Who wrote Shemyakin Court. S. Shemyakin (1794)

Slovenia: Chuguev - Shen. A source: t. XXXIX (1903): Chuguev - Shen, s. 462-464 ( · Post.) Other sources: MESBE

Shemyakin court - The title of an old satirical story of the unjust judge of Shemyak, which has survived in many manuscripts of the XVII and XVIII centuries, in the lowest paintings and folk fairy tales, and at the end of the XVIII and early XIX century. Received literary processing made by F. Zadubsky, A. Osipov (or A. Olenin), P. Piggy and the latest publishers of the Nikolsky market. All descriptive techniques of the story, partly moral, discover the late processing of ancient legend on the basis of fabulous motifs.

Traditional brothers, rich and poor, quarrel due to the fact that the poor groaned the rich horse. Since the rich did not give a clamp, then the poor had to tie a sleigh to the tails of the horse. Entering into the gate, he forgot to put a naval, and the horse cut off the tail. Rich refuses to take a horse and goes to the city with a complaint about his brother to the judge of Shemyak. The jubiler and the defendant make the way together. The second unwitting misfortune happens with the poor man. During sleep, he falls from Poland to the cradle and kills Popov baby. Pop joins rich. At the entrance to the city, the poor thing decides to commit suicide and rushes from the bridge, but falls on the sick old man, whom the son is visible, obviously, on ice in a bath. The victim also goes to the judge with a complaint. During the proceedings, the accused shows a shemyak stone wrapped in a handkerchief. The judge is confident that it is "posh", and decides all three things very peculiar: the horse should stay at the poor until the tail has grown up; Pop gives his wife a poor man so that the child was born from his Padi, and the third plaintiff can take revenge on the poor one exactly in the way that the latter killed his father. It is quite natural that the plaintiffs not only refuse to penalties, but give the defendant a generous remuneration in the form of an indent. This story does not end. The judge sends a bribe from the poor man from the poor man, but, having learned that the latter showed him not the money, and the stone, intended for the "bruising" of the judges in the event of an indictment, - thanks God for the salvation of life. Thus, all acting persons remain somehow satisfied with the outcome of the case, which ended in safely only due to the simplicity of the poor.

The story of Sh. Court has been published several times ("Archive" Kalachov, KN. IV, 1-10; "Monuments" of Kostomarova, II, 405-406; "Russian folk tales" Afanasyev, ed. A. Georgian, M. , 1897, t. II, 276-279; "Historical Reader" Buslaeva, 1443-1446; "Collection of the Russian language and literature of the Academy of Sciences", Vol. X, No. 6, p. 7-12; "Russian folk pictures" Rovilovsky, KN. I, 189-191, KN. IV, 172-175; "Lettering of literature" Tikhonravova, Vol. V, 34-37; a separate publication of the society of lovers of ancient writing, St. Petersburg, 1879, etc.), but questions On the origin of her, original Russian features, further development, late layers, etc. Little clarified.

So far, the eastern and western parallels were attracted to the case, on Sh. The court looked at the very original, very ancient product of Russian satire, and put it in touch with a common look of Russian people to the sad state of legal proceedings, explained with such proverbs as "with the attain Dropped, and keep the stone for the sinuses, "and commented even by some articles" Clamping "Alexei Mikhailovich and" Tasteners of foreigners about Russia XVII century. " Such a research method was unsuccessful. In this case, the historical name of the famous Galician prince Dmitry Shemyaki, Barbarusky Dreaming Dark Vasily, was particularly intrigued. Sakharov even brought the words of some Russian chronograph, which connects the saying with a historical event: "From this time of time in the Great of Russia for any judgment and delight in the ukrodnika, S. Court." In the same spirit, it was distributed to the observation of an old Russian scribe and Karamzin: "Without having a conscience nor the rules of honor, no prudent system of state, Shemyak in the short time of his dominion strengthened the attachment of Muscovites to Vasily, and in the civil affairs themselves, trampled justice, Ancient statutes, common sense, left forever the memory of his lawlessness in a folk proverb about Sud. Sh., Dynam User. " Solovyov and Bestuzhev-Ryumin repeat the same. Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky The first pointed to the accidental use of the eastern name of Shemyak to the historical personality of the Galician Prince XV century. ("History of Literature" Galakhov, vol. I, 433). On the other hand, scientists occupied the accidental victory of the eternal truth over Human Krivda, held in the story, however, with a tint of some irony. Buslaev did not doubt the Russian origin and was surprised only that the type of Judge Schämyaki, from the wise and fair (Biblical Solomon), took the opposite shade, and instead of a story with a moral idea, the story of Sh. Court decreased to a joking parody, despite the early, Oriental prime. He thought that the addition to the story was expressed in satirical anti-krivozyud and bribery, as phenomena of a later time, that is, the tale has turned into an ordinary satir in Russians ("Historical Readomy", 1443). Sukhomlinov explained this apparent opposition to various origins, of which the version of Shemyak was gradually composed, and in the fall of morality, the influence of the semichetic legends about the four soda judges - the "deceiver", the "disassemist", "fader" and "Crivosum" sees. Like the Jewish legends, and in Russian stories seriously mixed with funny; Therefore, "the favorite ideas of the people's literature about the victory of truth over Kryvda, about the salvation of the unfortunate from the malicious strengths merge with the features of the legend of the courts common in the Indo-European and semichetic peoples" ("Collection", X, 28). We should not forget that in Sh. Court, the judge justifies the poor man who committed involuntary crimes in the essence, and it saves him from revenge of people, morally guilty, thanks to which Satira for bribery did not lose the edification. So looks at the tendency of the story A. N. Veselovsky: Of course, the judge sets questions to casual, but so that the penalties fall on their severity on the plaintiffs and they prefer to abandon the claim.

The beginning of a comparative study was made by Western scientists who got acquainted with her for the free translation of Pastora Geydek in the Riga Almana "Janus" in 1808 ("Etto Schemiakin Sud. Ein Russisches Sprichwort", 147-151) and more accurate, A. Dietrich ("RussisChe Volksmärchen", Leipzig, 1831, 187-191). The background der Gapen first pointed to the similarity of S. Court with a late German song about Karl Great Court, published, by the way, in Bamberg in 1493 ("Literarischer Grundriss Zur Geschichte Der Deutschen Poesie", B., 1812, p. 172). The general features of the medieval legend and Russian stories relate not only to the basic nature of the court decision. The traded kid takes off the Jew for 1000 Guldennes with the condition to allow the creditor to cut a pound of meat from him if the money is not returned. Although the term was missed by the fault of the Jew, nevertheless, he refused to accept the money and turned to the "ideal judge", Karl Great, or, as some scientists think, to Karl IV. On the way, two similar misfortunes happened on the road: his horse crushed the child who had fled down the street, and he himself fell into the window and killed the old knight. The verdicts are submitted: the Jew can cut meat, but not more than 1 pound (cf. well-known episode in the "Venetian merchant" Shakespeare); Instead of a crushed child, the defendant must come to another with his wife's wife, and the son of a knight can kill the accused, but only his fall from the window (V. DOCEN, "ETWAS ÜBER DIE QUELLEN DES SHAKSPEAR'S Schauspiele", in Museum Für Altdeutsche Literatur, t. II , 279-283). Benpinus leads a Tibetan fairy tale, which served as a link between the alleged Indian source and Russian sh. Bowls Brahmin takes rich for the time of the bull for work, but the bull runs away from the master's yard; On the way to the judge, Brahmin falls from the wall and kills the wandering weaver and a child who has spawned under the clothes, to which the traveler sat down to relax. The sentences of the judges are characterized by the same caaseuty: as the plaintiff did not "see" that the bull was led to him, then he should whipping his "eye"; The defendant must marry the widow weaver and hold the child with the injured mother ("Pantschantatra", 1859, t. I, 394-397). The same similarity German folklorist noticed with the Indian fairy tale about the Cairo merchant, which is likely to also go back to an unknown Buddhist source (ibid., 402-403). Subsequently, more direct sources were found (S. Tawney, "Indian Folk-Lore Notes from The Pali Jatakas" and so on. d., in "Journal of Philol.", 1883, XII, 112-120; V. Morris, "Folk-Tales of India", in The Folk-Lore Journal, 1885, III, 337-448, etc.). It is quite natural that such a slim and sustainable legend's details relates rather to stray legends. Recently, Muslim versions are specified (Clonston, "Popular Tales and Fiction Their Migration and Transforms", London, 1887, I, 62-64; V. Zhukovsky, "Persian versions of Sh. Court", in the "Notes of the Eastern Department of Russian Archaeological Societies ", Vol, 155-176), German (K. Simrock," Deutsche Märchen ", Stuttgart, 1864, 322-324; His," Die Quellen Des Shakspeare ", I, 233-234), Italian ( G. Sercambi, "Nouvelle Sceelta Di Curiosità Letteraria Ined. O Rare Dal Sec. XIII AL XVII", Bologna, 1871, IV, 23-37, 274-276), English ("Marke More Foole. Bishop Persy's Folio Manuscript. Balds and Romances », Galle, III, 127-134), Romanian (Elena Do Sevastos, Povesti, Iasi, 1892, 74-77), Polish, finally, Jewish in the" Babylon Talmud "and the" Book of Righteous ", given in Russian translation in Article M. Sukhomlinova.

It remains not yet permitted by the question, by what paths it penetrated to us this legend. Based on the direct testimony of the Tolstsky list "Sh. Court of the XVII century "(discharged from Polish books), Tikhonravov thought that" In his present form, a satirical story about the court, already crumbled with the name S., passed through the alteration of a Russian man and received paints purely folk, but individual episodes could be borrowed from Polish books. " To do this, he pointed to the anecdote "about the inadvertent case" in the popular story of the "adherents of a new entertainment jester and the great in the affairs of the conscience-DRAL-DRA" (Mason falls with a high tower and kills the sitting at the bottom of the person), as well as one episode in Figei KACH »Polish writer XVI century. Nikolai Reya from the naughty about the accused, who "the judge stone showed" (N. Tikhonravov, "writings", t. I, M., 1898, p. 310-313), but the analogies and parallels cannot be taken in any way for others.

From the manuscripts, the story passed into print. In the first half of the XVIII century. At the Akhmetyevskaya factory, 12 pictures were engraved to S. Court, with the text printed in the Rovilovsky (BN. I, 189-192, IV, 166); The cheating edition was repeated five times, and for the last time, already with a censored note, printed in 1839. Further development of the story was expressed in the late literary treatments in the taste of "Poshechonian's presence", for example, in 1860, "a fairy tale about Crvosewood and Tom, as naked Yerema, granddaughters of Pakhoma, at the neighbor, the thomas of the big chrome, the misfortunes created and about other things. " The whole comism of this "fairy tale" rests on the development of a well-known topic: "Eague for an eye and tooth for the tooth", ran into a female spirit.

Literature. A. Dypin, "Sh. Court "(in the" archive of historical and practical information "Kalachov, IV, 1859, 1-10); N. Tikhonravov, "Sh. Court "(in the" chronicles of Russian literature ", vol. III, M., 1861, 34-38); M. Sukhomlinov, "Tale of Court Sh." (in the "Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences", vol. X, 1873, No. 6); A. Veselovsky, in the "Literature Story" Galakhov (St. Petersburg, 1881, x, 432-433); D. Rovinsky, "Russian Folk Pictures" (Part IV); F. Buslaev, My Leisure (Moscow, 1886, 293-313); I. Porfiryev, "History of Russian Literature" (Part I, 158-159); S. Oldenburg, "Bibliographic list of sh. Courts" ("Living Older", 1891, III, 183-185).

Probably, many have heard this old "Russian folk" satirical story a fairy tale, which refuses mercy and arbitrariness of feudal judges. But anyway "Shemyakin Court" Who wrote? Based on what events? And whether there were grounds for riding the judges of that time? Let's try to figure it out in all these issues.

About what…

Shemyakin Court is a democratic satire. The unlucky poor hero falls into three different anecdotal plots. The suffering of the poor in each of them is due to the reluctance to violate the law. The conflict and development of the SHEMYAKIN court's action is provoked by the chain of situations in which the Hero-poor is irrelevant. The work is a lively folk anecdotic history, where acting persons are in comical and implausible situations, and the plot itself develops very quickly and dynamically.

Who is shemyak?

Dimitri Shemyaka (1420 - 1453) is a real historical face, Prince Galitsky, belonging to the Rurikovsky dynasty. He earned his "bad" reputation due to its cruelty and cunning. Having entered into the unrighteous struggle for power in Moscow, he won the Moscow Prince Vasily for a while. Dimitri Shemyak deprived of his opponent. Subsequently, Vasily got the nickname dark (blind). That is how it is called numerous historians.

Who wrote "Shemyakin Court"?

Similar plots of unfair court are found in the literature of many countries. In the title of several lists of Shemyakin Court, says that this story is taken from Polish books. There is even a Polish version, the author of which is the writer of the XVI century Nikolai Rei from naked.

The plot of Shemyakin Court is transferred in two versions - poems and prosaic. In different parts of the Russian state, many manuscripts were found dated XVII and XVIII centuries., Lumping pictures "Shemyakina Court". The plot was mentioned in many legends of foreigners about traveling in Russia of the XVII century, which allocated the attitude of Russian people to the state of proceedings of that time. The story has become widely popular among the people and can quite apply for the title of one of the best works of Russian folklore. In the late XVIII century, the plot received literary processing. She was made by A. Osipov (or A. Olenin), F. Zardubsky, p. Svedin and several other literature publishers. With a detailed analysis of descriptive techniques, mostly moral, many modern writers discovered late processing of Russian ancient legend, created by the efforts of folk art on the soil of the motives of folk fairy tales.

Hidden meaning…

In a common medium, Shemyakin Court became a none name of the wrong and unfair court. Associates with a parody of the trial.

Source: www.vvd.su.

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Shemyakin court

Shemyakin court
The name of the ancient Russian satirical story that was implancing the arbitrariness and mercency of the feudal court.
Shemyaka is a real historical face, Galician Prince Dimitri Shemyak (mind 1453), who is sadly famous for its cruelty, cunning and unrighteous affairs. In the struggle for the Moscow throne, he won over his opponent for some time over his rival, Moscow Prince Vasily and blinded him. Subsequently, the Moscow Prince received the nickname Vasily Dark (that is, blind), under which he entered the story.
Allegorically: the wrong, unfair court, parody of the trial (ion., Sweet.).

Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: "Lock-Press". Vadim Serov. 2003.

Shemyakin court

The expression is used in the meaning: the wrong, unfair court; It originated from the ancient Russian satirical story about Shemyakin Court, which was implancing the arbitrariness and mercency of the feudal court. This story dedicated to the personality of Prince Dmitry Shemyaki (mind in 1453) was widely popular; It has been preserved in many manuscripts of the XVII and XVIII centuries. And served as the plot for the cheating pictures and books.

Dictionary of winged words. Plutex. 2004.

Watch what is Shemyakin Court in other dictionaries:

- (The court treacherous, dishonest) is Sidorov True and Shemyakin Court. Cf. The case of these martyrs was raised, revised; Shemyakin sentences were canceled and the good name and honor of these innocent victims of Kryvda ... were restored ... N. Makarov. ... ... Mikhelson's Big Thick-Frazological Dictionary

Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

Shemyakin court. See the court. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

SUT., Number of synonyms: 1 unfair court (1) Dictionary of Synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

shemyakin court - Only units. , Sustainable combination of an unfair, whipping, sale court. Twist Shemyakin Court. Synonyms: krivosu / d (statute) etymology: named Judge Schämyaki from the Russian satirical story of the second floor. XVII century See the TZH. court. Encyclopedic ... ... Popular Dictionary of the Russian Language

The title of ancient satirical story of the wrong judge Shemyak, which remained in many manuscripts of the XVII and XVIII centuries, the inadquarters and folk fairy tales, and at the end of the XVIII and early XIX century. Received literary processing made by F. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A nominal expression denoting an unfair court. It is associated with the same name of the Russian satirical story of the 2nd half of the 17th century, written on the basis of the fabulous plot common among many peoples. Theme story ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Shemyakin court (court Various, dishonest). It is Sidorov True, Shemyakin Court. Cf. Ducho, the martyrs were raised, revised; Shemyakinskіi sentences were ignored and the good name and honor of these innocent victims of Krivda ... were set up ... Large intelligent-phraseological dictionary of Michelson (original spelling)

. Study. Unjust court. / I\u003e Related to the personality of Prince Dmitry Shemyaki (XV century), the arbitrariness and lawlessness of the feudal court. Bms 1998, 557; DP, 173, 346; BTS, 1287, 1494; Mokienko 1989, 162 ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings

shemyakin court - Sham Yakin with Ud, Sham Yakina Court A ... Russian spelling dictionary

Books

• Shemyakin court. Part 1, P. P. Svignin. Shemyakin court, or the last inter part of the specific princes of Russians. Historic novel XV century. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the publication of 1832 (Publisher`Moscow ...

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# History #Sia # story # people # Shemyaka # Society # Shemyakinsud

Dmitry Shemyaka (1420-1453) and Dmitry Red (1421-1441) Yuryevichi, children of Yuri Dmitrievich and the grandchildren of Dmitry Donsky, - Princes Galitsky (Galich Kostromsky).

Dmitry Shemyaka was a man of unbridled energy, illegible in the means to achieve the target target. He became famous for the tireless, stubborn struggle with the Grand Duke Vasily Dark, his cousin, for the Moscow throne. Later in the lifetime of the Father, who wanted a grandeur, he took an active part in all campaigns and wars against the Grand Duke. After the death of the Father, Yuri Dmitrievich (1434), Dmitry Shemyak did not support the claims of his older brother of Vasily obliquely on the grand-pendant throne. He together with the younger brother invited Vasily Vasilyevich Vasilyevich, his cousin.

Vasily II tried to deepen the split between Yuryevichi. With younger Yurevichi, he concluded a contract by which they received the dilisse of Dmitrovsky's deceased Peter Dmitrievsky, as well as Zvenigorod and Vyatka, taken away from their older brother Vasily Kosoy. Vasily II recognized Galich, Ruse, Vyshgorod, the data to them by their father for his new allies. From him they received Rzhev, Uglich and other ownership.

Vasily Kosoya was preparing to go on the Grand Duke, whom Shemyak came to Moscow to call for his wedding. Unexpectedly, Shemyaka was captured and sent to Kolomna in Okov as suspected in joint actions with an elder brother, at which the "yard" of Shemyaki really was. Grand Duke released Shemyak, forced him to confirm the previous treaty. The trust between the cousins, apparently, was restored, since in 1437 the Grand Duke sent both Yuryevich to Bellev at Khan Ulu-Makhmet. But they behaved in the campaign rather as the robbers who made all the way on the path and the sword everything, without disassembling her and someone else's. The arrogance of Shemyaka was the reason that Moscow troops with disgrace fled from the few troops Ulu-Makhmet (1438). Shemyaka could not for a long time to restrain his hatred towards the Great Prince and in 1439 did not help him when attacking Moscow Ulu-Mahmet. The bloody clashes between them managed to eliminate only thanks to the conciliatory intervention of Trinity Iguman Zinovia.

Subsequent events turned Dmitry Shemyak in the eyes of Moscow residents in the present monster like Svyatopolka Okyannoe. And the suffering of Vasily Vasilyevich brought him sympathy and sympathy. Vasily Vasilyevich was captured by Tatars. His long held in the Trinity Monastery, actually depriving freedom. Vasily dazzled, which seemed to be a terrible and cruel crime. D. Shemyak, together with Ivan Mozhaisk, managed to take Moscow briefly. But his intrigues, treachery and cruelty caused a growing fighter from people of different titles. Moscow was engaged in detachments under the command of Boyar Vasily II, Mikhail Borisovich Plescheyev. Shemyak fled to Chukhl. In 1452, when Moscow troops surrounded the Shemyak on the Kokshenge River, he fled to Novgorod.

Correspondence of the Metropolitan of Moscow Ion with the Novgorod Lord Eviefism that the latter convinced the Shemyak to conquer the great prince, did not matter. Everything was resolved easier: with the Moscow Decia, Stepan Bearded Shemyak was poisoned by his own chew. There was no man - there was no problem. The Grand Duke of Vasily II was so delighted the outcome of the struggle that the messenger who brought the news of the death of Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaki, Hemäki, complained to Dejiki. Son Shemyaka Ivan left the mother in Lithuania, where he received in feeding from King Casimir Rylsk and Novgorod-Seversky. Dmitry Red died earlier than Smeyaki, in 1441

The next crossbought ended. Almost the Son of Vasily II, Ivan Vasilyevich, the future sovereign of All Russia, was almost the most attentive observer of all these peripetias.

Vladimir Valentinovich Fortunatov
Russian history in faces