslyk, Sataila, Satkai, Satki? P?, Semek, Semeless, Square, Sibay, Sidulay (Sydulay), Sidush, Cydai, Sipatyr, hundreds, SUANGUL, SUBE, SULTAN, SURMANAY, SITTAN

Tavgal, Thaiylate, Taigelda, Taiyr, Talmek, Tamas, Tanai, Tanakai, Tanagai, Tanatar, Tantuha, Taray, Tag, Tepaki, Tenbay, Tenickers, Tempa, Taire, Tylyak, Tyatyuy, Tilmem, Tilyak, Tingra, Tobulat, Togldey, Todanai, Toy, Toybachta, Toyblat, Toyvator, Toyagelda, Toyguza, Toydak, Toydemar, Toymek, Toydybek, Tokay, Tokamay, Tokmak, Tokmash, Tokmurza, Tokpai, Tokpulat, Toxubai, Toktai, Toktamysh, Toktanay, Toktar, Toktausch, Toksha, Toltumugak, Tolmet, Tolubai, Torut, Topkay, Torash, Torut, Tosai, Tosak, Totts, Tourbai, Tugai, Tulat, Tunai, Tunai, Tournaran, TÿтKY, TEMER, TURNABA, Tules, Sustaine, Tyabyanak, Trucks, Tyabli, Timing, Tryash

Uksai, Ultecha, URS, Urazai, Urs, teach

Around, Caak, Tsaratyar, Tsorakay, Tsetnay, Tsursh, Tsyduch

Chalai, Chapey, Cheken, Cheeky, Checher, Chutna, Chimai, Chicher, Chopan, Chopa, Chop, Chorak, Chorat, Chailor, Alien, Chuzai, Chumbalat (Chumbalad), Chotkah

Shabai, Shabidar, Shamans, Shadai, Shamaydan, Shamat, Shamray, Shamukai, Shamukor, Shik, Shikvava, Shimai, Spikey, Shogen, Shoot, Shumat, Shoot, Schyun

Ebat, Euva, Evrash, Eymeser, Ekai, Eclast, Elbacht, Eldush, Elpai, Elmurza, Elnet, Elpai, Emani, Emanai, Emash, Emequet, Emöldush, Emanai (Emian), Emayt, Enaai, Erakai, Epai, Epanai, Erakai , Erdu, Ermek, Hermat, Erpatyr, Esek, ESIC, ESCA, ESMEK, ESMETR, ESU, ESSAYAN, ETWAY, ETYUK, ESHAN, ESHAY, ESHE, ESHKEN, ESHMANAY, ESHMEK, ESHMY, ESHPIA (Ishpay), Eschplat, Eshthanay, Esterek

Yuadar, Jouanai (Yuvanai), Yuvan, Yuvash, Yuzai, Yuzkay, YuKez, Yuki, Yucer, Yumakai, Yushkeld, Yushtanay

Yaberda, Yagelda, Yagodar, Yadyk, Yaya, Yaka, Yakai, Yaky, Yakman, Yakterge, Yakut, Yakush, Yakshik, Yalkai, Yamai, Yalpai, Yaltai, Yamai, Yamak, Yamakai, Yamali, Yamanai, Yamatay, Yamba , Yambarsh, Yamember, Yamblates, Yambos, Yamet, Yamumb, Yamshan, Yamak, Mamc, Yanadar, Yanai, Yanak, Yanaktai, Yanash, Yanbadysh, Yanbasar, Yangay, Yangan (Yanyanan), Yangelde, Yanghet, Yangde, Yangaja, Yanguvat Yangul, Yangush, Yangys, Yandak, Yantsek, Yandugan, Yandula, Yanduhan (Yandula), Yandula, Yandygan, Yandylet, Yandysh, Yanja, Yanica, Yanseni, Yankiere (Yandemir), Yantcu, Yantzit, Yanzor, Yanchur (YANCHUR), Yanygit , Yanyk, Yanykai (Janikiy), Yapai, Napa, Yapush, Yaran, Yaran, Yaradai, Yarmia, Yasanap, Yatman, Yaush, Yashai, Yashkeld, Yashkot, Yashmak, Yashmurza, Yashpay, Yashpadar, Yashpatyr, Yashtugan

Women's names

Ivika, Aikavi, Acceptance, Aktalche, Alipa, Amina, Anai, Arnyavi, Arnyosha, Asavy, Asildik, Atystan, Atybalkilka, Achie

Baitabica

Yÿketch

Kazipa, Caypa, Canapa, Kelgaska, Celebre, Kigen's, Kinai, Kinichka, Cystail, Xylbick

Mayra, Makev, Malika, Mari (Mizhi), Marziva

Note, start

Ovdachi, Say, OVP, Ovech, Okalche, Okchu, Occin, Havings, Outi, Orina, Ochirts

Paizka, Payram, Pampalkie, Bareholder, Penalchers, Pious, Feed

Sagid, Saiwij, Saylan, Sakeva, Salika, Salima, Samiga, Sandyr, Saskaviy, Saskay, Saskanai, Sebichka, Soto, Syllvik

Ulya, Uanavy, Usti

Chang, Chatuk, Chaqi, Chilbick, Chinbay, Chinchi, Chichavi

Shavi, Shaldebayika

Evika, Equi, Elika, Ervius, Erwick, Eric

Yukchi, Yulavii

Yalce, Yambi, Yanipa

Public classes: A sedentary agricultural farming, developed crafts, metalworking combined with ancient traditional activities: collecting, hunting, fishing, beekeeping.
Note: Earth is very good and fertile.

Resources: Fish, honey, wax.

Rule of troops:

1. The detachment of the prince's bodyguards - horse-made heavy fighters with swords, in chains and lamellar armor, with spears, swords and shields. Helmet is an isochki, with sultans. The number of detachment is small.
Onyja - Prince.
Kugeza - Leader, Elder.

2. Druzhnikov - as on color illustration - in chains, hemispherical helmets, with swords and shields.
Patyr, Cedo - Warrior, Bogatyr.

3. Light-made warriors with darts and axes (without shields) in steganka. Without helmets in the headers.
Marie - Guys.

4. Archers with good strong bows and sharp arles. Without helmets. In quilted sleeveless.
Yumu - onions.

5. Special seasonal unit - Cheremis skier. Marytsev had - the Russian chronicles would be obstructing them.
kUAS - ski, skiing - kaace

The marries symbol - white elk - a symbol of nobility and strength. It indicates the presence of rich forests and meadows around the city, where these animals live.

The main colors of Mariers: Osh Mariy - White Marie. The Mari men called themselves, they glorified the whiteness of traditional clothes, the purity of their thoughts. The reason for this was primarily their familiar outfits, the above-mentioned custom put all the white. In winter and in the summer they put on white caftan, under the caftan - a white canvas shirt, on his head - a hat from white felt. And only dark red patterns embroidered on the shirt, along the canopy, made a variety and notable feature in white color of the whole robe.

Therefore, they must be made mainly - white-breeding. There were a lot of red-haired.

More ornament and embroidery:

And perhaps everything. The fraction is ready.

Here is more about Mariers, by the way affects the mystical aspect of traditions, can be useful.

Scientists belong to Mari to the group of Finno-Ugric peoples, but it is not entirely true. According to the ancient Mari Traditions, this people in distant times came from the ancient Iran, the birthplace of the Prophet Zarathustra, and settled along the Volga, where it was mixed with local Finno-Ugric tribes, but retained his originality. This version is confirmed by philology. According to the doctor of philological sciences, Professor of black, out of 100 Mari words 35 Finno-Ugorsky, 28 Turkic and Indoran, and the remaining Slavic origin and other peoples. Carefully examined the prayer texts of an ancient Mari religion, Professor of Black came to an amazing conclusion: the prayer words of Mari residents more than 50% have Indoran origin. It is in prayerful texts and preserved the PRAYASK of modern Mariers, an observed influence of the peoples with whom they had contacts in later periods.

Externally, Mariy residents are quite different from other Finno-Ugric peoples. As a rule, they are not very high growth, with dark hair, some colorful eyes. Mary girls at a young age are very beautiful, however, by forty years most of them are very agreed and either dried up, or acquire incredible sizes of completeness.

Markets remembers themselves under the rule of Khazar CO 2B. - 500 years, then under the rule of Bulgar 400, 400 under the Horde. 450 - under Russian principalities. According to ancient predictions, Mariers cannot live under someone more than 450-500 years. But they will not have an independent state. This cycle in 450-500 years is associated with the passage of comet.

Before the breakdown of the Bulgarian kaganate, namely at the end of 9V, Mariez had extensive spaces, and their number was more than a million people. This is the Rostov region, Moscow, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, the territory of modern Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, modern Marie El and Bashkir lands.

In the oldest times, the Maryan people managed the princes, which Mari men called Ohmami. The prince joined the functions of both the warlord and the high priest. Many of them, Mari religion considers saints. Saint Maryski - Shoe. In order for the person to recognize the saints should pass 77 years. If, after this period, healing from diseases, and other miracles occur, and other wonders, then the dead recognize the saints.

Often, such holy princes possessed various extraordinary abilities, and were in one person a righteous sage and merciless to the enemy of their people by the warrior. After Markets finally fallen under the power of other tribes, they did not become princes. And the religious function is performed by the priest of their religion - cards. The supreme cards of all Mariers are elected by the Council of All Maps and its powers as part of its religion approximately equal to the powers of the Patriarch in Orthodox Christians.

In the ancient times, Mariers really believed in many gods, each of which reflected some element or strength. However, at the time of the unification of the Mari tribes, as well as the Slavs, the Marytsev has an acute political and religious need for religious reformation.

But Markets did not go along the path of Vladimir Red Solnyh and did not accept Christianity, but changed their own religion. The reformer was the Mari Prince of Kurkugz, which now Mariy residents are honored for the saint. Kurkugz studied other religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism. Help him to learn other religions trading people from other principalities and tribes. The prince also studied the shamanism of the northern peoples. Upon learning of all religions in detail, he reformed the old Mari religion and introduced the cult of reverence of the Supreme God - Osh Tun Kuga Yumu, the Vladyka of the Universe.

This is an idea of \u200b\u200bthe Great One God, responsible for power and management of all other hypostasis (embodiments) of a single God. With it, it was determined the primacy of the hatred of a single God. The main of which were Anavarem Yumu, Ilyan Yumu, Pierce Yumu. The prince did not forget his relationship and the roots with the people of the measure, with whom Mariers lived in harmony and had general linguistic and religious roots. Hence the deity of the UMU.

Ser Lagash is an analogue of the Christian Savior, however, non-human. This is also one of the Most High Ipostasis, which arose under the influence of Christianity. An analogue of the Christian Mother's Christian Mother became a shock. MLANDA AVA - IPOST IS A Single God, responsible for fertility. Perpet Ava - Ipostaska a single God responsible for savings and abundance. Yuma Tyune - Heavenly Dome, which consists of nine kawa hums (heaven). Kechie Ava (Sun), Shdid Ava (Stars), Tarwis Ava (Moon) is the top tier. Nizhny tier - MARDEZH AVA (wind), dust Ava (clouds), Vit Ava (water), Cudrich Yuma (Thunder), Volgech Yuma (zipper). If the deity ends in Yumu is the Oz (master, lord). And if it ends on Ava, then the force.

Thank you, if you read to the end ...

Marie - Finno-Ugric people, who is important to call with an emphasis on the letter "and", since the word "Marie" with an emphasis on the first vowel - the name of an ancient destroyed city. Immersing the history of the people, it is important to learn the correct pronunciation of his name, traditions and customs.

Legend of the origin of the mountain Mari

Marie believe that their people come from another planet. Somewhere in the constellation the nest lived a bird. It was a duck that flew to the ground. Here she postponed two eggs. Of these, the first two people were born, which were brothers, as they had from one mum-duck. One of them was kind, and the other is evil. It was from them that went life on earth, good and evil people were born.

Markets know the space well. They are familiar with the celestial bodies who are known for modern astronomy. This people still retain their specific names of the components of the space. Large bear is called Else, and the pleiad is a nest. The Milky Way in Marijtsev is a stellar road, according to God.

Language and writing

Marities have their own language, which is part of the Finno-Ugric Group. It has four adverbs:

• eastern;
• northwest;
• mining;
• meadow.

Up to the 16th century, mountain marines did not have the alphabet. The first alphabet on which their language was able to record, was Cyrillic. Its final creation occurred in 1938, thanks to which Markets received writing.

Thanks to the appearance of the alphabet, it was possible to record the Mari Folklore, represented by fairy tales and songs.

Religion of the Mountain Mari.

Vera Marie was pagan before his acquaintance with Christianity. Among the gods there were many female deities left on the time of the matriarchate. Only the goddesses of Mothers (Ava) in their religion were 14. The temples and altar Marie did not build, they prayed in the groves under the guidance of their priests (cards). Having become acquainted with Christianity, the people switched to it, retaining syncretism, that is, connecting Christian rites with pagan. Part of Marihtsev accepted Islam.

Once upon a time in Mari settlement there lived a raining girl of extraordinary beauty. Calling God's wrath, she was turned into a terrible creation with huge breasts, coal-black hair and turned around the contrary. Many avoided her, fearing that she would curse them. It was aware that the Oda settled on the edge of the villages near the deaf forests or deep ravines. In the old days, our ancestors have repeatedly met her, but we are already unlikely to ever see this frightening appearance to the girl. According to legends, she disappeared into dark caves, where he lives alone to this day.

The name of this place is Odo-Kuryk, it is translated - the Mountain of the Oddy. Forest forest, in the depths of which megalites are hidden. Boulders of giant sizes and perfect rectangular shapes, folded so that form a gear wall. But they will not immediately notice, it seems that someone consciously hid them from a human view.

However, scientists believe that this is not a cave, but a fortress built by mountain marines specially for defense from hostile tribes - Udmurts. The location of the defensive structure - Mountain played a major role. A steep descent, replaced by a sharp rise, at the same time was the main obstacle to the rapid movement of enemies and the main advantage for Mariez, as they, knowing the secret trails, could move imperceptibly and shoot.

But the unknown remains, as Mariers managed to build such a monumental structure from megaliths, because for this it is necessary to have untreated force. Perhaps only creatures from myths are able to create something similar. Hence the belief appeared that the fortress was built by WDD, in order to hide his cave from human eyes.

In this regard, the Odo-Kuryk is surrounded by a special energy. People who have extrasensory abilities come here to find the source of this energy - the Cave of the Oddy. But local residents are trying once again not to pass by this mountain, afraid to disturb the peace of this wayward and dismissed woman. After all, the consequences can be unpredictable, as well as its character.

The famous artist Ivan Yambdov, in whose paintings the main cultural values \u200b\u200band traditions of the Mari people are expressed, considers Wood not a terrible and evil monster, but sees in it the beginning of nature itself. OVDA is a powerful, constantly changing, cosmic energy. Rewriting pictures with the image of this creature, the artist never makes copies, every time this is a unique original, which once again confirms the words of Ivan Mikhailovich on the variability of this female natural principle.

To this day, the mountain marine marines believe in the existence of the Oddy, despite the fact that no one has seen her for a long time. Currently, its name is most often called local signs, leading and herbalists. They are respected and afraid because they are the guides of natural energy into our world. They are able to feel it and manage its streams, which distinguishes them from ordinary people.

Life cycle and rites

Family at Marijtsev monogamous. The life cycle is divided into certain parts. The big event was a wedding, which acquired the nature of the universal holiday. For the bride paid redemption. In addition, she had to get dowry, even pets. Weddings were noisy and crowded - with songs, dancing, wedding train and in festive national costumes.

Funeral was distinguished by special rites. The cult of the ancestors imposed an imprint not only on the history of the people of Mountain Markets, but also on funeral clothing. The deceased Mariez was necessarily dressed in the winter hat and mittens and drove into a graveyard in a sleigh, even if it was warm outside. Together with the dead in the grave put items that can help in the afterlife: cut nails, barbed rose branches, a piece of canvas. The nails were needed to climb on the rocks in the world of the dead, spiny branches to drive out evil snakes and dogs, and on the canvas go to the afterlife.

This people have musical instruments accompanying different events in life. This is a wooden pipe, a sweater, a hussley and a drum. The traditional medicine is developed, the recipes of which are associated with the positive and negative concepts of the world order - the vital force originating from the space, the will of the gods, a slogony, damage.

Traditions and modernity

For Marie, it is natural to the traditions of traditions and customs of the mountain Mariers to today. They are very honored by nature, which ensures them all necessary. When making Christianity, they retained many folk customs from pagan life. They used to regulate life until the beginning of the 20th century. For example, the divorce was drawn up by tying a pair of rope and then cutting it.

At the end of the 19th century, Mari has a sect that tried to upgrade paganism. The religious sect of CUGA varieties ("big candle") is still valid. Recently, public organizations have been formed, which set themselves the goal to return to the modern life of the traditions and customs of the ancient lifestyle of Marytsev.

The farm of the mountainy

The basis for the nutrition of Mariers was agriculture. This people grown different grains, hemp and flax. Rooted roots and hops were planted on the gardens. From the 19th century, potatoes began to breed massively. In addition to the garden and the field held animals, but it was not the main direction of agriculture. Animals in the farm were different - small and cattle, horses.

A little more than a third of the Mary Marytsev had no land at all. The main article of their income was the production of honey, first in the form of Bortnovsky, then independent breeding of the hives. Also, landless representatives were engaged in fishing, hunting, harvesting and fusion of the forest. When enterprises in logging appeared, many Marie representatives went there for earnings.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, Mariy residents made most of the labor and hunting tools. Agriculture was engaged in the help of soils, hoes and Tatar plows. For hunting used trays of wood, horns, onions and silicon rifles. At home they were engaged in cutting out of wood, casting handicraft silver jewelry, women embroidered. Methods of movement were also homegrown - covered carts and carts in summer, sleigh and ski in winter.

Mariy life

This people lived in large communities. Each such community was made up of several villages. In antiquity, as part of one community could be small (urmat) and large (satuned) generic education. Markets lived in small families, crowded very rarely met. Most often, they preferred to live among representatives of their people, although sometimes mixed communities with chudues and Russians came across. The appearance of mountain marries is not much different from the Russians.

In the XIX century, Mari settlements were a street structure. Plots standing in two rows along one line (street). The house is a bartal roof frame consisting of a cage, hay and hut. In each hollow, there was a big Russian oven and a kitchen, fenced off from the residential part. Three walls stood shops, in one corner - the table and the master chair, the "Red Angle", shelves with dishes, in the other - bed and nara. So basically looked Marytsev's winter house.

In the summer they lived in cuts without a ceiling with a duplex, sometimes a single-bedain roof and an earthen floor. The center organized the hearth, over whom the boiler was hung, a hole was made to withdraw a smoke from huts in the roof.

In addition to the master's hut, a tight used as a pantry, a cellar, hlev, a shed, a chicken coop and a bathhouse in the yard. Rich Mariers built a crate in two floors with a gallery and a balcony. The lower floor was used as a cellar, stores food in it, and the upper floor - like a barn for utensils.

National cuisine

The characteristic feature of Mariers in the kitchen - soup with dumplings, dumplings, sausage, cooked from cereals with blood, dried horse, puff pancakes, pies with fish, eggs, potatoes or hemp seed and traditional fresh bread. There are also specific dishes such as fried protein meat, baked hedgehog, fish flour cakes. Frequent drinks on the tables were beer, honeycomb, patch (degreased cream). Who knew that he drove potato or grain vodka at home.

Marytsev clothes

The National Mountain Marine Suit is pants, a swing caftan, a waist towel and a belt. For sewing they took a domain fabric of flax and cannabis. Male costume included several hats: hats, hats from felt with small fields, hats resembling modern apparens for the forest. Napti, boots made of leather, boots were put on their feet, so that the shoes did not go out, the high wooden soles were nailed to it.

Ethnic women's costume from male distinguished the presence of an alarm, waist suspension and all sorts of decorations of beads, seashells, coins, silver fasteners. There were also various hats, which only laid married women:

• shhymaksh - like a cap in the form of a cone on a frame of Berestov with a ward on the back of the head;
• forty - resembles a kick, which was worn by Russian girls, but with high sides and lowest, hanging on the forehead;
• tarpan is a head towel with eyelaver.

The national outfit can be seen on the mountain markers, the photos of which are presented above. Today it is an integral attribute of the wedding ceremony. Of course, the traditional costume was somewhat changed. Details appeared that distinguish him from what ancestors were worn. For example, now a white shirt is combined with a colorful apron, the upper clothes are decorated with embroidery and ribbons, belt tkut from multi-colored threads, and caftans sew from green or black fabric.

Marities, previously known as Chelers, were famous for their militia. Today they are called the latest pagans of Europe, since the people managed to carry a national religion through the century, which there is still a significant part of it. This fact will surprise even more if you know that the writing of the people of Marie appeared only in the XVIII century.

Name

The self-sizing of the Mari people dates back to the word "Marie" or "Mari", which means "man." A number of scientists believe that it can be associated with the name of the ancient Russian people of Mary, or a measure that dwells in the territory of modern Central Russia and mentioned in a number of chronicle.

In ancient times, mountain and meadow tribes that dwell in the Volga-Vyatsky interfluid were called Cheremis. The first mention of them in the year 960 is found in the letter of Kagan Khazaria Joseph: he mentioned the "tsundas" among the nations who paid Kaganat Dan. The Russian chronicles celebrated the Chelemasons much later, only in the XIII century, along with the mordeland, ranked them to the peoples inhabited on the Volga River.
The meaning of the name "Cheremis" is not fully established. It is known for certain that part of "MIS", as well as "Marie," means "man." However, how this person was, the opinions of researchers disagree. One of the versions refers to the Turkic root of the "Cher", meaning "fighting, fighting." From him, the word "Yanychar" occurs. This version looks plausible, since the Mari language is the most turcue from the entire Finno-Ugric group.

Where live

More than 50% of Marier lives in the territory of the Republic of Mari El, where 41.8% of its population is. The republic is the subject of the Russian Federation and is part of the Volga Federal District. The capital of the region is the city of Yoshkar-Ola.
The main area of \u200b\u200bresidence of the nationality is the dissimilar zone of the metropolitan and Vyatka. However, depending on the place of resettlement, language and cultural characteristics, 4 groups of Mariy residents are distinguished:

1. Northwestern. Live outside Mari El, in the territory of the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Their language is significantly different from the traditional, but they did not exist with their own writing until 2005, when the first book was published in the national language of the North-Western Mari.
2. Mountain. In modern times, it is small - about 30-50 thousand people. Inhabit in the western part of Mari El, mainly on the southern, partly on the northern banks of the Volga. The cultural differences of the mountain marines began to form in the X-XI centuries, due to the close communication with the Chuvas and the Russians. Have their own skimmeri language and writing.
3. Eastern. A significant group consisting of migrants of the Lugovo part of the Volga in Ural and Bashkortostan.
4. Meadow. The largest largest and cultural influence of a group residing in the Volga-Vyatka interfluacy in the Republic of Mari El.

The last two groups are often combined into one due to the maximum similarity of language, historical and cultural factors. They form groups of meadow-eastern Mariers with their own meadow-oriental language and writing.

Number

The number of Mariers, according to the 2010 census, is more than 574 thousand people. Most of them, 290 thousand, live in the Republic of Mari El, which means "Edge, Mainean's Motherland." A little smaller, however, the largest community outside Mari El is located in Bashkiria - 103 thousand people.

The remaining part of Mariers inhabits the regions of the Volga region and the Urals, lives throughout Russia and beyond. A significant part lives in the Chelyabinsk and Tomsk regions, Khanty-Mansiysk JSC.
The largest diasporas:

• Kirov region - 29.5 thousand people.
• Tatarstan - 18.8 thousand people.
• Udmurtia - 8 thousand people.
• Sverdlovsk region - 23.8 thousand people.
• Perm region - 4.1 thousand people.
• Kazakhstan - 4 thousand people.
• Ukraine - 4 thousand people.
• Uzbekistan - 3 thousand people.

Language

The meadow-East Mari language, which, along with Russian and the Gornariy, state in the Republic of Mari El, is part of the Great Group of Finno-Ugric Languages. And also, along with Udmurt, Komi, Sami, Mordovian, is included in the small Finno-Perm group.
There is no accurate data on the origin of the language. It is believed that he was formed in the Volga region before the X century on the basis of Finno-Ugric and Turkic dialects. Significant changes, he underwent in the period of the entry of Mariers in the composition of the Golden Horde and Kazan Kaganata.
Mari writing arose quite late, only in the second half of the XVIII century. Because of this, there are no written evidence of the life, life and culture of Mariers throughout their formation and development.
The alphabet was created on the basis of Cyrillic, and the first text preserved to this day on Marius refers to 1767. He was created by the skimmer who studied in Kazan, and he was dedicated to the arrival of Empress Catherine the second. The modern alphabet was created in 1870. Today, a number of national newspapers and magazines and magazines are published in the Lugovo-Eastern Marizh language, it is studied in Bashkiria schools and Mari El.

History

The ancestors of the Mari nation began to master the modern Volga-Vyatka territory at the beginning of the first millennium of the new era. They migrated from the southern and western regions east under pressure from the aggressive Slavic and Turkic peoples. This led to assimilation and partial discriminations of Permian, the originally inhabited in this territory.

Part of the Mariers adheres to the version that the ancestors of the people in the distant past came to the Volga from the ancient Iran. After an assimilation with the tribes of Finno-Ugroms and Slavs living here, however, the originality of the people was partially preserved. In favor of this, studies of philologists say, noting that in the Mari language there are indoire enclosures. This is especially true of ancient prayer texts, which practically did not change over the centuries.
By the VII-VIII century, the pramarians moved to the north, taking the territory between the wind and Vyatka, where they live until today. During this period, Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes were seriously influenced by the formation of culture and mentality.
The next stage of the history of Cheremsov belongs to the X-XIV centuries, when Eastern Slavs were closest to their neighbors from the West, and from the South and East - the Volga Bulgars, Khazars, and then Tatar-Mongols. For a long time, Marie's people were depending on the Golden Horde, and then from the Kazan Khanate, who paid tribute to the fur and honey. Part of the Mari lands were influenced by Russian princes and, according to the chronicles of the XII century, was also subject to tribute. Over the centuries, Cheremisas had to be lavailed between the Kazan Khanate and the Russian authorities who tried to attract the nationality whose number at that time was up to a million people, to his side.
In the XV century, in the period of aggressive attempts of Ivan the Terrible to overthrow Kazan, the mountain marines moved to the power of the king, and the meadow supported Khanate. However, in connection with the victory of Russian troops, in 1523 the land became part of the Russian state. However, the name of the Cheremis tribe is not in vain means "militant": next year it rebelled and overthrew the temporary rulers until 1546. In the future, the bloody "Cheremis Wars" broke out twice in the struggle for national independence, the overthrow of the feudal regime and the elimination of Russian expansion.
The next 400 years of the life of the people proceeded relatively calmly: having achieved the preservation of national authenticity and the ability to practice their own religion, Mariy residents were engaged in the development of agriculture and crafts, without interfering with the country's socio-political life. After the revolution, Mari Autonomy was formed, in 1936 - the Mari ASSR, in 1992 she was assigned the modern name of the Republic of Mari El.

Appearance

The Anthropology of Mariers dates back to the ancientural community, which has formed a distinctive feature of the appearance of the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group as a result of mixing with the Europeanoids. Genetic studies show the presence of Gaplogroups of N, N2A, N3A1 in the Marines, which are also at Veps, Udmurt, Finns, Komi, Chuvash and Baltintians. Autosomal studies have shown relatives with Kazan Tatars.

Anthropological type of modern Mariers - Suburaral. The Ural Race is intermediate between the mongoloid and the Europeanoid. Marytsev has more, compared to the traditional form, the Mongoloid signs.
Distinctive features of appearance are:

• medium height;
• yellowish or darker than in the europeroid, skin color;
• almond-shaped, slightly diagonal eyes with lowered downside corners;
• straight, dense hair of a dark or light blue shade;
• speakers.

clothing

Men's and female traditional costumes were similar in configuration, but female decorated more brightly and richly. So, the daily outfit consisted of a similar to the tunic of a shirt, which had a long woman, and men did not reach the knees. Under it, spacious pants were put on top of the caftan.

Sweatwear sewed from dominant matter, which was made from hemp fibers or woolen threads. The female suit was supplemented with an embired apron, ornaments were decorated with sleeves, cuffs and a shirt gate. Traditional patterns - horses, solar signs, plants and flowers, birds, lamb horns. In the cold season, they put on top of her on top of her, Tulup and sheep's fur coats were put on.
The required element of the costume is a belt or waist winding of a linen piece of matter. Women complemented her pendants from coins, beads, seashells, chains. The shoes were made of a scroll or leather, in the swampy terrain it was supplied with special wooden platforms.
Men wore high hats with narrow fields and towards, because most of the time was spent outside the house: on the field, in the forest or on the river. Women's hats were famous for great variety. The Russians were borrowed from the Russians, the Sharpan was popular with popularity, that is, tied around the head of a towel, bonded by eyebreaker - a narrow strip of fabric, embroidered with traditional ornaments. The distinguishing element of the bride's wedding costume is a bulk chest ornament from coins and metal decorative elements. It was considered a family relic and was transmitted from generation to generation. The weight of such a decoration could reach up to 35 kilograms. Depending on the place of residence, the features of costumes, ornaments and colors could differ significantly.

Men

The Mary residents had a patriarchal family structure: a man was the main thing, but in the case of his death, a woman got up at the head of the family. In general, the relationship was equal, although all public issues were on the shoulders of a man. For a long time in Mari settlements there were remnants of Levirat and Cores, having praised women's rights, but most of them did not adhere to them.

Women

A woman in the Mari family played the role of the keeper of a homemade hearth. It was appreciated by hardworking, humility, economic, good nature, maternal qualities. Since a solid dowry was exhibited for the bride, and its role was significant, the girls were married later than the young men. It often happened that the bride was 5-7 years older. The guys tried to marry as early as possible, often aged 15-16 years.

Family manner

After the wedding, the bride went to live in the house of her husband, so the family from Marie was big. Often, the families of the brothers were adjacent to them, the senior and subsequent generations lived together, the number of which reached 3-4. The head of the economy was the older woman, the wife of the head of the family. She distributed to children, grandchildren and daughters of instructions on the farm, followed material well-being.
Children in the family were considered the highest happiness, manifestation of the blessing of the Great God, so they gave birth a lot and often. Education was engaged in the mother and the older generation: children did not pampered and since childhood was accustomed to work, but never offended. The divorce was considered disgraced, and the permission to him had to ask for the main minister of faith. The couples who expressed a similar desire, tied back to each other on the main village area, while those waited for solutions. If the divorce took place at the request of a woman, her hair was cut, as a sign that she is no longer married.

Housing

Marie for a long time lived in typical old-worker cuts from a duplex roof. They consisted of hay and residential part, in which the kitchen with the stove separately fell separately, shops were nailed to the walls for overnight. The bath and hygiene played a special role: in front of any important thing, especially the prayer and conducting rituals, it was necessary to wash. It symbolized the cleansing of the body and thoughts.

A life

The main occupation of the people of Marie was agriculture of a pasha type. Field crops - Prista, Oats, Len, hemp, buckwheat, oats, barley, rye, turnip. In the gardens put carrots, hops, cabbage, potatoes, radish, onions.
Livestock was less common, however, for personal use, birds, horses, cows and sheep were bred. But goats and pigs were considered unclean animals. Among men's crafts, wood carving and silver processing for the manufacture of jewelry was highlighted.
From antiquity they were engaged in Borutnsky, and later and baking beekeeping. Honey was used in cooking, made crumpled drinks from it, and also actively exported to neighboring regions. Beekeeping is distributed today, being a good source of income for villagers.

Culture

Due to lack of writing, Mari culture focuses in oral folk art: fairy tales, songs and legends, which since childhood teaches children a senior generation. Authentic musical instrument - Shvwier, analog of boils. It was made from the water bladder of a cow supplemented by a ram horn and a tube. He imitated natural sounds, along with the drum accompanied songs and dances.

There was a special dance-cleansing from evil spirits. It took part in it, consisting of two guys and girls, sometimes all residents of the settlement participated in the festivities. One of his characteristic elements is the twist, or the shot: the rapid synchronous movement of the legs in one place.

Religion

A special role in the life of the people of Marie in all a century was played by religion. Until now, the traditional religion of Marie, which is officially registered. It confesses about 6% of Mariers, but rituals are observed by many. The people always tolerantly belonged to other religions, therefore, the national religion is right with Orthodoxy.
Traditional religion Marie proclaims faith in the strength of nature, into the unity of all people and everything that is on earth. Here they believe in the single space god Osh Kugu-Yumu, or the Big White God. According to the legend, he instructed the evil spirit yyna to remove a piece of clay from the world's ocean, from which KUGU-YUMO did the Earth. His part of the clay yyn threw on the ground: so the mountains turned out. From the same material KUGU-YUMO created a man, and the soul brought him from heaven.

In total, there are about 140 gods and spirits in the pantheon, but only some are very honored:

• Ilyashe Shokhn-Ava - Analogue of Our Lady, Goddess of Birth
• JUMU - manages all worldly affairs
• Mland Ava - Goddess of Earth
• Puresho - God of Fate
• Aziren - Death itself

Mass ritual prayions occur several times a year in sacred groves: they are total from 300 to 400 across the country. At the same time, ministry can occur in the grove. One or more of the gods, each of which bring victims in the form of food, money, parts of animals. The altar is made in the form of a flooring of fir branches established near the sacred tree.

Come to the grove in large boilers, they prepare food brought with them: meat geese and ducks, as well as special pies from the blood of birds and cereals. After under the leadership, the map is an analogue of the shaman or priest, the prayer begins, which lasts up to an hour. Ends the rite of consumption of cooked and harvested grove.

Traditions

The most complete ancient traditions are preserved in wedding and funeral rites. The wedding always started with a noisy redemption, after the young on the cart or sleigh covered with bearish skin, headed to the card for making a wedding rite. All the way the groom clicked a special braid, drivening out evil spirits from the future wife: this whip then remained in the family for life. In addition, their hands were associated with a towel, which symbolized the connection to the rest of his life. So far, the tradition of the oven is still preserved after the wedding pancakes for a new man.

Of particular interest causes funeral rites. At any time of the year, the deceased was delivered to the graveyard on her sleigh, and in Mountains put in winter clothes, supplying a set of things. Among them:

• linen towel, according to which he will go down to the kingdom of the dead - from here there was an expression "tablecloth";
• rosehip branches to drive away dogs and snakes guarding the afterlife;
• clustered nails during the lifetime to cling them for rocks and mountains on the way;

After forty days, no less terrible custom made: the friend of the deceased was falling in his clothes and sat down with closest deceased in one table. He was accepted for the deceased and asked him questions about life on the world, they passed the lead, reported news. During the general holidays, the commemoration also remembered the deceased: they were covered with a separate table, which the hostess raised all the treats, which was cooked for living.

Famous Mariers.

One of the most famous Mariers - Actor Oleg Taktarov, who played in the films "Viy" and "Predators". All over the world, he knows how the "Russian Bear", the winner of cruel fights without the UFC rules, although in fact his roots lead to the ancient people of Marie.

The living embodiment of the real Mariy Beauty - "Black Angel" Varda, whose mother was by Mariy's nationality. She is known as a singer, dancer, fashion model and owner of seductive forms.

The special charm of Marytsev is a soft character and a mentality based on the adoption of all things. Tolerance to others, coupled with the ability to defend their own rights, allowed them to preserve their authenticity and national flavor.

Video

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And, I tell you, bringing so far the bloody sacrifices of God.

At the invitation of the organizers of the International Conference dedicated to languages \u200b\u200bin computers, visited the capital Mari El - Yoshkar Ole.

Yoshkar is red, and Ola, I have already forgotten what it means, as the city at Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bjust "Car" (in the words Syktyvkar, Kudymkar, for example, or Shepashkar - Cheboksary).

And Markets - Finno-Ugry, i.e. Related in the High Language, Nenets, Hantam, Udmurts, Estonians and, Semesna, Finnam. Hundreds of years of joint residence with Turks also played a role - there are many borrowing, for example, in their welcoming speech, a high-ranking official called the founders of the only radio broadcasting in the Mari language, radio.

Markets are very proud to be stubborn resistance to the troops of Ivan Grozny. One of the bright Mariers, the Oppositionist Light Shemeir (Vladimir Kozlov) wrote even a book about the defense Mari of Kazan.

We had something to lose, in contrast to the part of the Tatars, who were relative to Ivan Grozny, and actually changed one khan to another, "he says (for some versions, Wardah Ubaan did not know even Russian).

Here, Mary El appears from the train window. Swamps and Marie.

Someone is snow.

This is a Buryat colleague in the first minutes of entry into the Mari Earth. Frank Badangarov - a participant in the conference in Yakutsk, which took place in 2008.

We consider the monument to the famous Mariers - Jõvan Kyrla. Remember Mustafa from the first Soviet soundtrack? He was a poet and actor. Repressed in 1937 on charges of bourgeois nationalism. The reason served as a fight in a restaurant with sweeping students.

He died in one of the Ural camps from hunger in 1943.

On the monument he rides Dresin. And sings the Mari song about the cunits.

And this is our owners. The fifth left is the legendary personality. That same radio - Chasyshev Andrei. He is famous for the fact that once wrote a letter to Bill Gates.

"As I was then naive, I did not know much, I didn't understand much ..." he says, "it was not from journalists from the removal, I began to pick up - again the first channel, and do you have a Bibisi ..."

After the rest, we were led to the museum. Which specially opened for us. By the way, in a letter, the radio was wrote: "Dear Bill Gates, buying a licensed package" Winduses ", we paid you, so please include five Mari letters in standard fonts."

It is surprising that Mary's inscriptions everywhere. Although there were no special gingerbread knutov, and no responsibility of owners for not writing a sign on the second state language are not carried. Employees of the Ministry of Culture say that they simply talk to the souls with them. Well, a secret said that the chief architect of the city is played in this matter.

Here is such awick. In fact, what is the name of a charming guide, I do not know, but the most popular female name in Marijtsev is Ivik. Emphasis on the last syllable. And still Salika. There is even a television film on Marius, with Russian and English subtitles with the same name. I brought this as a gift to one Yakut Maryza - asked his native aunt.

Exuccia is curious - to get acquainted with the life and culture of Mariers are offered to be traced the fate of the Mari Girl. Of course, her name is Ivik))). Birth.

The Ivik seems to be in the cradle (not visible).

This is a holiday with a rich, type of carol.

"Bear" has a mask from Beresta.

See, Ivik blows into the pipe? It she grabbies the district that she became a girl and it is time for her to marry. Some initiation rite. Some hot Finno-Ugric guys))) Immediately, also wanted to notify the district about your readiness ... But they were told that the pipe is different))).

Traditional three-layer pancakes. Bake to the wedding.

Pay attention to the monista of the bride.

It turns out that conquering Cheremsov, Ivan the Terrible forbade the foreigners a blacksmithing business - so that the weapons did not come. And I had to make markers to do from coins.

One of the traditional classes is fishing.

Borthernastrhea - picking up honey of wild bees - also an ancient lesson of Mariers.

Livestock.

Here is the Finno-Ugry: in the sleeveless, the representative of the people of Mansi (photographs), in a suit - a man from the Republic of Komi, behind him, Estonian.

End of life.

Pay attention to the bird on the rod - cuckoo. The link between the worlds of the living and the dead.

That's where our cuckoo, cuckoo, how much remains me? "

And this is a priest in a sacred birch grove. Maps or cards. So far, they say, about 500 sacred groves have been preserved - a kind of temples. Where Marys bring sacrifice to their gods. Bloody. Usually a chicken, goose or lamb.

Employee of the Udmurt Institute for Administration of Teachers, Administrator of the Udmurt Wikipedia Denis of Sugar. As a true scientist, Denis, a supporter of a scientific, not a "hatchardative" approach in promoting languages \u200b\u200bto the network.

As you can see Mariez make up 43% of the inhabitants. The second in numbers after the Russians, koih 47.5%.

Mariy residents are mainly divided by language on mountain and meadow. Mountains live on the right bank of the Volga (in the direction of Chuvashia and Mordovia). Languages \u200b\u200bare so distinguishable that there are two Wikipedias - at the Gorogonian and Lugovarian languages.

Questions about the Cheremis Wars (30-year resistance) asks the Bashkir colleague. Girl in white in the background - an employee of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the sphere of his scientific interest calls - what would you think? - Identity of ormpic events. This summer is going to the Tour of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and may even come to the village of Yesse. We wish good luck to the fragile urban girl in the development of non-frost even in the summer of Polar expanses.

Picture next to the museum.

After the museum, waiting for the beginning of the meeting was walked through the city center.

This slogan is extremely popular.

The city center is actively rebuilt by the current head of the republic. And in a single style. Pseudovizante.

Even the mini-Kremlin was built. Which, they say is almost always closed.

On the main square on the one hand, the monument to the Sacrot, on the other - the conqueror. Guests of the city are chicked.

Here is another attraction - clock with donkey (or mule?).

Marika tells about the donkey, as he became an informal symbol of the city.

Soon trips three hours - and the donkey will come out.

We admire the donkey. As you understand - Donkey is not simple - he brought Christ to Jerusalem.

Participant from Kalmykia.

And this is the same "conqueror." The first imperial governor.

UPD: Pay attention to the coat of arms of Yoshkar-Ola - Soon it, they say, will be removed. Someone in the city council decided to make moose horned. But, maybe this is to sue conversations.

UPD2: The coat of arms and the flag of the republic have already changed. Markelov - And no one doubts that this is he, although he voted the parliament - replaced the Mari Cross on the bear with a sword. The sword looks down and in the sheath. Symbolically, right? In the picture - the old Mari coat of arms has not yet been removed.

Here was a plenary conference meeting. No, sign in honor of another event)))

Curious thing. In Russian and Marih ;-) In fact, everything was right on other signs. Street by Mariysk - Ura.

Shop - Kevyt.

As one colleague was gladly noticed, who once visited us - the landscape resembles Yakutsk. It is sad that our hometown appears in such a guise.

Language is alive if in demand.

But still need to provide technical side - the ability to print.

Our wiki is among the first in Russia.

Absolutely faithful remark of Mr. Leonid Somsa - Gondira "Linux-Inc." (Peter): the state seems to notice the problem. By the way, Linux-Inc. is developing a browser, Spell Checker and an office for self-sufficient Abkhazia. Naturally on the Abkhaz language.

Actually, the conference participants tried to answer this is a sacramental question.

Pay attention to the amounts. This is to create from scratch. For a whole republic - the only trifle.

Report by the Bashkir Institute of Humanitarian Research. Familiar with our Vasily Migalkane. Bashkortostan linguists began to approach the so-called. Language case - a comprehensive language codification.

And in the Presidium sits the main organizer of the action, the worker of the Mari Ministry of Consult Eric Yusikin. Freely speaks in Estonian and Finnish. Owned his native language already as an adult, in many respects, it is recognized due to the spouse. Now he teaches the language of his children.

DJ "Radio Mari El", Admin Lugovaria Vicky.

Representative of the Foundation "Word". A very promising Russian fund, which is ready to support projects for minority languages.

Wikimedists.

And these are the very new buildings in quasi-Italian style.

These Muscovites began to build a casino, but on time a decree on their ban arrived.

In general, the question about who finances all the "Byzantium" responds that the budget.

If we talk about the economy, in the republic were (and there is probably military plants for the production of legendary Rockets C-300. Because of this, before Yoshkar-Ola, even was a closed territory. As our Tiksi.