Likhachev D.S. Great legacy

Edited by E.A. Molev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of History of Nizhny Novgorod state university them. Lobachevsky

Methodological guidance of the authors' collective of rural Letopis is conducted by the regional department of culture through the methodological department of the central regional library (centralized library system of the region)
For the practical maintenance of the Chronicle, a positive attitude towards it of the local authority - the village council, documented is required. Moreover, this document should contain:
a) who and for how long is involved in the creation of the Chronicle;
b) in what time frame the group of authors (compilers of the Chronicle) reports on their work in this village council.
By the decision of the authority local government about the creation of the Chronicle, only people who are actually working on the Chronicle should be entered.
The statute of the Chronicle is of decisive importance for the creation and maintenance of the rural Chronicle - a relatively large document that reveals in detail all aspects of the activities of the group of authors (compilers of the Chronicle) and their relationship with the village council. This is a very important organizational document for the Chronicle. The statute is approved by the head of the village council administration.

Statute of the Chronicle

1. The purpose and objectives of the rural Chronicle

The creation and maintenance of the rural Chronicle is aimed at maintaining an orderly collection of information about events that occurred in this village or associated with this village and have a socially significant character, from the moment the settlement was created to the present day.

The information entered in the "Chronicle ..." is open to all those interested in history, economics, culture and other factors of the life of the village.

Special meaning it is supposed to inform the younger generation of villagers and students of the rural school about the history of this settlement and the increasing role of local history.

2. The team of authors, the procedure for approval and the terms of work of the team of authors

To maintain the "Chronicle ..." by the decision of the head of the administration of the village council, a team of authors (compilers of the chronicle) is approved, consisting of two people: an official leading the paper version of "Chronicle ..." (optional), having the desire, knowledge, skills and technical capabilities to maintain the "Chronicle ..." in electronic form.

The team of authors in the process of working on the Chronicle independently searches and finds volunteer assistants and informants to collect information on the Chronicle topic. The number of assistants and informants is not limited. Their participation in the creation of the chronicle is recorded in a separate part of the chronicle: "Helpers and Informants"

The team of authors is looking for people who are able not to write under the dictation of the leadership, but who have independent thinking, interest and desire for local history. It uses wide circle search for these people in the field of culture, education, etc.

The team of authors unites people interested in the history of their land in groups to work together on the preparation of the Chronicle in accordance with the approved statutes of the rural Chronicle. It does this on the basis of decisions of local administrations.

3. What events are included in the rural Chronicle

In the "Chronicle ..." are brought in events of social significance, and concerning both physical and legal entities relevant to this locality... Somehow:
statistics of births, marriages, divorces and deaths, the total number of the population of the village, township, the number of schoolchildren, conscripts, pensioners, other statistical information;
information of various kinds on culture, economy, infrastructure of the village, township;
information about the organizations located in the village, significant milestones and achievements in their activities, the full name of the leaders from the moment the organization began its activities and up to the present;
educational, labor, combat and other socially significant achievements of the villagers or other persons related to the rural settlement;
decisions of rural and higher administrations and bodies related to the village or rural settlement, both in general and in particular;
information and media articles on issues related to the village;
school events in a village school, events concerning pupils from this village;
information about corporate events and celebrations celebrated in the village
natural events and phenomena on the territory of the village
information about folk crafts, labor activities, hobbies and interests of the villagers;
economic activity individuals and organizations on the territory of the village;
other events, facts, figures, documents and dates of public importance for the village.

4. The procedure for maintaining the Chronicle, registration, numbering

In accordance with Russian legislation, the document has a paper version of the Chronicle of the rural Chronicle. "Chronicle ...", as a paper document, is registered in the administration of the village council.

All entries in the book are kept in chronological order, as information becomes available, indicating the date of the event, the text of information about the past event and a link to the source of information about the event that took place. As information accumulates on a topic, one can do analyzes, create various generalizations and other materials, but this is secondary. The main approach is chronological.

Each completed page of the "Chronicle ..." is numbered and signed by the compiler of the paper version of the "Chronicle ...". Separate review and thematic materials, which, due to their large volume, cannot be included in the text of the "Chronicle ..." itself, are taken into account in the table of contents of the "Chronicle ..." part of rural Chronicle.

5. Sources of information, their reliability

The principle of referring to the exact source of information - oral, written or electronic - is strictly obligatory. Sources of information can be official and unofficial, written and oral, photo, video and audio recordings. Each source of information has its own meaning, degree of reliability and importance.

Even a plaque on a grave monument, as a source of information, provides three types of information: the date of birth, death and the place of burial of a person. Links to sources of information can be placed in a separate part of the Chronicle, but in any case, a link to the source of information should be.

The most reliable information is from archival and other official documents - if they are repeated more than once (information confirmed by two or more documentary sources).

Less reliable are records based on information from one documentary source, or mass media (mass media).

And the third degree of reliability is the memories of our contemporaries. They are valuable for their primacy and sharpness and will always find a worthy place in the Chronicle. But due to the properties of human memory, the subjectivity of assessing past events, it is not always possible to recall everything "in a bookish way." Therefore, chronicle records based on memoirs should be clarified and supplemented with cross-sectional data from documentary sources. "

6. The order of storage of the Chronicle

In the process of keeping "Chronicle ..." its paper version is kept in the rural library. After completing the next volume, it, together with its electronic copy on a CD-ROM under the accession number, is transferred to rural library... Its paper and electronic copies (on CD) are transferred for storage to the administration of the village council.

7. Obligations of the founder of the Chronicle

The founder of "Letopis" is the administration of the village council. She:

approves the statute of the chronicle;

registers paper and electronic versions of "Chronicle ...";

within the prescribed time frame of the inventory checks the existence of the "Chronicle ...", as a document of the administration of the village council;

after the completion of the next volume of the Chronicle ... makes a decision to transfer it in paper and electronic form (on CD) for permanent storage to the rural library, and its paper and electronic copies to the administration of the village council.

8. Duties and reporting of the group of authors (compilers of the chronicle)

keeps a record of statistical information regarding the village within the time frame agreed with the administration;

gives proposals to the administration of the village council on making additions and changes to the status of the "Chronicle ..."

within the time frame established by the administration of the village council prepares a report on its activities to maintain the "Chronicle ...".

9. The role and place of the electronic version of the rural Chronicle

Simultaneously with the paper text of the "Chronicle ...", an electronic record of the text of the rural Chronicle is being kept. It should completely duplicate the paper text of "Chronicle ...". Under this condition, the electronic version of the "Chronicle ..." is a full-fledged copyright copy of the "Chronicle ...", and in case of loss of the paper version of the "Chronicle ...", the Chronicle must be restored on the basis of its electronic copy.

When the next volume of "Chronicle ..." is completed and handed over to the rural library, its electronic copy is recorded in two copies on a CD, also recorded on the inventory number and deposited one copy at a time in the rural library and the administration of the village council.

It is allowed to copy, duplicate, reprint materials "Chronicle ..." in electronic and paper form, with a mandatory link to

Traditionally annals in broad sense are called historical works, the presentation of which is carried out strictly by year and is accompanied by chronographic (annual), often calendar, and sometimes chronometric (hour) dates. In the narrow sense of the word, chronicles are usually called chronicles that have actually come down to us, preserved in one or several similar lists. Sometimes chronicles of small size - most often of a narrow local or chronologically limited nature - are called chroniclers (Rogozhsky chronicler, Chronicler of the beginning of kingdoms, etc.). As a rule, the chronicle in research means a complex of lists combined into one edition (say, Laurentian Chronicle, Ipatiev Chronicle). In this case, it is believed that they are based on a common alleged source.

Chronicle writing was conducted in Russia from the 11th to the 17th centuries. Late Russian chronicles (XVI-XVII centuries) differ significantly from the chronicles of the previous time. Therefore, working with them has its own specifics. At that time, the chronicle as special genre historical narration faded away. It was replaced by other types of historical sources: chronographs, Synopsis, etc. The period of coexistence of these types of sources is characterized by a kind of blurring of species boundaries. The chronicles are increasingly acquiring the features of a chronographic (more precisely, granographic) presentation: the narration is conducted along the "edges" - the periods of the reign of kings and grand dukes. In turn, later chronographs may include chronicle materials (sometimes entire fragments of chronicles).

Back in the 19th century. it was found that almost all of the surviving chronicle texts are compilations, collections of previous chronicles.

Reconstruction of the texts of the vaults is a complex and time-consuming task (examples are the reconstruction of the Ancient Vault 1036/39, the Primary Vault 1096/97, I, II and III editions of the Tale of Bygone Years, created by A.A. Shakhmatov; academic edition of the text reconstruction Tale of Bygone Years, prepared by D.S.Likhachev). They are used in order to clarify the composition and content of the text of a hypothetical set. Basically, such reconstructions are of illustrative value. At the same time, there is a known case of scientific reconstruction by M.D. Prisyolkovym of the Trinity Chronicle, the list of which died during the Moscow fire of 1812. Thanks to this reconstruction, the Trinity List was reintroduced into scientific circulation. Reconstructions of protographs are permissible, as a rule, at the final stage of source study, since they allow a more specific presentation of the results of work on the texts of chronicle lists. However, it is not customary to use them as a source material.

> When working with chronicle materials, one should remember about the inaccuracy and conventionality of scientific terminology. This is due, in particular, to "the lack of clear boundaries and the complexity of the history of the annalistic texts", with the "fluidity" of the annalistic texts, allowing "gradual transitions from text to text without visible gradations of monuments and editions." It should be distinguished whether the study deals with the chronicle as a conditional edition or a specific list; not to confuse the reconstruction of the annalistic protographs with the texts of the lists that have come down to us, etc.

Clarification of the annals' terminology is one of the urgent tasks of the chronicle source study. Until now, “in the study of chronicles, the use of terms is extremely vague.

One of the most difficult in chronicles is the concept of authorship. Indeed, as already noted, almost all known chronicles are the result of the work of several generations of chroniclers.

For this reason, the very idea of ​​the author (or compiler, or editor) of the chronicle text turns out to be largely conditional. Each of them, before proceeding to describe the events and processes of which he was an eyewitness or contemporary, first rewrote one or more of the previous annalistic collections that were at his disposal.

The situation was different when the chronicler approached the creation of an original, "author's" text about contemporary events, a participant or eyewitness of which he was or about which he learned from witnesses. Here, the individual experience of the author or his informants could come into conflict with public memory. However, this obvious paradox disappeared when in what was happening it was possible to discern the features of the highest for the Christian consciousness. historical experience... For the chronicler, sacred history is a timeless value that is constantly re-experienced in real, "today's" events. The event is significant for the chronicler insofar as it, figuratively speaking, was an event.

Hence followed a method of description - through direct or indirect citation of authoritative (most often sacred) texts. An analogy with already known events gave the chronicler a typology of the essential. That is why the texts of the sources, on which the chronicler relied, were for him and his contemporaries a semantic foundation, from which it remained to choose ready-made clichés for perception, description and simultaneous assessment of what was happening. Apparently, individual creativity affected mainly the form and, to a much lesser extent, the content of the chronicle message.

The idea should allow one to consistently explain: 1) the reasons that prompted the creation of new vaults and continue the presentation begun once; 2) the structure of the chronicle narrative; 3) selection of material to be presented; 4) the form of its submission; 5) selection of sources on which the chronicler relied.

The way of revealing the intention is the opposite: by analyzing the content of the texts on which the chronicler relied (and the general ideas of the works that he took as the basis of presentation), according to the literary forms found in the chronicle, the content of the chronicle messages that is relevant for the chronicler and his potential readers should be restored , the vault as a whole, and on this basis try to isolate the basic idea that gave rise to this work.

7. The Tale of Bygone Years: origin, authorship, edition, internal structure. It is customary to associate the beginning of the Old Russian chronicle with a stable general text, with which the overwhelming majority of the chronicles that have survived to our time begin. The text of The Tale of Bygone Years covers a long period- from ancient times to the beginning of the second decade of the 12th century. This is one of the most ancient annals, the text of which was preserved by the annalistic tradition. In different chronicles, the text of the Tale reaches different years: until 1110 (Lavrentievsky and related copies) or until 1118 (Ipatievsky and similar lists). This is usually associated with repeated editing of the Tale. A comparison of both editions led A.A. Shakhmatova concluded that the text of the first edition, carried out by the abbot of the Vydubitsky monastery, Sylvester, was preserved in the Laurentian Chronicle. The text of articles 6618-6626. associated with the second edition of the Tale of Bygone Years, carried out, apparently, under the eldest son of Vladimir Monomakh, Prince of Novgorod Mstislav. At the same time, an indication that the author of the Tale was some monk Kiev-Pechersky Monastery, Nestor. According to A.A. Shakhmatova, the chronicle, which is usually called the Tale of Bygone Years, was created in 1112 by Nestor - presumably the author of two well-known hagiographic works - Readings about Boris and Gleb and the Life of Theodosius of Pechersky.

Chronicle codes preceding the Tale of Bygone Years: the Novgorod I Chronicle contains the text of the Chronicle Code, which preceded the Tale of Bygone Years. The tale of bygone years was preceded by a collection that A.A. Shakhmatov proposed to call him "Beginner". Based on the content and nature of the presentation of the chronicle, it was proposed to date it to 1096-1099. According to the researcher, it was he who formed the basis of the Novgorod I Chronicle. Further study of the Primary Code, however, showed that it was based on some kind of work (or works) of a chronicle nature. From this L.A. Shakhmatov concluded that the Primary Code was based on some kind of chronicle compiled between 977 and 1044. The most likely in this interval was L.A. Shakhmatov considered the year 1037, under which the Tale contains praise to Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich. The researcher suggested calling this hypothetical chronicle work the Most Ancient Code. The narrative in it had not yet been broken down into years and had a plot. Yearly dates (chronological network) were added to it by the Kiev-Pechersk monk Nikoi the Great in the 70s of the 11th century.

M.P. Tikhomirov drew attention to the fact that the Tale reflects the reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich better than Vladimir Svyatoslavich and Yaroslav Vladimirovich. On the basis of a comparative study of the Tale and the Novgorod I Chronicle, the scientist came to the conclusion that the Tale was based on the monothematic Tale of the beginning of the Russian land, which told about the founding of Kiev and the first Kiev princes.

D.S. Likhachev believes that the Primary Code was preceded by the Legend of the initial spread of Christianity in Rus. It was a monothematic story composed in the early 10s. XI century The Legend included: legends about the baptism and death of Princess Olga; about the first Russian Christian Varangian martyrs; about the baptism of Russia; about Boris and Gleb and Praise to Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich.

L.V. Cherepnin, comparing the text of the Tale with the praise of Prince Vladimir Jacob Mnich, came to the conclusion that the latter was based on the code of 996. This text was based on short chronicle notes that were kept at the Church of the Tithes in Kiev. It was also suggested that Anastas Korsunianin was involved in the compilation of the collection of the Tithe Church.

Novgorod vaults of the XI century: together with the Kiev-Pechersk vault of 1074 (the so-called Nikon vault), it formed the basis of the Primary vault. At the heart of the Novgorod vault of the third quarter of the 11th century, as A.A. Shakhmatov, lay the most ancient Kiev vault of 1037 and some earlier Novgorod chronicle of 1017, compiled under the Novgorod bishop Joachim.

B.A. Rybakov associated the compilation of such a code with the name of the Novgorod mayor Ostromir (1054-1059). According to the researcher, it was a secular chronicle that substantiated the independence of Novgorod, its independence from Kiev.

Oral sources as part of the Tale of Bygone Years: under 1096 the chronicler mentions a Novgorodian Gyuryat Rogovich, who told him the Ugra legend about peoples living on the edge of the earth in "midnight countries".

Foreign sources The Tale of Bygone Years: A significant part of them are foreign chronicles, primarily Greek. The most numerous are borrowings from the translation of the Chronicle of George Amartol. The Chronicle itself was created around 867 and covered world history from Adam to the death of the Byzantine emperor Theophilos (812). From the Chronicle, information was borrowed related to the history of the Slavs, and above all to the first campaigns of Rus against Constantinople.

Another important source of the Tale was the Chronicler of the Patriarch of Constantinople Nicephorus (806-815), which contained a chronological list of the most important events in world history, brought to the year of the author's death (829). Another important source of the Tale, according to A.A. Shakhmatov, supported by a number of researchers, became some kind of Chronograph of a special composition that has not survived to our time. It included fragments of the already mentioned Chronicle of George Amartolus, as well as the Greek chronicles of John Malala, the Chronicle of George Sinkell and the Easter Chronicle.

Used in the Tale and the text of the Jewish chronograph Book of Josippon, compiled in southern Italy in the middle of the 10th century. It is based on the Latin translation of "Jewish Antiquities" and the retelling of "The Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius. The main source of figurative representations of the first Russian chroniclers were works of a sacred nature, primarily the Holy Scriptures.

For the compilation of the chronicles, apocryphal literature was also widely used, which in the XI-XII centuries. existed along with liturgical books. Used by the compiler of the Story and the Life of Basil the New - a Greek hagiographic work.

Internal structure: PVL consists of an undated "introduction" and annual articles of varying volume, content and origin. These articles can have the character of 1) brief factual notes about a particular event, 2) an independent novel, 3) parts of a single narrative, spaced across different years when timing the original text that did not have a weather grid, and 4) "annual" articles of a complex composition.

8. Chronicle of the 12-15th century. The main centers, features of the content of the annals.

Local chronicle of the XII-XIII centuries. South Russian Chronicle Sources for the Study of South Russian Chronicle XII-XIII centuries. serve, first of all, Ipatievsky (early 15th century), those close to him Khlebnikovsky (16th century), Pogodinsky (17th century), Ermolaevsky ( end of XVII - early XVIII c.) and other lists, as well as lists of the Resurrection and the main edition of the Sofia I Chronicle. In the XII-XIII centuries. in the south of Russia, chronicle writing was systematically carried out only in Kiev and Pereyaslavl Yuzhny. In Chernigov, there were only family princely chroniclers.

On the one hand, the Kiyevsky chronicle continued the tradition of the Tale of Bygone Years. On the other hand, it lost its national character and turned into a family chronicle Kiev princes... It was conducted continuously throughout the 12th century.

Chronicle of the North-East Sources of study of the chronicle of the Russian North-East for the XII-XIII centuries. include the Radziwilovsky (late 15th century) and Moscow Academic (15th century) lists dating back to the general protographer (the Radziwill Chronicle), the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl Suzdal (list of the 60s of the 15th century) and the Laurentian list of 1377. According to M. D. Priselkov, the central idea of ​​this (the grand-ducal Vladimir vault of 1281) was the proof of Vladimir's priority “among the allied feudal Russian principalities (as opposed to the Galician vault of the late 13th century).

The Vladimir-Suzdal chronicle writing as an independent branch dates back to 1158, when continuous local records began to be kept in Vladimir-on-Klyazma at the court of Andrei Bogolyubsky. In 1177, they were combined with separate annalistic notes of Yuri Dolgoruky into the grand ducal vault, which was also based on the episcopal South Russian (Pereyaslavl) Chronicler. It was continued by the annalistic collection of 1193, which also included the materials of the prince's Chronicler of Pereyaslavl South. In 1212, on its basis, the obverse vault was created (i.e., decorated with miniatures, copies of which can now be seen in the Radziwill list) of the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Up to this point, chronicle writing was probably carried out at the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral. Then the annals acquired secular features, which is associated with the deterioration of relations between the Vladimir prince Yuri and Bishop Ivan. Most likely, the compilation of the collection in 1212 was entrusted to a person close to the Grand Duke. Subsequently, due to the Mongol invasion and the ruin of Vladimir, the Vladimir chronicle proper fades away.

The Rostov chronicle continued the traditions of the Vladimir grand ducal vaults. Here already in early XII 1st century a local princely chronicler was created, in many respects similar to that of Vladimir. In 1239, a continuation of the grand princely Vladimir vault appeared, which took the news of the Rostov vault of 1207.

The northeastern chronicle tradition was based on the idea of ​​moving the center of the Russian land from Kiev along Vladimir-on-Klyazma.

Novgorod Chronicle Sources for the study of Novgorod Chronicle XII-XIII centuries. The Synod list (XIII - first third of the XIV century) of the Novgorod first chronicle (older edition), as well as the lists of the Commission (XV century), Akademichesky (second half of the XV century) and Troitsky (second half of the XV century) serve as her younger gag. Their analysis allows us to establish that in Novgorod from the middle of the XI century. the chronicle tradition was not interrupted until the 16th century.

The history of the chronicle of Novgorod the Great. Around 1136, apparently in connection with the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod from Novgorod, on the instructions of Bishop Niphont, the Sofia Archbishop was created, which revised the Novgorod princely chronicle, which was conducted from the middle of the 11th century. Another source was also the Kiev Primary Code of 1096, which formed the basis of the Novgorod chronicle. It is possible that Kirik, a well-known cleric of the Novgorod Sophia, participated in the creation of the first arch of the Lord. At the beginning of the XIII century. a new sovereign vault appeared. Its creation was somehow connected with the fall of Constantinople in 1204. In any case, it ended with a story about the capture of the Byzantine capital by the crusaders.

By the XIV century. include the first chronicles claiming to illuminate the history of all Russian lands (although in fact, as a rule, only events that took place in North-Eastern Russia were reflected in them). The sources for studying the origin of the all-Russian chronicle are primarily the Laurentian and Trinity chronicles.

Due to the fact that in 1305 the Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavich became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, the center of the Grand Duke's annals moved to Tver, where, probably at the end of the XIII century. chronicle records begin to be kept. The creation here of the grand-ducal vault of the beginning of the XIV century coincided with the assimilation of a new title by Mikhail Yaroslavich - “ Grand Duke of all Russia ".

As an all-Russian, the code included not only local, but also Novgorod, Ryazan, Smolensk, South Russian news and had a clear anti-Horde orientation. Code 1305, became the main source of the Laurentian Chronicle. With the transfer of the label to the great reign in the hands of Ivan Kalita, the tradition of the all-Russian chronicle writing that originated in Tver passes to Moscow. Here in about 1389 the great Russian Chronicler was created. An analysis of it shows that under Prince Yuri Danilovich in Moscow, apparently, no chronicle records were kept. Separate fragments of such work (family chronicle) are noted at the Moscow princely court only from 1317. A little later, from 1327, chronicles began to be kept at the metropolitan see, which had been transferred a year earlier to Moscow. Apparently, since 1327 a single chronicle has been continuously kept here.

Most likely, chronicle writing at that time was conducted at the metropolitan's court. This is indicated by the nature of the annual records: the chronicler is much more attentive to the changes on the metropolitan throne, and not on the grand-ducal throne. However, this is understandable. Let's not forget that it was the metropolitans, and not the grand dukes, that traditionally had at that time in their titles the mention of “all Russia”, which was (at least nominally) subordinate to them. Nevertheless, the vault that appeared was not actually a metropolitan, but a grand-ducal-metropolitan. This collection (according to A.A. Shakhmatov's dating - 1390), probably, was named the Great Russian Chronicler. It should be noted, however, that the horizons of the compilers of the new collection were unusually narrow. The Moscow chronicler saw much less than the compilers of the Tver grand ducal vaults. However, according to Ya.S. Lurie, the so-called Chronicler, the great Russian in origin could be Tver.

The next stage in the development of all-Russian annals in the existing independent lands and principalities was associated with the strengthening of the role and influence of the Metropolitan of "All Russia". This was the result of a long confrontation between the Moscow Grand Duke and the Church during the reign of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. The idea of ​​creating a new collection of chronicles is associated with the name of Metropolitan Cyprian. It included the history of the Russian lands that were part of the Russian metropolis from ancient times. It should have included, if possible, materials from all local chronicle traditions, including individual chronicle records on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first all-Russian metropolitan collection was the so-called Trinity Chronicle of 1408, which is reflected mainly in the Simeonov list.

After the invasion of Edigei and in connection with the subsequent struggle for the Moscow throne between the heirs of Dmitry Donskoy, the center of all-Russian chronicle writing again moved to Tver. As a result of the strengthening of Tver in the 30s of the XV century. (according to the latest dating by Ya.S. Lurie - in 1412) a new edition of the 1408 code appeared here, which was directly reflected in the Rogozhsky chronicler, Nikonovsky and (indirectly) Simeonovsky chronicles. An important stage in the formation of the all-Russian chronicle was the compilation of a collection, which formed the basis for a large group of chronicle lists, united in the Sofia I and Novgorod IV chronicles. The calculation of the years, placed under 6888 (1380), allowed L.L. Shakhmatov to define the date of its creation as 1448. The compiler of the collection of 1448 reflected the changed outlook of the reader of his time. Under his pen, the idea of ​​the need to unite the Moscow lands with Rostov, Suzdal, Tver and Novgorod the Great for a joint struggle against the "nasty" was clearly formed. The chronicler “was the first to pose this question not from the narrow Moscow (or Tver), but from the general Russian point of view (using in this case the South Russian chronicle).

The code of 1448 has not reached us in its original form. Perhaps this is due to the fact that, involuntarily, due to the time of its creation, it had a compromise character, sometimes paradoxically combining the Moscow, Tver and Suzdal points of view.

Nevertheless, it formed the basis of almost all Russian chronicles of the subsequent period (first of all, Sophia I and Novgorod IV), one way or another reworking it.

2. The teacher's word

The purpose of the stage cognition: What events are associated with the emergence of ancient Russian literature?

Teacher:

The impetus for the emergence of Old Russian literature was the adoption of Christianity, when the need arose to acquaint Russia with the Holy Scriptures, with the history of the Church, with world history, with the lives of saints. The churches under construction could not exist without service books. And also there was a need to translate from the Greek and Bulgarian originals and distribute a large number of texts. This was the impetus for the creation of literature in the 10th century. Unlike Western European countries, Russia adopted Christianity late, in 988. The initial development of Russian literature took place under the influence of Byzantium - that is, the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople. The oldest monuments date back to the 11th century and are written in the old Church Slavonic language. The earliest surviving manuscripts were created in Kiev, which was then at the crossroads of the most important trade routes and was one of the most prosperous and cultural cities. medieval Europe... Chernigov, Galich, Rostov, and Novgorod were also centers of books. Books in Ancient Russia were highly valued. They were written mainly by monks scribes in their cells. The greatest interest was aroused by works of a moral, instructive nature, as well as historical works.

Answer: The beginning of Old Russian literature dates back to the 10th century, when writing appeared in Russia.

Question: Listen to the material and answer the question: how does Old Russian literature differ from the literature of modern times?

Teacher: The specific features of Old Russian literature are:

1. Until 1564, Russian literature was handwritten. The problem of book printing existed for a long time, right up to the 18th century, so the creation of a book was a long-term endeavor. Until the 17th century, all works were circulated by correspondence.

2. The works were created on the basis of historical material. Old Russian literature knew no fiction. All lyrics are based on real historical facts... The presence of fantastic elements in the texts suggests that people in ancient Russia believed that these miracles actually happened.

3. The literature of Ancient Rus preached Christian spirituality and ethics, that is, high morality.

4. Old Russian literature remained anonymous for a long time.

Answer: Old Russian literature was handwritten, most often anonymous, was closely related to religion, based on historical facts.

Teacher: Now let's talk about the genres of Old Russian literature. Old Russian literature is diverse in its genre composition: weather records, stories, parables (about prodigal son), lives- these are works that told about the life of the saints (the first life - Boris and Gleb, these are the sons of Vladimir), legends (about the foundation of Kiev), teachings(this is a genre of solemn eloquence, they denounced vices, welcomed virtues, instructed believers in Christian morality, for example, the teaching of Vladimir Monomakh), walking or travel (Afanasy Nikitina) - works describing the travels of pilgrims to the shrines of Palestine and Byzantium.

Chronicles, the lives of saints and monks, sermons and several secular stories written in 1030-1240 have come down to us. The most famous of the chronicles is The Tale of Bygone Years. This work was created at the beginning of the XII century by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor the chronicler. The chronicle tells about the origin of the Russian land, the first Russian princes and the most important historical events. The peculiarity of the story is poetry, the author of her masterfully mastered the word, the text uses various artistic means to make the story more compelling.

Question: How did you understand what a chronicle is?

Answer: weather description of the events that took place in Russia for several centuries.

Answer: Nestor the Chronicler.

Procedural Years ”was written at a time when one social order was replaced by another: the outgoing patriarchal-communal new, feudal one. Two historical consciousness are connected with this - the epic and the chronicle. "" Was created as a work of writing, but, in essence, reflects oral folk art. Based on the oral tradition of its time, The Tale of Bygone Years creates a written literary language, written history of Russia.

Oral sources provided mainly material, content and ideas for the construction of Russian history, partly its stylistic design - language. ( This material will help you to write competently and on the topic What is the Russian chronicle and its features. Summary does not make it possible to understand the whole meaning of the work, therefore this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, stories, stories, plays, poems.) The traditions of writing introduced all this material into the compositional framework customary for medieval bookism. The chroniclers worked with the usual techniques of medieval scribes. The "Tale of Bygone Years" reflected the skills of handling material typical of medieval writers and not at all similar to the writing skills of modern times.

A medieval Russian book outwardly, in its composition, differs sharply from the books of the new time - the XVIII-XX centuries. In medieval writing, it was rarely possible to find a work of one author or one work bound in a separate binding, highlighted in a separate independent book. It is impossible to imagine that on the bookshelf of a medieval lover of reading stood side by side in separate bindings "The Word about Igor's Campaign", "The Prayer of Daniel the Imprisoned", "The Teaching of Monomakh", etc. Medieval Russian book - originally parchment (that is, written in a special fashioned leather), and at the end of the XIV century, paper, covered with wooden lids covered with leather, fastened with copper clasps, many-leaved and heavy - was most often a collection.

Indeed, a careful and thorough study of the numerous texts of the Russian chronicles shows that the chroniclers compiled the chronicles as collections - "collections" of previous chronicle materials with the addition of their records for last years... It is as a result of this kind of connections in the annals of the previous chronicle materials that sometimes it turns out that this or that chronicle twice, and sometimes three times, speaks of the same event: combining several previous chronicles into one, the chronicler might not notice that he repeated his story, "dubbed" the news on the basis of several sources.

So, the chronicle is a collection,. Compiling his collection, the chronicler first of all took care of getting into his own hands the works of his predecessors - the same chroniclers, then historical documents - contracts, letters, wills of princes, historical stories, the lives of Russian saints, etc., etc. Having collected all the material available to him, sometimes numerous and varied, sometimes only two or three works, the chronicler put it together in a sequential presentation for several years. He combined the chronicles year with year. The document was placed under the year to which he referred, the life of the saint - under the year of the death of this saint, historical story if it spanned several years, he divided it by year and placed each part under its own year, etc. The construction of the chronicle presentation by year gave him a convenient network for adding more and more new works to it. This work was not mechanical: the chronicler sometimes had to eliminate contradictions, sometimes to carry out complex chronological research in order to place each event under its own year. Proceeding from his political ideas, the chronicler sometimes missed this or that news, made a tendentious selection of these news, occasionally accompanied them with his own brief political commentary, but at the same time did not compose new news. Having finished his work as a "broker", the chronicler supplemented this material with his own notes on the events of recent years.

Composed of pieces of different times, of works of different genres, the chronicle outwardly seems motley, complex, heterogeneous. However, on the whole, the chronicle is still one, like a single building, built of large, roughly hewn stones. There is even a special beauty in this - the beauty of strength, enormity, monumentality.

The unity of the annals, both historical and literary work, not in the smoothing of the seams and not in the destruction of traces of masonry, but in the integrity and harmony of the entire large chronicle building as a whole, in a single thought that revives the entire composition. The chronicle is a work of monumental art, it is mosaic. Seen up close, point-blank, it gives the impression of a random collection of pieces of precious smalt, but when looked at in its entirety, it amazes us with the strict thoughtfulness of the entire composition, the consistency of the narrative, the unity and grandeur of the idea, the all-pervading patriotism of the content.

teacher of history, social studies,

"Istokov" MOU Secondary School No. 23

Kostroma

Origins -5 grade

Section: "Chronicles"

Lesson topic:

"The first chronicles and the first chroniclers"

THE PURPOSE OF THE LESSON: the revival of the original context, the value category of the chronicler's labor.

TASKS:

To give an idea of ​​the first chroniclers, their worldview, as they reflected the history of the Fatherland in the light of Divine providence.

To acquaint students with the peculiarities of Old Russian literature, with various ways of gravitation towards the knowledge of history through the traditions of folklore.

AFO: work in pairs, in fours, resource circle.

SOCIOCULTURAL RANGE: National treasure, historical sources, scribes, chronicle, wisdom, patriotism.

EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION LESSON:

textbook Istoki "5th grade, workbook" Istoki "2 part, cards with the record of socio-cultural categories of the lesson, musical accompaniment of the lesson - the performance of the epic on the psaltery (phonogram); samples of Church Slavonic handwriting (2-3 per desk).

DURING THE CLASSES:

1. Joining a topic .

Today our lesson will be devoted to the first chronicles and chroniclers.

And we will take a trip to Ancient Russia, and let's talk about who and how wrote the ancient books and chronicles. After all, earlier, in the old days there was no radio or TV, and storytellers, guslars, who introduced people to important events through epics, legends taken from ancient chronicles.

Working with the lesson epigraph:

“Books are rivers that fill the universe, they are sources of wisdom; there is immeasurable depth in books; we will comfort ourselves with them in sorrow ... ”. The Tale of Bygone Years.

And she will help us make this journey, she will perform the epic Ilya Muromets (soundtrack sounds).

- What thoughts, feelings did you have when you listened

epic?

Ancient books are almost the only source, the narrator is an eyewitness to distant ancestors, their manners and customs, everyday troubles and solemn rites ...

There is a feeling of trepidation when you touch a manuscript created several centuries ago, into which the chronicler carefully put his mind and work.

pay attention to exhibition of ancient books... These books mark entire eras in folk life: "The Tale of Bygone Years", "Lives of Saints ...", "Gospel", "The Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh", Code of Laws of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. These books contain many wise instructions that are useful in our time. From ancient times, there is a call to respect the knowledge and experience that has come down to us in books.

- Guys, who of you knows when the first handwritten books appeared in Russia?

At the end of the 10th century, with the adoption of Christianity in Russia, the first handwritten books appeared, and the writing of letters was developed by two monk brothers, Cyril and Methodius, who came from Macedonia. It was they who created the first Russian alphabet, thereby making an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian culture.

CONSIDER the Church Slavonic style of writing, and compare with ours, modern. In what way is it easier to write, and in what way is it more difficult, why? ( handout is used)

WORKING WITH THE TEXTBOOK: p. 111.

- What were the ancient chronicles? Let's read about it in the tutorial on page 111 1st paragraph.

Ancient chronicles have preserved and brought to us evidence of deep antiquity.

- So what is the chronicle?

+ Chronicle - a record of events by years, that is, by years. (post a plate with the definition).

The annals are ours national property.

-How do you understand it?

Ancient chronicles wisely and leisurely tell about our history. - Why, it was important for our ancestors to write down that "in the summer" some event happened? (children's opinion).

Life acquired universal human significance, the Russian land was interpreted in the system of the world, Russian history became a part of world history. Old manuscripts prove to be very useful today. They are national property.

And now we will read about the first chroniclers and what they wrote in the ancient annals.

WORK WITH THE TEXTBOOK p. Th, 2nd paragraphs, 112-113 (an excerpt from the "Tale of Bygone Years" - p. 114).

- What do the old chronicles tell us about?

(after reading, the teacher summarizes)

The chronicle tells not only about the events of Russian history, but also about people, about our ancestors, how they lived, what they believed in, what they treasured, what kind of memory did they leave about themselves? The chronicle answers all these questions. In addition, when we receive news from the distant vulgar, we learn to love our Motherland, to be proud of it, to take care of it as our ancestors, the Russians, did many, many years ago.

TRAINING (developing).

1. Preparatory stage.

The worldview of the ancient Russian man was Christian: people checked all their actions, feelings and thoughts with the commandments of God and tried to live according to them. The chroniclers felt especially great responsibility before God and their people, since they reflected the history of the Fatherland in the light of Divine providence.

2.Individual stage.

Working time 5 minutes.

"What were the first chroniclers."

Work in a notebook. P. 21, task number 1.

Vocabulary work (find out which words are not clear, explain their meaning).

ON ONE'S OWN.

Imagine a monk - a chronicler. What qualities, in your opinion, were necessary for him? Choose the 7 most important qualities, underline them.

Intelligence, enterprise, patience, physical strength, faith in God, love for the Fatherland, humility, cunning, hard work, wisdom.

3... WORK IN THE FOUR.

Discuss an individual solution in a group, come to a common solution. Highlight your choice.

4. Class discussion. Expert review.

(A representative of one of the groups reports the decision, argues his answer, the rest of the students listen carefully, express their agreement or express a different point of view.) The teacher sums up the discussion, reports an expert assessment.

(MIND, PATIENCE, FAITH IN GOD, LOVE FOR THE FATHERLAND, HUMILITY, LOVE, WISDOM).

Ancient chronicles inspired many historians, musicians, writers, poets to create their best masterpieces.

Ancient Russia valued books as the rarest treasures. Having several books meant having a fortune. One book could be worth a herd of cows or horses. The chronicler Nestor calls books - rivers that fill the universe with wisdom of immeasurable depth. "If you diligently search for wisdom in the books, Nestor noted, you will find great benefit to your soul."

The ancient book has absorbed knowledge and intelligence, history and art of glorious Russia. And now, the surviving book gives us, now living in the great land of our ancestors, kind light of that distant time.

RESOURCE CIRCLE:

Guys, let's stand in a circle of friendship and think: What feelings, thoughts do you have when you hold in your hands ancient book? (let the ancient the book.) (the teacher of origins begins) When I hold an ancient book in my hands, I feel my heart beating excitedly, because right now my thoughts and feelings will come into contact with that distant, distant past, and I will learn the answers to many questions in the ancients I will find something wise and interesting in books, because "books, as the chronicler Nestor said, are rivers that fill the universe, they are sources of wisdom, in books there is immeasurable depth, we are comforted with them in sorrow" ...

REFLECTION:

- What wise, interesting for myself I will take away from the lesson today? - What qualities of character would I like to have in myself?

(a bouquet of wisdom is gathered, the words are hung on the board: KNOWLEDGE, WISDOM, TRUTH, FAITH, TRUTH, PATRIOTISM, LOVE, MIND, PATIENCE, HUMILITY, LABOR ...).

Here are how many interesting and wise thoughts we have learned in the lesson. I especially liked the statements (give the names of the guys). I want to say thank you to everyone. Goodbye, goodbye.