Among all musical instruments, the shock group is the most numerous. And it is not surprising, because the drum musical instruments are the most ancient on earth. Their history leads its beginning to almost the very beginning of mankind. The most primitive of them is either very simple for manufacture, or do not require any processing at all. In fact, every object of the world can serve as such a tool.

So the first percussion instruments in the world were bones of animals, tree branches, and later for musitizing, a person began to use the kitchen utensils that appeared by that time - boilers, pots, and so on.

Impact musical instruments of different nations

By virtue of the circumstances listed above: the simplicity of manufacturing and history, leaving roots in deep antiquity, the percussion instruments were so widespread that they penetrated literally into every corner of our planet. Each people have their own tools, the sound of which is extracted with the help of blows of a kind.

Of course, the number of percussion instruments in each individual people depends on the nature of its musical culture. For example, in Latin America, where ethnic music is distinguished by a variety of rhythms, the complexity of rhythmic patterns, the impact tools are an order of magnitude greater than, for example, in Russia, where folk song art often does not involve any instrumental accompaniment. But still even in countries where melodic starts over rhythmic music prevails in folk music, still there are their unique shock tools.

Percussion percussion

Some drums with time formed a single integer, which is now called the trick installation. Impact installations are usually used in various varieties of pop music: in rock, jazz, pop music and so on. The tools that are not included in the classic composition of the drum plant are called percussions, and the musicians who play with percussionists.

Such tools tend to have a pronounced national character. The greatest distribution today received percussion musical instruments of the peoples of Latin America and Africa.

Name history

The name of the musical instrument "Percussion" has Latin roots. It comes from the root having a "beat, hit". Interestingly, the word is familiar not only by musicians and music lovers, but also doctors. Perkussia in the medical literature is called the method of diagnosing diseases with the help of tapping on the tissues of the body and analyzing the sound published by them. It is known that the sound from hitting a healthy organ differs from the sound of a strike on a body in a painful state.

Music percussion is also associated with blows that are responding to humans, albeit not through direct impact, as in medicine.

Classification of musical instrument percussion

The great set of drum tools that do not belong to the set of classical shock installation, eventually began to need to be systematized. Tools of this kind are made to divide into certain musical notes and noise tools - that is, there are such, the sound of which does not have a certain height. The first include xylophone, metallophone, licensions and others. All sorts of drums - percussions of the second variety.

By sound source, musical instruments of percussion are divided into:

1. Membronofones are those in which the sound comes from the membrane vibrations stretched on any basis, such as in the tambourine.
2. Idiophones - where the source of the sound is the entire body of the tool, or its one-piece components, such as the triangle, metal fond, and the like.

In turn, idiophones are divided into made of wood and from wood.

An interesting fact is that the piano also belongs to the musical instruments of the genus of the drums, since in this instrument the sound is obtained by hitting the hammers in strings. The string drum also includes such an ancient musical instrument as cymbals.

Exotic tools

Percussion in modern music

Despite its national roots, percussion tools are used not only in ethnic music. In many modern jazz orchestras and rock bands, besides the drummer playing on the traditional installation, percussionist is also involved.

Thus, the rhythmic section of the ensemble is noticeably enriched due to the saturation of the drum parties. Samples of percussion musical instruments are also used in various directions of electronic music. The set of drums in the symphony orchestra is called orchestral percussion.

Kits percussion

For those who want for the sake of interest to try to play percussion as a musician amateur or for those who are a professional in this area, there are both separate percussion tools and ready-made sets.

For the smallest musicians in music stores, you can find kids percussion sets, often they are sold in ordinary toy stores. Sometimes these tools are completely identical to real percussions, with the exception of their reduced size.

Famous percussionists

• Airto Moreira is famous for its cooperation with the classic jazz music, Miles Davis. His solo projects are also known. Contributed to the spread of small noise shock tools in European jazz.
• Karl Perazzo - Percussionist of the famous Santana group.
• Arto TunçBoyaciyan - vocalist, composer and percussionist. It is known for its ability to get a first-class sound from any rented subject.

Ethnic drums of the world

To hear the drum sound Turn on Flash Player!

In the region of origin	Cube-shaped drums and in the form of hourglass		Cylindrical drums and cone-shaped
	Bochemy drums		Idiophons (percussion without membrane)

(open the card in full size)

Ethnic drums are a real find for those who want to feel the freedom of self-expression and feel the tide of strength and energy. In addition, the unusualness of ethnic tools is in a distinctive memorable sound, and they will give ethnic flavor to any interior and you will definitely not be ignored. On most such drums, you need to play with your hands, so the hand drums are also called percussion from the Latinski word PERKA-hand.

Ethnic drums precisely for those who are looking for new sensations and conditions. And most importantly, it is not necessary to be a professional musician, because the drums are easy to learn and do not require special musical giftedness. In addition to snorkeling and limitless desire, nothing else is required of you!

The drums appeared at the dawn of the history of mankind. When excavations in Mesopotamia, some of the oldest shock instruments were found - made in the form of small cylinders, the origin of which dates back to the sixth millennium BC. The age of found in Moravia drum dates back to the fifth millennium BC. e. In ancient Egypt, the drums arose four thousand years before. e. It is known about the existence of drums in ancient Sumer (about three thousand years BC. E). Since the most ancient times, the drum was used as a signal tool, as well as to accompany ritual dancing, military processions, religious rites.

The symbolic value of the drum close to the semantics of the heart. Like most musical instruments, it is endowed with the function of mediation between the Earth and the sky. The drum is closely associated with a tambourine, which can be both primary to the drum and derived from it. In the mythology of the Mongolian peoples, Tuben appeared as a result of the separation of the drum by this tree, the Shamansky deity, for two halves. But more often the drum is seen as a merger of opposite began: female and male, lunar and sunny, earthly and heavenly, personified by two tambourines. In many cultures, the drum is functionally likened by the sacrificial altar and is associated with a global tree (the drums were made from the wood of sacred trees). Additional meaning within the framework of the general symbolism is due to the form of the drum. In Schivaism, a double drum is used, which is considered a means of communication with the divine deity, as well as the latter attribute. This drum, in its shape, resembling hourglass and called Damar, symbolizes the opposition and interconnectedness of the heavenly and earthly worlds. Two balls hanging on the cords during the rotation of the drum hit on its surface.

In shaman cults, the drum is used as a method for achieving an ecstatic state. In Tibetan Buddhism, one of the rites of the transition includes a dance for the accompaniment of the drum made from the skulls. The Kobdas Baraban, which draws various images of a sacred character, is applied to fortune telling (under the hammer blows a special triangle placed on the drum moves from one image to another, and its movement is interpreted with shaman as answers to questions.

The ancient Greeks and Romans drum Timpan - the predecessor of modern Litavr, was used in Cults Cybel and Vakha. In Africa, many peoples of the drum also acquired the status of the royal power symbol.

Today, drums are extremely popular all over the world, they are done in a wide variety of forms. Some traditional drums have long been used in pop practices. This is, first of all, all sorts of Latin American tools: Bongs, Kong, etc. Reparatively recently in the instrumental of pop, ethnic and medieval musical groups, the most important Eastern drums and the drums of Africa appeared - respectively, Darbuk (or her bass variety of Dumbeks) and Dubl. The peculiarity of these tools is that they can extract the sounds of the most different rader painting. This is especially true of Darbuka. The masters of the game are able to extract from the eastern drum - Darbuki many different sounds and, thus, compete with a whole shock installation. Typically, the technique on these tools teach media traditions, and the development of the material is exclusively by hearing: the student repeats after the teacher all sorts of rhythmic drawings.

The main functions of ethnic drums:

• Ritual.Since the ancient times, the drums were used in various mysteries, since long-term monotone rhythm is able to enter into a trance state (see article Mysticism sound .). In some traditions, the drum was used as a palace tool for special solemn cases.
• Military.The drum fight is able to raise the morale and frighten the enemy. Military use of the drums is recorded in the ancient Egyptian chronicles in the 16th century. AD. In Switzerland, and later in all of Europe, military drums were also applied to build troops and parades.
• Medical. For medical purposes, the drums were used to expand evil spirits. A number of traditions in Africa, Middle East and Europe are known. Under the fast drum fight, the patient was supposed to perform a special dance, as a result of which the cure took place. According to modern research, the drum rhythm contributes to the removal of stress and the production of joy hormone (see Article Medical rhythms).
• Communication. Talking drums, as well as a number of other drums in Africa, were used to transmit long distances.
• Organizational. In Japan, the drum secretly determined the size of the territories belonging to this village. It is known that the Taways and some other nations of Africa, the drum was the personification of the leader's power.
• Dance. The drum rhythm is traditionally the main for the performance of a multitude of dance of the world. This function is closely connected and follows from ritual, as well as medical use. Many dances were originally part of the temple mysteries.
• Musical. In the modern world, the technique of playing the drums has reached a high level, and the music has ceased to be used exclusively to ritual purposes. Ancient drums firmly entered the arsenal of modern music.

More information about various drum traditions, you can read in the article. Drums of the world .

Middle Eastern, North African and Turkish drums

Listen to Solo Rica

Bendir (Bendir.)

Bendir - Drum of the North of Africa (Magryba), especially the region of Eastern Berber. It is a frame drum made of wood and covered animal on one side. The inner surface of the Bendir membrane is usually attached strings that create an additional vibration of sound when hitting. The best sound is obtained on bendire with a very thin membrane and with fairly durable strings. Algerian and Moroccan orchestras performing both modern and traditional musical forms. Unlike Dafa, Bendir has no rings on the reverse side of the membrane.

Talking about the rhythms and tools of North Africa, it is impossible not to mention another curious tradition, but the group slamming in your hands. For tourists, this tradition seems to be mildly, unusual, and for the inhabitants of Maghreb there is nothing familiar with all together and start clairing your hands, creating a certain rhythm. The secret of the correct sound with cotton is in the position of the palms. It is quite difficult to describe it, but the locals themselves say that when you hit you need to feel how you pushed the air with both hands. It is also important to move the movement itself - absolutely free and relaxed. Similar traditions can also be found in Spain, India and Cuba.

Listen to Solo on Moroccan Bendire

Targeting ( Tarija.).

Small ceramic cubic-shaped drum with zamenny skin and string inside. Known at least from the 19th century, used in Morocco in ensembles Malchun For accompanying the vocal party. The singer beat his palm of the main rhythm to manage the rhythm and the pace of the orchestra. At the end of the song can be used to enhance energy and rhythmic ending.

Listen to the Moroccan ensemble Majun with targeting

T. oubeleki, Toymbeleki. ).

Greek variability with a case in the form of amphora. Used to execute Greek melodies in Thrace, Greek Macedonia and on the islands of the Aegean Sea. The housing is made of clay or metal. Also, this type of drum can be bought in Savvas Percusion or Yevgeny Strelnikov. Bass Torubeki from Darbuka is characterized by greater humility and softness of sound.

Listen to the sound of Tubelki (Savvas)

Tavlak ( Tavlak.).

Tavlak (Tollak) - Tajik ceramic cubic-shaped drum of small sizes (20-400 mm). Tuvlak is a predominantly ensemble tool, used in conjunction with Doyra or Dafom. The sound of the brand, in contrast to Darbuka, more extensive, with a wow effect, more characteristic of the Daire or Indian percussion. Tulk is particularly popular in the Hutful region of Tajikistan, bordering Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, where it can be used as a solo instrument.

Listen to the Rhythms of Tajik Tollak

Zerbakhali ( Zer-Baghali, Zerbaghali, Zir-Baghali, Zirbaghali, Zerbalim. ).

Zerbakhali - Cubic-shaped Afghan drum. The housing was made either from a tree like Iranian thin, or from clay. The membrane in the early samples contained an additional lining, like the Indian tabla, which attached the sound of vibrato. The technique of playing on which is something close, on the one hand, the technique of the game on Persian tonbak(tonbek), and on the other hand, the technique of the game in Indian table (tabla). From time to time, a variety of techniques borrowed from darbuki. The Indian table in particular influenced Masters from Kabul. It can be assumed that the Zerbakhali is an Indo-Persian musical instrument having a Persian origin. Rhythms and technique of the Zerbakhali were influenced by Persia and India, a sophisticated finger technique and super-full rhythms were used before the war, which later became the main chicken of the Turkish percussion. In early 20th century, the tool was used in herata, later in the 50s he began to be widely used in Afghan music together with Dutar and Indian Rubab. In the 70s, the performers of a woman on this drum appeared, before that they played only on the framework.

Listen to the Zerbakhali Performance of the 70s

Kshshba ( Khishba, Kasour (Slightly wider), Zahbour or Zenboor).

These drums are used mainly in the prints of the Persian Gulf in the music of Choubi and the dance direction of Kawleeya (Iraq, Basra). A narrow tube-shaped drum with a wooden housing and a membrane of fish skin. The skin is tight and moisturized to achieve a bright sound.

Listen to the sound of Kshishba (sometimes Darbuka is entering)

Tobol

Tobol - Taways drum. Tuaregi is the only people in the world whose men even in the home circle are obliged to close the face with a bandage, (self-breaking - "people covered"). Live in Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Algeria and Libya. Tuaregs retain tribal division and significant elements of the patriarchal system: people are divided into "drum" groups, at the head of each one is worth the leader whose power symbolizes the drum. And over all groups is the leader, amenokal.

Famous French researcher A. Lot wrote about Tobol - a drum, symbolizing the leader from Tuaregov: "He is the personification of power from Taways, and sometimes the amenokal himself (the title of leader's tribal union) is called Tobol, like all tribes under its patronage. To pierce Tobol is the worst insult that the leader can be applied, and if the opponent is able to steal it, then the prestige of the amenokal will be inflamed of the damage.

Davul (Davul.)

Davul - Drum, common from Kurds, in Armenia, Iran, Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania. On the one hand, has a goat-skin membrane for bass, on which they beat the special solid, on the other hand sheep tensioned leather on which a twist is beaten, removing a high whisk sound. Currently, the membranes began to be manufactured from plastic. Sometimes a wand beat on a wooden case. In the Balkans and Turkey, the rhythms for Davul are quite complex, as the rules for odd rhythms and with syncopes. In our studio, we use it for street performances and to make a feeling of rhythm.

Listen to the sound of Davula

Kosh ( Kosh.)

In the XV-XVI V.V., in Zaporizhia were free lands. There, risky people who wanted freedoms from different rulers took place. So gradually the Zaporizhia goal appeared. Initially, these were small varieties of dashing people, embaning raids and weakening. Moreover, a group-forming factor was a cooking boiler, referred to as "Kos". Hence the "Koshest Ataman" - in fact, the strongest robber, telling the soldering. How many people could feed from such a boiler, so much was a saber in Koshe Vataga.

The Kozaki has moved horses or on ships - Ladyah. There were ascetic life and minimized. It was not supposed to take extra things with me. Therefore, poor property was multifunctional. The most interesting thing is: this kitty-boiler after a rich dinner is easy and simply turned into a drum-Tulumbas, a type of Litavra.

At the end of the daughter, the boiler was stretched by the skin of the animal, which in him was welded for dinner. During the night, the Koston Tulumbas fucked, and a combat drum was obtained by morning, with the help of the signals of the tack and communicated with other kids. On the rooks such a drum ensured the well-coordinated action of rowers. Later, the same Tulumbasi were used on guard regracks along the Dnieper. With their help, the opposition is transmitted on the relay. The appearance and use of Tulumbas-boiler.

Similar drum Kus (KUS) - This is a big Persian boiler drum. It is a pair of drums made of clay, wood or metal in the form of a hemispheric boiler with a leather stretched on it. They played with leather or wooden chopsticks on Kus (leather sticks were called Daval - gave). Usually Kous was worn on the back of the horse, camel or elephant. It was used during the festive events, military marches. He also performed as an accompaniment to Karnay (Karnay - Persian trumpet). Persian epic poets mentioned Kous and Karnai when describing the battles of the past. Also on many vintage Persian canvases you can see the images of the Kusa and the car. The emergence of these musical instruments scientists belong to 6 V. BC.

Cossacks of Zaporizhia Siftsov used to control the tulumbasses of different sizes. Small tied to the saddle, the sound was mined the handle of the plenty. In the largest of Tulumbasov, there were eight people at the same time. Loud single Sounds of Nabathy Together with the room of Tulumbasov and the piercing buberns were used to intimidate. In the people, this tool did not receive significant distribution.

(Krakeb.)

or differently Kakabu (Kakabu) - Maghreb National Musical Instrument. Krakeff is a pair of metal spoons with two ends. When playing in each hand, they keep in a pair of such "spoons" so that with the mutual collision of each pair, the rapid, pulsating sounds that create a color ornament for rhythm were obtained.

Krakowee are the main component of the rhythmic music of GNAU. It is used mainly in Algeria and Morocco. There is a legend that the sound of KraKebov resembles the clan of metal chains in which slaves from West Africa walked.

Listen to the music of Gnava with Kraklabami

Persian, Caucasian and Central Asian drums

DAF (DAF, Dap)

DAF - one of the oldest frame drum tools which there are many people's legends. The time of its occurrence corresponds to the time of the appearance of poetry. For example, in a tuita it is said that this is Tavil - the son of Liaka invented DAF. And also when it comes to Solomon's wedding with Belkis, it is mentioned that DAF sounded in their wedding night. Imam Mohamad Casali wrote that the Prophet Mohammad said: "Spread the Barack and play a loud on Dafe." These evidence speaks of the spiritual value of Dafa.

Ahmed Ben Mohammad Altavussi so writes about Dafa's relationship with playing on him and player games at Dife: "Dafa Circle is a circle Akvan (Genesis, the world, all the existence, universe) and leather that is stretched on it - this is an absolute existence, and hit It is the entry of the Divine inspiration, which from the heart, internal and intimate, is transferred to absolute being. And the breath of playing Dafa is a reminder of the degree of God, when his appeal to people, they will place their soul in captivity.

In Iran, Sufi used DAF for ritual ceremonies ("ZIKR"). In recent years, Iranian musicians with success began to use the eastern drum - DAF in modern pop Persian music. Currently, Daf is very popular among Iranian women - they play and sing on it. Sometimes women of the Kurdistan provinces of Iran are going to huge teams for a joint game on Dafe, which is an analogue of collective prayer with music.

Listen to Dafa

Faback ( Tonbak)

Thybak (Tombak) - Iranian traditional percussion tool (drum) in the form of the Cup. There are various versions of the origin of the name of this tool. According to the main one - the name is the merging of the names of the main blows of TOM and BAK. Immediately stipulate the nuances of writing and pronunciation. In Persian, the lettering "NB" is pronounced as "M". From here, the difference between the names "Tonbak" and "Tombak". Interestingly, even in Farsi you can meet the record equivalent to the pronunciation of Tombak. However, the right is considered to write "Infantak", but to utter Tombak. According to another version, Tonbak comes from the word Tonb, which literally means "belly". Indeed, the Infantak has a convex shape, such a belly. Although, of course, the first version is more generally accepted. The remaining names (Tombak / Donbak / Dombak) are the variations of the initial one. Another name is ZARB - has an Arabic origin (most likely from the word Darab, which means the sound of the drum). Play on thin fingers, which is characteristic of the whole for percussion of oriental origin. The sound of the tool, due to the not too strong skin tension and the specific form of the body, is rich in timbre shades, filled with incomparable depth and density of bass.

The technique of execution on Tombaca highlights it from a huge number of drums of this type: it is very sophisticated and characterized by the variety of execution techniques and their combinations. Play on Tobak with two hands, placing the tool almost in a horizontal position. Achieving the desired sound paint, at a minimum, depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe tool to which the blow is accounted for, and on how the punch is made with fingers or brush, clicking or sliding.

Listen to Tonbak

Doira.)

(Translated a circle) - tambourine distributed in the territory of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan. It consists of a circular shell and tightly stretched on one side of the membrane with a diameter of 360-450 mm. Metal rings are attached to the shell, the amount of which ranges from 54 to 64, depending on its diameter. Previously, the shell was made of fruit plants - dry grape vines, nut or beech wood. Now they are made mainly from acacia. The membrane was previously made from the skin of the cattle, goat skin, sometimes the stomach of the animal, now the membrane is made of thick calf leather. Before the game, the militant is heated in the sun at fire or lamps for larger membrane tension, which contributes to the purity and sounding of the sound. Metal hoops on the shell contribute to the increase in thermal conductivity when heated. The membrane is so durable that they are able to withstand the human jumps and a knife strike. Initially, Dair was a purely female tool, women were going to sat and played on the Daire, as well as Iranian women were going and played on Dafah. Currently, the skill of the game at the Dair reached an unprecedented level. In the world, such Masters of Doyrah are known as Abos Casimov from Uzbekistan, Heirullo Dudoboe from Tajikistan. The sound is extracted by blows 4 fingers of both hands (the thumbs are used for the tool support) and the palms of the membrane. Punch in the middle of the membrane gives a low and deaf sound, a blow near the shell is higher and ringing. The main sound is joined by ringing of metallic suspension. The difference in the color of the sound is achieved due to various techniques of the game: blows of fingers and palm of different strength, clicks of the maizins (Nowong), gliding the fingers on the membrane, shaking the tool, etc. Possible tremolo, formslags. The range of dynamic shades is from a gentle Piano to a powerful Forte. The technique of playing the Dair, developed by centuries, has reached high virtuosity. Dair play (lovers and professionals) solo, accompanying singing and dance, as well as in ensembles. The repertoire of the Doyra makes up a variety of rhythmic figures - Used. Dair is used in the performance of Macs, Mugam. In the modern time, Doyra is often part of the folk, and sometimes symphony orchestras.

Listen to Doyra

Havival Gaval.)

Gaval - Azerbaijani tambourine, closely associated with traditions, life and ceremonies. Currently, a number of musical genres, folk ideas and games are reproduced under the maintenance of Havala. Currently, the gallow is included in the ensembles, including folk instrumental and symphony orchestras.

As a rule, the diameter of the circular shell of the Havala is 340 - 400 mm, and the width is 40 - 60 mm. The wooden wrap of the haval is cut out of the trunks of solid varieties trees, outside it is smooth, and from the inside has a cone shape. The main material for the manufacture of a wooden hoop is grape, tute, walnut trees, red oak. Inlaid ornament from marble, bones of other materials are applied to the surface of the circular shell. From the inside of a wooden hoop into small holes with a bolav, from 60 to 70 bronze or copper rings are fixed And often four copper bubber. On the Bulava, visible on the outside of a wooden hoop, leather gently sticks. Recently, in Iran, the haval is made from a pistachio tree. This leads to difficulties for Khananda when performing on Haval.

Usually the membrane is made of a lamb skin, a goat, a jarana or a bull bubble. In fact, the membrane should be made of fish skin. Now in the period of development of equipment, artificial skin and plastic are also used. Skin leather is manufactured using a special tack. Professional performers can be said not to use the skin of other animals, because fish skin is transparent, thin and very sensitive to temperature changes. Or rather, the performer, touching the haval or pressing it to his chest, warms the instrument and as a result of this, the quality of the sound of the Hawlo is significantly improved. When shaking the metal and copper rings hanging from the inside of the tool, and during the work of the blows a double sound is formed. A hoarse sound emanating from the tool membrane and from rings inside acquires a unique sound.

The technique of playing in Gavale has broad opportunities. Speaker is made using the fingers of the right and left hand and shocks reproducible in the inside of the palms. Haval should be used very carefully, skillfully, with a creative campaign, observing certain precautions. The soloist in the performance of Havala should try not to tire the listener awkward and unpleasant sound. With the help of Havala, you can get the desired dynamic shades of sound.

Gavana is a mandatory tool for performers of traditional genres of Azerbaijani music, such as Tesnif and Mugam. Mugam in Azerbaijan is usually performed by the Sazandaryary Trio: Tarist, Komanchist and Golubist. The structure of the Mugamian Distgiana is such that there are several runghuses, Daramenov, Tasnifs, Drainings, Melodies, People's Songs in Mugamny Unstigue. Handeland himself (singer) is often both Gawalist. Currently, the master who owns the instrument fully is Mahmoud Salah.

Listen to the sound of Gavala

Nagar, Nears ( Nagarra.)

There is a wide variety of tools called Nagarra: they are common in Egypt, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia and India. In the translation of Nagara means "tapping", comes from the Arabic verb NAQR - hit, knock. A nagar with powerful sound dynamics makes it possible to extract various timbre shades from it, and it can also be played outdoors. On Nagarre play as a rule with chopsticks, but you can play with your fingers. Its housing makes from walnut, apricot and other types of trees, and the membrane is made of sheep skin. Heights 350-360 mm, diameter 300-310 mm. Depending on the size, they are called Kyos Nagara., Bala Nagara (or Chura N.) and Kichik Nagar, i.e. large, medium and small drum. Gosh-Nagara Reminds the structure of the two boiled drums bonded among themselves. Also in Azerbaijan there is a boot drum called "Tipplepito", which externally resembles two bonded small drums. Play on Gosha-Nagar with two wooden chopsticks that are made mainly from the Kizylovaya tree. The word Gosha-Nagar literally translated from Azerbaijani language means "pair of drums". The word "Gosha" means - a couple.

Initially, Gosha-Nagara corps was made from clay, then they began to make it from wood and metal. For the manufacture of the membrane, a calf, goat, rare camel skin. The membrane screws to the body using metal screws that simultaneously serve and to configure the tool. Playing Gosha-Nagar, putting it on the floor or on a special table, in some traditions there is a special profession: the holder of Nagarra, which is trusted by low boys. Gosha-Nagara is a mandatory attribute of all ensembles and orchestras of folk instruments, as well as weddings and celebrations.

The poet Nizami Ganjevi described "Nagaru":
"COşDU QURD GÖNÜNDEN OLAN NAğARA, DÜNYANıN BEYNINI GETIRDI ZARA" (which and the translation from Azerbaijani literally means - "Gripped on the wolf of the skin and the noise of all in the world faced"). Guide to Turkish Nagarm (PDF) In the Russian tradition, such drums were called covers. The chips were small and had a clay (ceramic) or copper housing of the boot-shaped form. On top of this body, with the help of strong ropes, the leather membrane was stretched, according to which there were punches with special, sweaty and thick, wooden chopsticks. The tool depth was slightly larger than its diameter. In former times, the chips, together with some other shock and wind instruments, were used, as a military musical instrument, leading the enemy to panic confusion and disorderly flight. The main function of military shock tools is the rhythmic support of the troops. The fastening of the tip was carried out by methods: throwing out through the saddle of the combat horse; fastening to the belt belt; Fastening to the back in front of a walking person. Sometimes, the chips were attached on Earth, which led to a gradual increase in the size and transformation into modern Litales. Later, the chips began to appear in medieval orchestras. The musician playing on medieval Neighborhoods is the so-called "court-eyed", existed in Russia in the XVIII century a new era.

Listen to Nagarra

Caucasian bilateral drum distributed in Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan. One of the membranes thicker is different. The case is made of metal or wood. The sound is extracted by hand or two wooden sticks similar to Turkish Davul - thick and thin. Earlier was used in military campaigns, it is currently used in an ensemble with Zurenn, accompanies dances, processions.

Listen to dhola

Kayrok.)

. These are two pairs of flat grinded stones, a certain analog of kastannets. Inherent in most parts of Khorezm residents (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan). As a rule, he was accompanied kosik - made of wood pinwood, apricot or Archie tool, reminiscent of two pairs of spoons. Today, the Koshik was practically out of use and is used only at national celebrations more as a symbol. Literally Cairok is a grinding stone in Uzbek. This is a special, shale breed, black stone. High density. Find them on the banks of the rivers. Preferably elongated form. Next are waiting for someone from the neighbors playing that (wedding). This means that three days on the fire will slowly cook shuffle. The stone is carefully wash, wrapped in a snow-white gauze cloth, and actually in the shurpu, with the consent of Hoyazin, lowered. Three days later, the stone acquires the necessary properties. Stones in the families of the masters of knives are transmitted from generation to generation.

Listen to Kainka's sound performed by Aboss Casimov

Indian drums

The name of the Indian boraxes of the tab is very similar to the name of the Egyptian drum of the tabla, which in Arabic means "membrane". Although the name of the "tabla" is alien, but this does not apply to the tool: Indian ancient reliefs are known, depicting such pairs of drums, and even in the "Nathashastra" - the text of almost two thousand years ago, is mentioned about the river sand of a certain quality that is part of the paste For the coating of the membrane.

There is a legend that tells about the birth of the tabla. At the time of Akbar (1556-1605), two professional artist on Pakhawaja lived. They were irreconcilable rivals and constantly competed with each other. Once in the hot fighting of the drum contest, one of the rivals - Sukhhar Khan - suffered a defeat and, unable to bring him bitterness, threw his packhavage lasout. The drum crashed into two parts, which turned into a tabla and Dangga.

A large drum is called Bayan, small - Dane.

The membrane is not made from a solid piece of leather; It consists of a round piece, which is glued to the leather ring. Thus, the membrane table consists of two pieces of skin. The ring-shaped piece, in turn, is attached to the leather hoop around the membrane and the cord, and the belts that attach the membrane (Padi) to the body are used through this cord. A paste is superimposed on the inner membrane with a thin layer, made from a mixture of iron and manganese sawdust, rice or wheat flour and adhesive. This coating having a black color is called Syah.

All this technique attaching and stretching the skin does not only affect the quality of the sound, making it less "noise" and more musical, but also makes it possible to adjust the height of the sound. On the table, the sound of a certain height can be achieved either using vertical movements of small wooden cylinders with significant height changes, or tapping with special hammers on the leather hoop.

There are several Gharan (schools) of the board, the most famous six of them are: Adzhrara Gharana, Benarese Gharan, Delia Gharan, Farukhabad Gharana, Lucknow Gharana, Punjabskaya Gharana.

One of the most famous musicians who glorified this tool to the whole world is the legendary Indian musician Zakir Hussein.

Listen to the sound of the tab

mrDanga.)

, Mrdang, (Sanskr. - Meddang, Dravido-speaking forms - Mrdangam, Mridangam) - South Indian dual-grained drum in the form of a barrel. In accordance with the Indian classification of instruments relates to the group of avanadech Vadya (SanskR. "Tools with a coating"). Widespread in the practice of musitizing the carnage tradition. North Indian analogue of Mridang - Pakhavage.

The murdang housing is pulled out of the tree of valuable rocks (black, red), in shape resembles a barrel, the largest part of which, as a rule, is asymmetrically shifted towards a wider membrane. The length of the case varies in the range of 50-70 cm, the diameter of the membrane is 18-20 cm.

Membranes are broken (left more right) and are leather coatings that are not directly directly to the tool housing, but, like all Indian classical drums, through thick leather hoops using a belt system. Being outstretched through both hoops, these belts pass along the housing and connect both membranes.

Unlike such drums like Pakhavage and the table, there are no wooden bars missing through belts and employees to configure in the design of Mridang; Changing the tension in the belt fastening system occurs by bubbing the indoor hoop directly. During the game, the hull of the drum over the belts is often covered with an embroidered "sponge".

The membrane device is characteristic of the complexity characteristic of South Asian drums. They are composed of two circles superimposed on each other, sometimes abandoned with special string for creating special sound effects. The upper circle has a hole located in the center or several shifted lobby; At the right membrane, it is constantly covered with the coating of the Shed from the dark paste of a special composition, the recipe of which keeps the musicians in secret. On the left membrane, in front of each execution, a bright paste is applied, mixed on rice or wheat flour, which immediately after the game scraped.

The term muridang denotes not only this type of drum, it has a species character. They are covered by the entire group of barrel-shaped drums, common in practice both classical and traditional muscy in the region. Already in the Old Indian texts, such varieties of the drums of this group are mentioned as Java, Hopchchchchchka, Haritaka, etc.

Nowadays, the Mridang group, in addition to the drum with this title, is represented varied; This includes both the murdangi of different configuration and functional accessories and, for example, the drums of the dholak groups, implemented in traditional musical and musical and dance genres, and other drums of such a form.

Mridang himself, like his North Indian analogue of Pakhavage, occupies a central place among them, being associated with type of muscy, in which the essence of musical thinking of South Asia is reflected with the greatest brightness. A complex, technically perfect design of the m. In conjunction with the system that allows you to adjust its setting, creates special conditions for the exact regulation and nuanxation of its sound and timbre parameters.

Having a deep, timburo rich sound, muridang is also a tool with relatively controlled tone height. Membranes are configured in quarts (Quint), which generally significantly expands the tool range. The classic muridang is a drum, which has a wide range of expressive and technical capabilities that have developed over the centuries into a carefully designed and detailed theoretical system.

One of its features, characteristic of other drums of the region, has become the specific practice of Bol or Connoalk - verbalization ("pronalizing") of the metrohymmic formula-thala, which is a synthesis of verbal (comprising a large extent an element of sound impecution) and physiomotor began in their compound with expressive Tool qualities.

Muridang is not only the most ancient drum of the subcontinent; This is a tool in which the specific regional ideas about sound and sound are pronounced. It is the drums, among which the Mridang group is leading, remained up to our days the basic genetic codes of the culture of Industan.

Listen to the sound of Mridang

Kanjira ( canjira.)

Kanjira - Indian tambourine used in South Indian music. Kanger is an amazing tool with a very pleasant sound and a stunningly wide range of features. It has a strong bass and a long high sound. It is known not so long ago, in classical music used since the 1930s. On the kanjire usually play in the ensemble of folk instruments, with muridang.

The tool membrane is made of lizard skins, which is why the tool has amazing musical properties. It is stretched on one side on a wooden frame of jackfruit wood, 17-22 cm. In diameter and 5-10 cm deep. The other party remains open. On the frame there is one pair of metal plates. The art of the game can reach high levels, the developed technique of the right hand allows you to use the receptions of the game on other frame drums.

Listen to the sound of the kanjira

Gate and Maja ( ghatam)

Gatam. - The clay pot from South India is used in the music style "Carnac". Gates are one of the most ancient tools of South India. The name of this tool literally means "water jug". This is not by chance, since its form resembles a vessel for liquid.

According to the sound, Gates are similar to the African drum Udu, but the technique of playing it is much more complicated and exquisitive. The main difference of Gatam from Uduz is that at the stage of production in the mixture of clay, metal dust is added, which has a beneficial effect on the acoustic properties of the instrument.

Gates consist of three components. The lower part is called the bottom. This is an optional part of the tool, since some gates are missing. By the middle tool thickens. It is for this part of the tool to be hit to extract ringing sounds. The upper part is called a neck. Its dimensions can be different. The neck can be wide or narrow. This part also play an important role in the game. Cressing the neck to the body, the performer can also extract different sounds, changing the sound of Gatam. A musician hits his hands on her surface while holding it on his knee.

The uniqueness of Gatam is that it is completely self-sufficient. This means that it reproduces sounds with the same materials from which the case is made. Some tools require additional components to extract sounds. This may be, for example, strings or stretched animal leather. In the case of Gatam, everything is much easier. However, Gates may change. For example, you can pull the skin on top of the neck. The tool is used as a drum. In this case, it produces sounds due to the vibration of the stretched skin. The height of the sound in this case also changes. Gates produce inhomogeneous sounds. It depends on how, in what place and what you apply shock on it. You can hit with your fingers, rings on your fingers, nails, palms or wrist. Musicians playing in Gatam, can make their performance very spectacular. Some performers on Gatam at the end of the performance throws a tool into the air. It turns out that the gates are broken with the last sounds.

Also in India, there is a type of this drum called Maja (Madga) - it has a more round shape and a narrow neck rather than gate. A graphite powder is added to the Maji mixture in addition to metallic dust. In addition to individual acoustic properties, the tool is pleased with a pleasant dark color with a bluish tide.

Listen to Gatama

Tavil ( thavil.)

Tavil - Impact tool known in South India. Used in traditional ensembles together with the Corneal Brass Tool Tolera.

The body of the tool is made of jackfruit, leather membranes are stretched on both sides. The right side of the tool is greater than the left, and the right membrane is stretched very much, and the left is free. Setting up the tool is made using belts missing through two rims from the hemp fiber, in modern metal attachments.

On the drum play or sitting, or hang on the belt. Basically play palms, although sometimes special chopsticks are used or dressed on the rings.

Listen to Tavila

Pakhavaj ( Pakhavaj.)

Pakhavage (hindi,"One-piece, dense sound") - a two-grained drum in the form of a barrel, common in the practice of musitizing the tradition of Hindustani. In accordance with the Indian classification of tools, as well as all other drums, is included in the group of Avanadech Wadya ("coating tools").

It is typologically related to his South Indian analogue of Mridant. The package of Pakhavadzha hollow out from the block of the tree of valuable rocks (black, red, pink). Compared to the configuration of the Mridang case, the Pakhavadzha body has a shape, more comprehensive to cylindrical, with smaller consecursions in the center. Case length 60-75 cm, membrane diameter - approx. 30 cm, the right membrane is somewhat less than the left.

The membranes design is as well as the belt system of their compound, similar to Mridan, but in contrast to change the tension of the belts, and, consequently, the process of setting up the membrane, is carried out by bubbing round wooden bars laid between belts closer to the left membrane (like tabla). On the right membrane is glued and there is constantly pellet from dark paste (kili), it is superimposed on the left before the game, and immediately after it is removed from wheat or rice flour, mixed on the water.

As with other classical drums of the region, it contributes to the achievement of a deeper and differentiated timburovo and sound sounding P. In general, it is "solidity", "seriousness", grain depth and wealth. When playing Pakhavaj is located horizontally in front of the musician sitting on the floor.

It almost never sounds like a soling tool, which is mainly in the ensembles accompanying singing, dancing, the game of a musician instrumentalist or vocalist, where this tool is entrusted with the presentation of the Tala line. Especially firmly associated with the vocal tradition of Dhrupad, bloomed during the reign of Emperor Akbar (XVI century), but in our time it occupies a rather limited place in Hindustani's musical culture.

The quality of the sound of Pakhavadzha, the features of its technique are directly related to the aesthetic-emotional aspects of Dhrupada: slow, the rigor and the sequence of the deployment of sound tissue based on strictly regulated rules.

At the same time, Pakhavage has developed virtuoso-technical capabilities, which allows the musician to fill correlatable metrolamic clichés (Thec) with a dhocupad with a variety of rhythmic figures. Many technical techniques characteristic of PAKHAVADA became the basis of the Tabla technique, the drum, with the tradition of musitizing on which it is connected by the Uza of continuity.

Listen to Solo Pakhavadja

tumbnari, Tumbaknaer.)

(tumbaknari., tumbaknaer.) - The National Kashmir drum in the form of a cup used for solo, accompaniment of songs and at weddings in Kashmir. The form looks like the Afghan zirbakhali, but the body is larger, longer and the Hindus can play at the same time on two tumbacnari. The word Tumbnari consists of two parts: Tumbak and Nari, where Nari means a clay pot, since, unlike Iran's thin, the cabinet the tumbaknari is made of clay. On this drum play both men and women. Other cups in the form of the Cup used in India are gumat (ghumat) and Jamuku(jamuku.) (South India).

Listen to Solo Tumbaknari together with Gotam.

Damaru ( damaru.)

Damaru - Little double-grained drum in India and Tibet having an hourglass form. This drum is usually done from wood with leather membranes, but it can also be fully made of human skulls and snake skin membrane. The resonator is made of copper. The height of the dum is about 15 cm. Weight about 250-300 gr. Play on such a drum rotating it with one hand. The sound is mainly produced by balls that are attached to the string or leather cord, wrapped around the narrow part of the dum. When a man shakes a drum using wave-like wrist movements, the ball (or balls) is hit on both sides of Damar. This musical instrument is used by the wandering musicians of all kinds due to its small size. It is also used in the ritual practice of Tibetan Buddhism.

The dumra from the skulls is called "Thöpa" and is usually done from the coverage covers, neatly cut over the ear and the connected tops. Inside gold is written mantra. The skin is painted with copper or other mineral salts, as well as special herbal mixtures for two weeks. As a result, it acquires a blue or green color. The location of the halves of the dumer is tied with a knitted cord, to which the handle is attached. To the same place is tied by a beater, whose knitted shell symbolizes eyeballs. Skulls are selected according to certain requirements for the former owners and methods of receipt. Now the production of Damru in Nepal and export to other countries is prohibited, because bones are mostly dishonest. The ritual of "heavenly funeral" is not so traditional as before. First, China considers it not entirely legal. Secondly, finding firewood or other materials to burn body has become easier and not expensive. Previously, only the rulers and priests of High San were honored for such an expensive procedure. Thirdly, now most Tibetans are dying in hospitals. Their bodies impregnated with medicines, birds do not want, which is needed before making the tool.

Damaru is generally known for the entire Indian subcontinent. Among the shivaitis, it is associated with the shape of Shiva called Nataraja, being a symbol of the latter. Quadruple Nataraja holds Damaru in the upper right hand when he makes his Space Dance Tandava. It is believed that Damaru is voiced by Prozvilov (NADA). There is a legend that all sounds of Sanskrit occurred from the sounds of the game Shiva on Damaru. The battle of this drum symbolizes the rhythm of the forces in the creation of the world, and both of its halves personify the male (lingams) and the female (Yoni) began. And the connection of these parts is the very place where life originates.

Listen to the sound of Damar in Buddhist ritual.

Japanese, Korean, Asian and Hawaiian drums

Taiko ( Taiko.)

Taiko - The family of the drums used in Japan. Verbatim taiko Translated as a large (pushed) drum.

Most likely, these drums were delivered from China or Korea between the III and IX centuries, and after the IX century they were made by local masters, which made a unique Japanese tool.

In ancient times in each village there was a signal drum. Signals about impending dangers or general works were transmitted to simple combinations of shocks. As a result, the area of \u200b\u200bthe village was determined by such a remoteness, which could reach his sound of the drum.

Imitating a drum against thunder, the peasants called rain into the arid seasons. Only the most respected and enlightened from the inhabitants could play at Taiko. With the strengthening of basic religious teachings, this function has moved to the ministers of Shito and Buddhism, and Tuko became temple instruments. As a result, playing secretly only in special cases and only drummers who received the blessing of priests on this.

Currently, the drummers secretly play songs only with the Master's permissive and teach all the compositions exclusively for rumors. Notice record is not conducted and, moreover, it is prohibited. Training takes place in special communities fenced off from the outside world, representing something among the army division and monastery. A non-good power is required for the game, so all drummers pass harsh physical training.

It is reliably known that one of the earliest appointments was Taiko was military. Thunder drums during attacks were used to intimidate the enemy and inspiring their troops on the battle. Later, to the fifteenth century, the drums became a tool for feeding signals and transmit messages during the battle.

In addition to military and territorial, Taiko has always been used in aesthetic purposes. Music in style gagaku (Gagaku) Appeared in Japan in the period of Nara (697 - 794) together with Buddhism and quickly intensified under the imperial yard as official. Single Taiko is part of a group of tools accompanying theaters But and Kabuki.

Japan's drums wear the common name Taiko, according to the design, they are divided into two large groups: Bë-DYAKO, from which the membrane is tightly fixed with nails without the ability to configure, and Shime Dikeko, which can be configured using cords or screws. The hull of the drum hollow out from a solid piece of solid wood. Taiko play with chopsticks called Bati.

In our studio there are analogues of Taiko, from the project "Big Drum" on which traditional Japanese music can be performed.

Listen to the sound of Japanese drums

uchiwa daiko.)

Japanese ritual tambourine, used in Buddhist ceremonies literally translates as a drum-fan. Despite the small size, it has an impressive sound. The form similar to Chukotka tambourine. Nowadays, drummers often set several dike-dyako on the stand, which makes it possible to perform more complex rhythmic compositions.

Listen to Seth from Lekhiva Dikeko

changu.).

Changu - This is the Korean drum that is most commonly used in traditional music. It consists of two parts that are usually made of wood, porcelain or metal, but it is believed that the best material is a Pavlonium or Adamovo tree, because it is lightweight and soft, which gives him a beautiful sound. These two parts are connected by the tube and on both sides are covered with skin (usually deer). In the ancient peasant rituals symbolized the element of the rain.

Used in the traditional self-level genre. The traditional drum music is based on the old traditions of the Korean peasant music performed during the village holidays, religious rituals and work in the field. Korean words "SA" and "MES" are translated as "4 tools", and "Nori" means the game and performance. Musical instruments in the orchestra performing self-religion called Changu, Bunch, Pingari and Chin (two drums and two gongs).

puk.).

Bunch - Traditional Korean drum, consisting of a wooden housing covered with two sides of the skin. Began to be used from 57 to AD. And usually for court Korean music. A bunch is usually installed on a wooden rack, but the musician can keep it on the hip. For impact it is used by a heavy wood stick. Symbolizes the element of thunder.

Listen to Korean drums

There are two types of NGA drums. First, Ra Dang or Dang Chen (manual drum), it is used during ritual processions. The drum is a long, decorated with one carving wooden handle, at the end of which vajer is depicted. Sometimes a silk scarf is tied on the handle as a symbol of honoring the divine musical instrument.

Nga Cheng - Large double-sided drum hanging inside a wooden frame. Its diameter is more than 90 cm. As decoration, the lotus image also use. The bars for the drum has a curved shape, on the end it is covered with a cloth for greater softness when hitting. The execution on this tool is characterized by large virtuosity; There are up to 300 ways to play NGA Chene (on the membrane - drawings and magic. Symbols located according to Cosmich. zones). This drum also resembles Chinese imperial drums.

NGA-BOM. - a large bilateral drum, planted on the handle, on which bent a bent stick (one or two); Nga-Shung (NGA Shunka) - a small bilateral drum used mainly during dances; Rolle - plates with a large convexity in the center (they are kept horizontally); Sil-Nuren - plates with a small convexity in the center (and sometimes without it); "Or to Nikolay Lgovsky.

As for the tribe of the Tumba-Yumba, it happened from the French Mumbo-Yumbo, ascending to the English Mumbo Jumbo ("Mambo-Jumbo"). This word appeared in the books of European travelers in Africa; It meant an idol (spirit), which men scared women. The word "Mumbo-Yumbo" as the name of the African tribe is found in the book I. Ilf and E. Petrov "twelve chairs".

The sound of the drums there is there

bajiaogu., bafangu.).

Bagjiogu - Chinese octogonal drum, similar to Arabic Rick. For the membrane, the skin of python is used. There are seven holes for metal tsymbal in the case. This drum was brought to China Mongols, which was painted with them even before our era. Otogonal tambourine was also the national instruments of manzhzhov. Apparently, in antiquity, this drum was used for ritual dances. During the time of the dynasty, a similar drum was depicted on the flag. Currently, tambourine is used mainly to accompany traditional vocals or dances.

Sound of the Soundogonal Chinese Bubne in the Vocal Party

Vietnamese bronze drum frog-drama ( frogdrum).

Frog Dram is one of the oldest drums, the progenitor of Metallofones of Southeast Asia. Its bronze culture is the subject of special pride of Vietnamese. In the epoch of the so-called Dongshonian civilization, nationwide in 2879 BC A semi-minor kingdom of Vanlang was created. The symbol of the Dongshon culture has become bronze drums with a characteristic geometric pattern, scenes of folk life and images of totem animals. The drums performed not only musical, but also ritual functions.

Characteristics of the Dongshon Bronze Drum:

• In the center of the drum is a star consisting of 12 rays. These rays alternate patterns having a triangle shape or peacock feather. According to the ideas of ancient, the star in the center of the drum is a symbol of faith in the sunny God. Feathers on the drums show that the totters of the inhabitants of that time were birds.
• Around the stakes are plants, animals and geometric patterns. Many researchers interpret the household scenes shown on the drums as a "funeral" or "Holiday of rain causing".
• On the body of the drum, boats, warriors, birds, animals or geometrics in Zora are usually drawn.
• The drum has 4 arms.

Such drums are now used in Thailand and Laos. The legends of the people of Ho - Mong say that the drum saved the life of their ancestors during large floods. The drum was one of the items that put with the dead in the tomb (the terrain of Dong Sean, the province of Than Hoa, Vietnam).

Listen to the sound of Orcecstra Frog dram

gedombak).

G.etombek - This is a drum in the form of a cup used in Malay Folklore Music. The body of the drum is made of solid wood, mainly from the Jackfruit (Eastern Indian Bread Tree) or Angsana. The membrane is made of goat skin. We are usually two people with two instruments, one of which is called Gendang IBU (mother), - having a lower sound, and the other - Gendang Anak (child), having the same size, but at the same time a higher sound. When execution, the drum lies in a horizontal position, the left hand hit the membrane while the right closes and opens the hole. As a rule, Gendonbak is used in a pair with a bilateral drum, Gendang IBU (GENDANG IBU).

Listen to the sound of Gedonbek

Thai drum tone ( thon, Thab, Tap).

In Thailand and Cambodia, drum, very similar to hedonback and on a huge Darbuk is called Tone. It is often used in conjunction with the frame drum called ramana (ramana.). These two tools are often called in one word thon-Ramana.. The tone is put on his knees, and they beat right hand, while Ramana is held in his left hand. Unlike Gedonbak, the tone is much larger - its body reaches a meter long or more. The housing is made of wood or from the faience. Palace tones are very beautiful, with pearl trim. With such drums, as a rule, a dance procession is arranged and a polyrhythmium is played with metallophones.

Listen to the sound of tone in dance procession

GENDANG.).

G.endang (Kendang, Kendhang, Gendang, Gandang, Gandangan) - Drum traditional Indonesian Orchestra Gamelan. The peoples of Java, Sudan and Malaysev, one side of the drum is more different and gives a lower sound. Bali and Marana Balubanov both sides are the same. The performer, as a rule, sits on the floor and plays hands or special sticks. In Malaysia, Gendang is used together with the drum of Got Design.

Drums differ in size:

• Kendhang Ageng, Kendhang Gede or Kendhang Gendhing - the largest drum with a low tone.
• Kendhang Ciblon Medium Drum.
• Kendhang Batangan, Kendhang Wayang medium size, is used for accompaniment.
• Kendhang Ketipung The smallest drum.

Sometimes drum sets and one performer can simultaneously play on different drums from the drums of different sizes.

Listen to the sound of the set from Indonesian Gantinge

Hawaiian drum IPU (IPU.)

IPU - Hawaiian percussion musical instrument, often used to create accompanying music while the dance of Hula dance. IPU is traditionally made of two pumpkin fruits.

Two types of IPU are distinguished:

• ipu-Heck (IPU HEKE). Made from two pumpkin fruits connected to each other. Pumpkins are specially grown to obtain the desired form. When they reached the appropriate size, the pumpkins are assembled, the tops and the pulp are removed, leaving hard empty shells.The biggest fruit is placed in the lower part. In the small fruit, the hole is cut. Pumpkin glue with the cereal juice.
• ipu-Heme-Ole (IPU Heke'ole). Made from one pumpkin fetus, which is cut off the top. With such instruments, the girls can dance, while picking up rhythm.

Hawaiians, as a rule, play it while sitting, hitting your fingers or palms along the top of the IPU. To highlight the first share of each clock, the player hits the soft tissue of the kap, which lies in front of the artist on the ground, producing a deep resonant sound. Subsequent strikes are made above the ground at the bottom of the tool in three or four fingers, creating a high sound.

Listen to accompaniment IPU for Hawaiian songs

Hawaiian drum gagha (Pahu.)

Paho - Traditional Polynesian drum (Hawaii, Tahiti, Cook Islands, Samoa, Tokelau). Cut from a solid barrel and covered with sharks of the skin or skin of the skate. Play it with palms or fingers. PAho is considered a sacred drum and is usually located in the temple (Heiau). It serves for accompaniment to traditional songs and dances of Hula.

Drums having religious importance are called Heiau Pahu. (Prayer drum). For prayer drums, the skin of the skate is used as a rule, while the skin of the shark is used for the musical drum. The drum for musical accompaniment is called Hula Pahu.. Both drums have an ancient history and are similar in shape.

Small drums are usually cut from the coconut tree trunk. There are also the drums of groin resembling a huge table, followed by a musician standing.

Listen to the Accompanitor Drum Puhu for Hawaiian Dance Dances

African drums

Jambe (Djembe.)

Jambe - Western African Cup-shaped drum (approximately 60 cm height and diameter of the membrane of about 30 cm), retired from a solid piece of wood with stretched skin of antelope or goat, often with metal plates " kesingkesing."Used to enhance sound. Appeared in the Malian Empire in the XII century and figuratively called Healing Drum (healing drum). It is believed that the open form of the hull comes from the usual grain crusher. Depending on the impact, DJEMBE produces three main sounds: bass, tonal and sharp slap - Sleep. For African rhythms, polyritmia is characterized when several drum parties create a common rhythm.

Play on djembe palms. The main blows: bass (in the center of the membrane), tone (main blow to the edge of the membrane), SLEP (slaps along the edge of the membrane).

Wide popularity acquired in the 20th century due to the Le Ballet Africains group, the National Ensemble of Guinea. Popularity Djembe also contributed that it is relatively simple for manual socks, has a rather strong bass, and the sound survey is available for beginners. In Africa, the Master of Games on Djembe is called Djembefola. Gembefol should know all the parties performed in the village of Rhythms. Each rhythm corresponds to a specific event. Djembe - both accompanying and soling tool, allowing a lot to tell listeners and literally make people move!

Listen to Solo Jambie with Dundunny and Shaker

Donduna

Donduna - Three bass drums of West Africa (from smaller to more: Kenkeni, Sangban, Dudunba). Dunumba is a big drum. Sangban - medium drum. Kenkenya is a small drum.

Skin of bull stretched on these drums. The skin is stretched with special metal rings and ropes. These drums are configured in terms of tone level, respectively. The sound is extracted with a stick.

Dundones are the basis of a traditional ensemble (Ballet) in West Africa. Dundones form an interesting melody and other tools sound over, including Djembe. Initially, one person played on each bass drum, one person hitting the membrane, the second - on the call of the bell (Kenken). In a more modern version, one person plays simultaneously on three drums installed vertically.

During the game in the ensemble - bass drums form the base polyrhythm.

Listen to African Dunduns

Clevel ( kpanlogo.)

Clevel - traditional peasants drum in the western region of Ghana. The hull of the drum is made of solid wood, membrane leather antelope. The skin is attached and adjusted with special pegs inserted into the hole in the case. The form and sound is very close to the Kong, but less than the size.

The performer on the clevel must be inventive, keep a music dialogue (question-answer) with other tools. The punched party includes elements of improvisation, constant shift of the drawing, respectively, the dancer movements. They play a palm on the clevel, the techniques are similar to the convent or djembe. When playing, the drum clamp the legs and slightly tilted from ourselves. This is a very interesting and melodious tool, which is beautifully sounding both in the group rhythm - and in solo. Often use seats from different patches of dumping, which is very similar to the seats of Cuban Cings, which, in all likelihood, occurred from the clevel.

Listen to Skat Ska

Ashanti drums ( Ashante.)

Drums Ashanti - traditional drum set of peasants in Ghana. The set is called by the very large drum by the phontophric ( Fontomfrom.). Often, a large drum can be above a person and it is necessary to climb the stairs attached to the drum. The drums are smaller called Atumpane ( Atumn), Athenatea ( Aptema.), Appetia ( APETIA) .

Ashenti's drummers are called heavenly drummers. Drummers occupy a high position at the court of the leader of Ashanti, they are obliged to ensure that the wives of the leader's wives are in perfect order. On the lands of Ashanti, women do not have the right to touch the drum, and the drummer does not dare to transfer its drum from place to place. It is believed that at the same time he can go crazy. Some words can not tapping on the drum, they are taboo. It is impossible, for example, to mention the words "blood" and "skull." In ancient times, the drummer, if he allowed a serious mistake, transmitting the sentiment of the leader, could cut off his hands. Now there is no such custom, and only in the most remote corners drummer and still can lose their ear for negligence.

With the help of drums, Ashanti can spend the entire history of their tribe on the drum. This is done during some festivities when drummers list the names of the leaders who have revealed leaders and describe significant events from the life of the tribe.

Listen to the sound of the drums of Ashanti

Talking drum ( Talking Drums.)

Talking drum - A special type of African drums originally intended to maintain communication between the villages. The sound of the drum could imitate human speech, a complex system of rhythmic phrases was used. As a rule, Talking Drum is a two-headed, in the shape of an hourglass, the skin on both sides is pulled by a worm around the body with a leather belt or an animal gut. When playing, the speaking drum is kept, cling under the left hand and hitting it with a curved stick. Squeezing the drum (meaning the rope of the drum), which plays changes the height of its sound, and various notes are highlighted in its sound. The stronger to squeeze the drum, the higher its sound is obtained. All this gives various variants of the "drum language", thanks to which you can transmit various messages and signs to other, neighboring villages. Some examples of drum rhythms are associated with spiritual creatures in each tribe. Sounds of prayers and blessings of speaking drums begin a new day in countless villages throughout West Africa.

The speaking drum is one of the oldest tools used by West African Grirts (in West Africa, a member of the caste, which is responsible for the preservation of tribal stories in the form of music, poetry, stories), and their origin can be traced before the empire of the ancient Ghana. These drums spread to Central and South America through the Caribbean Sea during the workmanship. Subsequently, speaking drums were banned for African Americans, since slaves used them to communicate with each other.

The tool is different in its own way. Externally, it may seem unpretentious, but this impression is deceptive. A speaking drum accompanies man and in work, and in vacation. There is little tools capable of "keeping up" with a person. That is why he rightfully occupies a special place in the culture of Africa and is part of the global cultural heritage.

In Congo and Angola, such drums are called Lockol, in Ghana - Dondon, in Nigeria - Gangan, in Togo - Lebleu.

Listen to the fight of the speaker drum

Ashiko. (ashiko.)

Ashiko.(Ashiko) - west African drum in the form of a truncated cone. West Africa, presumably Nigeria, the people of Yoruba are considered to be Motherland. The name is most often translated as "freedom". Ashiko was used to cure, when conducting rituals of initiation, military rituals, communication with ancestors, to transmit signals at distances, etc.

Ashiko is traditionally made from a solid piece of solid wood, and modern tools are made of bonded strips. The membrane is made of antelope or goat skins, sometimes of the skin of the cow. The rope and rings system controls the degree of tension of the membrane. Modern types of Ashiko can have plastic membranes. Ashiko has a height of about half a meter, sometimes a little higher.

Unlike Jambé, where only two tones can be reproduced due to its form, the sound of Ashiko depends on the proximity of the impact to the center of the membrane. In the musical tradition of the people of Joruba, Ashiko almost never accompanies Jambé, because it is completely different drums. There is an opinion that Ashiko - "Male", and Jambé - "female" drum.

The drums in the form of Ashiko on Cuba are called side and are used during carnivals and street parades called a compass.

Listen to African Drum Ashiko

Bata. (Bata.)

Batá. - These are three membranfones with a wooden housing in the shape of an hourglass, having two membranes of different diameters at the ends, the game on which is carried out by hand.

Manufactured bata. Or a traditional African way to hollow out from a whole tree trunk, or modern - gluing from individual planks. From two sides bata. Membranes from thin skin are stretched (for example, goat skins). In traditional bata. They are attached and tensioned with skin strips, in the industrial version of the Bata uses an iron fastening system designed for bongov and cong. Enu, "mouth") - a larger membrane, having, respectively, a lower sound. It is played open on it (Open), muted (mutted) strikes, and touch (TOUCH). Chacha (Chachá) - Meniating membrane. It is played by slap (SLAP) and touch. Play on bata.sitting, putting it on his knees in front of him. For the larger membrane, they usually play with their right hand, at least - left.

In Cuba, the ensemble uses 3 bata.: Okolo (Okónkolo) - A small drum that performs, as a rule, is a strictly fixed pattern that performs the function of rhythmic support. In fact, it is a metronome in the ensemble. At this drum usually plays the least experienced drummer. ITOTELE) - Middle drum, its function - "respond" to a large drum Iya. Iya (IYÁ) - Big and, therefore, the lowest, "maternal drum". It plays on it olubata - Presenter, most experienced drummer. Iyait is a soloist of the ensemble. There are many options for settings. bata; aboutdenial rule - tone chacha Each of the larger drum coincides with en. next men. Often, little bells are hanging on the bat.

Bata. were brought to Cuba from Nigeria together with the African slaves of the nation of Yoruba, one of whose worship objects was Cango (Shango, Changa, Jakuta, Obakoso), Lord of drums. In Cuba bata. They began to use widely in ritual music, where the number of drums in the ensemble decreased to three (in Nigeria they are usually 4-5).

Bata. Play a significant role in religious ceremonies sunterni.In which the drum battle is the language of communication with the gods, and the feeling of rhythm is associated with the ability of a person to "go through life" correctly, that is, to make the necessary actions at the right moment. The drums in Sunteria are perceived as a family where everyone has its own voice and their own duties assigned to them, with the patron saint of each of the species bata. is a separate Saderian "God" Orisha - a patron of koncolo is Cango, iTOTEL - Avdun, and Iya - Ieayia . In addition, it is believed that each drum has its own "soul" anna (Añá)which is "invested" in a newly prepared Bat during a special ritual, "born" from the "souls" of other baht, which has already been initiated. There are cases when Nigeria has specially transported specially añá.At the same time, manufacturing a new "body" of a drum in Cuba.

Until the Socialist Revolution of 1959, the Bat's Bahabakhs game occurred in closed rituals, which were invited or dedicated to (initiated) or dedicated. However, after the revolution, Cuban music was declared the national treasure to Cuba and teams were created (for example, Conjunto Folclorico Nacional De Cuba), who studied the traditional (mainly religious) music. This certainly met the discontent "dedicated" drummers. Despite the fact that over time, the Music of Bata has become a public domain, it is still accepted to divide the drums used for religious ceremonies ( foundamerto (Fundamento)) and "worldly" ( aBERIKULA (Aberíkula)).

Listen to the drums of Bata.

Bugarabua ( bougarabou.)

Bugarabu(Emphasis on y) - The traditional tool of Senegal and Gambia, in other African countries he is not found. As a rule, the musician simultaneously plays on three or four drums. The housing is the form of a cup or something like an outbound cone. Sometimes the housing is made of clay.

A few decades earlier, the bowguare was a solo tool. They played on it with one hand and stick. However, the last generations began to collect tools in the installation. Perhaps the influence of the Kong tool on them was affected: which, as is known, several are always used when playing. For better sound, the drummer puts on a special metal bracelet, which gives the sound of the flavor.

Bugarabow looks like a jambé, but the leg is shorter or there is no one at all, the tree of another breed and slightly thinner, due to this sound is obtained more melodic. When playing, the drummer stands on the legs and physically hits the membrane. The sound from the tool is obtained beautiful on the one hand: bright and deep, and on the other hand practical: it is heard for many miles. Bugarabow has a characteristic deep rolled sound, thanks to which the drum and got its name. Calling Slemp and a long deep deep bass - a distinctive feature of this drum, combining a large playing area and a bulk resonant body. Often used as a background bass drum for a joint game with a jambier and other drums. However, it is great for a solo game.

Sound of the African Drum Bugarab

Sabar ( sabar)

Sabar - Traditional tool Senegal and Gambia. Traditionally, it is played with one hand and a wand. The wand holds in the left hand. As well as the dumplings, the sabara membrane is attached with the help of pegs.

Sabar is used to communicate between the villages, up to 15 km away. Various rhythms and phrases help pass messages. There are several different sizes of this drum. Sabar is also called a musical style of the game on Sabar.

Listen to African Drum Sabar

Kebero ( kebero.)

Kebero - A bilateral conical drum used in traditional music of Ethiopia, Sudan and Eritrea. Kebero is the only drum that is used during the service in the Christian Church in Ethiopia. The small version of Kebero is used during civil holidays. The hull is made of metal, both sides are closed with a leather membrane.

The keg-shaped drum of the Kebero type is mentioned in the text of the song "Seven Hathor", which was performed with instrumental support and dancing. The entry of the text has been preserved in the temple of the goddess Hathor in Dender (standing between 30 G. BC and 14. AD). Subsequently, the keg-shaped drum switched to the tradition of subsequent era. Similar cone-shaped drum - cebero It was used for worship in the Coptic Church, now remains in the rituals of the Ethiopian Church.

Listen to Ethiopian service with Kebero

Uduge ( UDU)

Udury - African clay drum-pot, originating from Nigeria (UDU - at the same time "vessel" and "world" in the language of igga). Deep, overtaking sounds, which made Uduet, seemed to many "voices of ancestors" and initially used it in religious and cultural ceremonies. When you hit the hole, a deep low sound is published, on the surface of the ringing ceramic sound. May have a membrane on the surface.

It is worth noting that any traditional school of the game in Udule simply does not exist, as there is no generally accepted name of this tool. Actually, it is not surprising at all, given that most of its history, for lived by the broken groups. The only common for all Nigerian musicians the basis of the technicians are blows over the side opening with opening and closing the other hand of the throat of the drum. At the same time, the hypnotic bass is obtained, for which many people love so much. The same situation and with the title of the instrument: it changes not only from the region to the region, but also from what ceremonies are used drum. Most often, he is attributed to the name "ABANG MBRE", which means simply the "pot for the game". Also a curious detail is that only women were playing in Udua.

Despite the appearance of uduge from fiberglass and wood, clay remains the most popular material for the manufacture of this tool. Now most masters make drums on a pottery circle, but in Nigeria, the traditional way of manufacture without using machine tools and complex tools is still widespread. There is an interesting technique for a fiberglass uduge, when the properties of the resonator are changed using a pilt in the pot. With water, the drum acquires truly mystical sound.

Uduge tools combine the unique "aqua-resonant" sound and warm "earthy" vibration, creating a solid alloy of deep and high enveloping tones. Pleasant and to the touch, soothing and pacifying for rumor, Ududen is able to lead you into deep meditation, to give a feeling of comfort and tranquility.

Listen to the sound of uduge

Kalabash ( calabash, Calebasse.)

Kalabash - Large bass drum made of pumpkin. In Mali, he was originally used for cooking. Play on it with hands, fists or chopsticks. The diameter of the tool is about 40 cm. Sometimes Kalabash is immersed in a pelvis with water and hit it with a fist, in this case it turns out a very powerful and swing bass.

Listen to Kalabash

Gom dram ( gome Drum.)

Rom Drum - Bass drum from Ghana. Made of wooden box (45x38 cm.) And skin antelope. Play on it sitting on the ground, helping with the heels to change the tone. Music style is close to Afro-Cuban. The drum was brought to Ghana in the 18th century by Congolese fishermen. It looks like)

The king of the tribe or predictor uses this drum on the ceremonies. Yoruba richly decorates his drums with different figures.

Chokwe, Angola.
CHOKWE)

Chokwe is a double-sided drum, used to communicate at a distance and ritual stories.

Saintfo, Côte d'Ivoire
(Senufo.)

Saintfo - double-sided drum, is used to communicate at a distance and escort epic.

Listen to African Rhythms Yoruba

Listen to African Rhythms Chokwe

Listen to African Rhythms Saintfo

Drum Cuba,
Nigeria (Kuba)

Royal drum richly inlaid seashells

Bamilek, Cameroon
(Bamileke.)

Belongs to the people of the same name in Cameroon.

Yaka, Cameroon
(Yaka. )

Rustic drum with a slot. This drum is used for accompaniment and play it with two sticks.

Latin American drums

Cachon ( CajoN. )

Kachon. Appeared in Peru at the beginning of the XIX century. According to one of the versions, the slaves used drawers from fruit for muscy, as the African drums were banned by Spanish colonial authorities. The peak of his popularity fell on the middle of the century, until the end of the XIX century, the musicians continued to experiment with materials and a cake device to achieve a better sound. From this time, he began to spread throughout Latin America and to the twentieth century became an integral part of the Peruvian and Cuban musical culture.

In the seventies of the twentieth century, the Peruvian composer and the Master of Cachona Cachona Caitro Soto (Caitro Soto) was presented as a gift to the Spanish guitarist Paco de Lucia, who visited Peru. Cachon's sound liked Paco, that a famous guitarist acquired another tool before departure from the country. A little later, Paco de Lucia presented Cachon in Flamenko's music, and his sound became firmly associated with this musical direction.

On our site you can find Stewe about Rhythmka Flamenco for Darbuka.

Listen to Cachona

Conga ( Conga. )

Kong - This is a narrow high Cuban drum with African roots, possibly derived from Makuta Makuta Drums or Sikulu Sikulu Barabans, common in Manza Ngungu, Congo (MBANZA NGUNGU, CONGO). A man playing on the kongs is called "Conguero" ("Conguero"). In Africa, conga was made from hollow logs, in Cuba, the process of game music reminds the manufacture of barrels. Actually, the initially Cuban conagi was made just from the barrels. These tools were common to Afro-Caribbean Religious Music and Rumba. Now Coney are very popular in Latin music, especially in such styles like Salsa (Salsa), Meringa (Merengue), Regaeton and many others.

Most modern congries have a staved wooden or fiberglass housing and a membrane of leather (plastic). When playing, the standings are usually located approximately 75 cm from the edge of the case to the head of the executing. Also at the conga you can play in the sitting position.

Although they arose in Cuba, their inclusion in popular and popular music in other countries, led to diversification of terminology for documentation and performers. Ben Jacobi in his work "Introduction to the Conga Drum" believes that the drums are called Congas in English, but Tumbadoras in Spanish. The name of individual drums, from a large to small, as they are called in Cuba:

• SuperTumba (Supertumba) It can achieve the size in diameter of about 14 inches (35.5 cm).
• Tumba (Tumba)it usually has a diameter from 12 to 12.5 inches (30.5 - 31.8 cm).
• Kong (Conga)usually in diameter from 11.5 to 12 inches (29.2 - 30.5 cm).
• Quinto (Quinto) About 11 inches in diameter (about 28 cm).
• Requinto) There may be less than 10 inches in diameter (24.8 cm).
• Ricardo (Ricardo.) Approximately 9 inches (22.9 cm). Since this drum is often fixed on the shoulder belt, then it is usually already the shorter of the traditional kong.

The term "Kong" was popular in the 1950s, when Latin music overwhelmed the United States. Cuban dream (SON) and New York jazz mixed up and gave a new style, called after Mambo, and later Salsa. In That Same Period, The Popularity of the Conga Line Helped to Spread This New Term. Desi Arnaz Also Played A Role in The Popularization of Conga Drums. The word "Kong" happened from the rhythm la Conga.often played in Cuban carnavals. Drums on which the rhythm was performed la Conga. Featured tamboores de Conga.that translated into English as conga Drums..

Listen to Solo Congues

Bongi.

Bongo Or Bongi - tool of Cuban origin, consisting of a pair of single-headed, open drums attached to each other. The drum of a larger diameter is called "Embra" (Hembra - Isp. Woman, female), and the smaller - "Macho" (Macho - in Spanish "Male"). Little Bong sounds approximately on the policy higher than the wider.

Apparently, Bongi got into Latin America with slaves from Africa. Historically, Bongs are associated with such styles of Cuban music, like Salsa, Changui and Son, which appeared on Eastern Cuba in the second half of the 19th century. However, it should be noted that such a Bongu pairs of drums with ceramic bodies and goat skins were found in Morocco, as well as in Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries.

Listen to Solo Bongov

(Pandeiro.)

- South American tambourine used in Portugal and other countries.

In Brazil, Pantheir is considered a popular musical instrument, soul soul. Rhythm Knetera complements the sound of attack when used in the musical accompaniment of Brazilian capoeira.

Traditionally, the Panderier is a wooden rim, which is stretched by the skin membrane. On the sides of the rim, the cup-shaped metal buboins are built in (along the port. Platinelas). Now often the membrane of the boarder or the entire pander is made of plastic. The sound of the boarder can be modulated by pulling and loosening the membrane.

Play on the board as follows: the executing holds the board himself in one hand (often in the rim of the boarding on one of the gaps between the planets-platintels, the hole is made for the index finger, so that it is more convenient to keep the tool), and the other hand has a membrane that, in fact, And produces sound.

The creation of various rhythms on the boarder depends on the impact force on the membrane, from where the blow and from the one part of the palm is a big finger, the tips of the fingers, an open palm, a palm "boat", the edge of the palm or the bottom of the palm. Kneneer can also be shaken or finger on the rod of the board, producing a slightly creaky sound.

Alternating various blows on the boarding and, thereby removing various sounds, there are ringlets, clear, as if even a little transparent rhythms of the boarder. The boarder is generally different in that it can create a ringing and expressed tone. It gives purity of the sound, the emphasis is well exposed when performing fast and complex rhythms.

"Tu-Tu-Pasy" is one of the simplest rhythms performed on the boarding school. Two impacts with a thumb on the edge of Kneneer ("Tu-TU"), a blow to the whole palm in the center of Kneneer (PA) and again hit with a thumb on the edge of the Pander ("Tum"). With the last strike, the boardera shake a little, making the tool at the bottom up, as if to "meet the palm", which strikes.

The relative ease of this tool, on which, at first glance, is not so difficult (especially in comparison with Berimbau) to learn how to play, deceptive. The technique of playing the board is quite difficult. To become a real Master of Games on the boarding, you need to train a lot, as, in principle, in any case, in which you want to become a professional.

Listen to Solo Pantheir

- Very deep, loud Brazilian bass two-headed drum. Made from metal or thin wood, heads covered with goat skin (in our days - often plastic). Surdo is actively used in Brazilian carnival music. Surdua play a stick with a soft tip in his right hand, and the left hand, without a stick, jammed the membrane in the intervals. Sometimes the sound is removed by two beasts. There are three Surdo sizes:

1. Surdu "(Ji) Primaire" ("DE PRIMEIRA") or "Ji Marcasáо" ("De Marcação") is the most bass drum with a diameter of 24 inches. Plays in the second and fourth tact account - accent stakes in the samba. This is the basis of battery formation.

2. Surdu "(Ji) Segunda" ("DEGUNDA") or "Ji Sovposhat" ("De Resposta") with a diameter of 22 inches. Plays the first and third account of the tact. As his name suggests, "Resposta", "Answer," - Surdu Segunda responds to Surda Primaire.

3. Surdu "(Ji) TERSEYR" ("De Terceira") or "Ji Kortchi" ("De Corte"), "Centrador" ("Centrador") have a diameter of about 20 inches. He plays the same fraction as Surda Primaire, with the addition of various variations. On the sound of this drum, the rhythm of the entire batteries is based.

Listen to Solo Surdo

Quica (Cuica)

Quica - Brazilian shock musical instrument from the group of friction drums, most frequently used in the samba. It has a creak, sharp timbre of a high register.

It is a cylindrical metallic (originally wooden) housing, a diameter of 6-10 inches. The skin stretches on one side of the body, the other side remains open. On the inside, to the center and perpendicular leather membrane, a bamboo stick is mounted. The tool is hanging on the side of the chest using the belt. Playing on a quiz, a musician rubbed a wand up and down, with a wet matter, clamped in one hand, putting a thumb of another hand on a leather membrane from the outside, in the rod fastening area. Driving movements generate sound, the tone varies depending on the degree of pressure on the membrane.

Quica plays an important rhythmic role in Samba's music of all directions. It is noteworthy to use the tool by groups of speakers on the carnival in Rio de Janeiro, in the rhythm sections of performers on the quica. In the absence of such musicians, Brazilian singers can imitate the sound of the quicts.

Listen to the sound of Kiuki

Drum Pau-Wow ( Pow Wow Drum)

Baraban Pau-Wow - Traditional American Indian drum made in the style of Sioux Drums. The drum is collected with a large thorough of 12 sections of the main Wood breeds of New Mexico, one for each month of the year; Parts are polished, then covered with unseasonable skin and swell. The tool was used in the rituals of healing, communicating with spirits and as accompanying dance. The size of the drums varies greatly; Several performers play on large drums.

Listen to American Indians singing under the Pau-Wow drum

Styldram ( Steel Drum, Pan, Kettle Drum)

Stildram or steel drum - Invented in the 1930s. After adoption in Trinidad and Tobago law prohibiting membrane drums and bamboo sticks for music. The drum began to block from steel barrels (in a large number of remaining on the beaches after the end of World War II), from the sheets of 0.8 - 1.5 mm thick. The tool setting is to form in this steel sheet of regions, on the form of resembling petals, and give them the necessary sound with the help of hammer. The tool reconfiguration may be required once twice a year.

Used in the Africarbian music of such directions as Calypso and Juice. The tool is also represented in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago - since 1995 there is a "steel orchestra" in defensive troops, which is the only military orchestra in the world using a steel drum. Usually there are several types of tools in the ensemble: ping-pong is leading, the harmonic base forms a Tune Boom, and Bass Boom holds rhythm.

It is the predecessor of such tools such as Hang drama and glucophone.

Listen to the melody of styl-drama along with Cachon and Ukulele

European drums

Tamorra ( Tamorra.)

TamorraThe tambora is also called (etymologically connected with the word Tamburo or the Italian drum), this is a frame drum with light jingles, typical of the people's musical tradition of the Italian campaign province, but is also distributed in Sicily. It resembles a Basque tambourine, but much more severe and much larger sizes. The technique of the game uses alternating blows of large and all other fingers. A unique brush rotation technique is also used. For the first time, the image of the tambourines, similar to Tamorru, appear on the ancient Roman frescoes, and the position of the hand of the musician very much resembles modern traditional technique.

Apparently, these drums are closely connected with ancient mysteries. The remnants of these Dionysian mysteries reached almost our days in the form of musical traditions associated with the so-called tarantism. Tarantism, according to some researchers, is one of the forms of mass hysteria associated with an ancient faith in the mythical being, the so-called tarantite, which is sometimes identified with a spider Tarantul, although this is not entirely correct. Taranta is rather evil spirit, a demon who putting in victims, usually young women, caused convulsions, clouding consciousness, up to hysterical seizures. Taranthism epidemics covered entire areas. This phenomenon is described in the chronicles, starting from the early Middle Ages.

To cure from this ailment, an artist was invited to Tamorra, who for a long time performed a rapid rhythm (usually on 6/8), accompanied by singing or melodic tool. The patient, over which this rite was produced, was to rhythmically and move quickly for many hours. The rite could last to day or more, causing complete exhaustion. For complete healing, the procedure was carried out several times a year. The last cases of tarantism were described in the 70s of the last century. Folk dances Tarantella and her more ancient shape of Pizzikarellla occur just from this rite. The convulsive movements of the victim from which the evil spirit left, with time ritualized and transformed into a variety of dance movements of these incendiary dances.

In our studio you can hear how Tororra sounds performed by Antonio Gramshi.

Listen to Rhythms Tamorry

Boist ( bodhrán.)

Boist - Irish shock musical instrument, resembles a tambourine with a diameter of an approximately halfter (usually 18 inches). Irish word bodhran. Translated as "Radiant", "Stunning". Hold a boiler vertically, playing on it in a specific way with a wooden wand resembling a bone. In the set of professional artist on Boiran there are sticks of a wide variety of forms and sizes.

The uniqueness of Boiran is to use when playing a stick with two tips, which hits the membrane by one, then another end, which allows you to significantly reduce the interval between shocks. This wand has a special name - " kipine ". The second hand (usually left) is used to mucify the membrane and change the height of the sound. Sometimes a single chopstick is also used, but then you have to make more movements with a brush for performing similar rhythms.

The diameter of Boiran is usually from 35 to 45 cm (14 "-18"). The depth of its sides is 9-20 cm (3.5 "-8"). On the tambourine on one side tensioning goat leather. The other side is open for the hand of the artist who can control the height and timbre of sound. Inside there may be 1-2 crossbars, but in professional tools they usually do not.

Today, the booran is used not only in Irish folk music, he stepped far beyond this small island, and on Boiran play music, which seemed to have nothing to do with the environment in which we used to see him and hear, but wherever He did not appear, together with him there appears the particle of Ireland.

Listen to Solo Boirana

Lambug, Northern Ireland ( lambeg.)

In addition to Boiran, which, as a rule, is firmly associated with the folk music of Ireland and with the traditions of the National Liberation Party, in Ireland there is also another drum - lambug - common, mainly in Northern Ireland and associated with the traditions of the Liberal Unionist Party (Party Conservatives advocating the preservation of Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom). Compared to Boyran, Lambig is much less popular, although in fact it is no less interesting and unique.

The name of the drum - "Lambug" is a generic name, like, for example, a photocopier - so we call all copying vehicles, although in fact this is the name of the company. Lambug is an area next to Libene, a few kilometers south-west of Belfast. It is believed that this name has been fixed behind the drum, because It was there that first began to play with reed chopsticks.

Lambug, along with Japanese drums, is one of the loudest drums of the world. Often the volume of his sound reaches 120 decibels, which is comparable to sound when take off of a small aircraft or a sound of a pneumatic drill. During street processes, the sound of Lambga is heard a few kilometers in the district.

What is this "monster"? The lambga diameter is about 75 cm, and the depth is about 50 cm, the weight is 14-18 kg. The housing is usually made of oak, and from above and bottom is covered with goat skin. Previously, the Lambug was made from a single piece of wood, but because Currently, such trees are no longer growing, it is made of two curved oak plates bonded from the inside like a barrel. On one side of the drum, thicker skin is stretched, on the other, it is thinner, depending on whether the right-hander or left-hander is a drum holder (a stronger hand should be hit over a thicker skin). But regardless of the skin thickness, the height of the sound when hitting both membranes should be the same.

As mentioned earlier, on the labeff play with reed chopsticks, because The cane does not have connective seams, so it is not refracted in the middle. It is split up the threads along the entire length of the stick, so gradually sticks will be harvested at the ends and fail.

As for the jewelry, the lambug is either completely simple and strict or fully painted by buildings, memorial, religious or political symbols.

During rehearsals or performances, the Lambug is installed on a special stand, but during the processions, performers have to bear it literally on themselves. A durable belt is attached to the drum, which throws out through the neck. At the same time, it is quite often possible to watch the picture when one musician goes and several people are fussing next to, helping him carry the drum, supporting him here, then there.

The most reliable version of Lambga's origin is that he got into Ireland from Scotland or North England in the first half - the middle of the XVII century with immigrants, former military, or from Holland through William Dutch. In any case, all researchers agree that the ancestor of Lambega is a normal military drum of a much smaller size. And he began to "grow" after a half century, somewhere from 1840-1850, because of the usual competition between the performers, something like: "My drum is more than your drum ..." Before this, Lambug was often accompanied by the sounds of a twin, but After it has grown almost twice, the twins stopped being heard, and now the pair of "Lambug-Dudka" is rather an exception than the rule.

As mentioned at the beginning of the article, the Lambug is firmly associated with the Liberal Unionist Party, or with an Orange Orders, which every year organizes the procession in July, and in August, the national liberation party with Boyran is already marching. As for the rhythms executed by them, they are largely very similar, because The origins, in any case, regardless of political affiliation, are folk. In addition to such political processes, festivals are arranged all year round in Ireland, on which hundreds of performers compete in the one who best plays in Lambighe. Often such competitions will last for several hours in a row, until the performers are completely exhausted. The largest festival of this kind goes in Markechille, Armag County, on the last Saturday of July.

Listen to the rumble of drum lambug

swiss Drum.)

Swiss achieved independence in 1291, and became a model of military valve. The needs of extended marches and camp life contributed to the development of drum music in the 1400s. The rest of Europe drew attention to these military musical forms in the battle at Marignano (not far from Milan, Italy) in 1515.

The German principalities accepted this military music in the 1500s and 1600s. The French used Swiss mercenaries in the 1600s and 1700s, which used drum music that had influenced the rest of the French army. During the rule of the Queen Anna in the UK, the British army became very unorganized and undisciplined. In 1714, the British army was reorganized, thow drum music was adopted by the British military (with the exception of Scottish regiments).

Drum rhythms were used to broadcast different signals. The military life of the camp requires a sequence of daily signals: it's time to get up, breakfast, a challenge of the patient, fees, lunch, a duty is called, dinner, evening digression, curfew. On march S. ignala were used to make various constructions, including a march stop, expansion, seal, accelerated or slowing. An important use of the drums was the parade before and after the battle. Contrary to common menosis, the drums were not used on the battlefield, as it was too noisy and confusing.

The history of drum rudiments, closely connected with the Swiss drum, subsequently transformed into a small drum (eng. snare Drum.), which was previously called Side Dram (English. side Drum. - That is, "drum, wearable on side") or just - Militari-drum (English. military. - Military).

In 1588, the book "Orchestraography" of Tuano Arbo (Thoinot Arbeau) from Dion (France) was published. In it, Arbo described the "Swiss Stroke" and "Swiss Stroke" (Swiss Strke). These strikes were presented in various combinations, but the appliqués for them did not indicate.

By 1778, when the drums were already well integrated into the military system, Baron Friedrich von Stuben (Friedrich Von Stuben) from Philadelphia wrote guide to the use of drums, through signals (rhythms) of which the relevant orders were to be given.

The first person who used the term "Rudiment" was Charles Stewart Ashworth. In 1812, Charles Stewart Esworth published his textbook "New, useful and full system of playing on the drums", where it used this term to classify the drum rudiment group. He positioned itself (and according to the right one) as a father of rudimental theory.

In 1886, the head of the US Naval Force orchestra, John Philip Sousa, wrote his didactic work "Trumpet and Drum" - the book of instructions for the field tube and drum. Being a benefit for military drummers, she also received widespread in civilian medium, as it contained a complete set of rudiments.

Since 1933, the National Association of Rudimental Drummers ("The National Association of Rudimental Drummers", Sokr. Nard) originates. This organization was created to promote rudiments and introducing them into the training system. Nard decided to position 26 basic rudiments divided into two tables, each of which was 13 rudiments.

Listen to the duel of Swiss drums from the film "Drum

Litavra ( timpani.)

Litavra - Impact musical instrument with a certain height of sound. There are a system of two or more (up to seven) metal boilers, the open side of which is tightened with leather or plastic, and the lower part may have a hole.

Litavra - a tool of very ancient origin. In Europe, the Litavra, close in their form to modern, but with a constant structure, became known in the XV century, and from the XVII century, Litavra is part of the orchestras. Subsequently, the mechanism of stretch screws appeared, which gave the ability to restructure the Litavr. In military affairs were used in heavy cavalry, where they were used as the transmission of combat control signals, in particular, to control the construction of cavalrymen. Modern Litales can be configured to a certain height of sound with a special pedal.

At the end of 2014, Litavra, manufactured Antonio Stradivari, were found in the Vatican repositories. The name of Stradivari is associated with the general public, first of all, with violins, nevertheless, now we know that there are stradivari drums presented in the image to this note.

The housing of the Litavre is a boot-like bowl, which is most often made of copper, and sometimes of silver, aluminum or even fiberglass. The main tone of the tool is determined by the size of the housing, which varies from 30 to 84 cm (sometimes even less). A higher tone is obtained with smaller tool sizes.

The membrane, made of leather or plastic, stretches on the housing. The membrane is held by the hoop, which, in turn, is attached to the screws used to adjust the height of the tool sound. Modern Litales are equipped with pedals, pressing which easily rebuilds the tool and even allows you to perform small melodic parties. Usually each of the tool drums has a range from the quinta to the octave.

The timbre of the tool is determined by the form of the housing. So the hemispheric form creates more bell sounds, and parabolic is deaf. The timbre also affects the quality of the body of the case. Woods for playing on licenses are wooden, cane or metal rods with round tips, as a rule, covered with soft filler. A liter can receive various timbres and sound effects using wands with tips from different materials: skin, felt or wood.

The game on the licenses consists of two main techniques: single blows and tremolo. From single blows there are any of the most complex rhythmic constructions, using both one and several Litavr. Thremolo, which can achieve a huge frequency and resembles the grinding rollers, can also be executed both on one and two tools. At the film, it is possible to achieve huge gradations of sound - from the barely audible pianissimo to a deafening fortissimo. Among the special effects - the muted sound of a Litavr covered with slices of soft cloth.

Listen to the Concert for Litavr

Adufe)

- Large square tambourine in the Portugal of Moorish origin with two membranes, inside which the beans or minor pebbles often rumble during the game. The membrane is made of goat skin, size from 12 to 22 inches (from 30 to 56 cm). Traditionally, women play on this tambourine during religious processes and during regional music festivals.

In 1998, the Giant Adufe was presented at the Musician José Salgueiro to Lisbon, which had great success.

In Spain, a similar tool is called pandeiro Cuadrado. (Square Pantheido). Unlike Adufe, they are not only hand, but also with a wand. More recently, this tool almost disappeared - three rustic women played on it. Currently, His Spaniard Ales Tobias and Kirill Rossolimo plays professionally.

Interestingly, the Museum of Cairo stores a real rectangular bilateral frame drum from the 14th century, N.E., which was found in the tomb of a woman named Hathertifer.

Listen to Rhythm for Aduf

Listen to the Orchestra with Square Pandyro

In fact, it is one rim, which sounds the same part of the tool are metallic plates or puments, fixed directly on it. There is also a variety of tamburin with a membrane.

Tamburin is known from time immemorial. It can be found in the south of France and in India, in Mexico and Middle Africa, on Islands of Polynesia and Asia, in words, various nations gave tribute to this wonderful tool. But Tambourin initially leads its beginning from Provence and Basque Earth, where, as Gevart said, it was used in combination with a self-made pipe

The basic information of Agi - Brazilian People's Impact Musical Instrument, which is two milking sheep's bells without languages, connected by a metal curved handle. There are various variations of AG. For example, with three bells; or agle, made entirely of wood (also with two or three bells). The rhythmic pattern that performs the musicians on the AG, is the basis of the polyritmic structure of the Brazilian carnival samba.

Basic information Asatayak is ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkish impact musical instrument. The form resembles a rod or a cane with a flat head, decorated with ornament and metal rings, suspensions. Asatak had an open and sharp sound. To enhance the sound of the tool, the bucks used the Konyrau - bells that were attached to the asatage head. When shaking the tool, Konyrau complemented the sound with a metallic ringing. And asatak,

The main information of Ashiko - West African shock musical instrument, drum in the form of a truncated cone. Play on Ashico hands. The origin of the homeland Ashiko is considered West Africa, presumably Nigeria, the people of Yoruba. The name is most often translated as "freedom". Ashiko was used for cure, when conducting rituals of initiation, military rituals, communication with ancestors, for transmission of signals at distances, etc. Drums

Bania Basic (Bahia) - Bengal's shock musical instrument, is common in Northern India. It is a one-sided drum of small sizes with a leather membrane and a cup-shaped ceramic case. The sound is extracted by the fingers and hand brushes. It is used with the table. Video: Baths on video + sound video with this tool very soon will appear in the encyclopedia! Sale: Where to buy / Order?

Bangua Bangua (Danping) is a Chinese shock musical instrument, a small one-sided drum. From the Chinese bath - wooden table, gu - drum. There are a female Bangu and Male Bangu version. It has a wooden housing in the form of a bowl with massive walls facing the convex side up. In the middle of the case there is a small hole. Leather membrane stretches on a convex part of the case

Basic information Bar Chaims is an impressive impact musical instrument related to traditional Asian wind bells. The tool was introduced into the use of percussionists by the American striker Mark Stevens, in honor of which he received the original Mark Tree name, widespread in the West. In Russia, the name Bar Chimes is common. Metal tubes of different lengths, of which the tool is compiled, sound from contact with each

Basic information, Drum Device - Impact musical instrument, membranephone. Most peoples are common. It consists of a hollow cylindrical wooden (or metallic) chassis, a resonator or a frame that leather membranes are stretched from one or two sides (plastic membranes are used). The relative height of the sound can be adjusted by the tension of the membranes. The sound is removed by impact on the membrane with a wooden beater with a soft tip, a stick,

Basic Babyran - Irish Impact Musical Instrument, resembles a tambourine with a diameter of an approximately halfter (usually 18 inches). The Irish word Bodhran (Irish is pronounced Bohron or Boiron, in English - Bowran, in Russian, it is customary to pronounce Boist or Boran) translates as "Radiant", "Stunning" (as well as - "annoying", but it only in some cases ). Hold a boiler vertically, playing on it in a specific way wooden

Basic Basic Drum (bass drum), also called a Turkish drum or "bass barrel" - a shock musical instrument with an indefinite sound height, a low register. It is a drum - a wide metal or wooden cylinder, tightened on both sides with leather (sometimes only on one side). The sound is extracted by the blow of a beater with a massive head wrapped with dense material. If necessary, the execution of complex

Bonang Bonang - Indonesian Impact Musical Instrument. It is a set of bronze gongs, with the help of cords of the coined horizontal position on a wooden stand. Each gong has a bulge in the center (Pencho). The sound is removed by hitting this bulk with a wooden stick, wrapped on the end of a cotton fabric or rope. Sometimes under the gongs are hung with spherical resonators from Zhery clay. Sound

BONGO BONGO (UP. BONGO) - Cuban shock musical instrument. It is a small dual drum of African origin, playing on which usually sitting while holding the bongo sandwiched between the legs. In Cuba Bongo, for the first time appeared in Oriente's province around 1900. The drums that make up bongo have a different size; The smaller of them is considered "male" (Macho - Isp. Macho, literally

Buben Boben is a shock musical instrument consisting of a leather membrane stretched on a wooden rim. Metal bells are suspended for some varieties of tambourines, which are starting to ring when the performer strikes the tambourine membrane, rubs it or shakes the entire tool. Many nations are distributed: Uzbek Dair; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik DEF; Shamann tambourines with a long handle among nations

Basic Bubenc (Bubenchik) - Impact musical instrument, small metal rattle (bell); It is a hollow ball with a small one-piece ball (several balls) inside. It can be attached to the horse harness ("Troika with Bubarenitsa"), clothes, shoes, headdresses (caps jester), Bubne. Video: Bubareniets on video + video sound with this tool very soon will appear in the encyclopedia! Sale: Where

Bougai (Berbenitsa) - a accumulating friction percussion musical instrument, sound resembling Rove Bugai. Bugai is a wooden cylinder, the upper hole of which is covered with a skin. A bunch of horse hair is attached to the skins in the center. Used as a bass tool. The musician moistened in kvass hands twists the hair. Depending on the place of contact, the height of the sound is changing. Bugai widespread

Basic Vibraphon (English and Fr. Vibraphone, Ital. Vibrafono, it. ViBraphon) - Impact musical instrument related to metallic idiofones with a certain sound height. Invented in the United States in the late 1910s. The tool has wide virtuoso capabilities and is used in jazz, on stage and in the ensembles of percussion instruments, less often - in the symphony orchestra and as a solo tool.

Basic information Gaval (DAF) - Azerbaijani folk percussion musical instrument. Very similar to tambourine and tambourine. One of those rare musical instruments that has retained its original shape to this day. The device gawal is a wooden rim with a sturgeon stretched on it. In modern conditions, the Havala membrane is also made from plastic to prevent moisturizing. TO

Basic information, Device, Building Gambang - Indonesian shock musical instrument. It consists of wooden (Hambang Kayyu) or metal (gambang gangza) plates fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand, often decorated with painting and carvings. The sound is extracted by the blows of two wooden sticks with a flat-shabeled winding at the ends. They are kept free between big and index fingers, other fingers

Basic information Gender (GEDDIR) - Indonesian shock musical instrument. In Gamena, Gender carries out the variational development of the main topic set by Gambang. The gender device consists of 10-12 slightly convex metal plates reinforced in a horizontal position on a wooden stand using cords. Bamboo resonator tubes are suspended to the plates. The plates of the gender are selected in accordance with the 5-step Slanelder Sound

Gong Basic Information is an old impact musical instrument of a symphony orchestra, which is freely suspended on the support a concave metal disk relatively large. Sometimes Gong is mistakenly confused with there. Gongs varieties There is a huge number of types of gongs. They differ in size, shape, character character and origin. The most famous in modern orchestral music are Chinese and Javanese gondas. Chinese

Basic information Guiro - Latin American impact musical instrument, originally made from the fruit of a rustic tree, known in Cuba and in Puerto Rico called "Iguero", with sneaks deposited on the surface. The word "Guiro" comes from the language of the Indians of Tainino, which inhabited the Antilles to the Spanish invasion. Traditionally, Merenth is more often used metal guidor, having a sharper sound, and in salsa

Basic Hisac (Gusek) - an unusual vintage Russian people's noise shock musical instrument. The origin of the hischarka is foggy and ambiguous. It may have been played on it yet, but in modern copies, the clay roof (or "Gulechik") is replaced by the same form model from papier-mache. Hischar has close relatives in different countries of the world. Say straight, all relatives are very

The main information of Dugyra is the ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkish impact musical instrument. It was a tambourine: a rim, covered with leather, inside which metal chains, rings and plates were inspired. And Dugyra, and Asatayak, were attributes of shaman rites, because of which they were not widespread in the musical life of the people. Already starting from the beginning of the 19th century

Basic Darbuca (Tarbuka, Darkuk, Dumbek) is an old impact musical instrument of an indefinite height of sound, a small drum, widely distributed in the Middle East, Egypt, Maghreb countries, in the Transcaucasia and in the Balkans. Traditionally produced from clay and goat skin, now metallic Darbuki is also common. It has two holes, one of which (wide) closed membrane. By type of sound formation refers to

Basic information Wooden box or Wood block - shock musical instrument. One of the most common shock musical instruments with an indefinite height of the sound. Tool sound - characteristic clock sound. It is a rectangular lump of a ringing, well dried wood. On the one hand, closer to the top of the bar, a deep slit wide of about 1 cm is poured. On the instrument playing wooden or

Basic Information Djembe - West African Impact Musical Tools The form of a cup with an open narrow bottom and a wide riding, which stretches the membrane from the skin - most often goat. Earlier unknown West, since its "discovery" he gained great popularity. In the form of Jambé refers to the so-called Goblet Drums, on sound formation - to membranephones. Origin, History Jambie

Basic Dholak - Impact Musical Instrument, Wooden Bochenetic Mold Drum with Two Membrands of Different Diameter. Play on dholac with hands or a special stick; You can play in Turkish, putting it on your knees, or standing, using the belt. The pulp strength of the membrane is regulated by the rings and ropting system. Dholak is common in Northern India, Pakistan and Nepal; Very popular

Basic information Carillon is a shock musical instrument, by means of a clock mechanism, forcing a row of bells to perform any melody, just as a rotating shaft leads to a movement of the organ. It is often used in churches, especially in the Netherlands, in China, it was already known in ancient times. On Carillon play "manually" by means of a special keyboard. In total, there are 600-700 carillons in the world. Famous musicians

Castanets' main information is a shock musical instrument, which is two concave plates-shells, in the upper parts associated with a lace. The plates were traditionally manufactured from solid wood, although in recent times the fiberglass is increasingly used. Kastagnes got the greatest distribution in Spain, southern Italy and Latin America. Similar simple musical instruments suitable for rhythmic accompanying dance

Basic information Kimval - an ancient Eastern impact musical instrument consisting of a metal plate (bowls), in the middle of which the belt was attached or a rope, to wear on the right hand. Kimval hit the other Kimval, put on his left hand, which is why the name of this tool is used in the plural: kimvala. When you hit each other, Kimvala giving a sharp ringing sound. Jews

Clave Basic Information (Clave, literally "key") is the simplest Cuban folk percussion musical instrument. Idiophone of African origin. It is two solid wood sticks, with which the main rhythm of the ensemble is set. A musician playing on the clave (usually - singer), keeps one of the sticks in his hand so that the palm formed a kind of resonator, and the other

Basic information Bell is a metal shock musical instrument (usually cast from the so-called bell bronze), a sound source having a dome-shaped form and, usually, a tongue hitting from the inside of the wall. There are also known bells without a language, for which they beat the hammer or a log outside. The bells are used in religious purposes (the call of believers on the prayer, the expression of the solemn moments of worship) and in

Basic information Orchestral bells - Impact musical instrument of the symphony orchestra (idiophone). It is a set of 12-18 cylindrical metal tubes with a diameter of 25-38 mm, suspended in the rack-rack (height of about 2 m). Hit them with a beater, the head of which is covered with skin. Sound chromatic. Range 1-1.5 octaves (usually from f; It is noted about the octava higher than sounds). Modern bells are equipped with a damper. In orchestra

Basic Information Bells (ITAL. CAMPANELLI, FR. Jeu de Timbres, it. Glockenspiel) - Impact musical instrument with a certain height of sound. The tool has a brilliant timbre in Piano, brilliant and bright - in the fort. Bells exist in two varieties: simple and keyboards. Simple bells are a set of metal plates tuned by chromatism, placed in two rows on a wooden

Basic information Congo - Latin American impact musical instrument of an indefinable height of sound from the kind of membrogenphones. It is an elongated barrel, a leather membrane is stretched from one end. Used in a pair - two drums of different diameters (one is lowered down, another higher), often playing at the Congo simultaneously with the BONGO (collected on one percussion installation). Congo height 70-80

Basic information xylophone (from Greek. Xilaho - wood + background - sound) - Impact musical instrument with a certain height of sound. It is a number of wooden bars of different magnitudes configured to certain notes. Brucks are hidden with ball-shaped tips or special hammers similar to small spoons (on the jargon of the musicians, these hammers are called "goat legs"). Tembre of xylophone

Keecha Basic Information - Brazilian Impact Musical Instrument from the Friction Barabanov Group, most commonly used in the samba. It has a creak, sharp timbre of a high register. Quica is a cylindrical metallic (originally wooden) housing, a diameter of 6-10 centimeters. The skin stretches on one side of the body, the other side remains open. On the inside, to the center and perpendicular leather membrane is attached

Basic information Litavra (Ital. Timpani, Fr. Timbales, it. Pauken, English. Kettle Drums) - Impact musical instrument with a certain height of sound. There are a system of two or more (up to five) metal boilers, the open side of which is tightened with skin or plastic. In the bottom of each boiler there is a resonator hole. The origin of the Litavra is a tool of very ancient origin. In Europe Litavra, close

Basic information Spoons - ancient Slavic shock musical instrument. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary canteen wooden spoons, only they are made from more solid wood. In addition, musical spoons have an elongated rush and polished surface of collisions. Sometimes the bubbles suspend along the row. The game set of spoons may include 2, 3 or

Basic information, a small drum device (also sometimes called a military drum or "worker") - a shock musical instrument belonging to membranephones with an indefinite height of sound. One of the main impact tools of the symphony orchestra, as well as jazz and other genres, where he is part of the drum installation (often in several copies of different sizes). Small drum is a metal, plastic or

Maraca main information (Maracas) is ancient shock-noise musical instrument of indigenous people of the Antille Islands - Indians Taino, a variety of rattles, publishing when shooking a characteristic rustling sound. Currently, Maraki are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. As a rule, a musician playing on the Maraca uses a couple of rattles - one in each

The main information of Marimba is the keyboard impact musical instrument, consisting of wooden bars fortified on the frame, for which beaten with beater, a relative of xylophone. Marimba differs from xylophone by the fact that the sound published by each bar is amplified by a wooden or metal resonator or a pumpkin suspended under it. Marimba has a rich, soft and deep chalk, allowing to seek expressive sound. Originated Marimba B.

Basic information Musical suspension (breeze) is a shock musical instrument. It is a bunch of small items, publishing a pleasant chime with a blowing of the wind, widely used in landscape design, especially when decorating the porch, veranda, terraces, canopies, etc., adjacent to the house. Used and as a musical instrument. Musical suspensions are most widespread in the southern regions as an anti-stress agent and

Basic information Phachich - Adygei and Kabardinsky People's Impact Musical Instrument, Religious Relative. It is 3, 5 or 7 plates from dried solid wood (samshet, ashaman, chestnut, horn, china), freely tied from one end to the same plate with handle. Conventional tool sizes: Length 150-165 mm, width 45-50 mm. Phachich is held for the handle, pulling the loop,

The main information of SERSERRO (Campana) is a Latin American impact musical instrument of an indefinite height of the sound from the family of ideophones: a metal bell without a language on which they play a wooden wand. Another name is Campana. Modern sensories have a form somewhat flattened on both sides of the crop. The appearance of senterry in Latin American music is associated with ritual bells Ekon Congolese religious cults. It is believed that

Basic information Table - Indian shock musical instrument. A large drum is called - Bayna, small - Dane. One of the most famous musicians who glorified this tool for the whole world became the legendary table - Ravi Shankar. The origin of accurately about the origin of the table is unclear. But according to the existing tradition, the creation of this tool (as well as many other, whose origin is unknown) attribute to Amir

Basic information Tala (or Talan; Sanskr. Tala - Flawing in your hands, rhythm, tact, dance) - South Indian pair shock musical instrument from the discharge of drums, a type of metal plates or kimval. Behind each of them there is a silk or wooden handle. The sound of the tale is pretty soft and pleasant. Video: Tala on video + sound video with this tool very soon

Musical instruments. Percussion instruments

So we have come to get acquainted with the most ancient tools. Tens of thousands of years ago, a person took a stone in both hands and began to knock them on each other. So the first percussion instrument appeared. This is a primitive adaptation that has not yet could give music, but it could have done a rhythm, preserved into the life of some nations to the present day: for example, Australian aborigines and now two ordinary stones play the role of a shock tool.

Impacts are much older than all other tools: almost all researchers agree that instrumental music began with a rhythm, and then a melody has already arisen.

There is a confirmation of this: when excavations in the village, Mesin under Chernihiv were detected shock tools already quite complex shape made from jaws, cranial and blade bones of animals. There were even beasts from the beer of Mammoth. A whole ensemble of six tools whose age is 20,000 years old. Of course, just to hit the stone about the stone man guessed even earlier.

The name of this group has occurred from the method of extracting sound - impact on stretched skin or metal plates, wooden bars, etc. But carefully look around, and you will see that in the rest of the rest of the drums, and the form, and the material, and the material and character Sound.

In addition, the drums are made to divide into two large groups. The first includes those shock tools that have settings. These are Litavra, bells, bells, xylophone, etc. On them you can play a melody, and their sounds on equal rights with the voices of other tools can enter the orchestral chord or melody.

And the sound of the drum, for example, contains so many disordered frequencies that we cannot relate it to any sound of piano, can not determine whether the drum is configured on salt, mi or si. From the point of view of physics, the drum makes noise, and not a musical sound. The same can be said about the tambourine, plates, casstans. But, despite such such, it seems to be a nomubility, these tools are very necessary - one for rhythm, others - for different effects and nuances. These are the tools of the second group that do not have a certain height of the sound.

Did you pay attention to the fact that the drum and farthrix, very similar to each other, got into different groups. But there is another system of fissioning percussion instruments - on membrane (which sounds the tensioned leather - membrane) and self-reflecting. Here the drum and litwords will fall into one group, since the sound element they have the same - membrane. And the plates that, due to the indefinite height of the sound, were in the same group with the drum, now they will fall into the other, as they are formed by the tool housing itself. For us, you are important what they play in music a very big role.

Drum - One of the most common drum tools. Two varieties of drum are large and small - has long been part of the symphonic and brass bands.

The sound of the drum does not have a certain height, so its batch is not recorded on a not one line, but on the "thread" - one line on which only rhythm is indicated.

Hearing: big drum, tool sound.

Playing on a large drum with wooden sticks with soft beasts at the end. They are made from traffic jam or felt.

A large drum sounds powerful. His voice resembles rollers of thunder or cannon shots. Therefore, it is often used in visual purposes. For example, in the sixth symphony of L. Beethoven with its help handed over the sound of thunder. And in the eleventh symphony of Shostakovich, a large drum depicts gun shots.

Hearing: L. Beethoven. Symphony number 6 "Pastoral", IV part. "Storm".

Hearing: Small drum, tool sound.

A small drum has a dry and decent sound. His fraction is well emphasized with rhythm, sometimes revitalizes music, sometimes makes anxious. Play on it with two: chopsticks.

Many believe that playing the drum is simpler. I want to give you an example: when the "bolero" is executed, the small drum push forward and put next to the conductor console, because in this work rarely instructed the drum a very responsible role. A musician playing on a small drum should withstand the single rhythm of the Spanish dance, not slowing down and does not speed up it. Gradually increases expression, all new and new tools are added, the drummer is also drawn to play a bit faster. But it will distort the idea of \u200b\u200bthe composer, and the listeners will have the impression of another. You see what art is required from a musician playing such as simple in our understanding tool. D. Shostakovich introduced even three small drums to the first part of his seventh symphony: they are sinister in the episode of the fascist invasion.

The drums had once and sinister functions: under his diminum, the fraction was led by the execution of revolutionaries, the soldiers were driven through the system. And now under the sounds of the drum and pipes, we go to the parade. African drums were once a means of communication, like a telegraph. The sound of the drum is spread far, it is notched and used. Delivery drummers lived from each other at a distance of hearing. As soon as one of them began to transfer the message encoded in the drum, the other received and transmitted to the following. So joyful or sad message spread to huge distances. Over time, the telegraph and the phone did an unnecessary such kind of communication, but now in some African countries there are people who know the drum language.

Hearing: M. Ravel. "Bolero" (fragment).

Hearing: the sound of the shock installation.

The composition of the symphonic or brass orchestra usually includes two drums - large and small. But in the jazz orchestra or pop ensemble, the shock installation besides these two includes even seven tames. These are also drums, the housing is similar to the elongated cylinder. The character of the sound: they have different. In the impact installation also includes bongs - two small drums, one slightly more than the other. They are connected in a single pair and playing them most often with hands. Congs can enter the installation - their housing is narrowed: the book, and the skin is stretched only on the one hand.

Hearing: Litavra. Tool sound.

Litavra - Also a mandatory participant of the symphony orchestra. This is a very ancient musical instrument. Many peoples have long found tools consisting of a hollow vessel whose hole is covered with skin. It was from them that there were modern Litavras. Their role is so important that some Conductors on touring carry their pilharist with them.

Litavra has a huge range of sound strength: from imitation: grumble to quiet, barely catchy rusty or hum. They are harder than the drum. They have a metal housing in the form of a boiler. The housing has certain, strictly calculated dimensions, which makes it possible to achieve a strict height of the sound. Therefore, the composer may write for a notch timer. The case is of different size, and therefore the sound of different height. And if in the orchestra three Litavra, then already three notes. But this tool can be rebuilt into several sounds. Then it turns out even a small sound.

Previously, the restructuring of the Litavra took some time. And each composer knew: if the sound of another height is required, you need to give the time to twist the screws and rebuild the tool. In the middle of the XIX century. Music masters equipped the Litavra with a special mechanism that rebuilds the Litavras by simply pressing the pedal. Now the Litavritists have a new quality - small melodies have become available.

In ancient times, any war literally did not think without drums, Litavr, pipes. One Englishman said: "Usually try to make an army powerless, cutting it off from food; I advise you if we ever have a war with the French, break through as many drums as possible. "
Litharists and drummers enjoyed a huge authority. They had to be very bold, because they were headed by the head of the troops. The main trophy in any battle was, of course, a banner. But the Litales were also a kind of symbol. Therefore, the musician was ready to die, but not surrender to the Litauria.

Hearing: Pulenk. Concerto for the organ, Litavr and Symph. Orchestra (fragment).

Hearing: xylophone, tool range.

Word xylophone You can translate from the Greek as a "sounding tree". It is surprisingly suitable for a musical instrument consisting of wooden bars, which are played with two wooden chopsticks.

Whatever the usual source of wood, it is specially treated. From Claud, spruce, nuts or barisander sawing bars of different sizes, and choose the size so that each bar when hitting the sound of a strictly defined height. They are placed in the same order as the keys in the piano, and fasten with the laces at some distance from each other.

Hearing: Mozart. "Serenade" (xylophone).

Hearing: Marimba, Tool Range.

Marimba. Variety of xylophone - marimba.

These are the same wooden lumps, but in Marimbe they are equipped with metal tubes - resonators. This makes the sound of Marimba softer, not so clicking like xylophone.

Marimba is from Africa, where it is now. But African Marimba has no metal resonators, but pumpkin.

Hearing: Albenis. Asturias from the "Spanish Suite" in the Sp. T. Cheremukhina (Marimba).

Hearing: vibraphone, tool range.

Interesting device for another shock tool - vibraphon. As clearly out of the name, it gives a vibrating sound. His sounding elements are not made of wood, but from metal. Under each metal plate there is a resonator tube, like marimba. The upper holes of the tubes are covered with lids that can rotate, opening, then closing the hole. Frequent movement of the lids gives the effect of vibration sound. The greater the speed of rotation of the covers, the more often the vibration. Plugs are installed on the vibraphones. Xilophone and Marimba came to us from the depths of the centuries, and the vibraphone is very young tool. It was created in America in the twenties of the twentieth years.

Hearing: Chest, Tool Range.

Chelesta. On half a century, older Chest vibraphon, invented in 1886 in France. Externally chest - a small piano. The keyboard is also a piano, the same hammer system. Only instead of a string in the Cheeseca sounds metal plates inserted into wooden resonator boxes. The sound of Cheeseta is quiet, but very beautiful and gentle. It was not by chance that she was given to her: Chelaya in Latin - "Heavenly".

Hearing: I. Bach. Joke (chest).

These tools are xylophone, marimba, vibraphone and chest - multi-handedly, you can play a melody.

In 1874, French composer Saint-Sans wrote a work called by the "Dance of Death". When she was performed for the first time, some listeners embraced horror: they heard the knock of bones, as if she really danced death - a terrible skeleton with a skull, looking empty glades, with a scythe in his hands. The composer achieved such an effect using xylophone.

The drum tool family is very diverse and numerous. Let's just list some other drums ...

Hearing: bells, tool sound.

Bell - a set of metal tubes of different lengths suspended in a special frame.

Hearing: Glockanenspil (orchestral bells), tool sound.

Bells - Very similar to the toy metalphone, only there are more plates and the plates themselves are harder.

Hearing: Plates, tool sound.

All well acquaintances plates.

Hearing: Gong, tool sound.

Gong - a large massive disk with curved edges, which like no one else knows how to create the impression of mystery, darkness, horror;

Hearing: There, there, the sound of the tool.

A variety of gong having a certain height of sound, - there - there, not customizable for sure.

Hearing: triangle, tool sound.

Triangle - steel twist, curved triangle, with a blow to it a metal rod, a transparent, gentle pleasant sound. List of shock tools can be continued.

Questions and tasks:

1. Which of the impact tools is the most ancient, and what is the youngest young?
2. List as much drum tools as possible.
3. What is a membrane?
4. What groups and on what principle are drum tools?
5. Call shock tools that have a certain height of the sound.

Presentation

Included:
1. Presentation - 33 slides, PPSX;
2. Music sounds:
Big drum, tool sound, mp3;
Small drum, tool sound, mp3;
Drum drum, mp3;
Litavra, sound tool, mp3;
Xylophone, tool range, mp3;
Marimba, Tool Range, MP3;
Vibraphone, tool range, mp3;
Chest, Tool Range, MP3;
Bells, sound tool, mp3;
Glokanenspil (orchestral bells), sound tool, mp3;
Plates, sound tool, mp3;
Gong, sound tool, mp3;
There, there, the sound of the instrument, MP3;
Triangle, sound tool, mp3;
Beethoven. Symphony number 6 "Pastoral", IV part. "Thunderstorm", MP3;
Ravel. "Bolero" (fragment), mp3;
Pulenk. Concerto for the organ, Litavr and Symph. orchestra (fragment), mp3;
Mozart. "Serenade" (xylophone), mp3;
Albenis. "Asturias" from the "Spanish Suite", in Sp. T. Cheremukhina (Marimba), MP3;
Bach Joke (chest), mp3;
3. Accompanying article, DOCX.

20 Nov 2015.

Impact folk instruments. Video Tutorial

Russian folk percussion instruments are the first of three groups of folk instruments.A characteristic feature of Russian folk drum tools is that some of them were the objects of life.Perhaps one of the most common Russian folk instruments are spoons. Before the spoons were woodenAnd these wooden spoons people began to use like a shock tool. They played, usually, on three spoons, of which two were kept in one hand, and the third to another. Children often play on two spoons, bonded together Performers on spoons call Plugs . There are very skillful lodkari that play on more spoons that are stuck in boots and a belt.

The next percussion instrument, which was also the subject of life is rubel . It is a wooden bar with jar on one side. With it was washed and smoothed underwear. If you spend on it with a wooden stick, then we will hear a whole cascade of loud, trust sounds.

The next tool with whom we will meet will ratchet . There are two varieties of this tool. A rattling that represents a set of wooden plates associated with a rope and a circular ratchet, inside which a toothed drum, when rotating which a wooden plate is hidden about it.

No less popular impact folk instrument is tambourine which is a wooden hoop with metal small plates, on one side of which the skin is stretched.

The next Russian people's shock tool is Box . It is a wooden bar, made, usually, from solid wood rocks with a small cavity under the top of the housing, which enhances the sound, which is removed by drum or xylophonic chopsticks. The sound of this tool is well transmitted by the Cocane's hoofs or the head of the heels in the dance.

Russia with her huge expanses can not be submitted without triple Horses, without yamchikov. In the evening, in the snowy perma, when visibility was very bad, it was necessary that people heard the approaching troika. For this purpose under the horse's arc, the bells were hung and bubber. Bell It is an open metal cup with a drummer suspended inside (tongue). It sounds only in a limful condition. Bell It is a hollow ball, in which the metal ball (or several balls) is freely rolling, when shaking hitting the walls, as a result of which the sound is removed, but more dull compared to the bell.

A lot of songs and tools are devoted to Russian troika and yamchikov that there was a special musical instrument into the orchestra of folk instruments, simulating the sound of yamchchitsky bells and puments. This tool was called - Bubentes . On a small piece of skin with a palm with palm, a strap that helps keep the tool in the palm of palm. On the other hand, the baubles themselves are sealing as much as possible. Shaking the bubrels or hitting them about the knee, the playing removes the sounds, reminiscent of the ringing of the bells of the Russian Troika.

And now we will talk about the instrument called Kokoshnik .

In the old days, rustic strollers were armed with so-called beater. Watchman Hodyl

at night, in the village and pounded into it, giving fellow villagers to understand that he was not sleeping, but she worries, and at the same time, when scaring the thieves.

According to the principle of this watchdog and arranged a shock folk instrument Kokoshnik. The basis of it is a small wooden frame, covered with skin or plastic, which strikes the ball suspended to the top. Playing makes a brush of hands Frequent oscillatory movements, forcing a tied ball to dangle from side to side and alternately hit the walls of Kokosnik.

The next musical instrument is called firewood . It represents the rope of different lengths of lamp. Not all sorts of firewood will sound good. It is better to take firewood of solid wood. Lengins take different lengths, but approximately the same thickness. After you make a tool, it is set up.

We met with the main Russian folk instruments, and in conclusion I would like to introduce you to some of the most famous percussion instruments of other peoples.

Very common Latin American tool are maracasy.

Maracas or Maraca - the oldest shock-noise tool of indigenous inhabitants of the Antille Islands - Indians Taino, a variety of rattles, publishing when shooking a characteristic rustling sound. Currently, Maraki are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. As a rule, a musician playing on the Maraca uses a couple of rattles - one in each hand.

In Russian, the instrument name is more often used in not quite the correct form of "Maracas". A more correct form of the name is "Maraca".

Initially, the dried fruits of a rustling tree, known in Cuba called "Guira", were used for the manufacture of Marak, and in Puerto Rico - Iguero. Grylyanka tree is a small evergreen plant, which is widespread in West Indies (on the Antillest Islands), Mexico and Panama. The major iguero fruit covered with a very hard green shell and reaching 35 cm in diameter, the Indians used for the manufacture of both musical instruments and dishes.

For the manufacture of Marak, the fruits of a small size of the correct round shape were used. After removing the pulp through two holes drilled in the housing and drying of the fetus inside the shallow pebbles or plant seeds, the number of which in any pair of Marak is different, which ensures each tool uniquely individual sound. At the last stage, a handle was attached to the resulting spherical rattle, after which the tool was ready

And now let's get acquainted with a very famous Spanish shock tool - casstans.

Castanets - a shock musical instrument, which is two concave plates-shells, in the upper parts associated with a lace. Kastagnes got the greatest distribution in Spain, southern Italy and Latin America.

Similar simple musical instruments suitable for rhythmic accompanying dance and singing were used in ancient Egypt and ancient Greece.

The name of the kastagnets in Russian is borrowed from Spanish, where they are called Castañuelas ("Kashtanka") due to similarity with chestnut fruits. In Andalusia, they are more often called Palillos ("sticks").

The plates are traditionally manufactured from solid wood, although recently metal or fiberglass is increasingly used for this. In the symphony orchestra, for the convenience of performers, cacadettes fixed on a special stand (so-called "kastanet-car") are most often used.

Kastnets used by Spanish dancers and dancers have traditionally been manufactured two sizes. Big Castanets were kept with her left and chopped the main dance movement. Small kastagnes were in their right hand and repulsed a variety of musical drawings, which was accompanied by the execution of dances and songs. As accompanied by songs, the kastanyti acted only as a wage - during a break in the voice of the voice.

In the world culture, the castanets are the stronger all the most associated with the image of Spanish music, especially with the music of Spanish Gypsies. Therefore, this tool is often used in classical music to create a "Spanish color"; For example, in such works as Opera J. Bizen "Carmen", in the Spanish overtures of Glinka "Aragon Khota" and "Night in Madrid", in the "Spanish Capriccio Rimsky-Korsakov, in Spanish dances from Tchaikovsky's ballets.

Although percussion instruments are not given in music the main role, but not rarely shock tools give music a unique flavor.