The late love of the "Knight of Beauty" Vasily Polenova: Unknown Pages of the Personal Life of Russian Genius. Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov: paintings and biography in

Vasily Polenov is one of the main Russian landscape players of the XIX century. The artist remembered society as a subtle-feeling naturalist, a jealous follower of Christianity. His picture of the "Christ and sinner" by society became part of the personal collection of the emperor, and the Moscow courtyard cannon served as an informant landscape genre.

Childhood and youth

Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov was born on May 20 (June 1 in a new style) of 1844 in St. Petersburg. The boy and his twin sister faith became the firstborn of the famous archaeologist Dmitry Vasilyevich and the artist, Children's writer Maria Alekseevna Waikova. In the family, three more children were brought up: Konstantin (1848. R.), Alexey (1849. R.), Elena (1850. R.). Brother Alexander died in infancy.

Maria Alekseevna, who was engaged in painting under the leadership, loved to draw portraits. Thanks to this, contemporaries know how Vasily Polenov looked in childhood.

Children brought up in a creative family. Grandmother Vera Nikolaevna Warikova knew Russian history perfectly, loved national poetry and fairy tales. Grandchildren often came to her estate in the Tambov region. In their hometown, they were waiting for contests in art to draw, compose, etc. For the best works, grandmother Gave homemade medals.

Parents also supported the creative gusts of children, hired famous teachers from the Academy of Arts, for example, Pavel Chistyakov. Subsequently, Vasily Dmitrievich succeeded in the landscape genre, and his sister Elena became one of the first women-illustrators of children's books.

Polenov early felt craving for the canvas and was going to act to the Academy of Arts, but the parents insisted on obtaining a "serious" education. In 1861-1863, a young man received general knowledge in the Olonets of the provincial men's gymnasium in Petrozavodsk, then, together with Brother Alexei, was traded with the exact sciences at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg Imperial University.

In his free time, the time of the Polenov visited courses at the Academy of Arts, studied not only painting, but also anatomy, designed geometry, biology. Here, the future artist also revealed the musical talent: he sang in the choir, composed compositions on the piano, was a regulance of opera. Much later, in 1906, the premiere of the Polyenov's "Ghosts Eld" opera was held at the Moscow Conservatory.

After graduating from the student with silver medals for his paintings in 1867, the alma mater did not leave the polenov, but he entered the Faculty of Law. After 5 years, she successfully defended his thesis on the topic "On the value of art in its application to crafts".

Painting

In 1867, Polenov captured the beloved grandmother faith Nikolaevna on canvas, and this portrait became the debut work of the author.

An interesting fact: in a number of sources it is stated that in 1869 the artist received a small gold medal for the painting "Jobs and his friends." In fact, work belongs to a classmate of Polenov, famous painting. Vasily Dmitrievich received the first creative award - a big gold medal - in 1871 for the canvas "Christ the daughter of Jair".

For the manifested Talent, Polenov and Repin sent to internship to Europe. Despite the conscious age - 27 years old, Vasily Dmitrievich could not decide what genre to devote himself. For inspiration, he went to museums, contacting the masters of the pen: Carlo pilot, Gabriel Max, Arnold Becklin, Hans Makartu.

In a 6-year-old internship, landscapes were born "White Horse. Normandy "(1874)," Italian landscape with a peasant "(1874)," Abbey in Redon "(1876), Portrait" Arrest Huggeot Jacobin de Montebel, Countess d "Etremon" (1875), which in 1876 provided the rank of academician Arts.

By visiting Vienna, Munich, the oldest cities of Italy and France, in 1876 the artist returned to Russia with a clear vision of a further creative path.

"I tried and tried all the birth of painting: historic, landscape, marina, portrait of the head, animal images, Nature Morte, etc. and came to the conclusion that my talent is only closer to the landscape, domestic genre, which I will do." - wrote in the diary of the polenov.

To do creativity immediately at the arrival of Vasily Dmitrievich did not have time - the Russian-Turkish war began. However, the state trucks, heard about the graduate of the Academy of Arts, invited Polenov to take the place of the official artist under Alexander III.

The horrors of the war, the master of the pen transferred not to monumental canvases, and on paper - his front sketches were printed in the magazine "Bee". More attention of Polenov paid to peaceful landscapes. During the confrontation of the Russian and Ottoman Empires, "Babushkin Garden" and "Moscow Dvorik" (1878) were created, immediately after the war - "overgrown pond" (1879).

The painting "Moskovsky Dvorik" is considered one of the most famous in the work of Polenov. She captured the life of citizens in the midst of the summer day: a woman drags the rocker, children play in the grass, and the harrowed horse is grazing. On the back background - the fallen houses, but the powerful saved in the sands. Polenov's colleagues on the craft attributed canvas to a distinctive genre - "intimate landscape".

In the early 1880s, Eastern landscapes and biblical motives appeared in the work of Vasily Dmitrievich. In that period of biography, the artist drove on the cradle of Christianity: Constantinople, Palestine, Syria. In the road, the paintings were born "Bethlehem", "Olive in the Garden of Garden", "The Source of the Virgin Mary in Nazareth" (1882).

At the same time, the Polenov began to write an epoch fabric "Christ and sinner". The design of the painting "Christ and the sinner" (another name - "Who without sin?") Appeared from Polenov under the impression of the canvas "the phenomenon of Christ to the people" Alexander Ivanova. The artist wanted to show that not just appears, but exists among the laity.

Work on the work was carried out for a long time, and if not if the twin sister Vasily Dmitrievich, hardly ended - dying, faith took a promise from his brother that he would finish the picture and make her big format. The first sketches of the everyday history of Christ appeared in the 1870s, and the final work - in 1888.

"Christ and the sinner" were perceived with doubt, censors even refused to let the canvas at the exhibition. Alexander III acquired a picture for his own collection, and the location of the emperor to the artist immediately changed the opinion of the Company.

Plots in the Tula province, on the banks of the Okey River, bought on the proceeds. Later here was erected by the boron manor. The view, which opens from the windows of the estate, was based on the walls "Golden Autumn", "Fun. Autumn on the mouth near Taruza "," Chapel on the bank of the Oka "(1893).

In the 1900s, the artist collected material for the first and only series of pictures "from the life of Christ." The exhibition held in 1909 had a loud success and forever placed the name of Polenov to the list of the best painters of our time.

Final picture of Vasily Dmitrievich "Oka. Steamer "Vladimir", transformed into a tug "dates back to 1920.

Personal life

In the personal life of Vasily Polenov was only one woman - Natalia Vasilyevna Yakunchikova, daughter of the Moscow merchant. She became the wife of the artist in 1882.

6 children were born in marriage. Firstborn Fedor, appeared in the 1884th, did not live two years old. Dmitry (1886 r.), Catherine (1887 p.), Maria (1891, R.), Olga (1894) and Natalia (1898.).

Death

The death of Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov on the 83rd year of life, July 18, 1927, in the borz estate. Buried on a rural cemetery on the banks of the Oka River. According to the last will of the deceased on the grave, the Olonetsky cross was installed.

After leaving life, the heritage of Polenov continued to live. Now the State Memorial Historical and Artistic and Natural Museum-Reserve V. D. Polenova is located now in the borz estate. The heads of the institution at all times were the relatives of the artist.

Pictures

• 1867 - "Portrait of faith of Nikolaevna for military"
• 1873 - "Birch and Fern"
• 1874 - "White horse. Normandy"
• 1874 - "Mill in Völet. Normandy"
• 1875 - "Arrest Huggeota Jacobin de Montebel, Countess D" Etrem "
• 1877 - "Moskovsky Dvorik"
• 1878 - "Babushkin Garden"
• 1879 - "Ingrown Pond"
• 1882 - "Bethlehem"
• 1888 - "Christ and sinner"
• 1891 - "Early Snow"
• 1896-1909 - "Miscelred wisdom"
• 1908 - "Which of you without sin?"

Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov was a completely unique person who has not only the talent of a brilliant landscapeist, a and a gift of architect, a musician that composes music and playing keyboard tools, violin and accordion; Artist and director of their own theater, a talented teacher. And even to all his talents, Vasily Dmitrievich called "Knight of Beauty". But why it happened that he walked half of his life to his love, then in the review.

The famous landscape officer of Vasily Polenov (1844-1927), who was the artist, what is called "on the family", was the great-grandson of the architect Nikolay Lviv on the motherboard, the grandson of the faith of the War, which was the pupil of Gavrila Derzhavin, a wise and highly educated woman. Many artist's creations are under the influence and impression of family stories who told her grandchildren to her grandchildren.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/polenov-0017.jpg "Alt \u003d" (! Lang: Moscow courtyard.

All the landscapes of Polenov, with their calm and wide spacing, abundance of light and air, carry peace and delight, and the flavor of his paintings leads to admiration. In those years, the buyers of paints in Moscow shops naively demanded from merchants: "Give us paint, as in the paintings of the artist Polenov! Such, you know, bright, sunny, even if they will cost more! "

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There he met for the first time a 18-year-old Marius Obolenskaya, a Russian girl who studied in Italy opera singing. During joint walks in the Roman campaign between 28-year-old Vasily and 18-tailed Marus, gentle affection and love are born.
And soon, the brightly broken feelings of Polenov were so strong that he lost sleep and peace. For about four months, his love suffering lasted, but he did not have enough spirit to explain with Marusi.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/219415827.jpg "Alt \u003d" (! Lang: Patient. (1886).

Buried Obolensk in white bride outfit. And the polenov, it is very hard to experience the loss of beloved and regret that he did not have time to confess to her in his feelings, everything went and went to an old cemetery on dark cypress alleys to the monument, where his first love found his last refinement.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/40_4.jpg" alt=" Morusa Obolensky's graduate monument. Rome. Sculptor: Mark Anticoline." title=" Morusa Obolensky's graduate monument. Rome. Sculptor: Mark Anticoline." border="0" vspace="5">!}

The tombstone on the cemetery of the testachcho is the work of the sculptor Mark Antocolsky. He depicted an allegorical figure of young Christian girls, sorrowfully sitting at the entrance to the crypt ...

Second Love Vasily Polenova

After five years after the death of Obolensk, the second unexpected love fell on Polenov on the road, when a stranger entered his coupe. As later it turned out to be the surprise of the artist, her name was Maria - Maria Clima. And besides, she studied the opera singing of the Moscow Conservatory, as well as his Marusya. Seeing the sign of fate in such an amazing coincidence, Vasily Dmitrievich immediately fell in love with passionately and hotly.

The girl was twenty years old, and he was thirty-three ... But it was not destined to come true. Clementov, without responding to special reciprocity, then brought the artist to himself, then repelled.
And already becoming an opera singer, the same intrigue based on an empty female vanity, she will head with the writer Anton Chekhov.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/polenov-0003.jpg "Alt \u003d" (! Lang: Portrait of Natalia Vasilyevna Yakunchikova, Women Polenov. (1879). Author: Vasily Polenov." title=" Portrait of Natalia Vasilyevna Yakunchikova, Polenov wife. (1879).

And not immediately Vasily Dmitrievich understood, and then for a long time he could not believe that the relative of Mamontovy, Natalia Yakunchikova, was sighing on him - the daughter of the Moscow merchant and the industrialist. A quiet modest girl was for fourteen years younger than Polenov, and for several years she loved his devotee, silently and hot.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/polenov-0019.jpg." alt="Natalia Yakunchikova for easel. Etude. Author: Vasily Polenov." title="Natalia Yakunchikova for easel. Etude.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/polenov-0005.jpg." alt="V.D. Polenov with the younger daughters Olga and Natalia." title="V.D. Polenov with the younger daughters Olga and Natalia." border="0" vspace="5">!}

And after a few years later, the family of the full-scale will move in the estate of the beams on the banks of the Oka. Six children will be born in their family - two sons and four daughters. (The eldest son will die with a baby). There, for their own funds, they will erect the church, schools, will personally pay the work of teachers, they will create a people's theater, in which Natalia Vasilyevna Polenova will become the first director. And they will be founded by Dirama from the paintings of the artist himself, which for the local peasantry will be like "round-the-world journey" in the world.

And only four years, Natalia Vasilyevna will survive his husband - the brilliant artist-landscapeist Vasily Polenov.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/polenov-0015.jpg "Alt \u003d" (! Lang: Elena Dmitrievna Polenova - Sister Vasily Polenova." title=" Elena Dmitrievna Polenova - Sister Vasily Polenova." border="0" vspace="5">!}

In addition to the sister of faith, with which they were born on one day, Polyenova had two more sisters and brother. The youngest "lily" (Elena Polenova) will go in the footsteps of the famous brother, and will be the first professional woman in Russia. She, than and became famous.

The future talented master of landscape, genre and historical painting was born in 1844 in a large and enlightened noble family. It was the environment of Vasily in orphanage who had a huge influence on him, making it susceptible to various manifestations of life and giving the opportunity to reflect their feelings on the canvas.

The amazing talent of the artist was formed under the influence of her grandmother, which brought up children, putting them love for art and Russian nature. She encouraged the artistic abilities of grandchildren and their love for drawing. In childhood, Vasily had a huge influence of the Northern Olonetsky region with the richest nature, almost unaffected by human influence.

The future artist after the gymnasium went to study at Physmat of the University, but also did not forget his painting. After classes, he studied at the Academy of Arts, visiting many diverse classes and classes in various disciplines in this area. Vasily was a versatile and richly gifted man. In addition to drawing, he was fond of opera art, sang well and wrote musical creations.

For art education, the master had to interrupt the course of study at the university and finish the Academy (with a silver medal). At that time, he was already successfully exhibited and received recognition and awards for his outstanding work as gold medals. But all this did not turn his head with a young man, and he successfully completed his studies at the University at the Faculty of Law. With the help of academic scholarship, the artist leaves abroad, having visited the countries that have become now. He lived a lot of time in, in where he created the famous canvas "Arrest Countess D" Etremba ", which brought him the title of academician.

The life of the artist was stormy and very interesting. In 1874, he together with lives and works in French Normandy, where numerous landscapes writes, reflecting the beauty of local nature. Two years later, he returns to, and when the Russian-Turkish war begins, becomes an official artist at the rate of the future Emperor Alexander III.

The following years of the artist's life are closely related to teaching and work with theatrical decorations. Teaching in the famous School of Painting, Drainies and Architecture in is connected with the names of such famous artists like Korovin, and many others.

At the exhibition of Movie Artists In 1877, the picture of Polenov "Moskovsky Dvorik" becomes a well-known and very popular, and the master himself acquires the status of the founder of a new genre called "Intimate Landscape".

Becoming a member of the partnership of mobile art exhibitions, the artist is fond of landscape painting and travels a lot in places related to the ancient history and the birth of Christianity. Love for nature and greater open spaces makes him acquire the estate over the Oka River, which is now well known as Polenovo. There the master has settled everything to his taste, building the house and art workshops in their project. In his estate, he worked a lot and productively above the canvas, and also engaged in the formation of rural children, including teaching their painting.

In subsequent years, the artist repeatedly travels abroad to obtain the necessary information and artistic material for its webs. He spent many years over the creation of a series of paintings on the gospel themes, visited Italy and Germany.

During the First World War, his paintings participated in charitable exhibitions held to collect funds by the wounded and victims of hostilities. After the revolution, the artist lived in his estate and continued to work on artwork, reflecting the beauty and vast power of Russian nature in them.

The master has lived a long, fruitful and rich creative life with events and accomplishments. He died at the age of 83 and was buried in Polenovo, in his beloved place, where he often drew from nature. After the artist, there are many paintings and his house, which became a museum.

The artist who worked in different genres was remembered by the public, first of all, as the creator of wonderful samples of the Russian landscape. I remember the solar, joyful simplicity of my paintings. Near the works of Polenov in the Tretyakov Gallery is always a cluster of the people. The sky is bright, high, washing the domes of churches and wooden roofs of yard buildings, glare on the tracks, bush lilacs and the riveted thickets of herbs - all this is a unknown, familiar, and in all this she, Russia-Mother. To see usual things and hand it up so that the heart touched, only a great talent. July 18 - the day of memory of this wonderful artist. God forbid that the work of Vasily Dmitrievich is not left of the memory, as it is often with the classics. The habit in this case is the genus of oblivion. Let some of our young readers open for themselves "his" Polenov for themselves in one way or another genre.

In the cheerful spirit

Cold and gloomy issued autumn in the 1920s. The merciless of the last summer in many areas destroyed crops. For props, mass hunger began. The 76-year-old artist lived in the former borz estate. For weeks did not crawl out of a thick jacket, did not shoot the caps and mittens. To somehow reinforce yourself, the pitch apples and from morning to evening worked.

What to support people when so hard, longing will approach? And then the idea was born - to show the beauty of God's world, give a little joy. This time, the poles thought something fabulous: to arrange a light with highlighted paintings, on which the journey would be depicted at different parts of the Earth. "You think only how the peasants live", - said Vasily Dmitrievich, - "Half a year of cold, darkness, nothing but a restaurant ... You can die with longing ... and suddenly around the world!" .

To create paintings, the artist used his early etudes brought from trips. He himself constructed and made a portable folding box for the diorama. Hunger and work gradually undermined his health - he wrote standing. When the diorama was finally ready, he was going to go to the insurance, to personally participate in the show, and then the legs of the treacherously refused to serve - swollen so that the felt boots were impossible to wear. But not so, it was easy to keep Vasily Dmitrievich on the spot - he ordered to cut the boots on top and yet drove. Diorama was opened at the local museum, and its creator was modestly sat on the porch at the entrance and admired smiling faces of the emerging spectators.

The desire to bring people joy he retained until the end of his life, and at 80 years old - received news about the assignment of the title national artist. He was a folk artist, in fact - together with his people experienced what was the common lotion.

Many people celebrated the inherent aristocracy. Pasternak wrote about him: "It was the only one, in full and best sense of the word, a gentleman - European and aristocrat."

Polenova such definitions were confused. Somehow he noticed his relatives: "For some reason, everyone consider me an aristocrat. This is some kind of misunderstanding. I do not feel any noble qualities in myself. I constantly work, and above all I love work ... People close to me all workers " . Polenov, indeed, worked all his life, but still, the connection with the noble culture allocated him from the environment of artists and largely determined the originality of his work.

Talent sources

Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov in St. Petersburg was born, in 1844 in the informant family. His father was a major official and a diplomat, and at the same time - a famous historian and an archaeologist. Artists, professors, musicians, scientists, and Vasily, and Vasily became intelligent to the intellectual and artistic atmosphere. Difficulties in choosing a life path were connected with this. From his youth, he managed a lot, and he could not choose between science and art. Finally, it was decided in the family that the university education would not hurt him, and Vasily Dmitrievich entered the Physics and Mathematical Faculty of the University, not leaving and leaking on the student's course at the Academy of Arts. True, painting already fascinated him more than him, and he even left the university for a while.

The interest of Polenov to the art was largely obliged to be that his teacher turned out to be one of the best teachers of that time, which raised the whole Pleiad of the Great Artists - P.P. Cleaners. A few years later, at the insistence of Polenov's parents returned to a university bench (this time as a student of the Law Faculty), but the inner choice apparently has already taken place. However, the artist never regretted on obtaining higher education - it expanded the range of his ideas, which was important for creativity. During the years of study, he gladly visited a variety of courses: right, anatomy, on construction art and descriptive geometry and, finally, on the history of elegant arts.

Two medals

1871 in the life of a novice artist was special. Ahead was graduation tests at the university and at the Academy of Arts, practically, at the same time. Examination was not for Vasily Dmitrievich empty formality. He kept exams with honor. Most of the items at the University of Polenov passed on "excellent", and meanwhile, in the Academy it was expected no less serious test.

As a topic of work for a graduation competition, they are with I.E. Repin - his classmate - got. A well-known story about how Christ raised the suddenly deceased 12-year-old daughter of the chief of the synagogue. At the end of work, two wonderful, but completely different in style and the mood of the painting were presented to the Academy. Repin managed to convey the greatness and mystery of the miracle of the resurrection. In the repincial image of the Savior there was a divine force, and power, and kindness, and its immense loneliness among the world. When looking at this image, I remembered the words of prophecy about Christ: "He took over our genthes and suffered a disease" (Is. 54: 3; Matt. 8: 17) . "Her husband's sorrow" was Christ in the film of Repin.

I.E. Repin "Resurrection of the IAIR daughter" (1871)

Other artistic decision suggested Polenov. His work looked more simple, almost genre, the miracle was, as it were, dissolved in everyday life, and when looking at his image of the Savior, another prophecy was remembered - "There is no species or greatness." (IS.53: 2) . The artist presented a tired traveler, a selfless physician. The picture served as a reminder that, having come to the world, the Son of God for humility "Accept Zrak (that is, the image) of the slave", Passed the poor earth. And how much warmth and hope was in the look of the girl, which he kept for a thin, transparent from the illness of Christ's hand! Both graduates of the Academy received large gold medals for their paintings and the right to foreign trips to improve their talent.

V.D. Polenov "Resurrection of the daughter of Jair" (1871)

From European romanticism - to Russian lyrics

Traveling in Europe, the polenov was looking for her "style", his own way in art. He brought two significant historical paintings from abroad - "Arrest Guggeotka" and "right by Mr.". Both were highly appreciated by the signs of painting, but they were still very reminded of the works of European masters, and the polenov did not want to go through a simple imitation.

"Arrest Huggeot Jacobin de Montebel, Countess D'Tremon" (1875.G.)

Several years have passed, and Vasily Dmitrievich finally found his "niche". In those years, he gets closer to the Movie - artists of a new generation, opposing dry academism with its strict canons - a more lively, realistic image of reality.

Polenov with his desire for simplicity embedded in this direction. And then one "Turgenevsky" landscapes appeared one after another. First, Russian artists often imitated Italian masters, looking for special types of unusual lighting. It seemed that nothing special could not be extracting from the "poor Russian nature". Polenov also overturned stereotypes, was able to convey the beauty of the usual. His works were even joyful as the "Moscow courtyard", the penetrated by the Sun, then a little sad, transmitting the careless charm, the shyness of the grass and shrub of the ancient estates.

"Moskovsky Dvorik" (1878)

"Babushkin Garden" (1878)

Looking at his "grandmother's garden" or "overgrown pond", I wanted to plunge into a leisurely, measured life, where everything is a cozy house with a history, a walkway and a boat, the inxious corners of the garden and lilies on the water - pleased the heart, it was close and commensurate to a person. The success of Polynov's paintings was complete, and if there were first friends, hiding over his passion to Europe, called him "Don Basilio", now he was assigned the honorable "title" - "Knight of Magnitude".

"Ingrown pond" (1879)

Roads of Christ

Artistic Heritage Polenova is not only a landscape, historical and genre painting. Still in his youth under the impression of Ivanov's work "The Phenomenon of Christ People", the artist conceived to create a cycle of paintings about the life of the Savior. For this purpose, Vasily Dmitrievich traveled a lot, studied nature, life, ethnographic details, until finally, did not bring his idea. At the same time, he managed to preserve the same simplicity as in the Russian landscape.

One of the famous works of the Polenovsky cycle is "on the mountain". We know the Lord - the creator of the world, but how it simply transmits it with the poles! - Christ here is a traveler who is in full harmony with nature. He is the source of her beauty and perfection.

"On the mountain"

The same everydayness, the same lack of external effects - and in the work of VD, Polenov "Christ and sinner", where the main thing is the topic of mercy and justice. A fierce crowd with a feeling of imaginary tricks under shouts and the ululyukani wore to Jesus the young woman frown in sin, and he keeps amazing calm. Another minute, and after a few of his words, no one will remain from this set of people, and above the head of this unfortunate, has time to survive and the horror of the shame, and the threat of massacre, - acknowledged, desequeous, - the word for forgiveness and warning will sound.

"Christ and sinner" (1887)

In whatever genre, Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov, whether he wrote the interiors or antique ruins, genre portraits or landscapes, didn't tell the life of Christ, - all his work radiated the world, harmony and good. So he understood his calling, his appointment of the artist.

"Terem Palace" (1877)

1 quote. By: Paston E.V. Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov. - L. Artist RSFSR, 1991. P. 105

2 Pasternak L.O. V.D. Polenov. From my memories. Mr. O R. F. 54, units. xp 3415 (Cyt. By: Paston E.V. Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov. P. 106)

3 cyt. by: Sakharov E.V. People's Theater and Family V.D. Polenova. Memories of the daughter of the artist. // Tarusk pages. - Kaluga, 1961. P. 149

4 The name of his own direction received, thanks to mobile art exhibitions that artists were organized in different cities of Russia.

When working on the material, the following sources were used:

1. Paston E.V. Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov. - L. Artist RSFSR, 1991.
2. Sakharov E.V. People's Theater and Family V.D. Polenova. Memories of the daughter of the artist. // Tarusk pages. - Kaluga, 1961.
3. Sakharov E.V. V.D. Polenov, E.D. Polenova. Chronicle of the family of the artist. - M., 1964.
4. Favorite Russian artists. Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov. (http://www.bibliotekar.ru/kpolenov)
5. State Museum Usadba V. D. Polenova (http://polenovo.tula-oblast.ru)
6. Polenov, Vasily Dmitrievich. Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia. // Wikipedia.

Dmitrievich Polenova, especially in that part of it, where the artist is the creator of the lyrical, "intimate" landscape, had a strongest influence on all the subsequent development of Russian art.

Polynova studied such large masters of painting, as I. Levitan, K. Korovin, I. Ostrukhov, A. Golovin, S. Ivanov, A. Arkhipov, and many other Russian artists.

V. D. Polenov was born on June 1, 1844. In 1863, at the end of the gymnasium, the Polenov entered the Academy of Arts, first the volunteer, and then, since 1866, was enrolled already as a student in the workshop of one of the best academic professors, Chistyakov. Pursuing at the Academy, Polenov simultaneously studied at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1871, he graduated from the university, and in 1872 the Academy, having received the highest awards and a foreign business trip for the paintings of "Jobs and his friends" and "Resurrection of the Iair daughter". Abroad, he visited Munich, Venice, Florence, Naples, Rome and Paris.

IN Paris, where the polenov came from Italy, he lived until 1876. At the same time, other retirees lived with him
Academy of Arts: I. Repin, K. Savitsky, P. Kovalevsky, who were all together a friendly family. Here, under the influence of Munich historical painters and in part of such French artists, as Derash and Reno, their first paintings were written on historical stories taken from European history.

These were the paintings "Law of Mr." (1874) and "Huggeot's arrest" (1875); For the last he received the title of academician. Both of these works are written in the spirit of the then samples of historical poisoning. Under elegant scenery and theatrical butafory, neither genuine drama, nor genuine penetration in the historical spirit of the era depicted. These works are still so academic that without any reservations were approved and accepted by the then Academy.

But at the same time, Polenov was awakened by the desire for the colorfulness, brightness and purity of the tones. From artists especially influenced Polenov Spaniard Fortuna. In a letter to I. N. Kramsky Polenov writes: "But I personally covered me and absorbed one artist [fortunes], whose works are made up, in my understanding, the highest point of development of our art; He, as it seems to me, is the last word of artistic in painting at present ... It connects with the strictest, but not conditionally dead academic, but with a life pattern, with an unpatiently delicate real, albeit a personal sense of color (his paintings, if possible To express, silver-pearl) is the truthful comparison of objects, as it only happens in a lively reality, and therefore it is a new and peculiar ... "

The influence of Fortune can undoubtedly be traced in Colorite Polenov, but not exclusively to him at this time, our artist. According to his Norman Etudes, for example, a fishing boat in Etretat "(1874), according to the color of the sketch of the" Prodigal Son ". (1874) It is quite definitely possible to judge his acquaintance with impressionists, although there is no mention of them anywhere in his statements. Barbozonians with whom he also got acquainted. Norman Etudes Polyenov talk about his passion to landscapes, about the desire to saturate them with color, about colorful searches for silver-pearl tone.

With such a dual luggage - the realistic picturesque sensation of nature and performed theatrality of historical paintings - returns to Russia.

Returning to Russia in 1876, the polenov and here thought to continue working on historical paintings, but at this time his attitude towards the tasks of art would be much changed. In a letter to Kramsky, he writes: "He began to work in the village, photographed [so calls the work of work from nature] a peasant and something else; Repin approved, said that another person wrote that Parisian things in comparison with these photographs - without natures written. " Judging by this letter, it is possible to conclude an awakening in the artist of interest in the surrounding life, and therefore, a removal of theatrical historicism, about interest in national reasons and, finally, about the realistic approach to reality.

At this time, the polenov thinks a series of paintings from Russian history. He moves from St. Petersburg to Moscow and, by setting the task of a real interpretation of the historical plot, he writes a series of brilliant Etudes of the Kremlin Teremes. But on this work breaks down. The Serbian -Turian war began, and then the Russian -Tureskaya, and the polenov goes to the front as an artist. Only after returning from the front, in 1879, the artist enters into the partnership of mobile exhibitions, with the main members of which - Repin, Kramsky, Savitsky-he was still indebted in the closest relationship. Polenov, in essence, never belonged to the main kernel of "Mobile". He slowly, with the greatest caution approached the question of joining the memberships. At the same time, he did not really endure with the Academy. In one of the letters to Kramsky, he writes: "It is not necessary to completely break with her - the benefit from this will be released little, and yourself hurt; The position, as you can see, not very pleasant. Of course, it would be possible to go across, well, yes, I feel, I don't have enough strength; What to do is weak, I am confident in that. " Polenov just felt that there were still academic influences in his work in his work, which his academic "Christ and sinner" should appear.

But not in this picture and not in others from the cycle dedicated to Christian legends, the strength and importance of Polenovsky creativity. Yes, the mobile exhibition of 1879, he was represented by the pictures of Babushkin Garden, Moscow Dvorik and Summer, who made a whole era in the development of the Russian landscape and marked the turn in his own artistic activity, these pictures of the Polenov created a new type of landscape - Intimate and Intimate Landscape lyrical. In these scenery, the artist shaves with conventional, he comes out in the sun, the shadows acquire the wealth of shades and the softness of the relationship, the air permeates the picture space. These Polenovsky landscapes are, of course, are still far from the picturesque understanding of the plenier by impressionists, but at that time they were so new, which was revelation for many artists.

Light relations were carried away by Polenov. This is evidenced and created in 1886 the painting "Patient", where the task of transmitting the early, still very blue morning light with artificial lighting is successfully allowed with an artificial lighting lamp under a green lamp.

In the early 80s, the pans thinks a series of paintings on the stories of biblical and evangelical legends. Just as he began with studying the situation for unnecessary paintings 1 of Russian history, and now he began with the study of nature and the situation, among which the action took place. For the implementation of this task, from November 1881 to April 1882, Polenov travels in the east (Palestine, Syria), Greece and Egypt and brings from there a set of scenery and ethnographic character. These etudes produced an amazing impression in the artistic environment. Never before them there was no such invasion of the sun and air, the game of light in the illuminated colorful shadows, such a subtlety of relations, the riches of countless shades of different tones. Etudes allowed the task of the air perspective, that is, the transmission of impressions of greater or less remoteness of objects with these shades.

In Eastern Etudes, Polenov felt the further movement of the artist on the way to mastering the plenier, to enrich painting with shades of color. And it is quite clear that only under the leadership of Polenov could have a brilliant artist, the first Russian impressionist K. A. Korovin.

The result of the trip to the East was a large picture of "Christ and the sinner" (1887). Despite its realism, which expressed in the study of types and terrain, in the composition of the picture, seeking to convey the likelihood of the entire scene, it still retains a lot of communication with the traditional academic style. The fact that contains in it compared to academic paintings is the landscape. The Landscape of Polenova is not only an additional background on which the scene is played, -suage plays an independent role here. If it affects in the "sinner" yet not so clear, although here we see a group of cypresses and lengthening away the hills to the right, then in other pictures from the biblical legend, the landscape plays an even more significant role, and often prevails over the main action of the painting - psychological drama retreats to the background. In this cycle of paintings, Polenov puts its task to show a person among the nature, his merging with her.

Upon completion in 1909, the cycle of biblical paintings was finally addressed to the landscape. From repeated trips abroad (1887-1896) and in Crimea, he took a lot of etudes, in which they pursued all the same tasks. His round landscapes, written by him in their estate, are big attention to a big spot, near Taruza, where the museum was created after the revolution and where he died.

If the role of Polenova as an innovator who has enriched Russian painting with new light and color relations, then its social merit is equally significant as the propaganda of theatrical art in the thickness of the working mass is still long before the revolution.

The original love of Polenov to the colorful pictorial element still in his youth attracted the artist to the theater. His activity as the theater decorator began in Abramtsev, in a circle of young artists (Repin, Brothers Vasnetsov, Serov, K. Korovin, Nesterov, Vrubel, etc.), (Grounding around the family of the polenate C, I. Mamontov. In Abramtsev, a number was written Landscapes and theater decorations for both the Abrahantse theater and the Mamontov Theater in Moscow. Subsequently, a large opera company Mamontov increased from this theater, which had well-deserved fame in those years. Polenov was invited to the decorator in the Mamoite opera and made a lot of new and interesting
according to plans and paints in the area of \u200b\u200btheatrical and decorative creativity. |

Love for the theater led him to propaganda of theatrical art in the wide labor masses of the old Russia. In 1912, a section of the People's Theater was organized under the union of scenic figures. After the collapse of the Union, as the organization of the democratic, the People's Theater section found a shelter in Russian technical society, from where he passed to the Moscow Society of People's Universities. By this time, V. D. Polenov was elected chairman, which preserved this post until 1920, the time of his illness and the final resettlement in Behovo. The home was built onto the owned funds, in which the section was supposed to work. Subsequently (1927-1928), another year has grown, a much broader organization is a much broader house - the central house of folk art. Krupskaya.

For the artistic and social merits of Polenov in 1926, the title of People's Artist of the Republic was awarded.

As we said, the importance of Polenov as the creator of a lyrical landscape, as the predecessor and teacher Levitan, K. Korovin and many other Russian artists hugely. In all his works, if it is a clean landscape or a genre of a biblical legend, always performs one major acting person - the sun, sunlight with all its infinitely diverse shades. Polyenov's paintings are imbued with cheerfulness and cheerfulness, they call for love by nature and the world, showing us samples of fresh realism, and therefore their meaning is great.