Schrödinger's law with simple words. Schrödinger's cat simple words

This is a phrase - Schrödinger's cat - heard many. And some lovers of cats and cats are asked: "And where to buy such a cat?" And nowhere can you buy it, because it does not exist! It does not exist as an animal, but perfectly feels like a mental experiment or paradox invented by Schrödinger.

A little about Schrödinger

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schredinger was at one time not only an outstanding scientist, the Nobel laureate, but also by the "Father of Quantum Mechanics". In atomic physics, the basic concept is considered to be its equation, which is called - "Schrödinger Equation". But it did not bring popularity to outstanding physics! And his mental experiment, which revealed a paradox against quantum physics.

This experiment of Schrödinger became such a revelation that not only physicists know about him, but also ordinary inhabitants. At least at least by name! And this experiment itself was proof of the insolvency of the interpretation of the laws of quantum mechanics presented in Copenhagen in 1927 by Nils Bow and Werner Gazenberg. This interpretation was based on the response of two scientists to the question of the Corporal - wave dualism, which is peculiar to quantum mechanics. This interpretation provides reason to believe that the mixing of the system stops at the time of observation - it simply chooses some particular one state.

The essence of the experiment, or the very paradox of Schrödinger

What is it - Schrödinger's cat, how can I understand this experience? "Existing persons" in this experiment are a live cat and radioactive atoms. Here is a fairly simple explanation for this experiment:

• We have a box, the cat will sit in this box (or a cat - without a difference), and there will be a special mechanism there will be there. This mechanism consists of a container with sufficiently poisonous gas and a nuclear kernel. Moreover, this core has a period of decay per hour with a probability of 50%, that is, equal to the side "for" or "against". At the time of decay, the mechanism is launched that opens this container with a poison in the form of gas. That is, the kernel still broke up - the cat died of poisoning. The kernel remains the whole cat is healthy and cheerful.
• Cat (or cat) locked in this box and sits there exactly one hour.
• The quantum monitoring of the same mechanic seems to tell us that both our cat itself and the atomic core are located simultaneously in both states (this is superposition). While we have not yet discovered the ill-fated box, the probability of the situation "our cat alive" or "Our cat, unfortunately, died" is in accordance with 50% by 50%. That is, our cat, who sits in this box, at the same time dead and alive!
• And the intermediate state between is alive - there is no dead in this situation! And it does not completely depend on the observer, but only from the nucleus!

That is, if very simple - observations over the core and the cat is not. And that is why their condition can be described in two ways - the kernel broke up and the cat is dead, the kernel did not break up and the cat is alive. At the same time, without checking, cat and is alive, because the kernel and broke up and did not fit. And only when control, in an hour, it is possible to "make a diagnosis" confidence. And before the expiration of this hour and the kernel and our cat is located immediately in the two phases - and positive, and negative! This is a paradox! Because it is impossible to be both dead and alive - contradicts all the laws. But before checking in an hour to say, in what exactly this is the core, and, therefore, our cat is simply impossible. Any statement will be false!

And with the help of this experiment, it is clearly seen that the quantum mechanics carrying very essential and paradoxical flaws. Schrödinger's notorious cat, this clearly proved. After all, to be at the same time and alive, and dead, it is impossible, namely, this happens with the filing of this quantum mechanics! Experience shows that such a paradox is simply unthinkable to the alarm of common sense. This means that the entire quantum mechanics are paradoxical and requires add-ons in the form of rules, only they can specify the conditions, in the presence of which there will be only one option.

Interpretation of the Schredinger experiment

Let's start with the fact that at least the name that exists today speaks about this experiment "Schrödinger Cat", in the original version of the experiment was the cat! And today this experience has several interpretations.

Copenhagen interpretation

It is she who claims that until the box appears, our unfortunate cat stays in a "mixed" condition - that is, it is both dead, and alive. Paradox? Understanding! And only at that moment, when we opened the boxer of Schrödinger, the same wave collapse occurs, which everything "places in its place." But in this interpretation there is no clear rule, which covers the moment of entering the nucleus atom into the detector.

Interpretation of Everett, which is called multi-volume

Here the observation itself is not special or necessary. According to this interpretation, both status of a cat may exist before exposure to the environment. And only when the Schrödinger drawer is open, one faithful state remains!

Interpretation of Kota himself

Of course, the cat does not mean anything in quantum mechanics, but in assessing its condition, it is definitely sense. It was about this that Max Tegmark, Hans Merev, Bruno Marshal! If you judge the inner look of the cat itself, it will always remain alive. And all because the dead will not be able to evaluate their condition, and if after opening the box of Schrödinger, this cat is assessed, then it is clearly not dead! Yes, and this paradox itself, they called nothing but the "quantum suicide of the animal"!

California paradox!

But this is absolutely from the area of \u200b\u200bfiction! Nadav Katz, a scientist from California spent and described the next experience. He returned the quantum state of this particle at the starting point, and he was able to measure its condition. According to him, even opening the Schrödinger Box, you can return everything at the starting point. And it does not matter whether the cat will be alive, or it will be everywhere, you can "reset". Paradox? Understanding!

This cat in world literature

The experiment of Schrödinger's physics brought him (and his cat!) Fame not only in scientific circles, but also in the literature. Robert Heinline, in his novel "A cat, passing through the walls," described the redhead cat in the pixel nickname. It is always in both states, as well as his namesake of Schrödinger. And it was on this that the entire plot of the novel was built!

But Terry Prattatchert described the special breed of cats that occurred from the progenitor - a cat, the participant of the Schrödinger experiment. And these seams were unusually smart. But the basis of the interesting plot of the novel, which is called the "invasion of quantum cats", the author of Frederick Paul, lay cats from parallel, or rather the "neighboring" universes. And he pushed him on such a plot that the experiment of Schrödinger!

But the miniature (satirical) Nikolai Baitova, which is called the Schrödinger Cat, describes the revolution of this experience inside out. There, in the plot there is such a "reversible league". Members of this league constantly, for the past fifty years, intently observe the cat. That is, the essence of this plot is that, without stopping his observation, people (members of this league) retain the life of an unfortunate animal. As soon as the observation stops - the cat will die!

And not only in the literature, but also in many films and TV shows, this cat is present. For example, at the main character, which is shown in the series "Sliding", there is a personal favorite with a nickname (no, nor little!) Schrödinger. And as otherwise, the very essence of this series is built on a quantum (of course!) Mechanics, its laws. And even let the series a little humorous, adventure and fantastic - watched him many. So, the Schrödinger's cat learned.

And it can, that is why many real lovers of fluffy pets are looking for information on the Internet, where can I buy such a handsome man? Also asked what kind of breed is so and how to get it! All thanks to the literature and cinema, as well as the enormous popularity of the Schrödinger experiment itself. And in fact, the kitty, which served as the prototype of this most famous cat, was completely ordinary. She had a turtle color and was still very young! And it is very good that after the experiment she was absolutely alive! By the way, after the publication of the report on your mental experiment, Schredinger himself received a lot of proposals to sell kittens, which then appeared from his favorite. So now in the world there should be quite a lot of descendants of the most famous cat in history, and or rather a cat!

- A mental experiment of the physics of Erwin Schrödinger, the essence of which is that the cat in the box is alive and dead. Thus, the scientist argued the incompleteness of quantum mechanics during the transition from subatomic systems to macroscopic.

Origin

Austrian Physico Theorist Erwin Schrödinger In 1935, in the article "Current Situation in Quantum Mechanics" (Die Gegenwärtige Situation In Der Quantenmechanik) in the Naturwissenschaften edition offered an experiment with a cat in the box.

We take a cat and put in the box. The box contains an atomic core and a container with poisonous gas. The probability of the decay of the nucleus is 50%, if it takes place, the gas container will open and the cat will die. If the decay does not happen - the cat is alive. According to the basics of quantum mechanics, before we open the box, the cat is in a state of quantum superposition - that is, in all states at the same time.

It turns out that in the Côte core system, the cat may be alive or dead with the same probability of 50%. Or he is alive at the same time, and dead.

Popularity on the Internet

For the first time on the Internet, the question with Côte Schrödinger was discussed in May 1990 on the USNET's SCI.physics Forum. On August 9, 2000, the Praight Dope response forum published a poem dedicated to Schrödinger's cat.

In August 2004, the online store Thinkgeek began selling T-shirts with the inscription "Schrödinger's cat died."

On January 4, 2006, Comic Schrödinger came out in the XKCD comic book series.

"- The last panel of this comic is funny and uninhabited at the same time. While you do not read it, it is impossible to say how he will be at the end.

- Heck"

On June 2, 2007, on the website I CAN HAS Cheezburger published a picture of a cat in a box with a signature: "In your quantum box ... One cat ... maybe."

The crown of the popularity of Schrödinger's cat was dedicated to him by Google Dudle, who appeared on August 12, 2013 - on the day of the 126th anniversary of Erwin Schrödinger.

Fixing in popular culture

A significant role in popularizing the cat Schrödinger in the mass culture was played by films, TV shows, books and computer games, where this experiment was mentioned. We give only some examples.

In the 16th series of the sixth season "Futurama", police delay Schrödinger and his cat.

In the second series of the first season Rick and Morty, the main characters are encountered with Schrödinger's cats in parallel reality.

Sheldon Cooper in the "Theory of the Big Explosion" with the help of the theory of Schrödinger's cat explained Penny, as the relationship between men and women work.

Value

Schrödinger's cat is not only an Internet meme, but also a hero of mass culture. The cat, which is simultaneously alive, and dead, symbolizes some two-hazale. I remember about Schrödinger when something is both funny and no, or when something is simultaneously prohibited and allowed. For example, a traffic light, which simultaneously burns red and green signal - Schrödinger traffic light.

Gallery

What is Schrödinger's cat, Schrödinger Cat, all about Schrödinger's cat, Cat Schrödinger's Paradox, Schrödinger's experience with a cat, a cat in a box, nor lively a dead cat, Is Schrödinger's cat, experiment with cat

This is a cat, which is alive and dead at the same time. In such a disadvantaged state, he is obliged to the Nobel laureate in physics, Austrian scientist Erwin Rudolf Josef, Alexander Schrödinger.

Sections:

The essence of the experiment / paradox

The cat is located in a closed box, where there is a mechanism containing a radioactive kernel and a container with a poisonous gas. The characteristics of the experience are selected in such a way that the possibility that the kernel will decrease in 1 hour, is 50%. If the core disintegrates, it leads the mechanism into action, a gas container opens, and the cat dies. According to quantum mechanics, if there is no observation over the core, its condition is described by the superposition (mix) of the two states - the broken kernel and the unprecedented nucleus, therefore, the cat sitting in the box, and is alive, and the dead.

It is worth opening the box - and the experimenter should only see any one state - "the kernel broke out, the cat's cat" either "the kernel did not break up, the cat is alive." But so far there is no observer in the process, the ill-fated animal remains "mooring."

Marginali

• Misfortune never comes alone
  Doubt not only the health of the taper inhabitant of the box, but also its gender belonging: in the original experiment, Schrödinger's cat was a cat (Die Katze).
• "Deckless" cats no
  It is important to remember that Schrödinger's experience is not intended to prove the existence of "dead" cats (and, despite the statement in the second part of the game "Portal", was not invented as an excuse for killing cats). Obviously, the cat must necessarily be alive, or the dead, since the intermediate state does not exist.
  Experience shows that the quantum mechanic is not able to describe the behavior of the macro system (the cat belongs to what the cat belongs to): It is incomplete without certain rules that indicate when the system chooses one particular condition, under what conditions the collapse of the wave function and the cat or remains alive, or becomes a dead But ceases to be mixed up and the other.

Interpretations Copenhagen interpretation It denies that before opening the box the cat is in a state of mixing live and dead. Some believe that until the box is closed, the system is in the superposition of the states "the core, the dead cat" and "the unprecedented kernel, a living cat," and when the box is open, then only then the collapse of the wave function is taken to one of the options. Others - that "observation" occurs when the particle from the nucleus falls into the detector; However, alas, in the Copenhagen interpretation there is no clear rule that says when this happens, and therefore this interpretation is incomplete until such a rule has been introduced or not specified as it can be introduced in principle. Multi-family interpretation of EverettIn contrast to Copenhagen, does not consider the observation process something special. Here both Cat states exist, but decoke - that is, as the author understood, the unity of these states is disturbed as a result of interaction with the environment. When the observer opens the box, it is confused (mixed) with a cat, which is why two states of the observer are formed, corresponding to one living, and the other dead cat. These states do not interact with each other. Cat as a competent observer
The author believes that the decisive word should be left for a cat, which, albeit not the meaning of either Belmes in quantum mechanics, is definitely better than everyone aware of his condition. However, its competence as an observer obviously causes doubts about scientists. The exceptions represent Hans Merevs, Bruno Marshal and Max Tegmark, who proposed a modification of a Schrödinger experiment, known as "quantum suicide", and a presented experiment with a cat in terms of a cat. Scientists have pursued the goal to show the difference between Copenhagen and multi-family interpretations of quantum mechanics. In the event that the multi-volume interpretation is true, the cat, the joy of sympathizer, becomes the center always remains alive, since to observe the result of the experiment, the participant is capable only in the world in which survives.

• Nadav Katz from California University and his colleagues published the results of laboratory experience in which they managed to "return" a quantum state of the particle back, and after measuring this state. Thus, you can save the life of the cat, regardless of the collapse conditions of the wave function. It doesn't matter, he is alive, or dead: you can always play back [link].
• 06/03/2011 RIA "News" reported that Chinese physicists were able to create eight-photon "Cat Schrödinger" [Link], which should contribute to the development of future quantum computers

Image in culture

Perhaps no one did more to popularize quantum mechanics than the poor-cat. Even the most distant people from this complex knowledge, people who excited about the fate of probably suffering animals are trying to figure out the subtleties of the experiment, hoping that not everything is so bad. The cat inspires art and mass culture figures.
We mention its main merit:

Literature: The situation with Schrödinger's cat is discussed by the main characters of the book of Douglas Adams "Detective Ding Gentley Agency. In the book of Dan Simmons "Endimion", the main character of Raoul Endimion writes his story, while in the Orbit of Armagasta in the "Cat Box" of Schrödinger. In the last third of the book of Robert Heinline "The cat passing through the walls appears a red cat pixel, which has the property of the Schrödinger Cat in two states at the same time. In the book of Terry Pratucht "Cat without fools" in humorous form describes the breed of so-called "Schrödinger Cats", which occurred from the very cat Schrödinger. Also, this mental experiment is more than once mentioned in other works of Pratucht, for example, in the novel "Ladies and the Lord". In the story of F. Gwinplena Makintyra "In Nanki, Citama Schrödinger" one of the characters are home to Schrödinger himself, Cat Tibblence. Around this cat, in fact, the action of a humorous story is unfolded, generously seasoned with details from different fields of physics. The plot of the scientific fiction novel Frederick Paul "invasion of quantum cats" (English "The Coming Of The Quantum Cats", 1986) was built on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe interaction of the "neighboring" universes. In the philosophical and satirical miniature of Nikolai Baitova "Cat Schredinger" Paradox of Schrödinger turned inside out: an organization called "League of reversible time" over the past 50 years he has been led by a living cat for a moment for a moment not interrupted observation, believing that while observation is conducted - condition in which the cat stays should not change. In the book Lukyanenko "Last Watch", the main character is thrown on the neck of a fishing called "Schrödinger Cat", whose feature is that magicians do not understand, this creature is alive or not. Mentioned in the Roman Grahae Igan "Quarantine", in Fantasy Christopher Stashef "Magic Healer", Gregory Dale Bear in the story "Schredinger Plangier"; Polish writer Sapkovsky mentions Cotringer's cat. In the cyberpunk-novel, Mearci Shelly "2048" states that "one type with the surname, reminiscent of a file, sled some unfortunate biorg to an iron box, where there was nothing but ampoule with poison." The poem Svetlana Shirankaya Cat Schrödinger has a very inspiring principle: "Dr. Schrödinger, your cat is still alive." Screen: In the movie of the Cohen Brothers "Serious Man", the student says a professor: "I understand the experiment with the dead cat," that, naturally, testifies to the opposite. In the film "REPO MAN" ("Collectors", in the Russian rental "Rippers"), the main character at the beginning of the film tells about an unknown scientist who has a cat. And this cat is in a state "... and alive and dead at the same time ...". In one of the series of the science fiction series "Stargates SG-1", a cat with a nickname Schrödinger appears. The cat's eponymous is also the main character of the science fiction series "Sliding". In the series "Stargate SG-1", a red cat named Schrödinger was donated by alien. Schredinger's dead cat appears in the series "CSI: LAS VEGAS" (Season 8, Episode 15: Theory of Everything). Schrödinger's cat is mentioned in the TV series "Theory of the Big Explosion", where as a response to the question of the girl, whether she should go on a date, the hero holds an analogy with Schrödinger's cat, meaning that you don't try, you will not learn: "Penny, for In order to find out, live cat or dead, you need to open the box. " In the TV series "Bugs" as Schrödinger's role, a red mercury was performed in a mined safe. In the Japanese Anime "Hellsing (OVA)" (as in the manga of the same name), there is a kotochet's character named Schrödinger, not alive and not dead, who has the ability to teleport ("be everywhere and nowhere"), and absolutely unnecessary. In Anime "To Aru Majutsu No Index" on the offer of the girl to name the kitten by Schrödinger, Chief chief objects that it is impossible to call the name of the cats. In the anime "Shigofumi" also appears on the cat named Schrödinger. In Japanese Anime and the game "Umineko no Naku Koro Ni" experience, experience is used in an attempt to prove the impossibility of the existence of magic (the "proof of the devil", "Ravens of Hempel", "Demon Laplace"). In one of the "Futurama" series "Law and Oracle" Schrödinger hid in a box with a cat of narcotic substances. Comics / Manga: A small comic about Schrödinger's Cote and Maxwell Demone. He is dead: Schrödinger Cat: and other comics on joyreactor.ru. Games: There is a game-quest "Return of a quantum cat." In the game "Nethack" there is a monster "Quantum Mechanic", which with me sometimes there is a box with a cat. The status of the cat is not defined until the box open. In the game "Half-Life 2" there was a cat in a laboratory with teleportists, nightmares about which "so far" visits Barney. The portrait of Schrödinger Cat meets in the remake based on "Half-Life" 1998. - Black Mesa ("Black Mesa", previously known as "Black Mesa: Source"). Link to a notarized screenshot. At each level of the game "BIOSHOCK" in a secluded corner there is a dead cat, designated as shrodinger. In the second part, it can also be found - the cat is resting in one of the ice floes in a frozen room with four surveillance chambers in the corners. The NPC Côte NPC is in the Japanese RPG "Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga". The main slogan game Portal, "The Cake Is A Lie", is an error of one of the outcomes of the Schrödinger experiment, namely "The Cat Is Alive". In the second part of the game the cat is also not forgotten. The mention of the experiment can be found in the book of Rules of the Russian Board Game "Era Avalole". At the cat there even has its own characteristics sign - it is absolutely empty, so it seems to be no. Music: Several stages survived the so-called festival of non-standard music "Cat Schredinger", held under the slogans "Real Life - Real Death - True Music!" And "Alive or Dead Schredinger's cat? And you?" Google also reports that the name "Schrödinger's cat" is a near-disconnecting project of a very small team from the Moscow region Korolev. In the album of the British Tears for Fears "Saturnine Martial and Lunatic" there is a song with the same name. The Russian group "Allein Fur" IMMER also performs a song with such a name. Humor: Any joke about Schrödinger's cat is funny and uninhabited at the same time. Schrödinger and Heisenberg are driving on the highway at the conference, Schrödinger behind the wheel. Suddenly a blow and he stops the car. Heisenberg peeps on the road:
- My God, it seems I knocked a cat!
- He died?
- I can not say exactly. Schrödinger walked around the room in search of the naked kitten, and he sat in a box nor alive. Miscellanea: Schrödinger's cat pays attention to the artists, trying to the means of painting and charts to convey the ambiguity of his position. Also, images of this little animals can be seen on T-shirts and on the circles. The terrorists, about which they are not exactly known, are alive or killed, sometimes called "Schrödinger's terrorists." From the famous personalities in such a state, for example, Yasser Arafat, when he was in a state of coma before death, as well as Osama Ben Laden. According to the absurdity, the cat in the bag is a simplified version of the experiment with Schrödinger's cat [link]. Stephen Hawking paraphrassed the winged phrase of Hans Josto "When I hear about culture, I grab about a gun" so: "When I hear about the Schrödinger's cat, my hand stretches for a gun!". Explancing this by the fact that, like many other physicists, Hoking adheres to the opinion that the "Copenhagen School" of the interpretation of quantum mechanics emphasizes the role of the observer is unfounded. In connection with the opening of the Department of MEFI Theology, the Network was distributed as such a picture:

Yuri Gordeyev
Programmer, Game Developer, Designer, Artist

Schrödinger Cat is a mental experiment proposed by one of the pioneers of quantum physics to show how strange the quantum effects look in relation to macroscopic systems.

I will try to explain really simple words: gentlemen physics, do not approve. The phrase "roughly speaking" is meant further before each sentence.

In a very, very small scale, the world consists of things that lead themselves very unusual. One of the most strange characteristics of such objects is the ability to be in two mutually exclusive states at the same time.

That from an intuitive point of view even more unusual (someone will even say, crazy) - the act of targeted observation eliminates this uncertainty, and the object that has just been in two contradictory states at the same time, appears before the observer only in one of them, as if Did not happen, looks at the sideline and dislikes innocently.

At the subatomic level, all to these outputs have long been accustomed. There is a mathematical apparatus describing these processes, and knowledge about them found a variety of applications: for example, in computers and cryptography.

At the macroscopic level, these effects are not observed: the objects familiar to us are always in a single specific state.

And now a mental experiment. Take a cat and put it in a box. There we put a flask with a poisonous gas, a radioactive atom and a geiger counter. A radioactive atom can be filled at any time, and may not be able to fire. If he campaigns, the counter will moist radiation, a simple mechanism breaks the flask with gas, and our cat will die. If not - the cat will stay alive.

Close the box. From this point on, from the point of view of quantum mechanics, our atom is in a state of uncertainty - it collapsed with a probability of 50% and not collapsed with a 50% probability. Before we open the box and look there (we will work), it will be in both states at once. And since the fate of the cat directly depends on the state of this atom, it turns out that the cat is also literally alive and dead at the same time ("... squeezing the live and dead cat (sorry for the expression) in equal shares ..." - writes the author of the experiment). That is how the quantum theory would be described this situation.

Schrödinger hardly guess what noise makes his idea. Of course, the experiment itself, even in the original, is described extremely rudely and without a claim for scientific accuracy: the author wanted to convey to colleagues the idea that the theory must be supplemented with clearer definitions of such processes as "observation" to eliminate scenarios with cats in drawers from her jurisdiction.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe cat was used even in order to "prove" the existence of God as a superpower, continuously observing our existence that makes it possible. In fact, "observation" does not require the presence of a conscious observer, which deprives the quantum effects of some share of mysticism. But even at the same time, quantum physics remains today the front of science with many unexplained phenomena and their interpretations.

Ivan Boldin
candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Researcher, Graduate of MFT

The behavior of micromyr objects (elementary particles, atoms, molecules) is significantly different from the behavior of objects with which we usually have to deal with. For example, an electron can fly simultaneously through two spatially remote sites or is simultaneously in several orbits in the atom. To describe these phenomena, the theory was created - quantum physics. According to this theory, for example, particles can be smeared in space, but if you want to determine where the particle is still located, then you will always find in some place the whole particle is entirely, that is, it will be as if collected from its wicked state To some reason. That is, it is believed that until you measured the position of the particle, it does not have a position at all, and physics can only predict, with what probability in where you can detect a particle.

Erwin Schrödinger, one of the creators of quantum physics, wondered: and that, if, depending on the measurement of the state of the state, any microparticle occurs or some event does not occur. For example, it could be implemented as follows: a radioactive atom is taken with a half-life, say, an hour. The atom can be placed in an opaque box, to put a device there, which, when the products of the radioactive decay of an atom gets into it, splits an ampoule with a poisonous gas, and put into this cat in this box. Then you will not see outside, the atom broke up or not, that is, on quantum theory, he simultaneously collapsed and did not break up, and the cat, it became yet alive and dead. Such a cat began to call Schrödinger cat.

It may seem surprising that the cat can be simultaneously alive and dead, although there is no contradiction here and is not a refutation of quantum theory. However, questions may arise, for example: who can carry out a collapse of the atom from the smeared into a certain state, and who, with such an attempt, goes into a folding state? How does this process of collapse flow? Or how it turns out that the one who carries out, does not obey the laws of quantum physics? Do these questions mean meaning, and, if so, what are the answers on them - it is still unclear.

George Panin.
he graduated from the PCTU them. DI. Mendeleev, Chief Specialist of the Research Department (Marketing Research)

As Heisenberg explained to us, due to the principle of uncertainty, the description of the objects of the quantum microman is different, rather than the usual description of the objects of the Newtonian macromir. Instead of spatial coordinates and velocities that we used to describe a mechanical movement, such as a ball on the pool table, in quantum mechanics, objects are described by the so-called wave function. The crest "Waves" corresponds to the maximum probability of finding a particle in space at the time of measurement. The movement of such a wave is described by the Schrödinger equation, which also tells us how the state of the quantum system changes over time.

Now about the cat. Everyone knows that cats love to hide in boxes (thequestion.ru). Erwin Schrödinger was also aware too. Moreover, with purely nordicra, he used this feature in the famous mental experiment. Its essence was that in the box with a hellish car locked the cat. The machine through the relay is connected to the quantum system, for example, a radioactively disintegrating substance. The probability of decay is known and is 50%. The hellish car is triggered when the quantum state of the system changes (the decay) and the cat dies completely. If you provide the system "Cattle-box-hellish quanta machine" for one hour and remember that the state of the quantum system is described in terms of the probability, it becomes clear that the cat is alive or not, at the moment it will not happen, it will not happen, Just as it does not come out to accurately predict the fall of the coin of the eagle or a solution in advance. The paradox is very simple: a wave function describing the quantum system, mixes two cats in itself - it is alive and dead at the same time, as well as a linked electron with equal probability may be in any place of space equidistant from the atomic nucleus. If we do not open the box, we do not know exactly how the cat is there. With no observation (read measurements) above the atomic core, we can describe its condition only by superposition (mix) of two states: unpaved and unprecedented kernel. A cat in nuclear dependence is alive and dead at the same time. The question is: when the system ceases to exist as a mixture of two states and chooses one particular one?

Copenhagen interpretation of the experiment tells us that the system ceases to be mixed states and chooses one of them at the moment when observation is observed, it is the same measurement (the box opens). That is, the measurement itself changes the physical reality, leading to the collapse of the wave function (the cat either becomes dead, or remains alive, but ceases to be mixed and the other)! Think, the experiment and measurement, the associated, change the reality around us. Personally, this fact will make my brain much stronger than alcohol. Non-religious Steve Hawking is also hard to experience this paradox, repeating that when he hears about Schrödinger's cat, his hand stretches to Browning. The acuity of the reaction of the outstanding physicist-theority is associated with the fact that, in his opinion, the role of an observer in the collapse of the wave function (the liquefaction to one of the two probabilistic) states are greatly exaggerated.

Of course, when Professor Erwin, in the distant 1935, wondered his catoching it was a witty way to show the imperfection of quantum mechanics. In fact, the cat cannot be alive and dead at the same time. As a result, one of the interpretations of the experiment was the evidence of the contradiction of the laws of the macro-world (for example, the second law of thermodynamics - the cat is either alive or dead) and the micro-world (the cat is alive and dead at the same time).

The above is applied in practice: in quantum calculations and in quantum cryptography. By fiber optic cable, a light signal is sent in the superposition of two states. If the attackers are connected to the cable somewhere in the middle and will make a removal of the signal to overheard the transmitted information, then it turns the wave function (from the point of view of the Copenhagen interpretation will be observed) and the light will turn into one of the states. After conducting statistical samples of light at the receiving end of the cable, it will be possible to detect whether the light in the superposition of states is being monitored or monitored and transferred to another item. This makes it possible to create a communication tool that exclude the invisible interception of the signal and eavesdropping.

Another most fresh interpretation of the Schrödinger's mental experiment is Sheldon Cooper's story, the hero of the TV series "Theory of the Big Bang" ("Big Bang Theory"), which he uttered for the less educated neighbor Penny. The essence of Sheldon's story lies in the fact that the concept of the Schrödinger cat can be applied in relations between people. In order to understand what is happening between a man and a woman, what relationship between them: good or bad, - you just need to open the box. And before that, the relationship is both good and bad. YouTube.com.