Message about the body of the musical instrument. Violin: interesting facts, video, works, history

Getting Started about the structure of the instrument's instrument, you should begin with the most obvious.

Under the elution of the organ imply controls, which include all numerous keys, register shift levers and pedals.

So, K. game devicesbelieve manuals and pedals.

TO tembrov - Register switches. In addition to them, the remote control consists of: dynamic switches - channels, a wide variety of foot switches and kopul inclusion keys that carry one manual registers to another.

Most of the organs are supplied with copulins to switch registers to the main manual. Also, with special levers, the organist can switch different combinations from the bank of register combinations.

In addition, a bench is installed in front of the remote control, on which a musician sits, and the organ switch is located nearby.

But first things first:

• Kopul. The mechanism that can transfer one manual registers to another manual, or a pedal keyboard. This is relevant when it is necessary to transfer registers of the sound of weaker manuals to stronger, or withdraw the sound registers on the main manual. Copulas are included with special foot levers with retainers or using special buttons.
• Channel. This device, with which you can adjust the volume of each individual manual. At the same time, the shutters are regulated in the box through which the pipes pass by this manual.
• Bank memory of register combinations. This device is available only in electrical organs, that is, in organs with electrical tract. Here would make the assumption that the body with electric tract is something related to the doppoplated synthesizers, but the ovensoral body itself is too ambiguous tool so that it can be easily allowed to allow such an oversight.
• Ready register combinations. Unlike the memory bank for register combinations, which remotely resemble the presets of modern digital sound processing processors, ready-made register combinations relate to organs with pneumatic register tract. But the essence is the same: they make it possible to use ready-made settings.
• Trete. But this device includes manuals and all registers. Here is such a switch.

Manual

Keyboard, in other words. But only in the body there are keys to play legs - pedals, therefore it is correct to say exactly what manual.

Usually in the body from two to four manuals, but sometimes there are copies with one manual, and even such monsters that have as many seven manuals. The name of the manual depends on the location of the pipes with which it controls. In addition, each manual is assigned its own set of registers.

IN the main thingthe manual is usually located the loudest registers. It is also called Hauptwerk. It can be located as closest to the performer and in the second row.

• Oberwerk - a little more hidden. His pipes are located under the pipes of the main manual.
• Rückpositiv is a completely unique keyboard. It controls those pipes that are located separately from all others. So, for example, if the organist sits to the tool face, they will be placed behind.
• Hinterwerk - This manual controls pipes that are located in the rear of the organ.
• Brustwerk. But the pipes of this manual are located either directly over the remote control itself or on both sides.
• SOLOWERK. As one can judge from the very name, the pipes of this manual are equipped with a large number of solo registers.

In addition, other manuals can occur, but those are listed above are used most often.

In the seventeenth century, the organs appeared a kind of volume control - a box through which pipes with shutters were held. Manual, who ruled these pipes, was called Schwellwerk and was placed on more high level.

Pedals.

Initially, the organs did not have a pedal keyboard. She appeared at about the sixteenth century. There is a version that it came up with a Brabant organist named Louis Wang Valbec.

Now there are a variety of pedal keyboard depending on the structure of the organ. There are both five and thirty-two pedals, there are organs and without a pedal keyboard. They are called portatives.

Typically, the pedals are controlled by the most basciferous pipes for which a separate notional mill is written, under double score, which is written for manuals. Their range is two, or even three octaves below the other notes, so a large organ may have a range of nine and a half octave.

Registers

Registers are a number of pipes of the same tone, which are, in fact, a separate tool. For switching registers, handles are provided, or switches (for electrical control organs), which are located on the remote control or above the manual, or beside the sides.

The essence of register control is: if all the registers are turned off, then the organ when you press the key will not be.

The name of the register correlates with the name of its largest pipe, and each handle relates to its register.

There is something labial, so I. language Registers. The first refers to pipe control without tongues, these are open flute registers, there are also registers of closed flutes, principles, the registers of the prideshoes, which, in fact, form the color of the sound (medicine and aliquots). In them, each note has several weaker overtone pride.

But the tongue registers, as can be seen from their very name, control pipes with tongues. They can be combined in sound with labial pipes.

The choice of register is provided in muscle StanHe is written above the place where one or another register should be applied. But the case is complicated by the fact that at different times and even just in different countries The registers of the organs were sharply different from each other. Therefore, the register of the organ party is rare when it is specified in detail. Usually it is accurately indicated only by manual, the size of the pipes and the presence or absence of tongues. All other sound nuances are given to the artist.

Pipe

As expected, the sound sound is in strict dependence on their size. Moreover, the only pipes that sound exactly how it is written in a new mill - these are eight-foot pipes. Smaller pipes sound are respectively higher, and large - lower than what is written in a new mill.

The largest pipes that are far from all, but only in the largest organs of the world, have a size of 64-foot. They sound three octaves lower than what is recorded in a notch mill. Therefore, when, when playing in this register, an organist involves pedals, already infrasucuke is published.

To set up small labial (that is, those that without tongue), use SHMYORN. This is a rod, at one end of which there is a cone, and on the other - a cup by which the pipes of the organ expand or narrow or narrow, than achieving changes in the height of the sound.

But to change the height of the sound of large pipes, additional metal flaps are usually cut out, which are bent like the tongues and thus change the sound of the organ.

In addition, some pipes can be purely decorative. In this case, they are called "blind". They do not sound, but have an exclusively aesthetic value.

Tract has a piano. There is a mechanism for transferring finger strike force from the key of the key directly to the string. The organ plays the same role and is the main mechanism for managing the body.

In addition, the authority has tract that controls the pipe valves (it is also called game tracts), it also has register tract that allows you to turn on and disable entire registers.

1. In Latin organum The emphasis falls on the first syllable (as in his Greek prototype).
2. frequency range The ovens taking into account the overtones includes almost ten octave - from 16 Hz to 14,000 Hz, which there are no analogues among any other musical instruments. The dynamic range of winds is about 85-90 dB, the maximum value of sound pressure levels reaches 110-115 dB-s.
3. Douglas E. Bush, Richard Kassel. The Organ: An Encyclopedia. NEW YORK / LONDON: 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-94174-7
4. "Organ Sound is fixed, mechanically and unchanged. Without a softening finish, he highlights the reality of division, gives crucial importance to the slightest time ratios. But if the time is the only plastic material of the organ execution, the main requirement of organ technology is the timometric accuracy of movements " (Bryudo, I. A., About organ and key music - L., 1976, p. 89)
5. Nicholas Thistlethwaite, Geoffrey Webber. The Cambridge Companion to the Organ. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-57584-3
6. Praetogius M. "Syntagma Musicum", vol. 2, Wolffenbuttel, 1919, p. 99.
7. Riman Katechisis music history. Part 1. M., 1896. P. 20.
8. Flute Pan's connection with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe organ is most clearly traced in the anthology epigram emperor Flavia Claudia Juliana (331-363): "I see reeds of a new kind, growing separately on one metal field. They make the sound not from our breath, but from the wind, which comes out of the leather tank lying under their roots, meanwhile, the lungs of a strong mortal run on the harmonic holes ... "(Cyt. Under the article" On the Organ's origin ". -" Russian Disabled, 1848, July 29, No. 165).
9. "He has 13 or 24 bamboo tubes equipped with metal (bronze) tongues. Each tube is 1/3 less than the next. This set is called Pyo-Xiao. The tubes are inserted into the tank made of extended pumpkin (later wooden or metallic). The sound is extracted by blowing into the reservoir and drawing air. " (Modr A. Musical instruments. M., 1959, p. 148).
10. Bröcker. 2005, c. 190: "The term" organs "means both polyphonic musical practice and a body that drone pipes in the Middle Ages. He could serve as a model when it came to call Hurdy-Gurdy, as its type of polyphony is probably not very different from Hurdy-Gurdy. "Organular" can then be understood as a tool identical or similar to an organ. Gug Riman interpreted the name in such a way when he saw it as a decreasing "authorum". He thought that, like the "Poetaster" came from "Poeta", Organism came from "Organum" and originally meant "Little Organ" (English. The Term "Organum" Denotes Both A Polyphonic Musical Practice As Well As The Organ, Which in the middle ages had drone pipes. It Could Have Served As A Model When it Came Time to Name The Hurdy-Gurdy, Since Its Type of Polyphony Was ProBably Not Very Different from That of the Hurdy-Gurdy. The "Organistrum" Then Can Be Understood to Be An Instrument Identical with or Similar to the Organ. Hug Riemann Interpreted The Name In This Manner When He Saw It As a Diminutive of "Organum". He Thought That, Similar to How "Poetaster" Came from "Poeta", "Organistrum" Came from "Organum" and Meant Originally "Little Organ")»
11. Each tool has its own image, a description of the shape and appearance and the allegorical interpretation needed for a kind of "sanctification" of biblical instruments so that they entered the Christian cult. The last mention of the tools of Jerome - in the treatise M. Pretorius Sintagma Musicum-II; This fragment is taken from the Treatment of S.Virdung Musica Getutscht 1511. In the description, it is primarily emphasized by unusually speaking tool sound, which is why it is likened to the Jews organ, which is heard from Jerusalem to Oilseed mountain (paraphrase from the Talmuda "from Jericho is heard ..."). It is described as a cavity of two skins with twelve furs that pumped into it air, and twelve copper tubes, publishing a "thunder-friendly war" - a kind of cheese. Later images combined the elements of the flushing and organ. The fur was very often not depicted, keys and pipes could be presented very conditionally. Vidung, among other things, also turns over the image, as it is likely that it was copied to them from another source and he did not have the idea that it was for the tool.
12. Chris Riley. THE MODERN ORGAN GUIDE. Xulon Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59781-667-0
13. William Harrison Barnes. The CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN ORGAN - ITS EVOLUTION, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4067-6023-1
14. Apel. 1969, c. 396: "Described in the Treatise of the 10th Century, entitled (GS. I, 303, where he is attributed to Oddo of Cluny) (eng. iS Described In 10th-Century Treatise Entitled Quomodo Organistrum Construatur. (GS. I, 303 WHERE IT IS ATTRIBUTED TO ODDO OF CLUNY))»
15. Orpha Caroline Ochse. The History of the Organ in the United States. INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1988. ISBN 978-0-253-20495-0
16. Virtual MIDI System "Hauptwerk"
17. Komnyedov 2012: "Each key kept switches connected to various register engines, or sliders (Drawbars)"
18. ? An Introduction to Drawbars: "The sliders are the heart and soul of the sound of your Hammond organ. There are two sets of nine sliders, sometimes referred to as Tonpalaks, for the upper and lower manuals and two sliders for pedals located between the upper manual and the display of the information center. (eng. The Drawbars Are The Heart and Soul Of The Sound Of Your Hammond Organ. There Are Two Sets of Nine Drawbars, Sometimes Referred to As Tonebars, For the Upper and Lower Manuals and Two Drawbars for the Upper Manual and the Information Center Display.)»
19. Hammondwiki 2011: "Hammond organ was originally designed as a competitor to pipe authorities. The sliders were a unique innovation of Hammond keyboard musical instruments (register buttons or shortcuts were used to control the air flow in the pipes of wind organs) ... The Hammond Organ Was Originally Developed to Compete with the Pipe organ. Much of the discussion that follows is easier to understand if you have a little knowledge of pipe organ terminology. Here's a link to a Crash Course in Concepts and Terminology Concerning Organs. Drawbars were a unique Hammond innovation to keyboard musical instruments. Prior to the hammond organ, pipe organs most commonly used stop buttons or tabs to control the flow of air into a specific rank of pipes. pipes can sound flutey with few harmonics or reedy with many harmonics and many different tonal qualities in between. the stops were two Position Controls; On or off. The Organist Blended the Sound Produced by The Pipe Ranks by Ope Ning or Closing the Stops. The Hammond Organ Blends The Relatively Pure Sine Wave Tones Generated by The ToneGenerator to Make Sounds That Are Harmonically Imitativety of The Pipe Organ (Obviously Jazz, Blues and Rock Organists Aren't Always Interested in Imitating A Pipe Organ). The Hammond Organist Blends These Harmonics by Setting The Position of the Drawbars Which Increase the Harmonic in The Mix. .
20. Orchestrions include a variety of self-playing mechanical organs, known in Germany called: Spieluhr, Mechanische Orgel, Ein Mechanisches Musikwerk, Ein Orgelwerk in Eine Uhr, Eine Walze in Eine Kleine Orgel, Flctenuhr, Laufwerk, etc. Specially for these tools wrote Hyden, Mozart , Beethoven. (Music encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, Soviet composer. Ed. Yu. V. Keldysh. 1973-1982.)
21. Spillane 1892, CC. 642-3: "The peculiarity of the American cabinet (salon) authority is concluded primarily in the system of a coexist invented in this country in this country, with the help of which the sound of sound has changed, which distinguished this body from the tongue tools of overseas production. Some other features in its internal device and exterior decoration, however, distinguish it from tongue tools called phaseharmonia. The "free cane", as it was first applied in American accordions and seraphines, was by no means an inner invention, as writers aggregately approve. It was used by European builders of pipe bodies for register effects, as well as in separate keyboard tools until 1800. The "free cane" is named in such a way to distinguish it from the "beating cane" Clarinet and "Double Cane" Goboy and Fagota (English. The Individuality of The American Parlor Organ Reeds Largely Upon The System of Reed Structure Invented in This Country, Upon Which A Tone Has Been Evolved Which Is Easily Distinguished From That Produced by The Reed Instruments Made Abroad by The Reed Instruments Made Abroad. Sevel Other Features in Its Interior Construction and Exterior Finish, However, Distinguish IT from the Reed Instruments Called Harmoniums. The "Free Reed," AS It Was First Applied in American Accordeons and Seraphines, Was Not By Any Means a Domestic Invention, As Writers Reckelessly Assert. IT WAS Used by European Pipe-Organ Builders for Stop Effects, and Also in Separate Key-Board Instrument, Prior to 1800. The "Free Reed" is so named to distinguish it from the "Beating Reed" Of The Clarionet and The "Double Reed "Of the Oboe and Basson)»

The organ is keyboard musical instrument. The body is considered to be the king of musical instruments. It is difficult to find the same huge, complicated tool, rich in sound paints.

The body is one of ancient instruments. His ancestors are puzzled and a wooden flute pan. In the oldest chronicles of Greece of the third century BC, there is a mention of the water body - hydraulosity. It is called aqueous because the air was supplied to the pipes with the water pump. He could make extraordinarily loud, piercing sounds, so he was used by the Greeks and Romans at races, during circus performances, in one word, where a large number of people were going.

Already in the first centuries, our era of the water pump changed leather fur, which injected the air into the pipes. In the 7th century, our era to resolve the Pope Vitalyan organs began to use for worship in the Catholic Church. But they played on them only at certain holidays, as the organ sounded very loud and the sound was not soft. After 500 years, the authorities began to spread throughout Europe. Changed I. appearance The tool: there was more pipes, a keyboard appeared (before the keys were replaced by wide wooden plates).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the authorities were built in almost all major cathedrals in Europe. Composers created great amount works for this tool. In addition to spiritual music for the authority, they began to write entire concerts of secular music. The organs began to improve.

The vertex of "Organity building" was a tool with 33,112 pipes and seven keyboards. Such an organ was built in America in Atlantic City, but it was very difficult to play on it, so he remained the only "king of organs", no one has tried to build such a large tool.

The process of appearance of sound in the organ is very complex. At the department of the organ there are keyboards of two types: manual (they are from 1 to 5) and a foot. In addition to keyboards, the department has register handles, with which the musician selects the timbre of sounds. The air pump is pumping the air, the pedals open the valve of a certain block of pipes, and the keys open the valve of individual pipes.

The pipes of the body are divided into tongue and labial. Air passes through the pipe, forcing the tongue to fluctuate - in this way the sound occurs. In the laborative pipes, the sound occurs because the air passes through the holes in the upper and lower part of the pipe. The pipes themselves are made of metal (lead, tin, copper) or from a tree. The organ pipe can make the sound of only a certain height, timbre and strength. Pipes are combined into rows, which are called registers. The average number of pipes in the body is 10 000.

It should be noted that the pipes, in the alloy of which a large amount of lead, are deformed over time. Because of this, the sound of the organ becomes worse. Such pipes are usually a blue tint.

Quality sound depends on additives, which are added to the alloy of the body of the organ. This is antimony, silver, copper, brass, zinc.

Pipe organs have different shape. They are open and closed. Open pipes allow removing a loud sound, closed sound muffled. If the pipe expands up, the sound will be clean and open, and if it is narrows, the sound is compressed and mysterious. The diameter of the pipe affects the sound quality. Pipes with a small diameter are published intense sounds, pipes with a large diameter - open and soft sounds.

Which sounds with the help of pipes (metal, wooden, without tongues and with tongues) of various timbres, in which air is injected using fur.

Game on the organ It is done using several keyboards for hand (manuals) and a pedal keyboard.

On sound wealth and abundance of musical means, the body ranks first among all the tools and is sometimes called the "king of instruments." Due to its expressiveness, he has long become the property of the church.

Man performing musical works on the organ called organist.

The Soviet reactive systems of the BM-13 bm-13 soldiers of the Third Reich called the "Stalin authority" due to the sound issued by the plumage of rockets.

History of the Organ

The embryo of the body can be seen, as well as in. It is believed that the organ (hydraulos; also Hydraulikon, Hydraulis - "Water Organ") invented Greek Ktezibiy, who lived in the Alexandria of Egyptian in 296-228. BC e. The image of a similar tool is available on one coin or a token of the times of Nero.

Large sizes appeared in the IV century, more or less advanced organs - in the VII and VIII centuries. Pope Vitalyan (666) introduced an organ in the Catholic Church. In the VIII century, Byzantium was famous for its bodies.

The art of building organs developed in Italy, from where in the 9th century they were discharged to France. Later, this art developed in Germany. The largest and widespread spread of the body begins to receive in the XIV century. In the XIV century, a pedal appeared in the authority, that is, the keyboard for the legs.

Medieval organs, in comparison with later, were coarse work; Manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys wide from 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and minute and a half, see hit the keys not with fingers, as now, and fists.

In the XV century, the keys were reduced and the number of tubes was increased.

Authority

Improved organs reached a huge number of pipes and tubes; For example, an organ in Paris in the church of St. Sulpice has 7 thousand pipes and tubes. In the body there are pipes and tubes of the following values: in 1 foot notes, three octaves above the written, 2 feet - notes sounded two octaves above the written, 4 feet - notes sounds octowed above written, 8 feet - notes sound like writing, in 16 feet - notes sounds octowel below the written, 32 feet - notes sounds two octaves below the written. Closing the pipe from above leads to a decrease in the sounds of the sounds to the octave. Not all organs have pipes of large sizes.

Keyboards in the organ happens from 1 to 7 (usually 2-4); They are called manuals. Although each keyboard organ has a volume of 4-5 octave, thanks to pipes that sound for two octaves below or three octaves above the written notes, the volume of the large organ has 9.5 octave. Each set of pipes of the same voice is like a separate tool and is called register.

Each of the retractable or movable buttons or registers (located above the keyboard or on the sides of the tool) activates the corresponding row of tubes. Each button or register has its own name and appropriate inscription, with the length of the largest pipe of this register. The name of the register and the magnitude of the pipes The composer may designate in the notes above the place where this register should be applied. (The choice of registers for the execution of the musical work is called register.) Registers in organs are from 2 to 300 (most often occurs from 8 to 60).

All registers disintegrate into two categories:

• Registers with pipes without tongues (labial registers). This category includes open flute registers, closed flute registers (Bourdons) registers (medicine) registers in which each note has several (weaker) harmonic pride.
• Registers that have pipes with tongues (Language registers). The connection of the registers of both categories along with the mixture is called Perein Jeu.

Keyboards or manuals are located in the organs terrace, one above the other. In addition to them, there is another pedal keyboard (from 5 to 32 keys), mainly for low sounds. Party for hands is written on two notonic - in the keys and as for. The batch of pedals is written more often separately on one note mill. On the keyboard pedals, called just "pedal", play both legs, using an alternately with a heel and toe (until the XIX century - only to the sock). The organ without pedal is called a positive, a small portable body - portal.

Manuals in organs have names that depend on the location of pipes in the organ.

• The main manual (having the loudest registers) - in the German tradition called Hauptwerk. (FR. Grand Orgue, Grand Clavier) and is located closest to the performer or on the second row;
• The second most important and volume of the manual in the German tradition is called Oberwerk. (loud option) or Positiv (light version) (fr. Rositif), if the pipes of this manual are located above the pipes of Hauptwerk, or Ruckpositiv, if the pipes of this manual are located separately from the rest of the organs of the organ and installed behind the organist's back; The Oberwerk and Positiv keys on the game panel are located above the Hauptwerk keys, and the RUCKPOSITIV key levels below the Hauptwerk keys, thereby reproducing the architectural structure of the tool.
• Manual, whose pipes are located inside a peculiar box having a vertical shutter in the frontal part of the blinds in the German tradition called Schwellwerk. (FR. Recit (Expressif). Schwellwerk can be located both at the top of the organ (more common option), and at the same level with Hauptwerk. Schwellwerka keys are located on a player at a higher level than Hauptwerk, Oberwerk, Positiv, Ruckpositiv.
• Existing varieties of manuals: Hinterwerk. (pipes are located in the rear of the organ), Brustwerk. (pipes are located right above the place of the organist), SOLOWERK. (solo registers, very loud pipes located in a separate group), Choir. etc.

The following devices are facilitated for playing and means to enhance or loosening the tempering:

Kopula - The mechanism by which two keyboards are binding, with what registers extended to them act simultaneously. Kopulu gives the opportunity to enjoy the launched registers on one manual.

4 steps above the pedal keyboard (Padale de Combinaison, Tritte), of which each acts on a certain definite combination of registers.

Jalousie - A device consisting of a door closing and opening the entire room with pipes of different registers, as a result of which gaining or weakening sound. Doors are driven by footrest (channel).

Since the registers in different organs of different countries and epochs are not the same, then in the organ party they are usually not denoted in detail: they write over the one or another place of the organ party only manual, designation of pipes with or without pipes and the size of the pipes. The remaining details are provided by the Contractor.

The body is often connected to the orchestra and singing in oratoriors, cantata, psalms, as well as in the opera.

There are also electrical (electronic) organs, for example, Hammond..

Composers writing organ music

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Adam Resenken
Johann Pakhelbel
Dietrich Buxtehude
Dzhirolammo Frescobaldi
Johann Jacob Frombersger
Georg Friedrich Handel
Siegfried Karg-Elert
Henry Porssell
Max Reger
Vintagen Lubeck
Johann Ludwig Krebs.
Matias Vekman
Dominico Cipoli
Cesar Frank

Video: organ on video + sound

Thanks to this video, you can familiarize yourself with the tool, watch the real game on it, listen to his sound, feel the specifics of the technique:

Tools for sale: where to buy / order?

In Encyclopedia, there is still no information about where you can buy or order this tool. You can change it!

Organ (Lat. Organum from Dr. Greek. ὄργανον - "Tool, gun") - keyboard musical instrument, the largest view of musical instruments.

Device and sound

Its height and length are equal to the walls of the wall from the foundation to the roof in a large building - a temple or concert hall.
The device, the principles of sound formation and other characteristics of this or that organ directly depend on its type and view.
In acoustic organs (wind, steam, luminous, wind, hydraulic, mechanical, etc.) sound is formed due to the vibration of air in special organ pipeah - metal, wooden, bamboo, cane, etc., which can be with the tongues or without tongues. In this case, the air may be injected in the pipe pipe different ways - In particular, with the help of special fur.
For several centuries to perform almost all church musiclike I. musical worksWritten in other genres, used solely brass authorities. However, it is known about the church and secular use and an organoder, not the wind, and the string keyboard tool with organic properties.
The electrical organ was initially created for electronic imitation of the sound of winds, but then the electrical orders for their functional purpose began to divide into several types:

• Church electrical orders whose capabilities are as adapted to the execution of spiritual music in the iconic temples.
• Electricalganas for the concert performance of popular music, including jazz and rock.
• Electricians for amateur homemovication.
• Programmable Electrical Heads for Professional Studio Work

Consider the structure of the oven body. It consists of the following parts:

Remote controller
Under the elution of the organ imply controls, which include all numerous keys, register shift levers and pedals.
Playing devices include manuals and pedals.
To timbre - switches of registers. In addition to them, the remote control consists of: dynamic switches - channels, a wide variety of foot switches and kopul inclusion keys that carry one manual registers to another.
Most of the organs are supplied with copulins to switch registers to the main manual. Also, with special levers, the organist can switch different combinations from the bank of register combinations.
In addition, a bench is installed in front of the remote control, on which a musician sits, and the organ switch is located nearby.

Manual
Keyboard, in other words. But only in the body there are keys to play legs - pedals, therefore it is correct to say exactly what manual.
Usually in the body from two to four manuals, but sometimes there are copies with one manual, and even such monsters that have as many seven manuals. The name of the manual depends on the location of the pipes with which it controls. In addition, each manual is assigned its own set of registers.
In the main manual, the loudest registers are usually located. It is also called Hauptwerk. It can be located as closest to the performer and in the second row.
Oberwerk - a little more hidden. His pipes are located under the pipes of the main manual.
Rückpositiv is a completely unique keyboard. It controls those pipes that are located separately from all others. So, for example, if the organist sits to the tool face, they will be placed behind.
Hinterwerk - This manual controls pipes that are located in the rear of the organ.
Brustwerk. But the pipes of this manual are located either directly over the remote control itself or on both sides.
SOLOWERK. As one can judge from the very name, the pipes of this manual are equipped with a large number of solo registers.
In addition, other manuals can occur, but those are listed above are used most often.
In the seventeenth century, the organs appeared a kind of volume control - a box through which pipes with shutters were held. Manual, who ruled by these pipes, was called Schwellwerk and placed at a higher level.
Pedals.
Initially, the organs did not have a pedal keyboard. She appeared at about the sixteenth century. There is a version that it came up with a Brabant organist named Louis Wang Valbec.
Now there are a variety of pedal keyboard depending on the structure of the organ. There are both five and thirty-two pedals, there are organs and without a pedal keyboard. They are called portatives.
Typically, the pedals are controlled by the most basciferous pipes for which a separate notional mill is written, under double score, which is written for manuals. Their range is two, or even three octaves below the other notes, so a large organ may have a range of nine and a half octave.
Registers
Registers are a number of pipes of the same tone, which are, in fact, a separate tool. For switching registers, handles are provided, or switches (for electrical control organs), which are located on the remote control or above the manual, or beside the sides.
The essence of register control is: if all the registers are turned off, then the organ when you press the key will not be.
The name of the register correlates with the name of its largest pipe, and each handle relates to its register.
There are both labial and tongue registers. The first refers to pipe control without tongues, these are open flute registers, there are also registers of closed flutes, principles, the registers of the prideshoes, which, in fact, form the color of the sound (medicine and aliquots). In them, each note has several weaker overtone pride.
But the tongue registers, as can be seen from their very name, control pipes with tongues. They can be combined in sound with labial pipes.
The selection of the register is provided in the note mill, it is written above the place where one or another register should be applied. But the case is complicated by the fact that at different times and even simply in different countries, the registers of the organs differed sharply from each other. Therefore, the register of the organ party is rare when it is specified in detail. Usually it is accurately indicated only by manual, the size of the pipes and the presence or absence of tongues. All other sound nuances are given to the artist.
Pipe
As expected, the sound sound is in strict dependence on their size. Moreover, the only pipes that sound exactly how it is written in a new mill - these are eight-foot pipes. Smaller pipes sound are respectively higher, and large - lower than what is written in a new mill.
The largest pipes that are far from all, but only in the largest organs of the world, have a size of 64-foot. They sound three octaves lower than what is recorded in a notch mill. Therefore, when, when playing in this register, an organist involves pedals, already infrasucuke is published.
To set up small labial (that is, those that without tongue), use SHMYORN. This is a rod, at one end of which there is a cone, and on the other - a cup by which the pipes of the organ expand or narrow or narrow, than achieving changes in the height of the sound.
But to change the height of the sound of large pipes, additional metal flaps are usually cut out, which are bent like the tongues and thus change the sound of the organ.
In addition, some pipes can be purely decorative. In this case, they are called "blind". They do not sound, but have an exclusively aesthetic value.

The tract of the oven organ
Tract has a piano. There is a mechanism for transferring finger strike force from the key of the key directly to the string. The body tract plays the same role and is the main control mechanism.
In addition, the authority has tract that controls the pipe valves (it is also called game tracts), it also has register tract that allows you to turn on and disable entire registers.
The medicine is a group of registers that are currently involved. Game tract involves not those pipes that are involved using register tract, if you can say so, of course.
It is with register tract that the authority is working when whole registers are included or turned off. Something it resembles modern synthesizers. These can be both fixed combinations of registers and free, that is, those selected by the musician in an arbitrary order.

The organ is a musical instrument with a unique history in its duration. His age is about 28 centuries.
The historical predecessor of the body is the tool of the Flute Pan (by name greek God, created it, as mentioned in myth). The appearance of the Pan flute is dated to the 7th century BC, but the real age is probably much more.
This is the name of a musical instrument consisting of a vertically delivered a number of cane tubes of different lengths. Side surfaces they adjacent to each other, and the apart are combined with a rusting of a sturdy matter or a wooden plank. The performer blows the air from above through the holes of the tubes, and they sound - each at its height. The real sample game can use two or even three tubes to extract simultaneous sound and get a two-voice interval or, with special skill, three-voice chord.

Flute Pan personifies an eternal desire of a person to inventiveness, especially in art, and the desire to improve the expressive possibilities of music. Before this tool appeared on the historical scene, there were more primitive longitudinal flutes at the disposal of the oldest musicians - the simplest shoes with the finger holes. Their technical capabilities were small. On the longitudinal flute it is impossible to simultaneously extract two or more sounds.
In favor of a more advanced sound, Pan Flute also says the next fact. The way of blowing air into it is non-contact, the air jet is given by lips from a certain distance, which creates a special timber effect of mystical sound. All the predecessors of the organ were brass, i.e. Used the driving controlled strength to create artistic images. Subsequently, these features are a polyphony and the ghostly fantastic "breathable" timbre - were inherited in the sound palette of the authority. It is they who underlie the unique ability of an organ sound - to introduce a listener into trance.
Five centuries have passed from the appearance of Pan flutes until the invention of the next predecessor. During this time, the connoisseurs of the brass recovery found a method that allows infinitely to increase the limited time of human exhalation.
In a new tool, air supply was carried out with the help of leather fur - like those who used a blacksmith to injected air.
There is also an opportunity to automatically support two-rode and truder. One or two voices - the bottom - without a break pulled the sounds, whose height did not change. These sounds, called "Burdoni" or "Fograms", were removed without the participation of the voice, directly from the fur through the openings open in them and there were something like a background. Later they will receive the name of the "Organ Point".
The first voice, thanks to the already known method of closing holes on a separate "flutfactory" insertion in the beam, was able to play quite a variety of and even virtuoso melodies. In the insertion, the performer blowing the air lips. Unlike Bourdon, the melody was removed in contact method. Therefore, there was no nuclei of mysticism - he was taken over bardon pegs.
This tool acquired great popularity, especially in folk creativity, as well as among the wandering musicians, and became known as Volyn. Thanks to its invention, the future organ sound acquired a practically unlimited length. While the performer pumps air furs, the sound is not interrupted.
Thus, three of the four future sound properties of the "King of Tools" were manifested: polyphony, mystical uniqueness of the timbre and absolute length.
Starting from the 2nd century BC. Constructions appear that are increasingly approaching the image of the organ. To injected air, the Greek inventor of Ktesebiy creates a hydraulic drive (water pump). This allows you to increase the sound power and supply an emerging colossus tool with rather long sounding pipes. On the hearing the hydraulic organ becomes loud and sharp. With such properties of sound, it is widely used in mass views (hipcodrome jumps, circus Show, Mysteries) in Greeks and Romans. With the appearance of early Christianity, the idea of \u200b\u200bair injection mechanis was returned again: the sound from this mechanism was more alive and "humane."
In fact, at this stage, it is possible to consider the main features of organ sound: a multi-voice texture, powerfully attracting the attention of the timbre, unprecedented length and special power suitable for attracting a large mass of people.
The next 7 centuries were for the body defining in the sense that it was interested in its capabilities, and then firmly "assigned" them and developed the Christian church. The authority was destined to become a mass sermon tool, which he remains up to the present day. To this end, its transformation moved along two channels.
First. The physical dimensions and acoustic abilities of the tool reached incredible values. In accordance with the growth and development of the temple architecture, the aspect of architectural and musical progressed. The organ began to embed into the wall of the temple, and his thunder sound was subordinate and shook the imagination of the parishioners.
The number of organ pipes that have now been made from wood and metal reached several thousand. The timbres of the body have gained the widest emotional range - from the similarity of the Glass of God to the quiet revelations of religious individuality.
The possibilities of sound previously acquired on historic pathWe needed in church use. The polyphony of the body allowed the complicating music to reflect the multifaceted interlacing of spiritual practice. The length and injection of the tone exhibited the aspect of live breathing, bringing the nature of the organ sound to the experiences of human life.

From this stage, the body is a musical instrument of a huge convincing force.
The second direction in the development of the instrument went along the way to strengthen its virtuoso capabilities.
To control the thousandth arsenal of pipes, a fundamentally new mechanism was needed, giving the performer to cope with this inconspicuous wealth. The story itself suggested the right solution: appeared keyboard tools. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe keyboard coordination of the whole array of sound perfectly adapted to the device "King of Music". From now on, the body is a key-brave tool.
The giant management focused on a special console, which combined the enormous capabilities of keyboard techniques and brilliant inventions of organ masters. The organist now was located in a stepwise order - one above the other - from two to seven keyboards. At the bottom, at the very floor under his feet there was a large pedal keyboard to extract low tones. They played legs on it. Thus, the technique of the organist demanded great mastery. The landing place of the artist was a long bench, supplied from above over a pedal keyboard.
The joining of the pipes managed the register mechanism. There were special buttons or handles near the keyboards, each of which led tens, hundreds and even thousands of pipes at the same time. In order for the organist not to be distracted by switching registers, he had an assistant - usually a student who had to deal with the basics of the organ.
The body begins a victorious procession in world artistic culture. By the 17th century, he reached a heyday and unprecedented heights in music. After immortalizing the organ art in the work of Johann Sebastian Baha, the greatness of this tool remains unsurpassed to the present day. Today the body is a musical instrument of the newest story.

The expressive resource of the body allows you to create the music of the widest volume of content: from thinking about God and Cosmos to the subtle intimate reflections of the human soul.