Folk crafts are dying in Bashkiria. Industry, home production and crafts of the Bashkirs

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Introduction

In the summer, I stayed with relatives in Bashkiria, in the village of Novaya Maskara, Belokataysky district. The village way of life is communication with nature. It was interesting for me to watch the pets and their feeding. But I was especially interested in beekeeping. I began to ask my uncle about bees, and I learned a lot of useful and interesting things. But when I heard that there are wild bees, I decided to study this issue in more detail.

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that, when using honey, a very large number of people do not even think about how unique the honey of wild bees is as a natural natural product, and what an important role it plays in human life.

Topic of my research: Honey from wild bees. Bortnichestvo is an old folk craft in Bashkortostan.

Science says: only as a result of the appearance of insects, which later emerged as a group of bees, all flowering plants arose on our planet. How not to study after this little workers, their life, connections with plants?

In our century, the topic of the use of natural natural sources, one of which is bee products, is becoming more and more relevant. Many people boost their immunity and are treated with honey or other bee products. It is clear that the products of home or apiculture are mainly used.

And I wanted to learn more about wild bees, about beekeeping, because bee honey is one of the natural, natural products.

Object of research: an old folk craft - bee-keeping.

Subject of research: a product of the production of wild bees - honey Purpose: to study the uniqueness of honey from wild bees as a natural product.

Objectives: 1. To get acquainted with the unique trade Bashkir people- beekeeping, to study the history of its origin, as one of the activities of the Bashkir people.

2. To prove the importance of preserving beekeeping in our days. 3. To study and analyze the unique properties of "wild honey". 4. Find out how wild bee honey differs from frame honey. (Show the uniqueness of board honey by comparing it with beekeeper honey).

6. Conduct a statistical survey for awareness junior schoolchildren about wild bees and beekeeping.

Hypothesis: Honey from wild bees is more valuable in terms of quality indicators than honey from frame hives and has unique healing properties.

During the research, I used the services b libraries, beekeeping grounds, chemistry room of secondary school № 10, home kitchen, Internet.

Chapter I.

The history of the origin of beekeeping

To answer the questions posed, we studied popular science literature, from which we learned about the history of the emergence of beekeeping, about the life of wild bees. We took some material from the Internet. We met with people who are engaged in beekeeping and interviewed them. We conducted a survey among students to find out the degree of awareness of students about beekeeping, about wild bees as insects, and how many students use honey from frame bees and whether they have ever tried honey from wild bees.

Methods used: survey; questioning; interview; study of literature; preparation of presentation and visibility; observation; work with Internet resources; researching; analysis of work.

Stages of work:

1. Collecting information material.

Questioning among classmates, meeting with people engaged in beekeeping.

Tasting of honey from wild bees.

Studying the properties of honey from wild bees from literary sources and conversations with beekeepers-beekeepers.

Conducting research practical experiments.

Research paper writing.

Bashkortostan has always been famous for its honey, and beekeeping is an ancient craft of the Bashkirs. According to one version, even the name of the Bashkir people comes from the Turkic words "bash" (head) and "court" (bee). However, our land was famous as a country of honey long before the arrival of the Turkic tribes - the ancestors of modern Bashkirs. The rock carvings found in the caves of the Burzyan region testify to the fact that primitive people were still mining honey in these places. Paleontological and archaeological research has shown that bees have existed for 56 million years before primitive man.

Based on the preserved monuments of ancient culture, it can be assumed that primitive man hunted for honey as a tasty and nutritious product. The oldest monument depicting the extraction of honey by humans was found near Valencia (Spain), and it belongs to stone age... On the stone there is an image of a man surrounded by bees extracting honey. In the Egyptian pyramids, information was found about the use of honey as a food product and a remedy.

Bashkortostan is the only place on the globe where onboard beekeeping has survived. To fight- a specially made cavity inside the tree trunk for breeding bees. [Appendix 11].

Even according to the first written sources about the Bashkirs, it is known that, in addition to cattle breeding, nomadic farming, hunting for fur animals and fishing, they were engaged in beekeeping in the form of beekeeping.

However, to this day, onboard beekeeping has not lost its relevance, and until now, observing the traditions, knowledge and skills of ancestors, onboard beekeeping is flourishing in the forests of Bashkiria, honey, which is rightfully considered the best in the world.

Valuable information on the study of the region was collected by the scientist - geographer P.I. Rychkov, a member of the Orenburg expedition organized in the 60s years XVIII century. He published a number of articles devoted to Bashkiria, where he noted that "onboard beekeeping was the most profitable and widespread trade in the Bashkir region and is not inferior in importance to cattle breeding."

Extraction of honey is an old craft. It was called beekeeping, and the people who were engaged in it were beekeepers. Bortniki took care of old thick trees, in which there were hollows, and they themselves gouged holes - boards, arranging warehouses for honey stocks in them. Borting was not an easy task. A lot of effort, dexterity, labor was required from the "tree dart." He had to climb tall trees, be able to "get along" with bees, know their temper. The honey trade flourished in the Bashkir lands as well as the fur trade.

1. 1. The history of log beekeeping.

The history of the development of modern beekeeping originates with the use of log breeding of bees. [Appendix 11]. In different places and in different time they were called differently, somewhere they were called hemp, linden (if they were made of linden), and in some places they were called resin (from conifers). [Appendix 11]

300-400 years ago, people came to the places where people were engaged in beekeeping, who began to cut down the forest, including together with beads. Bortniki had no choice but to cut out the area where the bee was located on a felled tree and bring it home with the bees. As a result, it turned out that the bees were working quite productively in the new place. Since that time, people have come to understand the possibility of making boards not on a tree, but on the ground and putting them on their site. This is how the log beekeeping was formed (the progenitor of modern apiary beekeeping), with the possibility of migrating to honey plants.

One trunk can have from one to three beads. Usually the bead tree had a thickness of 1.5 to 2 meters. In the next hundred years, it did not have any effect on the health of the tree.

Modern boards are built within one day using both modern tools (chainsaws, etc.), and using the tools of their ancestors: kerama, and lange. [Appendix] The rebuilt board is left open to dry for 2-3 years. In ancient times, the construction lasted for several days.

An interesting fact is that the Romanov dynasty was fond of breeding bees and had an apiary of about 100 decks. The bee was the emblem of power. Napoleon's dress robe was strewn with bees embroidered in gold. The generic emblem of Catherine II was a composition of a flower, a bee and a hive. Bees were depicted on medals, coins and emblems.

Features of the residence of bees

To study the peculiarities of the bees' habitation, I met with an uncle who maintains an apiary. He said that there is practically no difference between the organization of life of wild bees and beekeepers.

Bees cannot live alone, only in families. Each bee colony consists of one queen and several thousand worker bees. In summer, bee males also live in it - drones. There are no supervisors and subordinates, supervisors, foremen or accountants in the hive. Each bee itself, obeying a natural instinct, performs a certain range of duties. Young bees clean the hive, take care of the offspring, build honeycombs, process nectar into honey. Having matured, they begin to fly out of the hive in search of nectar and pollen. The central figure of the bee family is the queen, the continuer of the bee genus. The uterus can lay up to 2 thousand eggs per day. During this period, all food is provided by 8-10 worker bees, which are part of her permanent "retinue". They clean the uterus, feed her with highly nutritious food - royal jelly. The composition of the suite is being updated all the time.

When the owner makes a bee, the bees cannot immediately populate it. Bees settle in the bees only after one or two years, when it dries well. Insects are specially attracted by rubbing the hollow with aromatic herbs and gluing honeycombs.

Bees and nature.

Bees are a part of living nature. Without bees, many representatives of the highest vegetation would have become impoverished, and perhaps completely disappeared from the face of the Earth. The environmental protection role of bees is very important. Where there are honey bees, the human habitat is safer, and environmental stress is reduced.

The water demand of bees is very high. When a lot of fresh nectar enters the side hive, the bees get by with the water that it contains. At a time without bribes or with a weak bribe, bees are forced to fly out to fetch water. In cold and windy weather, many water bees die, especially if the source of water is far from the side. Bees take water from streams, puddles, swamps and other natural large and small bodies of water or collect it on wet soil, for example, near wells. At the same time, they prefer warm water to cold. Some beekeepers teach bees to take water from common drinkers placed near the board. Bees need water not only during the active period of the family's life, but also in winter, although under normal wintering conditions they are not given water. Bees get it from honey, which absorbs moisture from the surrounding air. Therefore, some of the cells with honey are kept unsealed by the bees in winter.

Negative factors affecting the life of bees.

In our time, man cares little about the flora and fauna on his planet and destroys nature more than preserves it. Many species of animals die due to its activities. Unfortunately, bees are no exception. Such a genius as Albert Einstein argued that "if the bees die out, then people will not last even 4 years without them."

When doing my research, I learned that the properties of honey are especially influenced by the degree of pollution. the environment... Scientists believe that in this regard, bees can be used to control pollution in certain areas. So, in areas contaminated with wastes from the chemical and other types of industry, you can hardly see bees. They respond clearly to environmental pollution. Scientists have carried out numerous experiments on the resettlement of bee colonies in areas of contamination. And the results were positive in all cases. Many bees died, and the survivors were forced to migrate to areas relatively clean from pollution. Thus, it is believed that bees are the very natural instrument that can be used to monitor the pollution of certain areas and even possibly measure its level.

G lava II.

Research activities.

Studying the literature on the topic of my project, from a conversation with my uncle, I learned a lot of interesting things about honey in general, and about wild honey in particular. I was interested in the question: how does the honey of wild bees differ from honey of domestic, hive bees, which was the basis of my research.

When collecting information, I turned to my relatives, the indigenous inhabitants of Bashkiria, who have been engaged in beekeeping already in the fourth generation. My parents and I went to Bashkiria, Belokataysky district, the village of New Mascara. We interviewed two uncles. As a result, I received information about the bees themselves, about the boards and honey of wild bees. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, onboard beekeeping and wild honey have long been perceived as national symbols. Honey is commodity number 1, it is taken with them to presentations, to international and Russian exhibitions. Bashkir honey is the best gift, and guests of Bashkortostan always take away a souvenir - a barrel of honey as the most expensive gift.

I interviewed Uncle Mindulla. He told me about the peculiarities of the onboard business. A straight, tall tree is chosen for the board. At a height of 8-10 meters, a hollow, oblong in height, is hollowed out. With special tools, they cover the front part of the board with a special plate, arranging an entrance for the bees, and populate it with a new swarm. After completing all the work, the master must burn his tamga on the tree trunk, according to which everyone can determine who owns this hollow with a border.

When researching the topic of beekeeping, I, first of all, was interested to know how honey can be taken out of the bead. Uncle Misha also told me about this. There are several ways to extract honey: with otovy, sectional, pressed, centrifugal.[Appendix 11]. Honeycomb and sectional honey are especially highly valued.

For many centuries, obtaining honey has been inextricably linked with the complete or partial destruction of the bee's nest. It was extracted from the cut combs by pressing, melting and other methods. Only after the invention of the honey extractor did it develop new technology- production of centrifugal honey. It is based on the repeated use of combs to fill with honey without destroying them. The sealed honeycomb is first unsealed with a special beekeeping knife, then inserted into the honey extractor and rotated. Under the action of centrifugal force, honey flies out of the cells and flows down the walls of the honey extractor into the tank, at the bottom of which there is a hole for draining the obtained honey.

My uncle showed me such a honey extractor. With the help of this apparatus, he extracts honey from combs. In addition, he told how at the end of the summer he removes honey from the beads. Uses special clothing, a helmet with a net, uses a smoker to calm the bees [Appendix 3]. Collects honeycombs and extracts honey using a honey extractor [Appendix 3] . The collection of honey takes place in late summer and early autumn. Wild bee honey is highly prized for the following reasons:

small amount; unique composition; the difficulty of mining.

Uncle Mindulla said that on average one wild bee colony collects 5 to 15 kg of honey per season. The honey harvest season for wild bees lasts only 2-3 weeks, during which the insects work from dawn to dusk, even in bad weather. Wild bees are very selective, they will not collect nectar in an ecologically unfavorable area.

Questionnaire

In order to identify the awareness of our classmates about beekeeping, my teacher and I conducted a survey. All the guys answered that they were not familiar with such a concept as "bee-keeping" and had never tasted honey from wild bees. [Appendix 2]

Experimental part. Physical properties

In order to study the physical properties, at home with my mother, I conducted an experiment.

Determined the color (dark yellow, transparent) and compared it with the honey of domestic bees (light shade, transparent color).

Noted the consistency of honey (viscous) compared to beehive honey.

Identified the smell (fragrant smell of herbs, flowers and smoke).

I tasted honey (tart).

Experiments at home.

Experiment # 1. Checking honey by color . Each type of honey has its own color, inherent only to him. Pure honey without impurities, as a rule, is transparent, whatever color it may be. The samples of honey, apiary honey and wild bees that I have examined differ in color. Sample No. 2 has a dark yellow color, sometimes almost brown, but always transparent. [Appendix 4]

Experiment # 2. Checking honey by aroma . Real honey has a fragrant, pleasant aroma. The smell of honey is usually fresh, has a floral aroma, which corresponds to the presented sample No. 1. The aroma of sample No. 2 (honey of wild bees) is distinguished by the astringency of the taste, the presence of the smell of smoke. [Appendix 5]

Experiment # 3. Checking honey by viscosity . Take honey for a sample by dropping a spoon (or a thin stick) into the container. Real honey stretches after a spoon (stick) with a long, continuous thread, and when this thread breaks, it completely descends, forming a turret on the surface of the honey, which then slowly disperses.

All presented samples No. 1 and No. 2 flow down a continuous thread. And the crystallization of honey testifies to its high quality... [Appendix 5]

The chemical composition of honey.

While studying the literature and as a result of a conversation with my uncle, I learned that honey is basically a mixture of various sugars. The chemical composition of honey is as follows: glucose and fructose - 75%, sucrose - 2-3%, protein substances - up to 1%, organic acids - up to 1%, water - 16%.

Under the guidance of biology teacher Tatyana Pavlovna Fadeeva, I conducted experiments for the presence of chemicals and various components of honey. Below are the results of the study.

My laboratory research.

1. Test for the presence of glucose in honey. Take one part honey and dissolve it in two parts distilled water. Then pour 1 ml of honey solution and 2 ml of alkali solution into a test tube. Then add a few drops of copper sulfate solution. A blue precipitate was obtained, which turned into a bright blue solution. Staining samples in blue color indicates a high glucose content in honey. Moreover, sample no. 2 (wild honey) contains more glucose. [Appendix 6].

2.Experience on the presence of starch and chalk in honey. Dilute a little honey in a little distilled water. Add 4-5 drops of iodine there. If the solution turns blue, then starch was used to make this product. Dropping a few drops of vinegar essence into the same solution instead of iodine, we will check the honey for chalk content. If it is there, the solution will hiss. As a result, it was found out that starch and chalk were not found in honey. [Appendix No. 7].

3.Experience on the determination of insoluble impurities in honey... Boil 200 g of milk, add 50 g of honey, stir. When honey dissolves in milk, it is possible to determine the presence of harmful impurities: if the milk curdles, harmful impurities are present in the honey, if they are not there, the honey will sink to the bottom and dissolve. In my experience, I saw that honey is pure.

4. Determination of the presence of oleic acid. The presence of oleic acid in honey indicates the presence of wax particles. To do this, dissolve honey in warm water, and add a solution of potassium permanganate. If the solution turns pink, it means that oleic acid is not present. If the solution becomes colorless, this indicates the presence of oleic acid. As a result of the experiment, I saw that the solution became colorless, which means that the honey contains wax particles. [Appendix # 8]

Conclusion

As a result of studying the literature, Internet sources about beekeeping, during a conversation with beekeepers, we can conclude:

bees, quite intelligent and hardworking insects, appeared long before primitive man, and honey itself was successfully used by our ancestors both as a tasty product and as a medicine for a variety of diseases;

beekeeping was the basis of the origin of apiculture and remains the main occupation of the Bashkir people;

the ecological situation has a huge impact on bees; unfavorable ecology can threaten their lives; water is necessary for bees as well as for humans;

honey from wild bees from beehives by a number of indicators compares favorably with honey from frame hives. It has a special aroma and taste. It is light brown in color, saturated with wax and bee bread. A large amount of microelements is a part of bead honey, there are no harmful impurities. The composition of honey contains almost all chemical compounds necessary for the normal functioning of the human body.

The importance of preserving beekeeping in our days has been determined.

In the course of research and collection of information, I conducted a survey among classmates on the subject of their awareness of wild bees and beekeeping. Under the guidance of the teacher Kudrina Lyudmila Petrovna, he created a presentation and spoke to the children of the 4th grade. In addition, I learned how to interview and conduct a conversation.

Thus, I have proved that the "wild" honey from beehives by a number of indicators compares favorably with honey from frame hives. The value of bead honey lies in its maturity, availability a large number microelements, absence of harmful impurities.

Bortnichestvo is still one of the main occupations of the Bashkir people (Ufa region - Shulgantash, Belokataysky region, New Mascara, etc.).

The results of my research can be used in the lessons of the surrounding world and natural science, as well as help broaden the horizons of students as a result of independent reading of literature.

References and other sources

Great encyclopedia of traditional medicine. - M.: Publishing house "Eksmo", 2006.

Children's encyclopedia "I get to know the world." - M .: Publishing house "Education", 2008.

Ludyansky E.A. Bees and health. - M .: "Knowledge", 1990, - 48 p.

Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. -4th ed., Supplemented. - M .: Azbukovnik, 1999, - 944 p.

What is what. School encyclopedia... "Bees". - 1996-2000

Chupakhina O.K., Burmistrov A.I., Krivtsov N.I., Lebedev V.I. Beekeeper's Encyclopedia. - M .: "Continental - book", 2006.

Websites on the Internet:

www.about-honey.ru

www.aromatmeda.ru

www.beehoney.ru

www.inflora.ru

www.lavanda-med.ru

www.progalskiy.com

www.sotmed.narod.ru

www.znaytovar.ru

www.sdorov.ru

Annex 1.

From sources.

Ancient thinkers about honey

In ancient Greece, honey was considered the most valuable gift of nature. The Greeks believed that their gods were immortal because they ate the so-called food of the gods - ambrosia, which included honey. They sacrificed fruit smeared with honey to the gods.

The outstanding philosopher Democritus, who ate honey, lived long life... When asked how to live in order to maintain health, Democritus usually answered that "for this you need to water the inside with honey, and the outside with oil."

The genius physician and thinker of antiquity, Hippocrates, who lived about 2500 years ago, successfully used honey in the treatment of many diseases, and also consumed it himself. He said: “Honey taken with other food is nutritious and gives good color face ". Legend has it that a swarm of bees settled on the grave of Hippocrates, which produced honey of a special quality. This allegedly triggered a massive pilgrimage to the grave of Hippocrates for healing honey.

Avicenna recommended eating honey to prolong life. He said: "If you want to preserve youth, then be sure to eat honey." Avicenna believed that people over the age of 45 should systematically consume honey, especially with crushed walnuts, which contain a lot of fat.

The influence of the environment on the vital activity of bees.

There are many factors harmful to bees, such as environmental pollution, the treatment of fields with insecticides to kill harmful insects, the reduction of the area of ​​honey meadows ...

For example, environmental pollution leads to the accumulation of toxic substances in bees and a decrease in their immunity, the treatment of fields with insecticides aimed at destroying harmful insects also destroys bees, a reduction in the area of ​​honey meadows leads to a reduction in the food supply, and deforestation leads to the displacement of bees from their usual habitats, and, therefore, to their death ...

An interesting example of the negative impact on the life of bees turned out to be the facts about the mass death of bees due to the influence of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones. Scientists suggest that it is the radiation of mobile phones that is the reason for the mysterious disappearance of bee colonies in the United States and continental Europe, which has now spread to the British Isles and other territories, approaching Russia. According to one theory, the bees' navigation system is lost due to the powerful electromagnetic fields around the GSM transmitters and the worker bees cannot find their way back to the hive. The queen bee, eggs and a small number of young worker bees remaining in the family all die without food.

On the west coast in the United States, 60% of bee colonies have died out, and on the east coast - 70%. After that, this phenomenon was noted in Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, and now in the UK. This fact indicates that intelligent human activity and scientific and technological progress have unpredictable consequences for the living nature around us.

Boarding grounds have always been highly valued. Borte is passed down from father to son and can be used for 150 years. Some families kept up to 200 beetles, from which several tens of kilograms of honey were extracted annually. The collection of honey takes place in late summer and early autumn. The owner argued that he takes honey from his personal board, marked with his own tamga. Honey was stored in special hollowed-out tubs made only of birch or linden. Real Bashkir honey has no analogues in the world for its healing and taste qualities, as well as the unique composition of microelements.

Today, the wild honey bee is listed in the Red Book. For them, beekeepers build special hollows (boards). The hollow should be directed to the south, the required number of lindens and a source of clean water should be located nearby.

About the benefits of honey

Abroad Bashkir honey is served only in the most expensive elite restaurants. Bashkir honey was awarded the largest number of medals at international exhibitions (in Paris - in France, 1990; in Erfurt - in Germany, 1961). Even in Switzerland, which is famous for the rich vegetation of alpine meadows, Bashkir honey is the most revered, because has higher healing and taste qualities... And only our Bashkir honey is sent into space in specially packed containers as the daily diet of astronauts. And it is our Bashkir honey that Japanese schoolchildren receive one tablespoon each as a source of trace elements for better mental performance. At the same time, Japan is the world leader in honey consumption. One inhabitant of this country accounts for 13 - 15 kg of honey per year. In the USA and European countries, this figure is 6 - 8 kg, and in Russia - only 0.5 - 0.6 kg per person per year.

Honey is equally useful for sick and healthy, elderly and children. Those who consume at least a spoonful of honey a day feel stronger and look more cheerful. When using honey and honey compositions, it will be more correct to hold them in your mouth, not to swallow them immediately, because in the oral cavity, exactly those enzymes are released that are necessary for the assimilation of sweet substances, carbohydrates. It is good to drink honey with a warm infusion of herbs, use it with tea or mineral water.

Honey is an excellent preservative. Scientists have conducted research on the preservative properties of honey. For the experiment, fresh animal products were used: pieces of meat, fish, chicken eggs. They were placed in separate sterile cups, poured with honey, tightly closed, and left in room conditions for several years. For 4 years, the studied samples retained a fresh appearance, normal consistency, taste and smell. No microbial growth was detected during bacteriological examination.

The healing properties of bee honey

More than half of all the energy produced in the human body is formed due to sugar substances introduced with food. However, different sugars are absorbed differently by our body. While glucose enters the blood without any transformations (it can be injected directly into the blood, which, as you know, is widely practiced for many diseases), ordinary sugar (beet, cane) must first undergo hydrolysis (breakdown) by enzymes.

Fruit sugar (fructose) is absorbed much more slowly than glucose, but it is 2.5 times sweeter than glucose and 1.75 times sweeter than cane or beet sugar.

Honey almost entirely consists of a mixture of glucose and fructose and, in addition, contains a number of enzymes necessary for the life of cells, tissues and organs. The composition of honey includes: calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, and some types of honey even contain radium.

Today, employees of the Shulgantash Bashkir Nature Reserve are working to preserve the population of wild bees. This nature reserve is the only place in the world where airborne fishing has been preserved.

The population of wild bees is monitored very closely, as their honey is an amazing healing product. It is a popular ingredient in many traditional medicines, helping patients to raise vitality and strengthen the immune system. Wild honey is very popular in folk medicine. It is used for bronchial inflammation and coughs to soften mucous membranes. Honey is recommended for people with diseases of the digestive tract (gastritis, liver disease).

As a result of my research, I found out that wild honey is completely different in its properties from a home product. Its incredible aroma gives off a little smoke smell, it tastes tart, with a slight sourness due to the presence of bee bread and honeycomb bee bread.

Appendix 2.

Results of a survey among students in grade 2

(interviewed 22 people)

Do you like honey?

Yes- 20 people

No- 2 persons

Have not tried- 0 people

Do you often eat honey?

Yes- 5 people

No- 9 people

Sometimes- 8 people

Do you know how honey is useful for humans?

Yes- 9 people

No- 22 people

Do you know what bee-keeping is?

Yes- 0 people

No- 22 people

Do you know how wild bee honey is obtained?

Yes- 5 people

No- 17 people

Appendix 3.

Photo

Appendix 4.

Experiment # 1. Checking honey by color

Experience No. 7 for the determination of impurities in honey

Appendix 10

Basic rules when choosing honey:

Honey should smell good.

Honey should not have any sour taste or odor.

There should be no white foam on the honey;

Honey shouldn't be too cheap.

Incorrectly dissolved honey (the transfer from a solid to a liquid state can be carried out only at a temperature not higher than 40 degrees) does not crystallize at all.

Crystallized honey is stored better, so don't be afraid to buy candied honey.

Try to buy honey from a trusted seller.

Honey storage tips

Honey cannot be stored in metal containers. Such honey can cause discomfort and even lead to poisoning.

Honey is stored in glass, earthenware, porcelain or wooden dishes, tightly closed with a plastic lid.

Do not store honey in the refrigerator.

Honey is afraid of the sun and heat.

The best place for honey where it is dry, cool and smells nothing

Appendix 11.

Glossary

To fight- a specially made cavity inside the tree trunk for breeding bees.

Deck is a mobile board, a primitive non-separable hive.

Lipney- stumps for the board, made of linden.

Smolyany- board hemp made from coniferous trees.

Kerama- a wrap-around belt that allows you to work at a height with a curb.

Lyange- a mobile step for working with a board.

Honeycomb honey- this is honey, which is sold in combs of both store and nest frames.

Sectional honey is a honeycomb enclosed in special sections, the walls of which are usually made of thin plywood or food grade plastic.

Pressed honey are obtained only when it is not possible to pump it out in a honey extractor. This is honey collected by bees from heather. When pressing (squeezing) this honey, the beekeeper is forced to violate the integrity of the rebuilt benign combs.

Centrifugal honey- this is honey obtained by pumping out at a honey extractor.

Honey extractor- part of the beekeeping equipment used to obtain centrifugal honey. For many centuries, obtaining honey has been inextricably linked with the complete or partial destruction of the bee's nest.

Smoker- a very necessary tool in the apiary, without which the beekeeper simply cannot do. It is the main tool for calming and pacifying bees before working with hives.

Folk arts and crafts are an integral property and national wealth of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan and are one of the forms of folk art.
The main occupation of the Bashkirs was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The herd consisted of horses, sheep, goats and cattle. The horse played the main role in the farm. Horse meat and fat, kumis from mare's milk were the main food of the Bashkirs. Quivers, shields, and harness were made from horse skins. The horse was both a labor force and a means of transportation.
There were few cattle, since these animals could not get food on their own in winter, as horses did, which broke the snow with their hooves, freeing the grass from the snow cover. And yet, dairy products occupied a prominent place in the Bashkir cuisine. Ghee, cheese, red cottage cheese were prepared for the winter, and ayran drink was made from sour milk. Sheep were of great importance in the economy of the Bashkirs. Lamb was also used for food, as well as for sewing clothes. Sheep wool was used to make felt, carpets, cloth.
HUNTING AND FISHING
The rich steppes and forests made it possible to catch and shoot game and animals, keep birds of prey, and fish with various tackles. Horseback hunting was organized for the most part in the autumn. Groups of people, covering wide areas, looked for wolves, foxes and hares, shot at them from a bow, or, having caught up on a horse, killed with clubs and flails. Collective hunting played a large role in teaching young people the art of war - archery, spear and flail skills, horse riding. Fishing was not as common as hunting. Nevertheless, fishing played a significant role in forest and mountainous areas. In dry years, as well as during periods of war, and in the steppe zone, the population resorted to fishing.
BOARDING
In the forest and mountain-forest regions, beekeeping was of great importance in the economy of the Bashkirs, apparently perceived from the Bulgars and the Finno-Ugric population of the region. Bortnichestvo existed among the Bashkirs in two forms. The first boiled down to the fact that the beekeeper was looking for a hollow tree in the forest, in which wild bees settled, carved his ancestral or family tamga on it, widened the hole leading to the hollow and inserted pads into it to collect honey. The beaded tree became his property.
Another form is associated with the manufacture of artificial boards. To do this, a straight tree with a thickness of at least 60 centimeters was chosen in the forest and a voluminous hollow with holes for the entrance of bees was hollowed out at a height of 6-8 meters. In the first half of the summer, enterprising beekeepers tried to make as many beads as possible in places attractive to bees. In the middle of summer, during swarming, new colonies of bees moved into almost all sides. The practice of making artificial boards made it possible to regulate the resettlement of bee colonies and to concentrate the onboard possessions of individual people and clan communities in limited areas, most favorable for collecting honey and ensuring the protection of bears from bears.

Domestic crafts and crafts were significantly developed among the Bashkirs. The processing of wood, leather, wool, the manufacture of fabrics, clothing, footwear, felt were an important addition to the economy, which served for the consumption of the producers themselves. At the same time, there were elements of the division of labor associated with the development of handicrafts. This was especially noticeable in metalworking.

SI Rudenko, who thoroughly researched the material culture of the Bashkir people, wrote that long before entering Russia, the Bashkirs themselves made iron arrowheads and spears, knives, etc., and subsequently guns.

In addition to simple products of the Bashkirs, one could find a few valuable weapons and horse harness. Plaques covered with intricate patterns are found on most antique leather quivers and bows. The strap parts of the horse harness, sometimes the wooden saddle bows, were covered with hammered iron.

The Bashkirs had their own metal masters - blacksmiths and jewelers. There were few of them, since metal processing required special knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, the needs of the Bashkirs for metal products were mainly satisfied by the products of their craftsmen.

The great importance of metal in the economy and military affairs gave rise to a respectful attitude towards it, which grew into a religious cult. According to the ideas of the Bashkirs, iron, especially sharp, is able to drive away, scare away diseases and sickly evil spirits, and protect from misfortunes. Other properties were attributed to silver items. For example, women were supposed to wear silver bracelets when milking mares and cows, this protected milk, and the animal, and the woman herself from damage. In general, white metal enjoyed special veneration among the Bashkirs and other related Turkic nomads. Women's bibs and headdresses were abundantly decorated with silver scales, pendants and plaques.

The cult of metal was reflected in the Bashkir personal name system. Timer "iron, iron", altyn "gold, gold", are found in both men and female names(Timer-buy, Timerbika, Baytimer, Biktimer, Altynbay, Altynbika). Names based on the word "bulat" were given only to men - Bulat, Timerbulat, Baybulat, Bikbulat.

Bashkirs made tools of labor, wooden parts of weapons, vehicles, various kinds of vessels and household items from wood.

Handicrafts for the processing of animal raw materials were associated with the steppe cattle-breeding traditions. Bashkirs made leather, furs, felt. Fur and leather were used for the manufacture of clothing, footwear, military and hunting equipment, harnesses. Quivers, bows, various cases and bags were decorated with embossed ornaments and metal overlays. The felt was decorated with embroidery, appliqué with patterns using the indentation technique.

Weaving also spread. The yarn was obtained by processing hemp, nettle, flax and wool. Weaved canvas, rough cloth, carpets. Hemp canvas was the most common. Linen canvas was very rare.

Pile carpet weaving was not widespread. The Bashkir economy was mainly natural. Nevertheless, they maintained trade relations with the Volga Bulgaria, Central Asia, and the Middle East. In exchange for cattle, furs, honey, they bought cotton and silk fabrics, weapons, jewelry, oriental sweets, as well as colored stones, corals, pearls, shells, which were used in the manufacture of women's jewelry. Of course, expensive oriental goods were available only to the wealthy elite of the tribal nobility.

According to R. Kuzeev, N. Bikbulatov, S. Shitova.

A man without craft is like a bird without wings

The Bashkir subsistence farming required the development of domestic production. A lot of different subsidies required cattle breeding. For example, different harnesses are required to control a lashadyo. It is necessary to make bridles, halters, halter halter, harness, reins, yoke, bow and much more. All this was made by hand at home from scrap materials. In every Bashkir aul there were masters for making saddles. Saddles consisted of a wooden frame, usually covered with leather. This frame of a special configuration could be one-piece, or it could consist of four parts, fastened with belts: from the front and back bows, as well as two small planks. Lenchik itself could be solid, semi-cylindrical. Each craftsman strove to give a different configuration to the front bow of the saddle (say, the shape of a bird's head). The front bow was ornamented with cut-in patterns of spirals and rosettes.

Saddles for men, women and children were slightly different from each other. A saddle cloth was made from a thick felt, most often using goat's wool. A felt saddlecloth with a leather or cloth top was superimposed on the saddlecloth, a saddle was installed on the saddlecloth. The saddlecloths also carried an aesthetic load; it was customary to decorate them with colored applique or embroidery. Saddle accessories include stirrups, mostly iron or brass, forged or brass. Wooden stirrups (bent, solid, carved) were made from birch, birch root, bird cherry. Often, wooden stirrups were ornamented using notched lines, dotted dots, etc.

Among the Bashkirs, it was widespread to make leather dishes from the skins of horses, bulls, cows and calves, sheep and goats, as well as camels. From the skin removed, the residues of fat and meat were carefully removed, then they were dried and the wool was removed. The details of the vessel were cut out of the stretched skin. Cow tendons or horse hair were used to sew the vessel. They sewed with tight stitches, the bottom of the vessel was attached with a double seam. The outer side of the skins became the inner side of the vessel. Then the vessel should be quenched in smoke (smoked) for 2-3 weeks, then lubricated with horse fat. Then the vessel became completely waterproof.

The most voluminous leather vessel containing 6-12 buckets of liquid is ha6a (saba), which was made from the skin of a horse's body. This vessel was a four-sided pyramid with a rectangular base, its wide throat was covered with a leather cover. The spice-physical shape of the saba was achieved due to the fact that triangular wedges were sewn into the side parts. Saba was used for the preparation and maintenance of kumis. In the saba, the mare's milk was periodically knocked down with a large wooden rattle (beshkek) with a heavy mushroom base. This contributed to a better, more even souring of the milk.

Saba occupied an exceptional place in the life of the Bashkir family. It was located on a special permanent place in the dwelling. There is a well-known custom of farewell to a young weightlessness before leaving the parental home for the house of the future husband: she approaches the saba, hugs her and thanks her for feeding her. As a gift, the girl hangs on

Skin vessels. Loom.

sabu a piece of canvas or thread.

Another type of leather vessel - turkyk (tursyk, tursuk) served for the transportation of kumis. Going to the road, the Bashkirs took with them a tursyk with kumis. To make a tursyk, skins from the upper leg of young animals, most often a horse, were used. The vessel was sewn from two pieces with seams on the sides. The throat of the vessel was slightly narrowed; belt loops were attached to the shoulder protrusions. There were tursyks with sewn-in lateral triangular wedges. The tursyk usually contained 2-3 buckets of kumis.

A different type of vessel was made from horse or cow skin - a flat road flask with a narrow bottom - murtai. This vessel has a flattened pear-shaped shape; ears are sewn at the neck for attaching belts. The back and front walls of the flask are semi-oval; a wedge-shaped strip of skin is inserted between them. Murtai could be of various sizes, usually it was made with a height of 30-35 centi-meters. Vessel average size burkyk (bursyk, wineskin) was sewn from the whole skin of a sheep, goat or calf.

In the everyday life of the Bashkir family, wooden utensils were widespread, which by the beginning of the twentieth century had replaced leather utensils almost completely. Bashkir craftsmen made numerous and varied types of utensils by chiselling a single piece of wood. Whole-slotted tableware and kitchen utensils were made from a linden trunk, from birch and larch roots, from willow and birch outgrowths.

Homemade wooden food bowls were all sorts of different things. For example, a round bowl with a ledge handle (ashlau) has sloping walls from the inside. The less sloping outer walls merge into the base. The handle has the shape of a semicircle or a vertically located corner, often the handle is cut in the shape of a snake or a bird's head. Ashlaw was used for an hour as a ritual bowl. Large festive ashlays could even reach one meter in diameter.

Common everyday utensils (tobacco) are in the form of a plate with a stable bottom and a wide, folded edge. A round dish with gently sloping low walls and a bent wide edge was called koshtabak. It served boiled meat and poultry sprinkled with fat. The soup was served in a medium-sized bowl on a heavy massive base with thickened sheer walls (altar). The craftsmen also made a deep wooden bowl with two handles.

Bowls were made for serving drinks. In deep large bowls with a capacity of 4-5 liters, it was customary to take drinks to the place of the meal. The cash was poured into small bowls (tustak, tagayak, tustagan) with a special wooden ladle for each guest. These scoops and scoops could be carved, roomy, with a short or elongated handle, etc.

Small wooden bowls were used to feed the children. Milk and mead were drunk from such dishes, honey, butter, sweets were served in them. Vases for honey had a specific shape. Some vases were carved in the form of deep bowls with a lid. Others were shallow bowls on a patterned stand.

A variety of kitchen utensils were made from wood. For winnowing grain, sifting flour, kneading dough, special trays (yulpys, yulpych) were used. They were made from half a thick tree trunk by chiselling. Long (up to 80 centimeters), they retain the rounded shape of the tree. Their lateral walls are sloping, the narrow edges gradually turn into protrusions-handles at both ends of the tray. A similar product, a dugout trough (yalgash), was used to store food or wash clothes, or to feed livestock and poultry.

For peeling millet, crushing dried grains of wheat and barley, grinding salt, wooden mortars (keels) were used. They have an elongated upper part that gradually tapers downward and rests on a thick lower base. The keel height reaches 75 centimeters, but its working part is very small. The keel was cut from an elongated stump of wood. A double-sided pestle with a recess in the middle for the hand was made from a pole.

Among the elements of wooden kitchen utensils made by Bashkir craftsmen are chef's spoons, scoops and shovels. The spoons had different purposes. For example, ladles with a long handle served for stirring food during its preparation. Such a ladle was made with a hook-protrusion on the handle so that it could be hung on the edge of the boiler. Special wooden spoons with holes in the bottom were intended for picking dumplings from broth. Wooden scoops were made on a short handle, with their help grain and flour were collected. Cakes and bread were planted in the oven using a long-handled spatula, and small wooden spatulas were used to knead the dough.

Wooden tubs were varied: from large tubs for storing flour and other products to small tubs for carrying food. Various buckets were made by chiselling (milk pans, water buckets, small buckets). Milk pans with a capacity of up to six liters looked wide and stable. A braided rope handle was attached to the holes in the side of the bucket. The water buckets held up to 10 liters of liquid. Small buckets were used for picking berries, carrying kumis, ayran. They were as high as milk pans, but narrow, elongated and held 3-4 liters of liquid.

Wooden vessels for collecting and transporting honey were given an elongated shape. These vessels had a tight lid; with the help of a special handle, they could be carried behind the back or hung on the shoulder. V winter time honey and oil were stored in the same vessels. For storing butter and honey, special low tubs with straight walls were also made. Similar vessels (tapan) served to serve kumis and mead to guests. These vessels had slightly convex walls decorated with carved ornaments. For salt, oil, sour cream, special wooden jars were also used.

Narrow dug-out vessels were used to make kumis and churn butter. They also made large kumis vessels with a capacity of up to 7 buckets of milk; Similar vessels, but lower ones, were made as spice churns. Oil and ayran were prepared in these cylindrical vessels. Such vessels had a round lid with a whorl hole, which made it possible to avoid splashing liquid from the vessel when churning oil.

Large dugout tubs were used for storing grain, flour, collecting sour milk or salting meat. They could hold up to 10 buckets of liquid or 60-80 kilograms of grain.

Slotted vessels had a uniform manufacturing technology. The tree was cleaned of bark and branches, sawed into pieces of the required length and dried. The outer surface was treated with a special plow. The wood inside the trunk was cut with a chisel, and in thick trunks, the dense core was burned out. The inner walls were scraped out. If the bottom was plug-in, then special grooves were cut out. The round bottom was made of oak or maple and was inserted into the place previously steamed.

The manufacture of wooden vessels from plates-rivets appeared among the Bashkirs relatively recently, in late 19th century... For such vessels, oak or aspen rivets, metal or bird cherry hoops were used. Among the similar riveted vessels of the Bashkirs, you can specify buckets, buckets for butter, sour cream, sour milk, for salting meat. Riveted churns and narrow tubs for preparing kumiss could also be riveted. In shape and size, the riveted vessels corresponded to their dugout counterparts.

The Bashkirs of forest regions have long been engaged in the manufacture of utensils from birch bark and bark of various trees, from bast and bast. However, such household utensils found their owners in other areas of the settlement of the Bashkirs, getting to them mainly as a result of trade operations.

Rectangular boxes and boxes were obtained by sewing whole pieces of birch bark with horsehair. Milk was settled in large boxes with a capacity of 20-30 liters of liquid. In the form of a low box, rectangular trays were made from a solid birch bark blank. The edge of the box was turned open, all corners were sewn with twisted horsehair threads. Bread and flour for everyday consumption, dried berries, etc. were stored in such a tray (tuzayak). Small round or rectangular trays with a rope handle were used to pick berries. Birch bark utensils could also have a wooden bottom.

The moisture resistance of such vessels was ensured by dense walls, consisting of two or three layers of birch bark. The walls were stitched in several rows, or the edges were tightly intertwined, having previously cut them out with arrow-shaped teeth. Such vessels could be small, designed for 2-3 liters of liquid, or large, with a capacity of up to 20 liters of liquid.

Bashkir artisans-craftsmen made koro-ba, bodies, sacks, tubs, sieves from linden or birch bast, as well as from the bark of an elm tree. Such utensils were made from a single piece using bird cherry hoops for strengthening. A rectangular box made of linden bark and bast could be long, oblong, box-shaped, or trough-shaped. Such a box was used for settling milk, collecting sour milk, for filtering the curd mass. A large box could hold up to three quintals of grain and was used to store grain and flour. To store the kurt, a tall bast box was made, as well as a bast body with a wide rectangular base and triangular side walls tapering upward. Another type of high body had a barely outlined bottom and walls widening upward. Lubkov tubs were designed for storing flour.

A back bag was made from bark or bast, intended for picking berries. The rectangular bottom of the bag was made narrow, the vertical walls could be up to one meter high, the top was reinforced with a hoop, and straps were provided on the back wall.

Nests for geese, as well as scoops and sieves for grain winnowing were also made from bast. The side of the sieve was made of bast bast, the mesh was made of bast or hair.

Bashkir craftsmen were also engaged in the manufacture of utensils from bast. Boxes, bags, baskets, bodies, knapsacks were made from linden, birch or elm bark. Solid bast boxes were rectangular in shape and were adapted to be carried over the shoulder. Bast baskets and bodies were made low, round or oval-shaped. They also made high bast bags for bottles. Round in cross-section, tapering upwards, they repeated the shape of the bottles.

CLOTHING, FOOTWEAR AND JEWELRY

A tree with red foliage, a man with clothes

Bashkirs wore uncomplicated and comfortable clothes, shoes matched her. The casual clothes of men and women consisted of a shirt, pants and stockings. The trousers were sewn long and wide. The middle part of the trousers consisted of one solid pile of fabric; trousers with one or two pairs of wedges were sewn to it. With a special lace, ball-vars were pulled together at the waist. They wore them tucked into boots. Men's upper pants (salbar, chalbar) were sewn from coarse hemp canvas, or from homemade cloth. Unlike the lower pants, the upper ones usually had one pocket on the right side. Woolen upper pants were intended to be worn in winter.

Over the shirt they wore a camisole (kamzul) or kazakin (kәzәki) - clothes like a flared caftan. If necessary, a bishmet, one of the types of a robe with sleeves, made from factory fabric, was worn on a camisole or Kazakin. Bishmet is sewn below the knee, it fastens with 4-6 buttons, its lower part expands below the waist. Bishmet, kazakin and camisole are sewn close-fitting, with a lining, collars are low, standing. Bishmet and kazakin have internal ties at the waist. Kazakin is shorter than bishmet (slightly above the knees), with short sleeves. The camisole is sewn even shorter from a dark factory material and is also sleeveless.

Women's bishmet, kazakin and camisole are made more carefully. Women's camisole is somewhat wider than men's and fastens with two buttons located at the waist and at the collar. Women's camisole is sewn from dark fabric, from semi-silk or velvet with chintz lining. Pozument, small coins, corals, etc. adorn the women's camisole along the sides, along the hem and at the collar.

Chekmen outerwear (sәkmәn, chikmun) was also of the same cut for men and women. Long, wide in the main part and in the sleeves, chekmen also served as everyday clothes. For female chekmen, white cloth was usually used, it did not have ties or fasteners and did not have a girdle. Along the edge of the collar, along the sides and along the hem, women's chekmen were trimmed with a wide strip of red cloth and a narrow strip of green (or yellow) fabric. Triangles, squares and spiral stripes of colored cloth were sewn on the sides and on the back. On the shoulders, at the ends of the sleeves, along the hem, there could be embroidery with colored wool.

The Bashkir outerwear of the jilyan (elәn) resembles Central Asian robes and also has the same cover for men and women. Jilyan is sewn long and wide, with a straight back and a turn-down collar. It has no stitches, no buttons, no belts. Wealthy men wore jilans, sewn from semi-silk Central Asian fabric. The female jilan is not so wide and is sewn at the waist. It could be made of paper fabric, unpretentious, without decorations, or it could be a richly decorated velvet robe. Jilyan was sewn on a lining; for a female jilyan, a fastener on the chest was sometimes provided. Strips of red or green cloth were sewn along the edges of the chest. A red stripe was sewn along the edges of the sides, along the hem, at the ends of the sleeves. The female jilan was also trimmed with stripes of tinsel in several rows and with small silver coins, metal plaques, and coral threads.

The upper working dress of men and women was a canvas caftan. It was worn over a shirt or bishmet.

In ancient times, women's dress (kүldәk) was sewn from homespun canvas, which was then replaced by factory fabrics. The dress was sewn from a whole strip of fabric without seams on the shoulders, with wide, straight sleeves. Two wedges on the sides widen the dress downwards. The collar was low, standing, it was fastened with a hook or tied with a ribbon. On the chest there was a cutout around which several stripes of multi-colored ribbons and several silver coins were sewn. Another type of women's dress consisted of two parts. Its top is the same as the dress described above. Bottom part gathered at the waist and inserted between the parts a narrow strip of some kind of bright fabric. Instead of this strip, a wide frill could be sewn, which was trimmed with strips of colored tape. It was customary to decorate this dress with multi-colored braid and embroidery.

An apron (al'yapkys, al'yapkych) is a specific addition to a woman's dress. A simple apron was worn by men and women during various chores. Such an apron consisted of an upper and a lower part, the first of which covered the chest and was tied at the back of the neck. Ribbons in the middle of the apron were tied at the back. Even such an everyday women's apron was decorated with various embroidery. Other aprons made up a peculiar colorful ensemble together with a dress. Thus, the apron served as a cloth decoration for a Bashkir woman.

One of the types of women's fabric jewelry is a chest band (kүkrәksә) - a rectangular piece of chintz with strings at the corners. A rectangular piece of colored fabric of a smaller size, embroidered with colored threads, was sewn onto it. A chest strap was worn under the dress and covered the chest in the area of ​​the dress cut. A similar bib could have a spade-like shape; two or three rows of multi-colored ribbons were sewn onto it. The ribbons were arranged in an arc and silver coins or round metal plaques were sewn onto them. Such a bib was often sheathed with a braid.

Another type of bib (һakal) covered the entire chest, going down to the waist and below. It was a spatula-shaped piece of double fabric, trimmed with several rows of coral threads along the edges, with coins in the middle part. This bib was worn over a dress, it had two
ties at the top corners.

The seltur bib consisted of two parts. The upper fabric part was sheathed with corals. The lower part consisted of a coral mesh, lying loosely on a cloth base. Silver coins were also sewn onto such a bib. In some areas of residence of the bash-kir, it was customary to wear a special type of bib, which is a single whole with the back. This decoration covered the chest, back and shoulders. In the form of decoration, they also wore a bandage over the shoulder and chest (hәsitә), to which they attached various religious sayings, prayers, and all sorts of amulets.

Bashkir women wore special neck jewelry. Of the necklaces, coral, amber or glass beads (tөymә), as well as necklaces can be indicated. The latter could consist of large silver coins held together by metal plaques and rings. A velvet collar (muiynsa) was fastened in front with a silver buckle with pendants. Special women's headbands were decorated with various ornaments

Braiding their braids into one (girls) or two (women) braids, the Bashkirs weaved special laces into them, from which large coins were hung. Openwork or patterned metal pendants of sulpas (chulps) with coins and inserts of stones and colored glasses could have been used. Various braid decorations were also used. They could represent the fastened threads of multi-colored beads (their number reached 16). At the top, these threads were attached to the braid, at the bottom they ended in multi-colored tassels. Another decoration for braids consisted of a narrow and long colored fabric on which coins were sewn in two rows. In the upper part, a metal plaque or large agate in an openwork frame was fixed. Pendants were sewn at the bottom of the tape. This decoration was long, it went down over the braid to the waist.

Other Bashkir women's adornments include earrings, rings and rings, hairpins and clasps. On both hands, above the wrist, the Bashkir women wore bracelets (twisted silver with pendants or plate). Coins and plaques, gold and silver, carnelian and turquoise, sea shells and corals, amber and glass were most often used in women's jewelry.

The most common men's clothing, the shirt is sewn long and wide. The shirt is cut from a single piece of fabric without seams on the shoulders, wide sleeves are provided. There are no fasteners at the cut on the chest, the collar is tied with a special braided cord. Laces are made with tassels, wrapped with gold and silver threads. The Bashkir men's shirt is worn outside, often decorated with stitching along the collar, sleeves and hem.

Bashkir men wore a variety of belts. An ordinary belt (bilbau) is a piece of long factory fabric. It is folded in several layers and wrapped twice. The long belt could also be woolen, woven. A narrow belt belt had a hook-like buckle; a leather bag, a knife and a case for a donkey were hung from such a belt. The belt could have embossed patterns or could be decorated with metal plates with a silver embossed pattern. Wealthy Bashkirs wore carpets

sashes (kәmәr bilbau) with expensive silver or copper

engraved buckles. These belts were richly decorated with badges with semiprecious stones. The surface of some sashes of this kind was decorated with silver plates covered with an embossed pattern with inserted stones.

Male Bashkirs shaved their hair and wore skullcaps, a permanent headdress. Usually Tatar tyube-teiki, made of black or red velvet, were worn. Skull-caps were decorated with tinsel, sparkles, and silver embroidery. In summer, a headdress kөlәpәrә was worn on the skullcap, somewhat reminiscent of malachai, but sewn from homespun white cloth without lining. At the end of the 19th century, felt hats became widespread. They could be hemispherical with medium-sized margins curved upward. Another type of felt hats had a tapered shape, a truncated top, and small brims.

Winter headdress malakhai (kolaksyn) was sewn from sheepskin or fox skin. This is a pointed hat with a small visor in the front. Very long ears and together with them the long back of the malachai allows you to cover the back of the head, cheekbones, shoulders and upper back. Often the kolaksin was covered with some kind of fabric on the outside. Sometimes such a hat was sewn from felt and hemmed with fur.

A round hat (bүrk) was covered with black cloth. It was sewn from sheepskin, often with edging from fox or beaver fur. A flat-cylindrical hat, slightly expanding upward, was also made of sheepskin. The bottom of such a hat was made of woolen cloth, the fur band was made of fox paws. A similar hat with a band of otter or beaver fur is called kamsat burk (kama burek).

In accordance with Muslim customs, Bashkir women always covered their heads. Usually, for this they used scarves (shawls), and older women - special long strip fabrics (tastar). The head was wrapped so that one end of the fabric lay on the chest, the other on the back. Tastar was decorated with embroidery and multicolored stitching. Women's headdress kashau is a kind of cap, sewn from canvas and trimmed with coins and corals. A long (floor-length) blade made of homemade woolen fabric is sewn onto the back of this cap. The kashau was put on the head and fastened with a special buckle under the chin.

Another women's headdress - takya - is a hemispherical canvas cap, trimmed along the edge and in the center with colored fabric. The entire surface of the cap is sheathed with silver coins, and a metal knob is placed at the top. Three rows of corals are sewn around the knob. The bottom of this headdress ends with a fringe of coral threads, coins are attached to the ends of the threads. The Bashkirs also wore a headband (һarauys), embroidered with silk... In winter, in addition to shawls, fur hats (kama bүrk) were also worn.

The Bashkirs' winter outerwear was varied, long and wide fur coats (tun) and short fur coats (bille tun) with straight backs, covered with cloth or other fabric. Sheepskin coats were sewn from white sheepskin, which were popular winter clothing for men and women, designed for bitter frosts and blizzards. The sheepskin coat was sewn spacious, very long. Men wore it with a belt.

furs, etc. Special fur coats were sewn from horse skins with fur outside - yylky tun. Such a fur coat could be worn over a sheepskin coat (A similar fur coat made from the skin of a foal is called colon tun). When cutting these fur coats, it was envisaged that the manes should go the full length of the fur coat along the back and shoulders, along the sleeves.

As for footwear, one of the most common types was shoe covers (saryk) - an ordinary leather sole with a leather toe and a woolen top without soles and heels sewn to it. For the manufacture of shoe covers, rawhide was used, they were sewn with horse tendons, and later they began to use dratva. These shoes were knee-high and tied at the top with laces woven from colored wool. A teal made of grass or straw was placed inside. Low leather backs and several triangles of leather were sewn to men's shoe covers as decoration. Women's shoe covers were decorated with colored cloth embroidery on the back.

Boots (Itek), sewn from rawhide horse leather, with rather thick soles and a low heel, were also permanent footwear. The tops of the boots were made short, the toe was straight and wide. Women's boots were made more elegant, they could be made and patterned. Soft morocco boots (sitek, chitek) were worn in a non-working setting. When going out into the street, rubber galoshes or special leather shoes were worn on boots.

Felt galoshes and felt boots were used as winter footwear. The poor masses, both in winter and in summer, could walk in bast shoes - in bast shoes (sabata, chabata). They were woven neat and light, and in the dry summer season they were the most comfortable work shoes. One of the types of bast shoes - bashimly sabata is weaved from bast with birch bark ribbons. A cloth top is sewn to the tightly woven lower part, which is tightened with a cord around the leg.

Shoes were worn with canvas or cloth onuchi and stockings. Short onuchi (sylgau, chylgau) were worn with boots, and long ones (yshtyr) - with bast shoes. Stockings are different: knitted woolen stockings (bәilәm oyok), woolen stockings made of homespun cloth (tula oyok), felt (keyes oyok). Felt white stockings were commonly worn by men during the winter.

In recent decades, Bashkir national clothes, shoes, and women's jewelry have disappeared from the scene. In this sense, the Bashkirs are Europeanized. Traditional clothes and shoes can only be seen in museums and theaters. True, fashion salons have already begun to turn to the historical origins of national clothing and footwear, but so far they are very timid. It's a pity, because this is a whole layer of the traditional culture of the people!

23.07.2017 09:00:00

Since the beginning of the year, I phoned several dozen villages in search of folk craftsmen in the Tuymazinsky and Sharansky regions and was quietly horrified. There was no one left. I call numbers in old notebooks. All died, more than 20 people. Simple, bright people.

"But what about their students, children?" - I ask sadly into the phone. "Who needs it now?" - they answer me.

Together with folk crafts, the unique spirit of the Ural-Volga ethnic groups is melting. I remember the masterpiece Kandrinsky, Nizhny Trotsky maple sleds (sleds), which a teenager could lift, without a single nail, tightened with leather and bast. 26 years old, seized by the district police officer in 2003 and handed over to the leshoz (they were made from poaching wood). When the confiscated property was sold as compensation for damage, they began to visit this craftsman from all over Russia. One consoles, someone took over the secrets of maple molding, copied, passed on to others.

Gafurovskie, Nizhnetroitskiy embroidered felt boots - a separate song! They even had a thicker knurled sole. Decorated with Russian, Mari, Tatar ornaments. Embroidered wire rods stuck splinters into the hearts of the beauties. But the masters are gone, the unique secrets have sunk into oblivion. Attempts at a remake on the Internet do not contain the main thing - an age-old soul and ingenious folk simplicity. In the villages, for example, of the Tuimazinsky and Sharansky districts, there are not even those who know how to weave sandals and goose nests, linden carvers. Search. You will not find it. Not a single inter-district center of folk crafts, at least some serious public organization? In addition to dance and song groups (they will not disappear), there is nothing in the western part of Bashkiria. I remember Evgeny Kravchenko (co-author of the Kalashnikov assault rifle) from Serafimovka. Its carved window frames came to be photographed in the 80s from “ Komsomolskaya Pravda". He did not leave any disciples. Its houses with outbuildings and tiles, reminiscent of architectural monuments, were demolished.

Once, in a friend's bathhouse, a simple oak ladle threw me into an aesthetic shock. Convenient, sleek and durable: a plug-in handle with an unpretentious thread in the hollowed-out boat bucket. With this ladle, my friend chopped nuts. When I asked to sell the masterpiece, the ladle was lacquered and put on a shelf at home. The businessman's soul woke up: “The only memory from my grandfather. In! The guys were before! With a knife and a hatchet in one winter day, he told me. "I'll try too."

The Tuimazinsky horse breeder opened a kumis shop. He calls me, they say, did you have any familiar kumis-makers? “Netuti,” I say. - God tidied up. Search now all over Bashkiria. "

He needed a recipe for not Kazakh or Mongolian, but Bashkir kumis from the Bashkir horse breed. With great difficulty I found a 76-year-old woman who owned the grandfather's recipe for making sourdough ... In Mordovia. It seems to have reproduced the taste of the Bashkir kumis sourdough. This required barrels made of certain types of wood and leather bags. According to rumors, the first batch of the original Bashkir strong-sour kumis (there are still slightly acidic ones) in a barrel went for hard currency to an anti-tuberculosis sanatorium in Kazakhstan.

Washing away national authenticity and replacing it with Western glamor is like mold infecting the fruit at the edge. In many villages they have forgotten how to weave, knit, embroider, lay out and paint ovens; they do not know how to bake bread.

Today, the Japanese can reproduce the katana sword using the technology of the 12th century, and we are looking for a recipe for the original sourdough of Bashkir kumis in Mordovia. The Germans will teach us how to make Bortevoy Bashkir honey (they learned from us and implemented it at home).

What will we show foreigners in 30-40 years? Disposable kitsch made in a soulless industrial way? They are already rowing him on the Arbat. What do we have left? Ufa Association of Folk Crafts "Agidel" on Tramvaynaya Street. This is something. It's good, they thought of transferring it to state funding in the early 2000s. Otherwise, the unique masters would have been lost in bankruptcy long ago. Because they do not have a hairy hand with claws for support, in other than 50 years.

It is necessary to immediately introduce at least some semblance of a state program for the revival of folk crafts. So that not only journalists, but also a group of saddlers, carpenters, honey makers, weavers, weavers, would travel to all villages, fix and distribute unique recipes and techniques that have been tested for centuries. Otherwise, we will get a generation that believes that the songs of Nadezhda Babkina are folklore, and the best honey is made in Germany.