Music literature (Lat. Musica Litteris) is an object that studies in the middle and higher musical institutions. The basis of the subject is the study of creative activity, as well as the biographies of composers that are classics in world music.

The history of the emergence of as a training subject

The subject "Music literature" is the treasure of an exceptionally domestic system of musical education. The musical education system in Russia has historically developed as a three-star: Music School - School - university. Each link performs a specific feature: the music school provides general musical education, school and university - vocational training.

The modern model of musical education was finally formed by the end of the 1930s of the 20th century, when there was a bundle on the lower, middle and high steps. In the pre-revolutionary practice of learning music, private lessons on the game, singing or composition were served lasting. At the same time, students of theoretical and musical and historical information, as a rule, did not receive. Only partly to fill this gap helped public lectures that arranged in St. Petersburg since the 1830s. Musical classes at medium and higher educational institutions, gymnasiums, colleges, universities were also a major role in the spread of musical culture. It is especially necessary to note the women's closed institutions, whose learning system included not only the game on the instrument, but also solfeggio, harmony, pedagogical practice. A similar scheme was subsequently based on the basis of a conservatorious curriculum, where one of the most important objects of the curriculum was the history of music.

The content of the subject "Music Literature" was developed by an outstanding historian of music, the professor of the Moscow conservatory Valentin Eduardovich Ferman at the turn of the 30s - 40s of the XX century. The idea was to prevent the study of the history of music with such a subject that would provide knowledge primarily. The main base was decided to focus on the middle link of the musical education system.

Subject study

The overall goal of the course consists in the admission of students to the treasury of the heritage of world musical culture. If we speak more specifically - this is the expansion of the musical outlook, the impulse of interest and love for music, the development of artistic taste, the development of the active, conscious perception of the musical work.

Unlike music schools and courses of music history in universities, children's music schools, etc., this item is aimed at most part for aesthetic education: to teach listening, perceive and understand music; Rail up a competent listener, music lover. In the course of study, an important place is occupied by the subject "Hearing Music", which is aimed at solving the main tasks of musical and historical education at school. The music school involves general musical training. Therefore, the most famous teachers adhere to the opinion that the chronological nature of the material is optional. For example, the feature of the program E. B. Lysyanskaya - hearing, then speak - comes from auditory perception. The accumulation of facts and knowledge is a secondary material that complements auditory impressions.

The course of musical literature is one of the most important students in the system of musical training. This is a subject, classes in which, along with the specialty (piano, guitar, Bayan, vocal, etc.) and Solfeggio, pass throughout the period of study. It is synthesizing by its nature, it combines elements of musical and historical, musical and theoretical, aesthetic and generalistic knowledge. The skills acquired in the process of occupation are necessary for the formation of a musician amateur and a professional musician. They are primarily associated with the upbringing of unity of auditory, emotional perception and logical thinking. The feature of the subject is versatile relations with other disciplines. The lessons of musical literature takes place and improving the knowledge obtained in the study of solfeggio and special items. For example, at the lessons at the same time, the skills are consolidated: auditory analysis; analysis of notes; Skill in practice apply performing skills and solfeggio.

Literature

• Baschnina E. Methods of teaching musical literature in the school. - M.: Muzgiz, 1961. - 72 p.
• Galeig M. Essays on the method of teaching musical literature in the school. - M.: Music, 1966. - 58 p.
• Golubeva L. On the new concept of the courses of the DMSH // Music Enlightenment. - 2007. - № 1. - P. 39-43.
• Lagutin A. Music literature as a subject of school teaching // Questions of methods of primary musical education. - M.: Music, 1981.
• Nikiforova V. About continuity in teaching musical and historical disciplines when learning music // Questions of teaching musical and historical disciplines: Sat. Tr. - M.: State. MUZ. Ped. In-t him. Gnesins, 1985. - P. 34-51.
• Orlova E. Methodical notes on musical and historical education in conservatory. - M.: Music, 1983. - 43 p.

In the conditions of transformations of various spheres of social life, our country has increased the need for the creative development of the younger generation, which is able to understand, evaluate and transform the world around in its practical activities. Therefore, it is important to pay great attention to every particular child and the formation of his creative personality. Direct studies of students of DMS and DSHI musical and artistic activities very effectively contribute to the solution of tasks not only the actual musical development, but also to the formation of the general abilities of the child, the formation of its individuality. To help in resolving this issue, one of the tasks of the teacher of musical literature, because it is this discipline that takes a special place in the course of teaching theoretical disciplines in the children's school of art.

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"Music literature" as the subject of a musical and theoretical cycle in additional education institutions

In the conditions of transformations of various spheres of social life, our country has increased the need for the creative development of the younger generation, which is able to understand, evaluate and transform the world around in its practical activities. Therefore, it is important to pay great attention to every particular child and the formation of his creative personality. Direct studies of students of DMS and DSHI musical and artistic activities very effectively contribute to the solution of tasks not only the actual musical development, but also to the formation of the general abilities of the child, the formation of its individuality. To help in resolving this issue, one of the tasks of the teacher of musical literature, because it is this discipline that takes a special place in the course of teaching theoretical disciplines in the children's school of art.

The term "musical literature" finally fixed in the 30s of the twentieth century. At the origins of musical literature as the subject stood B.V. Asafiev and B.L. Yavorsky. Since then, a course of musical literature has undergone significant changes: its content has enriched, the methodology has been improved, special teaching aids appeared.

The modern program of the educational subject "Music literature" is developed on the basis of and taking into account the federal state requirements for additional prefecting general education programs in the field of musical art "Piano", "Folk Instruments", "Wind and Impact Tools".

Music literature - an educational subject, which is included in the mandatory part of the subject area "Theory and History of Music"; The final exam on the musical literature is part of the total certification.

In the lessons of "musical literature" there is a formation of musical thinking of students, skills of perception and analysis of musical works, the acquisition of knowledge of the laws of musical form, about the specifics of the musical language, expressive means of music. The content of the learning subject also includes the study of world history, music history, familiarization with the history of visual art and literature. The lessons of "musical literature" contribute to the formation and expansion of the student's horizons in the field of musical art, bring up musical taste, awaken love for music.

The learning subject "Music literature" continues the educational and developing process, started up to date with the study subject "Listening to Music". The discipline named also interacts closely with the academic subject of Solfeggio, with the subjects of the subject area "Music Performance". Thanks to the resulting theoretical knowledge and auditory skills, students master the skills of a conscious perception of elements of the musical language and musical speech, the skills of the analysis of an unfamiliar musical work, knowledge of the main directions and styles in musical art, which allows the use of knowledge gained in performance activities.

The purpose of the subject It is the development of a student's musical and creative abilities based on the formation of a complex of knowledge, skills and skills, which make it possible to independently perceive, master and evaluate the various works of domestic and foreign composers, as well as identifying gifted children in the field of musical art, prepare them for admission to professional educational institutions.

Objectives of the subject "Music literature" are:

• formation of interest and love for classical music and musical culture as a whole;
• education of musical perception: musical works of various styles and genres created in different historical periods and in different countries;
• mastering the skills of perception of elements of the music language;
• knowledge of the specifics of various musical and theater and instrumental genres;
• knowledge of various epochs and styles in history and art;
• skill to work with music text (key, score);
• the ability to use the resulting theoretical knowledge when performing musical works on the instrument;
• formation of the most gifted graduates of conscious motivation to continue vocational training and prepare them to entrance exams into an educational institution that implements professional programs.

The term for the implementation of the educational subject "Music literature" for children enrolled in the educational institution in the first class at the age of six months to nine years is 5 years (from 4 to grade 8). The term for the implementation of the educational subject "Music literature" for children enrolled in the educational institution in the first class aged from ten to twelve years is 5 years (from 1 to grade 5). The term of the study subject "Music literature" for children who have not completed the development of the educational program of basic general education or secondary (complete) general education and planning advent of educational institutions that implement the basic professional educational programs in the field of musical art can be increased for one year.

The volume of academic times stipulated by the educational institution for the implementation of the educational subject

The maximum learning load on the subject "Music literature" is 346.5 hours, which is 1 academic hour per week in 4-7 (1-4) classes and 1.5 hours per week in graduation 8 (5) class, as well as 9 (6) class. (Appendix No. 1)

Form of conducting classes on the subject "Music literature" - Melcoars, from 4 to 10 people.

Teaching music literature in Dshi and DMSh is a familiarity with the work of composers. Interesting, rich, but at the same time, a difficult material for learning, the material of the largest volume is to be conveyed to students of the multi-year groups (children 10 - 15 years old can be engaged in the same group). And on what methods and approaches will use the teacher on their lessons, it largely depends on the impression that in children about musical culture and will remain with them perhaps for life.

Exam tickets on musical literature

Ticket 1.

2. Historical operas of Russian composers.

3. CREATINGS.V. Lisenka.

Ticket 2.

1. Music genres: song, dance, march.

2. Russian art of the second leading XIXVEK.

3. Creative K.G. Stetzenka.

Ticket 3.

1. Programming-image. Mussorgsky "pictures from the exhibition".

2. Creativity. Mozart.

3. Chorovi concert Ukrainian composerіv.

Ticket 4.

one . Music in the theater. Grieng "Per Gunt"

2. Creativity M. I. Glinka

3. Simphon_chna Creative Ukrainian Composerіv

Ticket 5.

1.Ball. Tchaikovsky "Nutcracker".

2. Creativity L. Bethoven.

3. Ukraїnski KomitoriDansky Perigod.

Ticket 6.

2. The development of musical art in the Soviet period.

3. Creation of M. Leontovich.

Ticket 7.

1. Sonate-symphonic cycle. Symphony Orchestra.

2. Creativity P. I. Tchaikovsky.

3. Ukrainian folklore.

Ticket 8.

1. Sonatory form. Piano creativity of Viennese Classics.

2. Creativity of composers of the Soviet period.

3. A. Shtogarenko. Simphonian Cantata "Ukrainiana".

Ticket 9.

1. Polyphony. Creativity I.S. Baha.

2. Development of the romance genre in the Russianmusca.

3. Opera Creative Creator Composeriv.

Ticket 10.

1. Creativity F. Chopin.

2. Opera-tale in the work of Russian composers.

3. Creation of L. Revuvsky.

Answers to Change Tickets

Ticket 1.

In the works of art, a person talks about his life.

The content of the song, romance, the choir is easy to retell, as music sounds with words. In the Opera or ballet on the stage of the theater there are events that can be seen. But in the instrumental works, the content is revealed only in musical sounds, it can be felt and understood. Sometimes the composer gives the name and thus explains its content. Most often found:

1) The theme of the historical past (Opera "Ivan Susanin" Glinka, Opera "War and Peace" Prokofiev)

2) The theme of folk household (Opera Roman-Korsakov "Snow Maiden", "Sadko", fantasy for the Kamarinskaya orchestra Glinka)

3) At the heart - works of literature and folk art (romances and songs on Pushkin, Lermontov et al.; Orchestral play of Lyadova "Kimor")

4) images of nature ("Dawn on the Moscow River" from the Opera Mussorgsky)

5) Modern life of people (Opera Kabalevsky "Family of Taras", Oratoria Prokofiev "guarding the world")

Creating a musical work, the composer uses certain expressive means. These include:

1. Melody - The basis of musical art. The melody is called a single-haired sequence of various in height and duration of sounds. Melody expresses a certain musical thought.

Opening, song melody is called cantilena.

Melody in which singer is combined with the flexibility of human speech, called recitative .

Instrumental Melody may contain large jumps, chromatic movement, decorations.

2. Rhythm Organizes a melody in time. Features of the rhythm affect the nature of the melody. The predominance of smooth durations with a calm pace makes a smooth melody. The diversity of duration gives it the grace, flexibility.

3. Harmony - This is a sequence of chords. By supporting the melody, harmony fills it with new expressive paints.

4. Register - This is the height of the sound. The sound is divided into the upper, medium and lower registers. The expressiveness of each register is originally. The average register is the most soft and rustic. Bottom sounds seem gloomy, puffs. Top - sound light, transparent, ringing.

5. Tembre - Special color color or tool sounding. Women's voices - soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto. Male voices - tenor, baritone, bass.

With the timbres of various musical instruments, you can become good to meet, listening to the symphony fairy tale of Prokofiev "Peter and Wolf".

2. Historical Opera Russian Composers

The founder of the genre of the historical opera is rightfully considered by M. I. Glinka. His Opera "IVANSUSANY" is a heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera served a legend about the heroic feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, in time of the occupation of Russia by Polish invaders.

Acting persons: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, the adoptive son of Vanya, Sobinin.

The main acting person is the people. In opera 4 actions and epilogue.

Opera "Ivan Susanin" - the work is realistic, truthfully and sincerely tells about historical events. The new type of folk musical drama created by Glinka had a huge impact on the subsequent creations of Russian composers ("Pskovtyanka" Roman Corsakov, "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky).

At the base of the opera "Boris Godunov" Mussorgskogo - Pushkin Tommerous Tragedy. Opera Genre - Folk Musical Drama. It consists of a prolobe and four actions that are divided into paintings. The main idea is a conflict between the criminal king of Boris and the people.

The main acting person is the people. Mussorgsky attracted the opportunity to recreate the awakening of the force of the people, which is poured into a spontaneous uprising. "Boris Godunov" is a great work of Russian music. The creation of this work was an important stage in the development of the musical theater.

"Prince Igor" Borodin is a lyric-epic opera in four actions with a prologue. The basis of the opera is the work of ancient literature of the XII century - "The Word about the regiment of Igor".

Opera music is based on the intonations of folk songs - Russian and Eastern.

Prologue and 1 Action characterizes the Russian people. The picture of the solar eclipse from the prolobe is important. In folk epic poetry, various dramatic events of people's lives were often compared with the mighty and formidable phenomena of nature.

The II action is devoted to the show of the life of the eastern peoples.

The central place in 1y action occupies the crying of Yaroslavna, which originated from ancient folk icy and inhibit.

Opera "Prince Igor" is one of the best creations of the opera classics. The composer devoted her memory of Glinka. It is glorified in it the heroic spirit of the people, its durability, patriotism, soulful beauty.

3. Costa Іst l M. . V. Lisenka.

M. V. Lisenko - Nailidnish Ukrainian composer. Vіn becoming the founder of Ukrainian Clausichi Muziki, Uzіyshov in the Istorii of the National Dier Mussettva Yak Talanovitiiii Dirgent, aforementioned Pedagogue, Ventilation-folkloride І Visno Music-Muskiy Dyach.

Lisinko Plysyuvav, MAZHI in Usii Genres:

1)Trucks of people Ssign.

Intters to People's Music Vinikiє at M. Lisenka is so in ditin . Owner Lisenko Lisenko taking off the links of people Ssign.

The folklores of the zrazka Vіn Zgorupuvav for the genres of the bubykuvav by Okremy vipus. Zbіrniki okhuzlyut by unfortunately SCSENNI Genrey: rituals, near, Istorichni, the spirit. Trucks of Ukrainian people Pisen Buli for M. Lisenka Cotture laboratories.

2) Romance.

Dorobca Lisenka - Ponads 100 Romance. Vіn is brutaged to Tarasi Taras Shevchenka, Yaka Privhativala Glibokhu Peopolіsti, Gendle Heine, I. Franca, Forecrainka. Nab_lshvіdomі - "Sadok Vishneviy", "without a field", "if the might of the mayoniya may".

3)F. orth pI. anna Costa і .

Before Forteshanno, Creative, M. Lisinko, bruting the singer of uzoy bolt. Here I am a great form - Sonata, two concerters of Polonesi, two Rapeseodії in Ukraine, єsya - "і є п є п Пісні былів", "МРії", "Zhurba", "Elegia". 3 One side, in Muzitsky Lisenka Vіdchuzvyvuzvyv . Chopin І F. List, and from the other - to the folklore jerlel.

4)Khorova Costa ІС. t.

Create M. Lysenka for the chorus to become Yaskravuya Storinka of the Music Spanishchi. Bіlshіst Khivіv is written on Visrshі T. Shevchenka. Voni Riznankatnі for іdean-smooth sample that form. Here is the vocal vocal symphony of the canvas, Chorovi Pepiemi, Mіnіaturi. SOI IS IS IS NORDED TO "YAZAGIA Z Folklore.

Vagomy Tvirr at the decays of the Lisenka - Cantata "Rejoice, Nivo Nivolock". Won Vt_lyuє is the soil of Radosti, Svindy Nadiy, Viru at Svggle Prudely.

5) Opera "Taras Bulba".

Opera "Taras Bulba" - Nibil's healthy healthy Music Mussettva of that hour. Opera wrote trivaly hour. Votnny Radyantski composer L. Revuvskyi І B. Lyatashinsky drank opera.

L_teravniy Pershodizher Opera served by one named M. Gogol.

Opera "Taras Bulba" - the tse of Іstorico-hero, People's Music Drama. Wagome Miscea in nіinalize the images of the people. I have a "ulcer of zim, the composer compelled by the composer of the scenes. I will tell the Muzichni characteristics of the head of the character - Taras Bulby, Osta, Nasty, Andriya, Mariltsі
Social II National Duventenna.

Opera May P "Yat Diy, finish offstude, Yaki concentrate in the SIMIST.

Ticket 2.

1. Music genres. Song, dance, march

Genres of music are a variety of her species. Music genres arose during the development of musical art. Each of them is inherent in its own characteristics. Works related to words and singing are vocal music (these are songs, romances, arias, essays for the choir). Instrumental music includes a variety of writings for individual tools, ensembles (duets, trio, quartets) and orchestra. Among them are etudes, preludes, impromptu, nocturnes, sonates, suite, symphonies, etc.

Music and theater genres include: operas, operetta, ballets.

Song - The most popular type of musical art.

The melody in the song is repeated several times with different words, forming couplets. This form is called a bought. At the end of each check, the chorus sounds, which does not change. If the sewers are usually performed by one singer, then the chorus is often singing chorus.

The song may have an accompaniment of piano, accordion or orchestra. Such songs have accession, wagered between the checks and the conclusion. However, songs can be performed and without accompaniment. Such singing is called a cappella . It is more characteristic of folk songs.

Music, accompanying people moving, is known with deep antiquity.

Marsh music Performed at a step pace. Machi are: solemn, military-building, hiking, sports, mourning. With all the variety of marches they are inherent in common features. This is a two-or four-dollar size and a clear step rhythm. Marsha shape is most often three-part.

An example of a solemn-heroic march can serve as a march from the Opera "Aida" of the Italian composer Verdi. And the march from the ballet Tchaikovsky "Nutcracker" accompanies a cheerful children's holiday. Sometimes marches sound with words - these are march songs ("Air Marsh", "Marsh Nakhimovtsev").

Dance It originated in ancient times and closely connected with life. Music of each dance has its pace, size, rhythmic pattern. Each people created dances, characterized by the national originality.

Russian folk dances: Kamarinskaya, Trepak; Ukrainian dances: Hopak, Cossack; Belarusian folk dance - Bulba; The dance of the peoples of the Caucasus - Lezginka.

Dancing nations of Europe

Waltz It leads its origin from a leisurely and smooth peasant dance of Lendler, who was distributed in Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic. In the XIX century, the Waltz became popular throughout Europe. Waltz music is very diverse in nature. There are waltza joyful and sad, bribal and calm, light dreamy and thoughtfully sad. Valtz's shape is different: from small household plays to deployed concert works. Three-tie waltz size.

Many composers willingly composed waltza. Wonderful samples of Waltz CreativeSubert and Chopin, Glinka and Tchaikovsky. "King of Waltza" called the Strauss Austrial Complement.

Polka - Czech folk dance of a living, vigorous character, polka is characteristic of the foreman, humor.

Mazurka and Polonaz - Polish national dances.

Mazurka - mobile and dynamic dance. Its melody always has a sharpness pattern. Often, sharp emphasis moves in the tact with a strong lobe of the poor. Size - threedole.

Polonaise is a solemn, magnificent dance march. Movement is calm, leisurely, with an emphasis on a strong share of the tact. K, - .. P.Sho,.

The most perfect samples of Mazurki and Polonza gave a Polish composer F. Shopen in his piano-quality.

2. Russian art of the second half XIX. century

The second half of the XIX century is the time of the mighty flourishing of Russian music, like all Russian art. A sharp exacerbation of social contradictions leads in the early 60s to the Great Public Lifting. The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856) showed her backwardness, proved that the serfdom inhibits the country's development. The best representatives of the noble intelligentsia and the differences rose against the autocracy.

In the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia there was a significant role of Herzen, the activities of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, the poet Nekrasov. The revolutionary ideas of the 1960s were reflected in the literature, in painting, in music. The advanced figures of Russian culture led the struggle for the simplicity and accessibility of art, the life of the disadvantaged people seemed to reflect the life of the disadvantageous people.

In the second half of the XIX century, Russian painting gave such wonderful artists as Perov, Kramskaya, Repin, Surikov, Serov, Levitan. Their names are associated with the "companion of mobile exhibitions", as the exhibitions of paintings began to be arranged in different cities of Russia.

There were changes in musical life. Music went out of the limitomocratic salons. Of great importance in this was played by the organization of the Russian Music Society.

In 1862, the first Russian conservatory opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1866 - in Moscow. The first issues gave the Russian art of wonderful musicians.

In the musical works of the 60s, the leading place was taken by Tchaikovsky and a group of composers included in the composition of the association called "Mighty cook ". Balakirev became an inspiration. Cyui, Mussorgsky, Borodin, RNM-Korsakov entered. Composers have seen its goal in the development of Russian national music, truthful the incarnation of people's life.

3. Creative K.G. Stetsenka

Grigorovich Stetsenko - Klasik Ukrainian Musiki, Ambulance M. Lisenka Ta Rosiysky Composer_v XiXst. Yoy Cotture decades, and Torzhoz Dirigent, teacher, Music-critical Diyalnіst є NiDD "by the frequency of Ukrainian democratic culture.

For his short Card of Livty Stetsenko, writing Kilka Opero, Musik to theatrical Vytvyti, Chotiri Kantati, Ponada P "Yat Ten'v Khor_v, Blisko P" Yattyati Romance, Pischika Izobius Kilkіt Trucks of Ukrainian people Pisen.

Creation of the principles of Stundreds-composer impeded the pіd fitting of the phideo of the revolutionary Democratіv - T.Shevchenko, Chernyshevsky, M. Dobrolyubova, І. Frank.

Nabіlsh popular є Creating: Choova, "Rano-Vrantsi Novobranzi", Romance "Floa, Flame, Lebedonko", "Evening Pisnya", Kantati "Shevchenkovі" і "єDnaymosya".

Creating SHI K. Stetzenka Bouw to drop short, Alya Muzichnazchism became a civic contribution from our National Culture. At our own L_richny, Epkychny, L_Rico-dramatic images, a composer Vt_vyvya and the referee of the tag-shaped burglary liv. Fan the genres of Stetsenko Zumіv say his wagoma the word of the thalanchy artist.

Ticket 3.

1. Software-visual music. Mussorgsky "pictures from the exhibition"

Composers are often given by various instrumental works. titles explaining their content. Sometimes the composer gives the work of the literary preface - the program. It sets out content. This is software music.

Truthful and fantastic stories, pictures of nature, the image of birds and animals, the heroes of famous fairy tales and works of literature found a bright embodiment in the program works: "Children's album", "Seasons" Tchaikovsky, "Children's Music" Prokofiev, "An Album for Youth" Shuman "Animal Carnival" Saint-Sansa, "Pictures from the exhibition" Mussorgsky.

"Pictures from the exhibition" Mussorgsky was written under the impression of the exhibition of works by the artist V. Gartman, a friend of the composer, suddenly deceased.

The cycle is a suite from ten independent plays, united by the idea. Each play is a Muzical picture, which reflected the impression of Mussorgsky, inspired by a one or another figure of Gatman. Here and bright household pictures ("Tullery Garden", "Limoges Market"), and the sketches of human characters ("two є import"), and landscapes ("Old Castle"), and images of Russian fairy tales. ("Hut on smoky legs"), epic ("Bogatyr Gate"). Separate miniatures contrast each other according to the presence and by expressive means. However, they. Associated with the topic "Walking", which opens the cycle, and then appears yet. Several times, as if leading the listener from one picture to another.

"Pictures from the exhibition" became one of the most popular works. Many pianists include an approximate product in the programs of their concerts.

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart "; ■.!.! . І *, ■ "■" "ї *.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Brilliance Austrian composer. His concert activities began in 6 years. Despite the fact that the whole Zb lived, left a big creative heritage: 50 symphony, 19 operas ("Wedding Figaro", "Don-Zhuan", "Magic Flute"), Requiem, concerts, a lot of instrumental I.Fortepian Musika.

Based on the achievement of Haidna in the field of son-symphonic music, Mozart made a lot of new and original.

Sonata for piano is very popular. La Major. Having a bright cheerful character, it differs in gracefulness. A peculiar structure of the first part is written in the form of variations. The second part is traditional Menuet. The third part is the well-known "Turkish march".

Symphony Sol Minor is one of the most famous Mozart's latest symphony. Thanks to unusually sincere music, the symphony is understandable to the widest circle of listeners.

3. Chorans. і concert Susta їgan sichki composer і in

We base the genre of professionally Musiki Hyii-Prshiapolin Hyiii Art. On the Ukrainian Bow PartE concert. There is a thoughty, to reach the Great for Svyagom Tvir.

The word concert is like Latinsky, Scho meant "Zmagatsya". Enraged Tsii Muzichny Genre in Italії Utrokvidakh: Yak Horovia, Orchestra (Concanto Grosso) І Solny TVir for one-tore system from the orchestra. Skin si-rіnovidіv Maja is special, protein, the principle of accrementan, Zmagna, is a rotten, contrast.

On the Ukrainian Party Concerto s "is the Narikntsі Hyi Art. Seried Nailidnіsti composerіv - authoroConcertiv - S. Pekalitsky, I. Colladchin, M. Diletsky.

Behind the character of the Musikov, forming a snistompartes of the concert can be smartly subitinet Dvі Grup: Urocysti, Proslavnі і Lіriko-dramatic, forbidden.

ONDIEY V. Verkhin Vіtchiznyannoye, the Musiks became choiring concerts M. Berezovsky, A. Veller, D. Bortniansky. . "; : ;;.!:\u003e sh< ■

Central Commercials Zumіli Vtіliti progressive artistі_dali with a hun. In їxnіy Muzitzi, the protest people of the people of violence, evil, injustice, social gnoblennya. Woni Zumіliya Sednati Mozhіdennynya Vіtchiznyanoіі и и деворороский ї замины и і і і і і и игинанльна Word in Mussettvi.

Ticket 4.

1. Music in the theater. Grieng "Per Gunt"

Operas, ballets, operetta are put in the music theater. In these genres, music is the basis of the performance. But in the dramatic theater, music takes the visible. It enhances the impact of the performance on the viewer, helps brighter to describe one or another moment of action, pass the mood of the hero.

Many outstanding composers were writing music to dramatic performances - Beethoven and Mendelssohn, Grieg and Bizeta, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Khachaturian and Prokofiev. Sometimes the music created by them went beyond the theater and acquired an independent concert life.

"Per Gunt" - The play of the outstanding playwright of Ibsen. Separate episodes of the performance accompanies the music of the migra. The composer melted the harsh and excellent nature of Norway, fiction and ancient life, simple and sincere human feelings.

Orchestral suite is very popular, composed by a composer from individual music numbers to drama. from

Suite consists of four rooms, contrasting in nature:

1. "Morning" - Draws a picture of the awakening of nature. Music transmits not only dawn paints, but also the spiritual mood, which occurs at the sight of the rising sun.

Based on the play lies a small motive. He resembles a shepherd naigry.

2. "Death of Lake" accompanies in the drama scene of the death of Mother Pen Günta, old lake. Full of deep grief, in slowly measured motion, the music resembles a funeral procession.

3. "Aitra dance." Anitra is a girl with which Per Gunt is found: during; His worship. She performs dance - light, elegant, graceful. The music of the dance is very changeable, as if mocking and non-permanent adjustment of the anite.

4. "In the cave of the mountain king." The music of this room is figuratively and brightly draws a fantastic procession. The basis of the play is one topic in the character of the march. Her support varies. The belligence increases, the pace is accelerated, the entire orchestra is gradually entering.

2. Creativity M.I. Glinka

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka - a brilliant Russian composer. Like Pushkin in poetry, he was the founder of Russian classical music - opera and symphonic.

The origins of Glinka's music lead to Russian folk art. Love to. Motherland, her people, the best works are penetrated to Russian nature. :,

Main works: People's heroic opera "Ivan Susanin"; Fabulously epic Opera Ruslan and Lyudmila; romances; Symphonic fantasy "Camarinskaya", "Waltz Fantasy"; Piano plays.

Opera "Ivan Susanin" - Heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera served as a legend of the heroic feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by Polish invaders.

Acting persons: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, the adoptive son of Vanya, Sobinin. The main acting person is the people. In opera 4 actions and epilogue.

The first action is the characteristic of the Russian people and the main characters;

The second action is the musical characteristics of the Poles. Dance music sounds. Four dances form a symphonic suite: brilliant polonaise, Krakowak, Waltz and Mazurka.

In the final choir "Single" from the epilogue of Music Music and solemn. It gives it the features of the hymn. The people are famous for native land and dead heroes.

An important place in the work of Glinka is occupied by plays for the symphony orchestra. All his works are available to the wide masses of listeners, highly worried and perfect in shape. Symphony fantasy "Camarinskaya" It is a variation in two Russian folk topics ":

"Waltz Fantasy" - One of the most poetic lyrical works of Glinka. At the heart - sincere theme, impulse and directed.

Romances Glinka wrote throughout his life. All captures them: sincerity and simplicity, restraint in the expression of feelings, classic harmony and severity of the shape, the beauty of the melody and clear harmony. Glinka composed romances to the poems of modern poets - Zhukovsky, Deligus, Pushkin.

Romances from the "Farewell with St. Petersburg" cycle are popular - "Flashlight" and "Backway Song" (Sl. N. Dollhouse). Romance for the words of Pushkin "I remember a wonderful moment" - the pearl of Russian vocal lyrics. Refers to a mature period
creativity, so the skill is so completely in it. " : ""- )(R: ":

IN His romance, Glinka summarized the best thing that was created by his predecessors and contemporaries.

3. SNMFO nІ. cNA COOD Ist. ukrainian їgan sichki composer і in

Symphony "appeared at the Creative Skoli composer_vdrühnі, Schishky Composerіv, Yaki spun the root orchestra in Nіmetkom Mіstі Mannheimі). They have a thermal" Simphonіya "to leave behind the orchestral cycling creator.

Classic Symphonia form in 70-80-TI Rocky Hush Art. In the creative, Gaidna T. Mozarta.

Simphonіya - TsE Digestly Choir Cycle Tvir. ^

Person Party - Sonneta Allegro - Frequently on the contrasting zixtlown Two, a friend of a friend - Lіrichna, the third part - fourth - Zhiviy Fіnal.

The orchestra was included in the order: 2 Floti, 2 goboї, 2 Fagoti, Clarineti, 2 French horn, 1-2 trisi, Litavri, Prshi, of the Violin, Alti, Vіoloneceli, Double Basi. With an hour, such a warehouse admirement of Novi Intstruments.

In another half of the XIX century. "Yunatsku Simphonіu" Calm "M. Lisenko," Ukrainian Simphonіya "- M.Kalachevsky, Simphonia Sol Mіnor - V. Sokalsky.

Navidatnіshі Огоенення Українськое Radyantsky Simphonіzm V. V. Zhonutsky, B. Latushinsky, S.Ludkevich.

Ticket 5.

1. Ballet. Tchaikovsky "Nutcracker" sC-їShis

Ballet is a musical and theater work, which includes music, dance and stage action. In the ballet there is a plot, acting faces. Heroїv feelings are disclosed by means of dance movements under the Musik.

In addition to the dance, a big role in the ballet is played by a pantomime, that is, a dumb game of actors, consisting of expressive gestures and facial expressions.

The creator of the Russian classic ballet was Tchaikovsky ("Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "Nutcracker"). Wonderful ballets wrote Delib and Ravel, Glazunov and Stravinsky, Soviet composer Asafiev, Gliere, Prokofiev, Khachaturian.

Tchaikovsky "Nutcracker". The basis for the ballet was the children's fairy tale of the German writer Gofman on the amazing adventures of the girl of the Masha, who had dreamed of her after the fun holiday in the evening of the New Year tree. Real life is intertwined here with fiction and fantastics. Each of the characters has its own music characteristic. Music truthfully reports children's experience.

In ballet two actions. In the second action, a colorful divertiment is presented (this is a variety of dizard dancing, which are not directly related to the development of action).

Each dance from the divertiment has its own name: chocolate (Spanish dance), coffee (Arabic dance), tea (Chinese dance), shepherd dance, "Waltz flowers", dance Fay Dragee.

2. Creativity L. Beethoven

Ludwig Van Beethoven is a German composer. In his work, classical music reached its vertex. The mighty flourishing of his creativity coincided with the beginning of the XIXVEK. Contemporary events of the French Revolution, Beethoven for the first time in music with such force expressed the heroic aspirations of the people.

Creative heritage : 9 Symphony, Overtures, Concerts, Instrumental Music, 32 Sonatas for Piano, Fidelio Opera.

Among the piano sonatas, the most famous are: "pathetic", "Appassionate", "Moon".<;;; " З Uparysh. .t ■ *.:

I won the love of the people of Symphony number 5. The structure of it is traditionally 4 parts. But for the first time Beethoven, it was possible to make a four-part symphonic cycle as uniform and inseparable. All parts are fitted with a major dominant theme (the theme of fate), which sounds first as an epigraph.

The heroic mood is imbued with an overture of music to the tragedy of Goethe "Egmont". Beethoven's interest in the fate of the people, the desire to show the struggle as an inevitable way to achieve the goal and the coming victory is the main content of the heroic works of the composer.

3. Ukrainian ї ns. ikі. composer and Radyantsky Per. IO d. M.

The formation of Ukrainian Radyancycosko, composportsko, Schcoli Vіdbuyuyuyu, U20-TI Rocky. Bіli ї їїsts stood composisiki-clasiki - Stetsenko, Stepovy, Leontovich. Forming young composerial school - Tse L. Revuvsky, P. Kozitsky, B. Lyatashinsky, Vizovka, M. Kolyada. In 1918 ROCI in Ukraine, Vipusnik Petrogradskoy Conservative, V. Kosenko - Composer Ipіanist. Vіn is widely involved in the robot.

Dyalnіst Zgadasi composerіv already in 20-Ti Rocky reached the meaningful success. Bulo was put on Yaskravі Muzichni Krasposії, Yaki became navigating Etham from Roses Witkukhrań, Buli.

Nabіlshoi popular city health Creaters: Opera "Bogdan Khmelnitsky" "Dankevich" Milan "Maybouri," Lіsova Pisnya "Kirika, Simphonian Cantata Clearman." Ukraine ".

On the Muzichny Neckoshili Ukraine 60 - 70s Rockіv Z "is; ІMEN: L. Grabovsky, M. Skirik, V.Silvestrov, V. Gubarenko, є. Stankovich, L. Dichko, Yu.ischenko, O. Kiva Ta Yakschko Pershi Trucks of Military Composerіv Buli Toving "Yasanі s chamber-іnstrumental municipality, Zokrema Mіnіatyuro, then in the district Rocky young psyuє smelt in the Gray Greens.

Ticket 6.

1. Opera

The opera is a big and complex musical and theater work. Orchestra, choir, singers and often dancers participate in its performance. The opera combines various types of art: - drama and music, singing and dance, the game of actors and the skill of painting decorators.

The plot for the opera most often serves any literary work. On its basis the text of the Opera - Libretto is created. Depending on the content, the operas are historical ("Ivan Susanin" Glinka, "Prince Igor" Borodina, "War and Peace" of Prokofiev), domestic ("sold bride" sour cream, "Sorochinskaya Fair" Mussorgsky), fabulous ("Magic Flute" Mozart, "Snow Maiden" of Roman Corsakov).

The operation of the opera unfolds in front of the audience on stage, furnished with scenery. The main expressive tool is music. It discloses the characters of the heroes and the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe whole work.

Opera performance usually begins with orchestral accession - Overtures. Music Overture expresses the general mood of the work and thus prepares the listeners to his perception.

Overture and orchestral entry into other actions of the opera performs the symphony orchestra. He also accompanies singing singers, as well as ballet scenes.

Opera performance is divided into actions (acts). Each action consists of separate scenes, numbers. Music numbers are solo (for one artist) - songs, arias; ensemble - duets, tercets, quartets, etc.; choral and orchestral.

Operas wrote almost all the great composers: Mozart and Verdi, Wagner and Biza, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky and Roman-Korsakov, Rakhmaninov and Prokofiev.

2. The development of musical art in the Soviet period *

Since 1918, the mass attachment of the people to musical culture begins; Opened the doors in front of the new listeners a large theater - the center of Russian Opera Art. Steel the Moscow and Petrograd Conservatory. Flower and evening music schools, mugs, studios open. Flaws artistic amateur, helping to identify the wealth of folk talents.

From the mid-20s, musical broadcasting is developing. Many classic works have become accessible to the vast masses of the listeners.

Having achieved great success with a young executive school. Among the world famous artist musicians - violinists of festers and Kogan, Pianists Gilels and Richter, Cellos Rostropovich and Saffron.

The creativity of the Soviet composers begins to develop. A characteristic feature is innovation. This is manifested in search of new expressive drugs, musical forms.

An important feature of the Soviet musical culture is its multinational nature. The most common genre becomes a mass song. This is a kind of chronicle of the history of the state. -\u003e p.; ; .

One of the most important genres of Soviet music was the opera. Composers sought to create operas for modern themes. To do this, it was necessary to update the traditional genre, find new means of expressiveness. The first successful Soviet operations were the "quiet Don" of Dzerzhinsky (according to the novel of Sholokhov), "in the storm" of Krönnikov, "Semen Kotko" Prokofiev. Later, the Opera "Family of Taras" appeared Kabaleevsk Oh, "Young Guard" of Meyetus, "Jalil" Zhiganova, "War and World" Prokofiev , "Katerina Izmailov" Shostakovich.

Great achievements of the Soviet ballet. They are in many ways with the flourishing of choreographic art in our country. Ballets "Red Flower" Gliera, "Flame of Paris" and "Bakhchisarai Fountain" Asafyev, "Romeo and Juliet" Prokofiev, Spartak Khachaturian.

In the genres of symphonic music, the Soviet composers managed to deeply reflect modernity, find new means of expressiveness. The head of the Soviet Symphony School is considered to be N. Myaskovsky, author 27 symphonies. Worldwide sounds

7 S.Prokofyev symphony. One of the greatest symphonists of the world is D.Shostakovich.

The attention of composers attracted vocal symphonic genres - Cantata and Oratoria, which acquire a new character. In the past, these genres were associated with religious plots. In Soviet music, they become works of heroic-patriotic content ("on the field of Kulikov" Shaporin, Alexander Nevsky Prokofiev, "Poem of Memoria of Sergey Yesenin" Sviridova, etc.).

In the work of Soviet composers, instrumental and vocal genres are diverse - suite and concerts, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

3. Costa ІС. t. M. Leontovich

Mikola Dmitrovich Leontovich є Claus Decorations, Lovkinovo, Musiki Lodnochamas one ІЗ Fundatorіv Radyandsko Music Culturi. Lyzhe All Zhittya Leontovich PtsyuvavA in the genre of Obrobki Ukrauschikі People's Pivotsnі, degenerate the values \u200b\u200bof Mr. Muski. Yoy Khorova Creativeness - one s niakravіyi storinok Ukrainian Muziki. Wagomo Uzіischal to Skarbnitsi Vіtchiznyannya ІСvіtova Muschitva .: Create a composer to sound widely from our kraїsti abroad. Yoy Muzikivilyu suck.

Robot over the inclusion of the skin of people Pisnі trivaє to rent a delegity, Northidko Composer Zdіysnyuє Tree-Chotiri їїry Vіanti, Pragunchi Vikorodi Viochni internal Mozhvyostі Persodizel. Gulishuyuyu Melodiyu Neumіnnoy, Voshu Zapovoyuє Bagati Arsenal Garmonicchny, PoliFonichny, Textured Tempered Filed for the creation of іndivіdalnimyiv. Maisterschniysty Cognis Chori "Mala Mati one daughter," Right "," Above R) Berezhkom, "Dudarik", "Shchedrich".

For Radyandskogo Hasu Leontovich, the CRIM of the regions of people Pisen, Chotiri Horovi Pepiemi ("Lranol", "Lіtnі Tony", "My Pisnya"), Opera-ballet "On Rusalchin Great", Yaka deprived nothing.

Choravi TVi Leontovich - Tsa, without Soudov, Visokomyshki. In them, Vіdbitonovysimіst, Vt_yuz, and the possibilities of Radyancyc, Dіisnosti.

Musik MD Leontovich Nazovji Uzіyshl to the Scarbnitsi of our National Music Mussettva.

Ticket 7.

1. Sonate-symphonic cycle. Symphony. Symphony Orchestra.

The founder of the classic symphony is considered the Great Austrian composer Josef Haidna. His works are inherent harmony and equilibrium form, light, life-affirming character. In his work, the symphonic cycle was finally formed.

Symphony - the product is cyclic (then it is a numerous), with a certain sequence of parts. Translated the word "symphony" means "consonance", "consent". This word acquired various meanings. In the independent concert work of symphony turned into HyiiiiVek.

І Part goes in a fast pace, in a sonate form, IIRyad - slow, W part - Menuzt, Ivyad Final, Returns Fast Temp.

Symphony is designed for a mass audience. The performer is a symphony orchestra.

The composition of the symphony orchestra was also installed in the work of Haydna. Its foundation is four groups of tools:

1) The string group includes: violins, altas, cello and double bass;

2) A group of wooden winds includes: flutes, baroes, clarinets, bassotes;

3) A group of copper wind instruments consists of a horn and pipes.

4) From percussion instruments, Gaidn used only Litavra.

2. Creativity P.I. Tchaikovsky

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky dedicated all his creativity to man, his love for the Motherland and Russian nature, his aspirations, fortunately and courageous struggle with the dark forces of evil. And as he spoke by the composer, he is always truthful and sincere.

Tchaikovsky wrote in almost all genres, and in each of them he said his word ingenious artist. But the Opera was the most favorite genre for him. He paid great attention to the content, preferring the plots from Russian life.

At the same time, symphonic music also occupies an important place in the work of Tchaikovsky.

Main works: 10 operas ("Eugene Onegin", "Crack", "Peak Lady", "Iolanta", etc.), Ballet ("Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "Nutcracker"), 6 symphony and other symphonic works, Piano plays (including the "Seasons" cycles, a "children's album"), romances.

Creativity Tchaikovsky is the top of the global Muskal culture of the XIXVEK.

First Symphony "Winter Dreams"

The first Symphony of Tchaikovsky is a wonderful sample of its early orchestral creativity. For the first time, there are characteristic images and techniques, deeply developed by the composer in the symphony creativity of the mature period.

Ichast - "Winter Dear Dreams" - soft paints here paintings of winter Russian nature are outlined here ..

The IIRiche is "the sullen edge, foggy edge." This music is inspired by the experience of Tchaikovsky's travel along Ladoga Lake.

III IIAsti - Scherzo and the final - do not have names, but in their content do not fall out of the general poetic plan.

Opera "Eugene Onegin"

His opera Tchaikovsky called "lyrical scenes". All the attention of the composer focused on the disclosure of the inner, mental world of his heroes. Also brightly and truthfully revealed pictures of people's life. With great love, the poetic "sketches" of Russian nature was given, on the "background of which the feelings and experiences of the heroes are revealed.

Active persons: Tatiana, Olga, Onegin, Lensky, Prince Gremin.

An important role in the disclosure of characters is played by the orchestra. Each of the main characters is outlined by their special musical topics. Giamoshe il-.-.: ■ ", .. >*■ ■ ;!: ■ ■■

The characters of the characters throughout the development of the plot are also developing and gradually change (for example, in the scene of the letter, the nature of the main character is given in motion: from the naive, dreamy girl Tatiana turns into a passionately loving woman, gains peace of mind).

Opera "Evgeny Onegin" is the highest achievement of Russian opera arts. Already in the life of the composer, she became one of the most beloved operas.

3. Ukrainian їgan sichky folklore

Folklore - Tse Nab_lsha Spherinny Baghati people. Vіnє to the shower of the souls of the people, the Bauchenians of Dovialichnaya Svitu, pleased, illy, Šeki, they were driving a swirling of Vіkiv.

People with definition of Pіsnі strange table. Finding them to see the "Yasani zonkerobsky calendar, rites.

Hyi - Hyi Towns form a new folklornian genre - the Duma of that Іstorichnіpіsnі. Voni Vonikli Pіd Fitting Borunbi Ukrainian people from Tatars, Turks, Polcasco Shchetoy. Discovered by Cozar Bandurists.

Hyi Tillatti originated Lіrichnі, Zholtіvliyi danceuvalnіpіsnі. Wonvetvut the soot of people - Kohanne, Rospach, Radіst, Dutch, to use the Krasu of Lyudsko Soul.

At Hyii Tiltytti Z "is a pisnya-romance, in the yaki, the beginning of the beginning of the philodi of the beginning.

Votnnіlіterturenі Dіyachi -Grigorіy Skovorod, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Taras: Shevchenko, and Torjor Composer Michael Diletsky, Maxim Berezovsky, Artem Vedel, Dmitro Bortyansky, Mikola Lisinko cherished on Folklore, loved ytsіnuvali, whipped from our own creature.

The science record of the Music Folklore is honored with the XIX table. Tse - Zbіrniki M. Maximovich, O. Alab "єva, O. Bursia, M. Lyenka, є. Lіnovo, S. Lyudkevich, I. Tomsi Ta K. Kvktiki.

Finding the plastic of the people Pisen, when the зазный замы замы пой покудние загратный заростовим, Abo Calendar and Country. Tsa Comassol Ta Schroeks (Winter) ,: Wesniki (Spring), Kupaliski (L_TO) Jajniki (Osin), and Torznі Yazanі z rites Wexilla is the buried.

Koldki th generous і vKI The postponevuli of the cereadduvanny ceremony of the North Novorchnyh holy is holy.

Tset Boula Viscription of the Teatralizasova Muzichna Vistava. Pliski Pisen Draw Riznanіtnі, ale in the purse of the village of Selian. TsEzhannya Usіkhіv at the new earth agriculture Rotsi, Schasty y is healthy, "I am Lordarevi, yogo zіntzi.

Okrahu is a group of rituals. Pisen warehouse westerns (In the zakіdny regions, Ukraine ї ї на на на на на на ї ї їїнки). It's time for the "Yasan's skewers of the routine, it is welded by the Radosti, Novih Nadiy і Spodvyan. In the distance Davnin came, Shah Spring Treka Clikati, turning out.

Vesniki - Tse digestly Dіvoki Pіsnі. Viconnanya Vezhnokanok often refers to "Yazan z, the dance, scenic D_yu. The character of the melodi pisen is a spring cycle M" Clean, Lіrichnia, Radіxnie. In the acts of them, the base is dancer.

Litnai cycle Pisen is confused by Holy Ivana Kupala in honor of Sonzia. In Tsei, the day to the recent hour zhvyzhsya Zvyry Strebati through Vogd (Purified), launching Vіnets on the water, bury. The rite of Tsyusi Supreme Spex of Kupalsiki Pisen.

Cycle rituals Пісень, за "зазины із из" excrepical calendar, completing login (Zhnivarci) Pіsnі. The rite of the Oblikіv Maє так Saysong Momenti:

1) Zakіnchuyuchi robot, female jumble zbіzhzhya, a kind of stump "Again the thorough і to wish the grain on the Niva, Tsim Basyuchi laugh at the onset Rotsi,

2) Splituytyu із із zbіzhuyy ya tagged on the head of the Nikerasii Rob_Tehni. I am sick on the LOVER "I am the Lord. Divina PRESNUM LOGE LOGE. POTMIM PRIMER OF COMPETING WOMEN, TO SPIVI, MUSIK.

Ticket 8.

1. Sonatory form. Piano Creativity of Viennese Classics

Sonata A cyclic product is called one or two tools. The word "sonata" translated from Italian means "sound".

In the work of Haidna, the type of classical sonata is established. It consists of three parts: І part is written in a rapid pace, in a sonate form; Syricaded at a slow pace; W part, final, - again in fast.

Pieces of the cycle, contrasting among themselves, reveal a single artistic intent.

Among Gaidna Sonatas are the most popular Sonata Mi Minor (lyrical) and re major (cheerful). Their structure is traditionally. Music is understandable and available

Viennese classics are also called the younger contemporaries Gaidna - Mozart and Beethoven. (About their sonatas see tickets №3, №5)

2. Creativity of composers of the Soviet period ^

In the work of Soviet composers, diverse presents: instrumental and vocal genres - suite and concerts, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

The largest composers of this period: S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, D. Kabalevsky.

Great Soviet composer Sergey Sergeevich Prokofiev The right is called the classic of the 20th century. He handed out the feelings of contemporaries in his work, sharp dramatic collisions of the era and faith in the victory of a light start in life. Prokofiev is a bold artist-Novator. He opened the "new worlds" in the field of melody, rhythm, harmony, tools. At the same time, his art is tightly connected with the traditions of Russian and world classics, "" War and Peace "; "Tale of a true man" and others); 7 ballets (Romeo and Juliet, Cinderella and others); Oratoria "guarding the world"; Cantata "Alexander Nevsky"; 7 symphony; concerts; Cycles of piano plays: "Petersmith", "Tales of an old grandmother", "Children's music"; Symphony fairy tale "Peter and Wolf", music for movies.

Seventh symphony - The last completed major work of Prokofiev.

Symphony for children - this was the initial intent. But during the work, it has changed. It turned out symphony "and for children and for adults" - a deep essay in which the features characteristic of the work of the procopiev of the late period were connected.

Music Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich - The strongest artistic embodiment of the modern time. This art, imbued with love for man, faith in his nobility, will and mind. This is an art that is implancing all hostile to man, fascism and other forms of suppressing human dignity.

Main works:

15 symphony (among them the seventh "Leningrad", the eleventh "1905. year"); Opera "Katerina Izmailov"; Oratorio "Song of the Forests"; concerts; instrumental music; 24 preludes and fugues for piano; songs, vocal cycles; Music for movies.

Seventh Symphony ("Leningrad") - One of the most significant works of Shostakovich. Symphony was written in 1941. Most of it, composed in a besieged Leningrad. On the score stood the author's inscription: "Dedicated to the city of Leningrad."

The seventh symphony is often compared with documentary works about the war, called the "chronicle", "document" - it defines the spirit of events. And at the same time, this music striking the depth of thought. The fighting of the Soviet people with fascism Shostakovich revealed as the struggle of two worlds: the world of creation, creativity, reason and the world of destruction and cruelty; Good and evil. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe struggle and the celebration of a person in different ways reveal four parts of the symphony.

Aram Ilyich Khachaturian - artist bright, peculiar individuality. Temperamental, cheerful, attracting the freshness of harmony and orchestral paints music is permeated by intonations and rhythms of folk Armenian songs and dances. In his works, he also relies on the tradition of world, and in the first, turn of Russian, music.

Main works:

2 symphonies; 2 ballet ("Gayane", "Spartak"); concert for violin with orchestra; Pieces for piano; songs and romances; Music to Drama Lermontov "Masquerade".

Skiptic concert - One of its most advanced works. With a special force, the gift of the composer was manifested here to create music, widely relying on folk creativity. In a concert, three parts, a kind of paintings from the people's life, poetic sketches of the nature of Armenia.

Dmitry Borisovich Kabalevsky - One of the outstanding composers of the Soviet period. Particularly attracted a composer of childhood and adolescence. This says

most of its works.

For his young friends, the composer not only wrote music. On the radio, with a concert pop, he lectured, conducted exciting conversations about music. These conversations formed the basis of his book "About three whales and about much more." Kabalevsky was worried about children's musical education.

Main works:

4 symphonies; 5 operas ("Cola Brynon", "Family of Taras", "Sisters"); Operetta "Spring sings"; 2 cantata; requiem; concerts; instrumental music; works for piano, songs; Music for movies.

3. A. Stekhatko. Sympho nІ. i-Cantata "Ukra їgan o my "

Composports Dudylnіst Andriya Yakovich Clearrenka Rounded the middle of the 30s Rockіv. Mitzya's "Ukrainian My" (1943) became the magazine "Ukraine" (1943). CIA CHTISIRISTINNIY SIMONIA-CANTATІ VTIVILIMGOSTROKONFL_KTRIKTE Z_TKNENNYAPROTICTIVE FORCES. L_terature. The basis of the composition of the compositions of the village of Vіrshі A. Malikka І M. Rilsky.

Skin site of Symphonії Cantati Maєє program name. Poss - "Get up, Ukrainian" -Furnish with drama, girkoto, bench, I regret І stunning. The character of Muzikiv is desired by the dummy with Muzichni themes: Dramatic, spanging arrivals (ї Vikonuє chorus) Tarizno-Rospevіyyy (Bariton Solo), in Yakiy, is transferred to the stainlessness of the Nazis.

Friend friend - "Colish" - L_richny center cycle. Sharkyenko stem, Nіzhna, Spoven the spiritual heat Colish piscsenger Materi, Yaka Pragne to compact with a syna.

The third part is "partisansk" - Heroo Skiers. Wao is permeated with Dynamiko, Rouma Opened. Completed by Simphonian Cantatha Heroїichny Fіnal.

Ticket 9.

1. Polyphony. Creation I.S. Baha

Johann Sebastian Bach is a great German composer. Most of the works of Bach are inherent polyphonic warehouse. Polyphony in translation means multi-way. Each voice in polyphonic music is independent.

One of the fixed assets in the polyphony is imitation ("imitation"). In music - this is a reception to the alternate entry of votes, with each voice as if imites the previous one with some delay. Imitation contributes to the continuity of the melodic movement, which is a distinctive feature of polyphonic music.

In the work of Bach, the polyphony has achieved the highest perfection. Imnaps are small preludes, fugues, 2 and 3-votional inventions.

Huge value represents 48 preludes and fugues that make up two volumes. The work was called "well-tempered key". Here, the composer has proven that all the tonality is equal and sound is equally well.

Bach also wrote a lot of music for the organ, which was his favorite tool.

2. Development of a romance genre in Russian music

One of the most favorite species of musical art at the end of XYSh and in the first half of the XIX century is a romance. Many romances of that time were closely connected with the city household song. They were performed under the accompaniment of piano, harp or guitars. Composers of Alyabyev ("Solovy"), Varlamov ("Beleet Sailing Lonely", "Mountain peaks", "Alphabets"), Gurilev ("Mother-Golubushka", "Swallow" walls are swarming , "Bell"). Creativity of these composers is a valuable contribution to the treasury of Russian music. . . .

An important place occupies a romance in the work of M.I. Glinka. Glinka's romances wrote throughout his life. All captures all: sincerity and simplicity; Restraint in the expression of feelings, classic harmony and severity of the shape, beauty of melody and clear harmony. Romances are popular - "Lark", "passing song", "I remember a wonderful moment"

A prominent place is occupied by romances and songs in the work of Dargomyzhsky, Borodin, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky.

3. Opera Costa і fly Ukra ї nic composer і in

Opera - Tsa Genre, I am kind on "єdnuє in the schi-spectrine (solvent, ensembles, chorals), Intrunsalnu Muzika, scenery of the GRU, the sample of Muscittva (costumes, grima, ardent; artist).

The bases of the Especially Music-Theatrical Mussettva Korotniyat in the duties of People's Teathedral Dysii (in Іtalії - Comedia Del Arte, in Rosії-theaterPetrushka ", on Ukrainian -vertel). Opera originated in Іtalії. Pershi Crequi Buli written on Antichni plots. Residual opera is in shape in the Creative Cottage Cottage Claudіo Monteverdi.

Long through the pivortoastolіttya pіsl Viknneynnya opera became nipplenny genre.

Great Maistrom Opera Mystetsva Boov.Amozart. Yoy Verkhshkhnі Opera - "Velіllafigaro", "Don Juan", "Char_vna Flute". . .and.

Ukrainian їgan svka Opera Forming in the other half of the XIX table. Pershi Clasichnі zrazka say "Yazanі s іvenmi S.Gulak-Artyomovsky (" Zaporozhetsky for Dunaєm ", 1862) І Mulisenka (" Natalka Poltavka ", 1889I" Taras Bulba ", 1890).

Topics Team Can Bouti Riznanko. Іstorichnі ііії, painting, experiencing alyudini of that їїїshniy Svіt Tusko.

Roskecriti ZM_ST Opera Dotmaging Text, Clearing Valley Number. Tsei text zoomed lI. bretto , I sings, the playwright of the composer's playwright.

Artist's image of the composer is folded by the mound swigs. Serieda - Yaskrava Melodiya, Harmonia, Rіznobarvna Orchestration, his own rhythm. Increased the role of the Vibil Music forms for Okrahimi, scenes, Aktiv. Solnі Neri Majutka SAY NIBI: Aria, Arioozo, Arієtta (Mala for Romiri Aria), Cavatina, Romance.

Rechitahatual (Muzichdeklamatsiya) is widely stipped in the opera. Woni..z "єДнанарії, Ansambі, chori.

Order with solven partіi in Opener Ansemblі, Chori, Baletnі number.

Spray Vagoma in opera orchestra . Vіn is not believing Supiroє Spіv, and I Dopnieuє Yoh, Zbagachu. The orchestra wormaged by Samostіinі Number: Overture, Anthrakido Okhareich Diy, Episodi, join Ariy.

Overture - TsE Dropigurnuts the Orchestral Room Rights, croakly viscous to Vіdkritty Zavіsi. In Niy, the composer is concentrated by the mother-of-thetrate, the main Muzichni speakers.

Intermission - Tse is small for rosemiri orchestrals to be held before DIA.

Butt L_RIKo-Com Party Opera є Opera S. Gulak-Artyomovsky "Zhelvozhetsky for Dunaєm" is intertwined by DVI plotnі Lіnії: Lіrichna (Zakkhana Couple - Oksana іandrіy) Ta Komіchna (Ivan Karasa Taja Zhіanka Odka).

Characterized by rice of compective Opera Rosovnі Dvogogi. The Opera Vіdіdigal is valid in the Istorії Ukraine. Here, Yaskravі Peopoli Tipi, was beingraged by the casualties of the Ukrainian people.

Butt the Іstorico-hero Opera є Opera Lisenka "Tarasgulba". Wagome Miscea in Niy to fit the images to the people. Inv. "Izku Zimo composerpridіlyuє" I wish the whales of the Masov Chorah scenes. There is a Hero Gorotby Hero.

Ticket 10.

1. Creativity F. Chopen

Frederic Chopin is a great Polish composer and a pianist. He enriched music with a new content, introduced new techniques of pianistic actors. His creativity coincides with the era of romanticism, for which the genre of miniatures is characteristic.

Sochinelshopen exclusively for piano. His music is recognized as a ballast during life, and today Chopin's contests are held.

Main works: Mazurki, Polonaisa, Waltzes, Nocturren, Preludes, Etudes, Exprzyte, Sonata, Ballads, Skiers, Fantasies, Concerts.

Chopin has significantly expanded the expressive opportunities of many genres (such as Mazurka, polonaise, etude, waltz, etc.), turning them into concert works.

Waltz Diez Minor, "Revolutionary" Etude, cycle 24 foreplay (Chopin first began to interpret the prelude as an independent play)

2. Opera-tale in the works of Russian composers

The Genre of the Tales Opera appeared in the work of Glinka with the creation of the Opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The heyday reaches in the creative officer-Kororsakov ("Snow Maiden", "Sadko", "Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Golden Cockerel").

Opera "Snow Maiden" Pieces written on the plot of A.N. Ostrovsky in 1880. With great warmth, the composer of vintage customs and rites reproduced. The truthful image of life and life of people is combined with the world of fiction, fairy tales. Active persons: King Berendia, Bermate, Kupava, Lel, Mizgir, Bobyl and Bobylich (realistic images); Human features are endowed by spring-red, Grandfall; The image of Snow Maiden - Daughters of Frost and Spring - combines real features with fantastic.

In Opera, nature is often depicted. Sometimes nature images have an allequorative meaning - they personify the justice and pattern of vital phenomena.

Roman Korsakov often uses leitmotifs - aged musical characteristics. Scenes based on continuous ("cross-cutting") development alternate in opera with completed numbers. In the opera, many choirs are widely used authentic folk melodies, folk rituals are shown.

The opera from the prolobe and four actions.

3. Creative L. Revutsky

Lion Mikolajovich Revuvsky Uzіyshov in the Istorіju Ukrainiancology of Radyancyc, Music, teacher, teaching і Muzious-Muskiy Dyach. Jogochiving SHIKS ROOM IN THE ROCKOVNYY ROCKOVA, WANTED THE RESIDNING OF YOUR YOUR YAKMITSA VIDBALOSS KONOBALLY PІZNOSH, IN 20-TI ROCK.

For the formulana of the _ndiv_dual style of Revuvsky, the meaning of Mala Yogo Trival of Seriniov Pricia is People. Composer Ostroblyaє Peopolі pіsnі digest for

Cycle Sonechko Z "WHERE 1925 ROCA. SUDI WIRISHLY 20 RISIONS FOR THE SITE OF THE SIZHNOE GENERALLOCHNIZHNIY PISEN: Kilka Vezhnokanok (Wyidi, Wyidi, Sonechko", "Podolanka", "іdi, іdy, a dushk"), l_richnyy ("arrival" Dibi Dibe), Koliskovy ("Cotika SIR", "Oh Walk Sleep"), Іgrovich ("Oh єstvlіsі Kalina", " Boil, hop).

Newest Musitsky Skhodnya became Simphonіya number 2.

His ryodnіsti theater Polyaguє at that, Scho, the whole of the thematic Material is born from folklore. Composer Vikodnavtska 7 Pisen: at the І particle - "oh Spring,. Western", "oh not a pity", at the IICTINI - "Oh Mikito, Micito", "Oh there in the Poli pine", "from Kiєvі to Rinku", IIICHESTINI - "A MICO SYSIALI", "With Valley Mac".

Melodії qich of people Pisen became the "grain" sample, or a sparkle, an Impulse for a jetty.

Simphonіya №2 was the first class with a symphony genre in Ukrainian Radyantski Muzitsky.

Creative Creative 40-Rokiv є cantata-soupe "Hustina" (for the work of T.Shevchenka) .Muzichnі Look internally from the folklore jerel, often the composer is not quoted by people's melodes, but to create Originalna tissue - melody, rhythmiku, harmonia, texture - In folklore dusi.

"Hustina" - Summary Tvir. Here є Chorovi, Solnі Ta Orchestra Episodi.

His sowing of the principle of the cantate genre, the rusty of the principle of the cantum genre, the sthoty rolling. Vіn tractors TSY genre in Lіrico-dramatic plan (Kantati Clasikіv Mali digestly workers' character).

Cotorobok L.M. Revutsky is not a great spirit, ale vagomy. Krashchi creator composer Uzіyshli in the Golden Foundation of our Bulchy.

How to go to the opera and get the only pleasure from this, and not disappointment? How not to fall asleep during symphony concerts, and then regret only that all this quickly ended? How to understand music, which, at first glance, seems very old-fashioned?

It turns out that everything can learn anyone. Children teach it in a music school (and very, must be said, successfully), well, any adult all secrets can master himself. The textbook of musical literature will come to the rescue. And no need to scare the words "tutorial". What a textbook for a child, then for an adult, "a book of fairy tales with pictures", which intrigues and fascinates with its "interestingness".

About the subject "Music Literature"

Perhaps one of the most interesting items that are part of the students of the music school - musical literature. According to its content, this course is something like a course of literature, which is studied in an ordinary secondary school: only instead of writers - composers, instead of poems and prose - the best musical works of classics and modernity.

Knowledge that are given in the lessons of musical literature is developing erudition and unusually expand the horizons of young musicians in the directions of music actually, domestic and foreign history, fiction, theater and painting. The same knowledge also has a direct impact on practical music (game on the instrument).

Music literature needs to be studied by all

Based on exceptional utility, the course of musical literature can be recommended to pass and adult or novice self-taught musicians. No other music course gives such a completeness and fundamental knowledge of music, its history, styles, epochs and composers, genres and forms, musical instruments and singing voices, methods of execution and essay, expressive means and music capabilities, etc.

What exactly are underway in the course of musical literature?

Music literature is mandatory for studying the subject at all compartments of the music school. This item is held within four years, during which young musicians get acquainted with dozens of a wide variety of artistic works.

First year - "Music, her forms and genres"

The first year is usually dedicated to the stories about the main musical expressive means, genres and forms, various types of orchestras and ensembles, how correctly listening to music and understand.

For the second year - "Foreign Music Literature"

The second year is usually aimed at mastering the reservoir of foreign musical culture. The story about it begins with the most antiquity, from the moment of birth, through the Middle Ages to major composer personalities. Six composers are highlighted in separate major topics and are studied by several lessons. This is a German composer of the Baroque era, three "Viennese Classics" - J. Gaidn, V.A. Mozart and L. Van Beethoven, Romantics F. Schubert and F. Chopin. Composers-romantics are quite a lot, to get acquainted with the work of each of them in school lessons not enough time, but the general idea of \u200b\u200bmusic of romanticism, of course, is given.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Judging by works, the textbook of musical literature of foreign countries introduces us with an impressive list of various writings. This is the Opera "Wedding Figaro" on the plot of the French playwright of the Boualemasche, and as many as 4 symphonies - the 103rd Haydna (the so-called "with Tremolo Litavr"), the 40th famous salt minor symphony of Mozart, Symphony No. 5 of Beethoven with her "Theme of Fate "And the" unfinished symphony "of Schubert, from major symphony works, Beethoven's" Egmont "is also served.

In addition, the piano sonates are being studied - the 8th "pathetic" Sonata Beethoven, the 11th Sonata of Mozart with its famous "Turkish Rondo" in the final and radiant re-major Sonata Gaidna. From other piano works, the book introduces the book with Etudes, Nocturins, Pollenza and Mazurics of the Great Polish composer Chopin. Vocal works are studied - Schubert's songs, his brilliant song-prayer "Ave Maria", Ballade "Forest Tsar" on the text Goethe, all the favorite "Evening Serenade", a number of other songs, as well as the vocal cycle "Beautiful Melnichikha".

The third year "Russian musical literature of the XIX century"

The third year of study is entirely devoted to Russian music from its oldest times and almost until the end of the XIX century. What questions do not affect the initial chapters that tell about folk music, about church singing arts, about the emergence of secular art, about large composers of the classical era - Bortzovsky and Berezovsky, about the romance work of Varlamov, Gurilieva, Alyabyev and Versta.

Figures of six large composers are put forward as a central again:, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, A.P. Borodina, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Roman Corsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky. Each of them appears not only as a brilliant artist, but also as a unique person. So, for example, Gljka is called the ancestor of Russian classical music, Dargomyzhsky - Music Pravda teacher. Borodin, being a chemist, composed music only "on weekends", and Musorgsky with Tchaikovsky, on the contrary, for the sake of music at one time left the service, Roman-korsakov went to his youth into the world swimming.

M.I. Glinka Opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"

Music material that is mastered at this stage, extensive and serious. For the year there is a whole series of large Russians: "Ivan Susanin", "Ruslan and Lyudmila" Glinka, "Mermaid" of Dargomyzhsky, "Prince Igor" Borodina, "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky, "Snow Maiden", "Sadko" and "Tale of Tsar Saltan »Roman Corsakov, Yevgeny Onegin Tchaikovsky. Getting acquainted with these operas, students involuntarily come into contact with the works of literature that are laid in their foundation. And, if we talk about the music school, then these classical writings of literature are recognized earlier than they pass at the general education school - is it not good?

In addition to the opera, in the same period, many romances (Glinka, Dargomyzhsky, Tchaikovsky) are studied, among which are again those who are written on the poems of great Russian poets. The symphonies - "Bogatyrskaya" Borodin, "Winter Gree" and "Patatheic", as well as the brilliant symphonic suite of Rimsky-Korsakov - "Shehherazad" based on the fairy tales "thousands and one night". From the compositions of the piano, large cycles can be called: "pictures from the exhibition" of the Mussorgsky and "Seasons" Tchaikovsky.

Fourth year - "Patriotic music of the 20th century"

The fourth book on musical literature corresponds to the fourth year of learning the subject. This time the interests of students focus in the direction of the domestic music of the XX and XXI century. Unlike previous issues of textbooks on musical literature, this latter is updated with enviable regularity - the material for study is completely rebated, filled with information about the most recent achievements of academic music.

S.S. Prokofiev ballet "Romeo and Juliet"

In the fourth issue, it is described about the achievements of such composers as S.V. Rakhmaninov, A.N. Scriabin, I.F. Stravinsky, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, G.V. Sviridov, as well as the whole pleiad of composers of the most recent time or modernity - V.A. Gavrilina, R.K. Shchedrin, E.V. Tishchenko and others.

The circle of disassembled works is extremely expanding. All of them are not necessary, just enough to name only such masterpieces as the world's favorite world concert for piano with the Rakhmaninov orchestra, the famous ballafts of Stravinsky ("Parsley", "Fire-Bird") and Prokofiev (Romeo and Juliet, "Cinderella" ")," Leningrad "Symphony Shostakovich," Poem of Memoria of Sergey Yesenin "Sviridov and many other ingenious essays.

What are the textbooks on musical literature?

Today, there are not many textbooks for music literature for school, but still "diversity". Some of the very first textbooks on which the massive - books from a series of textbooks on the musical literature of the author I.A. Prokhorova. More modern popular authors - V.E. Bryantseva, O.I. Averyanova.

The author of the textbooks of musical literature, for which almost the whole country is now engaged in Maria Shornikov. She owns textbooks for all four hundred school learning subject. It is pleasant that in the last edition, the textbooks are also equipped with a disk with the record of passable works in the best execution - this is how the question of finding the necessary musical material for lessons, homework or for self-study is solved. Recently, many other excellent books on musical literature appeared. I repeat such textbooks with great benefits for themselves can read both adults.

These textbooks are quickly flying out in stores, they are not so easy to get. The thing is that they are published by very small circulations, and instantly turn into bibliographic rarity. So that you do not waste your time in search, I suggest order the entire series of these textbooks directly from this page at publisher prices: just click on the "Buy" button and place the order In the online store window that appears. Next, select the method of payment and delivery. And instead of time clocks of bookstores in search of these books, you will get them in just a couple of minutes.

I remind you, today somehow we randomly taking a conversation about the literature that will be useful to any novice musician or simply interested in the classical music of man. Yes, let these tutorials, but try to open them, and then break away from reading?

Textbooks on music literature are some incorrect textbooks, too interesting in order to be called just textbooks. According to them, future crazy musicians are engaged in their crazy music schools, and at night, when young musicians sleep, these textbooks with excess read their parents, because interesting! Here!

Short course

music literature

I.S. Bach
1. Polyphony is a polyphony. In a polyphonic work, it can be from two to five votes, each of which is developing independently, but they are all woven into one musical tissue. The polyphony was distributed during the Renaissance (XVI - XVII centuries) by outstanding musicians with polyphonists in the 1st half of the XVII century. There were: German composers Georg Friedrich Handel, Georg Philipp teleman English - Henry Pörsl, French composer Jean Battist Lully.
Antonio Vivaldi stand out in Italy. His violin concerts and Suite "Seasons" are widely known. In France, composers are most famous - Clavesinsis: Jean Philip Ramo, Francois Coopen, Louis Claude Dacken. Now Sonatas for the clusses of the Italian composer Domenico Scartlatti are very popular.
But the Great German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750) is considered to be the "father" of polyphonies (1685 - 1750). His creativity is great and multifaceted.
Born Bach in the German town of Eisenach. His childhood passed there, there he learned the game on the organ, violin and Clavesis. Since 15 years old, he lived independently: first in the city of Luneburg, then, in search of work, moved to the city of Weimar, where he served in the church in the church and wrote here the best organ works: "Toccatu and Fugu Re Minor", organic chorated preludes and Fugues. Then he moves to the city of Kothen.
In Koaten, he serves as a court musician from Prince Kotensky and here wrote the best key works: 1st volume of HTC (a well-tempered key), 6 English and 6 French suite, inventory, "chromatic fantasy and fugu".
Last years, Bach lived in Leipzig. Here he worked as the head of the Soviet school (Cantor) at the Church of St. Thomas and wrote a lot of choral works: "Mass Si Minor", "Passion on John", "Passion for Matthew" and other best samples of Cantat and Otria. Here he wrote the 2nd volume of HTC.

I.S. Bach became the creator of polyphonic music. Nobody wrote the polyponus better than him. His three sons became also famous composers, but the name of Johanna Sebastian Baha entered the history of musical art for all times! His music is eternal and understandable to people - she is alive.
2. Vienna classic school.
This is a creative direction in the music of the late XVIII - the beginning of the XIX centuries, which pretended in Vienna (the capital of the Austrian Empire). The three composers belong to it:Joseph Gaidn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig Van Beethoven. Sonate-symphonic cycle was formed in their work. Their works are perfect in form and in content (ie, classical). That is why they were called great Viennese classics.
The music of the composers of the Vienna Classical School still remains an unsurpassed compound sample (classic - one of the words - exemplary values). School - here is the concept of admission, i.e. Continuation and improvement by one composer of traditions and ideas of their predecessor.
Viennese classics used a new musical warehouse (a way to present musical thought) - homophone-harmonic, where there is a major melodic voice, and the rest of the votes accompany the melody (he is accompanied by). In their work, there are 8 clocking (square) period. This is due to the use of Austrian and German folk topics. In harmony, the sober main steps T, S, D are dominated.

Josef Gaidn (1732-1809) was the most eldest of Viennese Classics. In his work, genres of Sonatas, Symphony, Concert and Quartet were finally formed. He is called the "father" of symphonies (they have more than 100). The basis of his music is the topics of folk dances and songs, which he develops with the greatest skill. In his work, the composition of the symphony orchestra was also formed, consisting of three groups of instruments - string, wind and drums. Almost all his life, he served as a court musician at Prince Estergazi, creating 104 symphonies, 52 sonates, concerts and 83 quartets. But his 12 London symphonies, the oratory of "Seasons" and the "Creation of the World", were written in London at the end of his life.

German composer became a follower of Haydna's creativity V.M. Motsart. (1756-1791). His bright music is still modern - a vivid example of classicism. From an early age, he began to compose sonata, symphonies and operas. Using the Siandon-Symphony Cycle Hydena, Mozart developed and enriched it. If Haidna is not pronounced between Haidna, then Mozart has the main part of the character is very different from the side and development (the average partition) in connection with this is more saturated. Mozart Music with stunning power transmits and sorrowful tragic moods ("Requiem"), and humorous images, and a wonderful nature. Mozart music is characterized by beauty and grace. Mozart The author of many operas, the most famous of which were: "Figaro Wedding", "Magic Flute", "Don Juan". He has about 50 symphony (the most famous Sol Minor №40 and Jupiter №41), a lot of sonatas, concerts for a key, violin, oboe, flutes, divertisimations.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) - Third Vienna Classic.
The Great German composer was born in Bonn. The contemporary of the Great French Revolution, he embodied in his music a rebellious pathos, the dream of freedom and happiness of mankind. They created 9 symphonies (the most famous: to Minor No. 5, №9), a row of Overture (Coriolan, "Egmont", "Leonor"); 32 Sonates ("Moon" .№14, "Patatheic" No. 8, "Appassionate" №23, etc.) Opera "Fidelio", 5 piano concerts, a violin concert and Sonata for violin, 16 string quartets. The creativity of Beethoven is filled with huge energy, the contrast between themes is very bright, the music is dramatic and at the same time life-affirming and accessible to understanding all people.
3. The era of romanticism in music.
Romanticism is a direction in art that emerged at the beginning of the XIX century, at the time of reaction after the French bourgeois revolution. People of art could not truly reflect reality at this time and they had to either go into the world of fiction or to reflect the inner world of human feelings and emotions.
In music, the first composer - Romantic becameFranz Schubert (1797-1828) - The Great Austrian composer is a songwriter (they have more than 600).
In his youth, he had to experience a lot of losses. Once in Vienna, he lived with friends and acquaintances and was full of hope for a wonderful future. His songs in this period are bright in content (the cycle "Beautiful Mellenchikha"). But gradually he begins to understand that life is not so cloudless, as it seemed to him that the fate of the musician was poverty and need. In the song "Sharmanwger" he painted his portrait - singer, thrown by society. Gloomy moods are reflected in the cycle "Winter Way", "Swan Song". Goethera's words are written to the words such as the Ballade "Forest Tsar", "Margarita for Pellet". Serenada Schubert firmly entered the repertoire of famous singers. In addition to Schubert's songs, 8 symphony wrote (the most famous "unfinished" SI Minor No. 8 in two parts). He also has many small piano works: musical moments, expression, ecosesov, waltzes.
Schubert died very early - at 31, but he managed to prepare the appearance of followers of his work.
One of them became the Polish composer of the piano genreFrederic Chopin (1810 – 1849).
Music is genius. Despite the fact that he wrote exclusively for piano, nevertheless opened the whole world - from the secret depths of human feelings to ordinary scenes of rustic life.
Turning to the Polish national genres - Mazurics, Polonzam, Walsham, he showed them from different sides. For example, his Mazurki can be bald, and can resemble an uncomfortable rustic dance. Polonesa is that shiny, then tragic.
Waltz are also very diverse in nature, and its etudes go beyond the purely technical work - these are already concert plays - paintings. Preludes chopin small in size, but very different in shades of the feelings affected in them. Nocturns Chopin are samples of melodism and harmony. Chopin is the creator of a new genre of piano music - this is a ballad genre. He has a sonata. The mourning march of Chopin is familiar to everyone - this is the 3rd part of the SI minor sonata.
Freedearch Chopin is a favorite composer of many pianists. Since 1927, Warsaw regularly hosts the world contests of Chopin's pianists.
Third romantic of foreign music -Robert Schuman (1810 – 1856).
This is a great German composer - a dreamer and a fifteentist. He possessed amazing ability to portrait portraits of people in music, often with humor. The piano cycle "Carnival" is the most famous work. He wrote a lot of small places for piano, "Album for Youth", "Butterflies", 3 Sonatas, "Symphony Etudes" and other works.
4 . Creativity of composers of the second half of the 19th-early 20th century.

Richard Wagner (1813-1883) - Wilhelm Richard Wagner is a German dramatic composer and a theorist, theatrical director, conductor, a spheering that has become famous thanks to its operations who had a revolutionary impact on Western music. Among his main works - "Flying Dutchman" (1843), Tangayizer (1845), "Loengrin" (1850), Tristan and Isolde (1865), Parsifal (1882 g .) And the tetralogy "Ring Nibelongov" (1869-1876).

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) - famous Italian composer, author of many immortal works. His creativity is considered the highest point of development of the 19th century music in his native country. More than half a century covered Verdi's activities as a composer. It was mainly connected with the Opera genre. The first of them Verdi created when he was 26 years old ("wubbed, Count di San Bonifacio"), and he wrote the last 80 years (Falstafa). The author of 32 operas (taking into account the new editions of works written earlier) is Verdi Giuseppe. Its biography to this day is of great interest, and Verdi's creations and in our time are included in the main repertoire of theaters around the world.. The most famous operators became "Aida", "Rigoletto", "Traviata".

Edward Grig (1843 - 1907) - period, figure ,,, The work of the Grieg was formed under the influence of the Norwegian folk culture.

Among the most famous works of Griga are two suits from music to the drama ",, violin sonates.

The focus of Grigus paid songs and, who published more than 600. More about twenty his plays published posthumously. The vocal works of Grieg are written on the words of Danish and Norwegian, sometimes German poets.

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) - French composer K. Debussy is often called the father of the music of the XX century. He showed that every sound, chord, a tonality can be heard in a new way, can live a more free, multi-time life, as if enjoying their sound themselves, a gradual, mysterious dissolution in silence. It is not by chance that Debussy is considered the main representative. The favorite genre of the composer is a software suite (orchestral and piano), as if a series of variekrastructive paintings, where the static landscapes are laid down with rapidly moving, often dance rhythms. These are suite for the orchestra "" (1899), "" (1905) and "" (1912). For piano are created "", "", which Debussy devoted his daughter.

5. Russian musical culture.

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804-1857)
The Grand Russian Composer is a hencer of national classical music.
After completing the university noble board, he traveled a lot by European countries, studying the music of foreign countries (Italy, Germany, Austria). Returning to the Motherland, Glinka set forth the goal of creating a Russian national music school and he managed to do it.
Glinka collected and processed Russian folk songs and wrote their works using their intonation, having them in strict classic forms.
Glinka Author of about 80 romances and songs, among which are masterpieces such as "doubt", "I remember a wonderful moment," Lark and others.
The first opera on the historical plot "Life for the king" ("Ivan Susanin").
From this opera went the branch of the Russian historical opera (it became a sample of this genre). The second opera Glinka is written on the plot of fairy tales A. S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila". She laid the foundation for the Russian fabulous opera.
In addition, "all Russian symphonic music is enclosed in" Kamarinskaya "Glinka, like oak in the judder." - wrote P.I. Tchaikovsky. This is true. In addition to the "Kamarinskaya" Glinka, he wrote two oversights on the Spanish Topics "Aragon Hot" and "Night in Madrid", and his "Waltz Fantasy" is a sample of beautiful lyrics in instrumental music.
Situating everything that was created before him by Russian composers, Glinka raised domestic music to a qualitatively new step and achieved recognition of Russian music at the world level.

Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 – 1869)
The follower and the younger contemporary Glinka, he entered the story of Russian musical culture, as the creator of socially accurate works. Among them, Opera on the plot of the same name of the tragedy of Pushkin "Mermaid", where the composer handed the tragedy of the simple peasant girl Natasha, abandoned by the prince, her father's grief. Another opera is put on the text of a small tragedy of Pushkin "Stone Guest". This is also a socio-psychological drama. In their operations, Dargomyzhsky introduced a new principle of end-to-end musical development. He was that the musical numbers: Aria, Ariozo, Duets, Choolds - Smoothly and without stopping transfers to the Recitative and vice versa, and the Orchestral Party often shakes what is not expressed by the words.
Dargomyzhsky author about 100 romances and songs. Among them are very popular: "I am sad", "old corporal", "Title Advisor", "Worm" and others.
In his music, Dargomyzhsky relied on the folk song, but at the same time on the intonation of living human speech. "I want the sound to express the word. I want truth! " - This is a creative credo of Dargomyzhsky.

6. Musical culture of the second half of the 19th century.
In the second half of the XIX century, the rise of national art began in Russia - literature, painting, music. At this time, there was a circle of like-minded people - musicians called the famous musical criticism of Stasov "Mighty hand." He is also called the "Great Russian Five" or "New Russian School".
The circle includes 5 composers.
His leader was Miliya Alekseevich Balakirev (1837-1910) - bright figure, musical talent. His merit is that he collected and processed Russian folk songs. Balakirev created not a lot of works. The most interesting of them fantasy "Islamey", 8
russian folk songs in the processing for piano, about 50 romances.

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (1833-1887)
- Outstanding scientist chemist, teacher, composer. The author of the opera "Prince Igor" on the historic story of the ancient Russian chronicle "Word about the regiment of Igor", the symphony painting "in Central Asia", the wonderful 2 quartets, 3 symphony (the most famous 2nd name "Bogatyr") and 18 romances. The composer embodied in his work the epic epic of the Russian people, and also highlighted the world of East Asia, with his beautiful melodies.
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) - Tribune Composer, reflected the life and history of the blond people. His operas "Boris Godunov", "Hovanshchina" Monumental folk musical dramas - the top of his creativity; The musical comedy on Gogol "Sorochinskaya Fair" reveals lively bright images of ordinary people; The cycle "Pictures from the exhibition", the cycles of the songs "Children's", "Songs and Dance of Death", Romances come into the repertoire of world theaters.
Caesar Antonovich Kyu (1835-1918) -compositor and musical critic, author of the opera-tales "Red Cap", "Cat in Boots", "Ivanushka Fool", Romances, Songs, Small Piano Plays. His works are not so significant as the works of other composers of the "mighty bunch", but he contributed to the piggy bank of Russian music.
Combined all composers of the "mighty coup" what they trembled to the Russian folk song, sought to enrich Russian classical music, elevate it on a global scale. All of them are followers of the great Russian composers-classics M.I. Glinka and A.S.Dargomyzhsky.
Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) - a talented Russian composer, one of the most important figures in creating an invaluable domestic music treasure.
The central place in the heritage of the Roman Corsakov is operas - 15 works that demonstrate the diversity of genre, stylistic, dramaturgical, composite solutions of the composer. Two main directions are distinguished by the composer's creativity: the first is the Russian history, the second is the world of fairy tales and epic, for which he got the nickname "FAILE".
In addition to creative activities, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov is known as a publicist, the compiler of the collections of folk songs, to which he showed great interest, as well as the end of the works of his friends - Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky and Borodin. Roman Korsakov was the creator of a composer school, as a teacher and head of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, he released about two hundred composers, conduits, musicologists, among them Prokofiev and Stravinsky.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840. -1893) - Russian composer of the romantic period. Some of his compositions are among the most popular musical works. He was the first Russian composer, whose creativity opened the music world of Russia internationally. A factor that helped Tchaikovsky's music becomes popular was a shift in relation to the Russian audience. Publication His songs since 1867 and excellent piano music for the domestic market also contributed to the growth of the popularity of the composer. At the end of the 1860s, Tchaikovsky began to compose operas. Among his most significant essays - Operas: "Peak Lady", "Evgeny Onegin", "Orleans", "Mazepa", "Cherevichki" and others, ballets: "Nutcracker", "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", Symphony №1 "Winter dreams", Symphony №6 "Patetical", Fantasy Overture "Romeo and Juliet", Piano Cycle "Children's Album"; Symphonic, chamber, piano, choral, vocal works and processing of folk songs, as well as many other works.

7. Creativity of composers of the late 19th - early 20th century

The work of Russian composers of the late 19th - the first half of the 20th century is a holistic continuation of the traditions of the Russian school. At the same time, the concept of approach to the "national" belonging to one or another music, directly quoting folk melodies, has already been practically no, but remained an intonational Russian basis, the Russian soul.

Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin (1872 - 1915) - Russian composer and pianist, one of the brightest personalities of Russian and world musical culture. The original and deep poetic creativity of Scriabin was distinguished by an innovation even on the background of the birth of many new directions in art related to changes in public life at the turn of the 20th century.
The peak of the composer creativity Scriabin was 1903-1908, when the third symphony ("Divine Poem"), the symphonic "ecstasy poem", "tragic" and "satanic" piano poems, 4 and 5 Sonats and other works came out. Another masterpiece of Scriabin is "Prometheus" ("Poem of Fire"), in which the author fully updated his harmonic language, retreating from the traditional tone system, and also for the first time in history, this work was to accompany the colorwoman, but the premiere, for technical reasons, was held Without light effects.
The last unfinished "Mystery" was an intention of Scriabin, a dreamer, romance, philosopher, to contact all humanity and inspire him to create a new fantastic world order, the combination of the Universal Spirit with matter.

Sergei Vasilyevich Rahmaninov (1873 - 1943) - the largest global composer of the beginning of the 20th century, a talented pianist and conductor. The creative image of Rachmaninov-composer is often determined by the epithet of the "most Russian composer", emphasizing in this brief formulation of its merit in the unification of the musical traditions of the Moscow and St. Petersburg composer schools and in creating their own unique style, the mansion of the world musical culture.

He studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, after 3 years of study transferred to the Moscow Conservatory and finished it with a large gold medal. Quickly became known as the conductor and pianist, composed music. The faithful premiere of the innovative first symphony (1897) in St. Petersburg caused a creative composer crisis, from which Rachmaninov came out at the beginning of the 1900s with a formed style, uniting Russian church song, outgoing European romanticism, modern impressionism and neoclassicism - and all this is saturated with complex symbolism. In this creative period, the best works are born, among which 2 and 3 piano concerts, the second symphony and its favorite work - the poem "Bells" for choir, soloists and orchestra.
In 1917, Rakhmaninov with his family was forced to leave our country and settle in the United States.

Interesting fact : During the Great Patriotic War, Rakhmaninov gave several charitable concerts, the monetary fee from which sent to the Red Army to the Foundation for the fight against the German-fascist invaders.

Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky (1882-1971) - one of the most influential world composers of the 20th century, the leader of neoclassicism. Stravinsky became the "mirror" of the musical era, in his work it is reflected in the multiplicity of styles, constantly intersecting and difficult to classify. He freely combines genres, shapes, styles, choosing them from centuries of musical history and subjugate to its own rules.

He began to professionally relatively late, but the takeoff was rapid - a series of three ballets: "Firebird" (1910), "Parsley" (1911) and "Spring Sacred" (1913) immediately brought it into the number of composers of the first magnitude.
In 1914 left Russia, as it turned out almost forever (in 1962 there were touring in the USSR). Stravinsky - Cosmopolitan, forced to change several countries - Russia, Switzerland, France, as a result, remained to live in the United States. His creativity is divided into three periods - "Russian", "neoclassical", American "mass production", periods are not divided into lifetime in different countries, but according to the author's "handwriting".

Sergey Sergeevich Prokofiev (1891-1953) - one of the largest Russian composers of the 20th century, pianist, conductor. Prokofiev can be considered one of the few (if not the only) Russian musical "welders", since 5 years old was engaged in composing, at 9 years old wrote two operas (of course, these works are still immature, but show the desire for creating), I passed the exams at the age of 13 St. Petersburg Conservatory, among his teachers was N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Some of the brightest works were the Opera "War and Peace", "Tale of the Real Man"; Ballets "Romeo and Juliet", "Cinderella", which became a new reference to world ballet music; Oratoria "guarding the world"; Music for the films "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan Grozny"; Symphony number 5,6,7; Piano works.
The work of Prokofiev is striking the versatility and breadth of the subject, the identity of his musical thinking, freshness and originality made up a whole epoch in the world musical culture of the 20th century and had a powerful impact on many Soviet and foreign composers.

Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich ( 1906 - 1975) - one of the most significant and executable composers in the world, its influence on modern classical music is immeasurably. His creations are the true expressions of the inner human drama and the chronicle of the heavy events of the 20th century, where deeply personal intertwined with the tragedy of man and humanity, with the fate of the native country. Already at the beginning of the 20s, by the end of the conservatory, Shostakovich had a baggage of his own works and got into the very best composers of the country. The world glory came to Shostakovich after the victory in the 1st International Chopin Competition in 1927.
Until a certain period, namely before the opera "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County," Shostakovich worked as a free artist - "avant-gardeist", experimenting with styles and genres. From all the vast creativity of Shostakovich in all genres of Symphony (15 works), it is central to, the most dramatically saturated are 5,7,8,10,15 symphonies, which became the top of the Soviet symphonic music .