Figures pencil. How to draw volumetric figures and bodies with a pencil

All items and figures are placed in space. Even in a simple drawing, it is worth understanding completely undivided items, and all that is on it, and all that we want to portray. It is worth considering it as one stream of shapes and lines, white and black color, light and shadow.

The drawing should be perceived as a space on paper, where there is a plane and proportions of all items, light and shadow, which is sent to the form of the subject.

Basic geometric shapes:

Two-dimensional flat figures

Three-dimensional figures that have a volume

Absolutely all items based on their construction have these figures.

Cube - Figure, the basis of which is a three-dimensional image in the spatial ratio of the sheet. In Cuba there are all geometric parameters, such as: vertical, horizontal and depth. In Cuba itself, the concept of drawing in general is laid.

To start understanding the drawing, we will work with him. With the help of figurative-logical constructions, we are with you we will develop thinking due to form analytics. For greater understanding and analysis, there are several exercises.

Exercises

Sit down for the easel, we take a large sheet of paper, you can inexpensive, or a piece of wallpaper (in this exercise, paper does not matter). We draw a square, naturally try to make it the parties to be smooth, and the line is straight.

So, - we see the usual square, completely uninteresting and not impressive, but it is only at the moment ...

We make a cube pencil from a square: draw lines from the edges of approximately an angle of 45 degrees. Take the back of the back and ... we have a cube. But again we do not see any space in the sheet. You can freely take the nearest and distant faces. Now it's just a few lines on paper.

To feel space, you need to give a smooth pattern. That is, to make it clear to us, where the front of the figure, and where is the back.

The side of the cube, located closer to us, you need to highlight, make more clear and pass more actively. We take your pencil and bring the front face with a bold tone. Now we can already see where the close side, and where the party is further from us.

In this way, we passed the space to achieve the desired result. But this is not all. Now it is important to correctly convey smoothness to get a bulk in the picture.

We present to your attention a small video tutorial on the theme of optical illusions.

Study and drawing geometric tel The educational academic figure is the basis for mastering the principles and methods of the image of more complex forms.

Education to the visual arts requires strict compliance with the complication sequence of educational tasks and multiple repetitions for mastering techniques. The most appropriate form for the assimilation of the design principles are geometric bodiesHashing clear structural buildings. On ordinary geometric bodies It is easiest to understand and assimilate the bases of the volume and spatial design, the transmission of forms in a promising reduction, patterns of light and proportional ratios.

Exercises for drawing simple geometric tel They do not allow not to be distracted by the parts available in more complex forms, such as architectural objects and human body, and fully focused on the main - visual lead.

Properly understood and learned patterns in the image of simple forms should contribute to a more conscious approach to drawing complex forms in the subsequent.

In order to learn how to competently and correctly depict the form of the object, it is necessary to realize the internal structure of the subject hidden from the eyes - the design. Under the word "design" means "structure", "structure", "plan", that is, the mutual location of the parts of the subject and their ratio. It is important to know and understand when depicting any forms. The harder the form, the more and more serious will have to study the internal structure of the internal model. For example, when drawing a live nature - the heads or figures of a person, in addition to the knowledge of constructive features, they should certainly be known and plastic anatomy. Therefore, without a clear understanding of the structure of the form and the nature of the subject, it is impossible to correctly master the drawing.

As a picture of the spatial forms, in addition to knowledge of the patterns of the structure of the structure, knowledge of the laws of perspective, proportions, lighting are needed. For the correct image of the field model, it is necessary to teach yourself to always analyze nature, it is clear to represent its external and internal structure. It is consciously suitable from a scientific point of view. Only such drawing will contribute to the successful performance of work on the image of both simple and complex forms.

Drawing geometric forms of inexperienced drawers seems to be quite easy at first glance. But this is far from that. For confident mastery, the drawing is primarily necessary to master the methods for analyzing the forms and the principles of building simple bodies. Any form consists of flat figures: rectangles, triangles, rhombuses, trapezoids and other polygons, which accumulate it from the surrounding space. The task is to correctly understand how these surfaces are combined with each other, forming a form. For its correct image, it is necessary to learn how to draw such figures in the future in order to easily allocate bulk bodies on the plane, limited by these flat figures. Flat geometric shapes serve as the basis for understanding the constructive construction of bulk bodies. For example, a square gives an idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a cube, a rectangle - about building a prism of a parallelepiped, a triangle - pyramids, a trapezoid - a truncated cone, the circle is a ball, a cylinder and a cone, and the ellipse shaped shapes are shag-like (ovoid) forms.

All items have surround-spatial characteristics: height, length and width. To determine and the images of them on the plane use dots and lines. The points are determined by the characteristic components of the objects of the objects, they establishes the mutual spatial location of the nodes, which characterizes the design of the form as a whole.

The line is one of the main visual means. Lines indicate the contour of the items forming them. They designate height, length, width, structural axes, auxiliary, defining the space line, line construction and much more.

For a thorough study, geometric shapes are best considered in the form of transparent framework models. This allows you to better trace, understand and assimilate the basics of spatial construction of structures and promising reduction of the forms of geometric bodies: cube, pyramids, cylinders, ball, cone and prism. At the same time, such a reception largely facilitates the construction of a pattern, in which all spatial angles, ribs, the edge of the body are clearly traced, regardless of their turns in space and in promising reduction. The framework models make it possible to develop volume-spatial thinking from a novice artist, thereby contributing to the correct image of the geometric shape on the paper plane.

For a thorough consolidation in the mind of a novice artist, the volume and spatial representation of the structure of these forms would be the most effective to fulfill them with their own hands. Models can be made without much difficulty from girlfriend: ordinary flexible aluminum, copper or any other wire, wooden or plastic rails. Subsequently, in order to assimilate the patterns of lighting, it will be possible to make models from paper or fine cardboard. To do this, you need to make blanks - the corresponding sweeps or separately cut planes for gluing. The modeling process itself is equally important, which will be more beneficial for the awareness of the learning entities of the structure of a form or another, than using the ready-made model. For the manufacture of frame and paper models, a lot of time will be needed, so in order to save it, you should not make a large model - enough if their dimensions are not exceeded three or five centimeters.

Turning the manufactured paper model at different angles to the light source, you can trace the laws of light and shadow. At the same time, attention should be paid to the change in the proportional relationship of parts of the subject, as well as for a promising reduction in forms. Climbing and moving the model from the light source, you can see how the contrast of lighting is changed on the subject. For example, the Light and Shadow approach to the light source also acquire the greatest contrast, and as it removes it becomes less contrasting. Moreover, nearby angles and edges will be the most contrasting, and the angles and faces that are in spatial depths are less contrasting. But the most important thing at the initial stage of drawing is the ability to correctly display the volume-spatial design of the forms using points and lines on the plane. This is a fundamental principle in mastering the pattern of simple geometric forms, as well as upon subsequent study of more complex forms and conscious images.

Detection of individual-typological differences.

Instructions for test

"You need to draw a figure of a person composed of 10 elements, among which can be triangles, circles, squares. You can increase or decrease these elements (geometric shapes) in size, apply to each other as needed. It is important that all these three elements in the image of the person are present, and the total number of the figures used was equal to ten. If during drawing you used more figures, then you need to smoke unnecessary, if you are used by the figures less than ten, it is necessary to draw the missing. Follow the picture according to this instruction. "

Material: The subject is offered three sheets of paper with a size of 10 × 10 cm, each sheet is numbered and signed. On Sheet number 1, the first trial figure is performed; Further, respectively, on Sheet No. 2 - the second, on Sheet No. 3 - the third. After performing three drawings, the data is processed. If the instructions are violated, the material is not processed.

Processing test results

Data processing is performed as follows: The number of triangles speared in the image of triangles, circles and squares (for each figure separately) is calculated, and the result is written in the form of three-digit numbers, where

• hundreds denote number triangles,
• dozens - quantity circles,
• units -quantity squares.

These three-digit figures constitute the so-called "Formula of the Picture", which takes place drawing to the corresponding types and subtyps, which are presented in the table.

Interpretation of test results

The interpretation of the test is based on the fact that the geometric shapes used in the drawings differ in semantics. Triangle Usually refer to the "acute", "offensive" figure associated with the male beginnings. A circle - Figure streamlined, more consonant with sympathy, softness, roundness, femininity. From the elements of the square form to build something easier than others, so squareThe rectangle is interpreted as a specific technical structural figure, "technical module".

Types of personality

I type - " head" These are usually people who have a tendency to senior and organizational activities. Oriented to socially significant norms of behavior, may have a gift of good narrator based on a high level of speech development. Have a good adaptation in the social sphere, dominance over the others hold in certain boundaries.

Formulas drawings: 901, 910, 802, 811, 820, 703, 712, 721, 730, 604, 613, 622, 631, 640.

• Most rigid dominance over others expressed at the subtypes 901, 910, 802, 811, 820;
• sitaitly -U 703, 712, 721, 730;
• when exposed to speech on people - verbal leader or "Teaching Subtype" - 604, 613, 622, 631, 640.

It must be remembered that the manifestation of these qualities depends on the level of mental development. With a high level of development, individual features are developed, implemented, quite well realized. With a low level of development, may not be detected in professional activities, but attend situationally, worse, if inadequately situations. This applies to all characteristics.

II type - " responsible performer"It has many features of the type" manager ", but there are often fluctuations in making responsible solutions.

This type of people is more focused on the "ability to do business", high professionalism, has a high sense of responsibility and demanding to themselves and others, highly appreciates the right point, i.e. Characterized by increased sensitivity to truthfulness. Often they suffer from somatic diseases of nervous origin as a result of overvoltage.

Formulas drawings: 505, 514, 523, 532, 541, 550.

III type - " alarming"The characterizes the variety of abilities and gifts - from thin hand skills to literary rigging. Typically, people of this type are closely as part of one profession, they can change it to a completely opposite and unexpected, have a hobby, which is essentially the second profession. Physically do not tolerate mess and dirt. Usually conflict because of this with other people. Different with increased vulnerability and often doubt. We need soft prubing.

Formulas drawings: 406, 415, 424, 433, 442, 451, 460.

• 415 - "poetic subtype" - usually persons with such a formula of the picture possess poetic rigging;
• 424 - Subtype of people recognizable by phrase: "How can this be bad work? I can't imagine how it can work badly. " People of this type are characterized by special care in the work.

IV Type - " scientist" These people are easily abstract from reality, possess a "conceptual mind", differ in the ability to develop "on all" their theories. Usually possess mental equilibrium and rationally think over their behavior.

Formulas drawings: 307, 316, 325, 334, 343, 352, 361, 370.

• 316 is characterized by the abilities to create theories, the benefit of global, or exercise greater and complex coordination work;
• 325 - Subtype characterized by a great passion for the knowledge of life, health, biological disciplines, medicine.

Representatives of this type are often found among persons engaged in synthetic arts: cinema, circus, theatrical-spectacular director, animation, etc.

V Type - " intuitive" People of this type have a strong sensitivity of the nervous system, its high depletion.

It is easier to switch on switchability from one activity to another, usually perform "minority lawyers", followed by new opportunities. Have increased sensitivity to novelty. Altruistic, often take care of others, possess good hand skills and figurative imagination, which makes it possible to engage in technical species of creativity.

Usually produce their moral norms, possess an internal self-control, i.e. Prefer self-control, reacting negatively to encroachments relating to their freedom.

Formulas drawings: 208, 217, 226, 235, 244, 253, 262, 271, 280.

• 235 - often meets among professional psychologists or persons with increased interest in people's psychology;
• 244 - has the ability of literary creativity,
• 217 - has the ability to inventive activities;
• 226 - A great need for novelty, usually puts very high criteria for achievements for yourself.

VI type - " inventor, designer, artist" It is often found among those with a "technical vest". These are people who have a rich imagination, spatial vision, often engage in various types of technical, artistic and intellectual creativity. It is more often introverted, just as an intuitive type, live by their own moral norms, do not accept any impacts from the side, except for the control itself.

Emotional, obsessed with their own original ideas.

Formulas drawings: 109, 118, 127, 136, 145, 019, 028, 037, 046.

• 019 - meets among people who own the audience;
• 118 - type with the most significant constructive capabilities and ability to inventions.

VII type - " emotive" They have increased empathy towards other people, they are seriously experiencing the cruel frames of the film, can be a long time to be broken out of the rut and be shocked from cruel events. Pain and concerns of other people find their participation, empathy and sympathy for which they spend a lot of their own energy, as a result it becomes difficult to implement their own abilities.

Formulas drawings: 550, 451, 460, 352, 361, 370, 253, 262, 271, 280, 154, 163, 172, 181, 190, 055, 064, 073, 082, 091.

VIII type - " insensitive to the experiences of others" It has the opposite tendency to emotive type. It usually does not feel the experiences of other people or belongs to them with the inattention and even strengthens the pressure on people.

If this is a good specialist, then he can make others do what he considers it necessary. Sometimes it is characterized by "worn", which occurs is situationally, when, due to any causes, a person closes in a circle of his own problems.

Formulas drawings: 901, 802, 703, 604, 505, 406, 307, 208, 109.

Application is an old method for the development of children of all ages, including a huge amount of varieties: from geometric shapes, from fabric, from natural materials, subject, scene, decorative, and so on.

Advantages of applications for children of all ages

Application classes will bring exceptionally positive contribution to the development of the child:

Preparation of workplace and materials

Whether it is the simplest applique of geometric shapes or gluing long history using the data provided, proper attention is necessary, first of all, to pay the organization of the child's workplace:

• scissors (lungs, small, comfortable for children's hands, must with stupid ends);
• the basis that will be the base for appliqués (for example, a white sheet of paper, cardboard, wooden bar);
• glue (preferably glue - a pencil, which does not waste, do not heat and does not drink, in contrast to the usual liquid type);
• working material (what the application will be made: colored paper, fabric, cereals, foil, flowers and so on).

Working with templates

For the correct organization of applications with children, it is important to work out every trifle, in particular patterns. Applications for the smallest (3-5 years), for example, from geometric figures do not leave questions regarding the creation of templates to them. In this case, you need to create a drawing, pointing out places where the baby should be glued with pre-cut items.

In situations with preparing for applications for older children, certain difficulties may occur if the organizer does not have good drawing skills. The described situation is due to the need to create more complex sketches, rolling and, self-cutting which children will be able to get the necessary components of the future craft.

The algorithm of work with templates is identical for each type of appliqués:

• create a sketch in color;
• copy the original pattern;
• cut (for children 3-5 years old) or divided by bright lines (for children from 5 years) copied image into the components of future work;
• printed elements on the prepared foundation.

Figures templates for younger kindergarten group

Appliques made of geometric shapes - the most suitable Method for the development of shallow motility and creative thinking of children of the younger group of kindergarten:

Figures templates for older kindergarten group

Applique from geometric shapes, supplement plot Pictures, "Drawing up" pictures of animals, birds, by gluing the eye, paw, wings and so on - the main varieties of applicative classes with children are 4-5 years old:

Patterns of figures for the preparatory group of kindergarten

Tasks for children over 5 years old, as a rule, it is implied not only to cut and glue, but also to prepare a template template independently:

Figures templates for class 1

Application from geometric figures will probably give up and schoolchildren who can carefully handle scissors.

Pupils are subject to complicated tasks with a large number of patterns - circles, polygons for the cutting of which will require forces, perfection, accuracy.

Appliques:

Templates of figures for grade 2

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Figures templates for grade 3

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Figures templates for grade 4

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Applique on the topic "Summer"

Forest appliques, sun, mushrooms, trees, herbs, made of geometric shapes of different material, Excellent reveal the topic of summer in the child's work:

As a result of the child, the child gets an image of a sunny day with all components of the summer period.

Applique on the topic "Autumn"

In working on "autumn" applications, you can, as an option, use natural material:

As a result of the simplest manipulations, the child will receive an applique illustrating the details of the autumn pore.

Applique on the topic "Winter"

Working with winter theme can be made from a variety of materials: wool, paper, fabric, and so on. The most useful in terms of the development of small motors in children is an application consisting of small pieces of paper. The child should not cut these components, and to tear paper as much as possible. The basis is better to use a dark blue sheet of colored cardboard.

Performance:

1. To begin with, children need to prepare templates of houses, trees consisting of geometric shapes. (Rectangles are at home; squares - houses windows; elongated rectangles - tree trunks; triangles - roofs of houses).
2. By gluing the obtained appliqué details into place, you can proceed to the process of tongy paper.
3. Small pieces of white paper, obtained as a result of the work done, randomly attach to the roof, branches, ground, depicting snowfall or drifts.

According to the result of creativity on a sheet of paper, it turns out the image of the Winter City.

Application on the topic "Cosmos"

When working on a "space" applique, you can offer the child to "make up" constellations:

As a result of creativity, a variety of night sky constellations should be obtained: a large / small bear, twins, a big dog and so on.

Drawing up patterns from geometric shapes

The preparation of a pattern of geometric shapes helps to master or consolidate knowledge about their names in children, develops a shallow motorcy, creative thinking, fantasy. This type of activity is to glue the simplest figures in chaotic order to obtain a pattern or classification of components in size, form, color, and so on.

For the birth of an interest from the child to this type of applications, the adult offers it to decorate the napkin.

By providing the student templates, it is necessary to show him a sample, a copy of which should be the result of the work. An alternative model can serve as a cooperation with a teacher, where, hearing the name (color, size) of the geometric shape, carved before the template, the child should choose the most and glued to the specified location.

The organizer of applications is important to remember the need:

• competently equip the workplace "Student": to remove unnecessary, prepare the necessary;
• in the classes, resort to gaming techniques to keep the interest of the child;
• use a variety of applications for the best development of tactile sensations of children;
• choose the subject corresponding to the interests of a specific age group;
• ask the child to express a personal opinion after the work done for further analysis of errors in the organization of the process;
• do not limit the child's fantasy and allow him to refine the application plan for applications in the course of work.

Applications made in the style of the simplest gluing picture of geometric shapes, along with more complex options, must, first of all, bring joy to children.

Definitely, the "teacher" should be interested in children before the wording of the task, praise them in the process, and evaluate the advantages of the work already performed. Having enjoyed classes, the child will not only develop, but also nice to spend time in the company of peers or parents, which means that applications are tightly rooted in his life for a long time.

Video: Applique from geometric shapes

Appliques made of geometric shapes in video:

How to create an applique with animals, find out in the video:

Our learning program begins with this lesson. This task is considered the topic drawing simple geometric shapes.

Drawing geometric figures You can compare with the study of the alphabet for someone who is developing a foreign language. Geometrical forms - the first stage of constructing an object of any complexity. It is clearly visible in computer simulation, where the construction of a three-dimensional spacecraft begins with a simple cube. In the figure, all depicted objects always consist or are divided into simple geometric shapes. For learning the drawing, it means exactly one thing: you have learned the correctly depicting geometric shapes correctly, learn how to draw everything else.

Construction of geometric shapes.

You need to start building with the analysis of the model, figuratively speaking, penetrate the structures into the level of vertices and lines. This means to present a geometric shape in the form of a frame, consisting only of lines and vertices (location of lines), by imaginary removal of planes. An important methodological method is an image of invisible, but existing lines. Fastening this approach from the first lessons will be a useful reception for drawing more complex models.

Further, under the guidance of the teacher, outline the location of lines and vertices on the sheet, with light, sliding movements, without pressing on the pencil.
The position of the drawing on the sheet should be given a separate attention for several reasons:

• Finding the central axis of the sheet will help with further constructing as a starting point for vertical design lines.
• Definition of the horizon line, for the correct image of the perspective.
• Accounting for black and white modeling, own and incident shadows so that they fit in the sheet space and balanced each other.

After applying the main design lines, a detailed drawing of the visible edges of the subject is followed, in the case of rotation objects (ball, cone) is the outer edges of the form.

Behind the structural part follows a bar code. We disseminate the rules and techniques for drawing strokes on geometric items.

Professional learning drawing is easy to compare with music lessons, where dry rules and accurate schemes ultimately lead the future composer to creative works. So in the figure, the laws of building forms, the rules of perspective, the shadows arrangement scheme help the artist to create unique masterpieces.

Why experienced artists can quickly apply complex drawings, not spending a lot of time on the markup, building? Because at first it was tightly memorized rules and canons, and now quite clearly represent the structure of any form. A schematic drawing frees the author's attention from the design and focuses on the focus on the composition, the idea, the image of his creation. It is believed that the scared schemes will not give the artist to completely reveal.
It is worth seeing where such creative masters as Picasso began and gave to understand the fallacy of this judgment. But the best check will be trained in our studio, where you are in practice, see the pros of the academic approach.

We are waiting for you in our art studio!