All about karate is the story of karate, schools and karate styles, Karate philosophy, Master Karate. The history of karate's emergence

10.10.2016 18:09

Sport karate in the world
Creating karate - Okinawa - Japan - the first half of the 20th century
The origins of karate, as a modern sport, lie in Chinese martial arts systems practiced in Okinawa at the end of the 19th century. Young enthusiasts studied at the old masters ITOS and Higaonna and often gathered for joint training. Participants in this legendary group were Gitin Funakosi, Kenva Mabuni, Miyagi and a number of other great masters of the future karate. Subsequently, they all moved to Japan and from the 20s to the 40s of the 20th century. Founded Karate schools: netokan, situ, the year of Ryu, which became fundamental styles. All other styles and types of karate were created a little later disciples of the founders of the first three styles. The term karate itself was introduced by Gytic Funakosi in 1922 during demonstrations of his art at Tokyo Universities. The hieroglyph karate was decrypted as a "Chinese hand" and was subsequently replaced by an expression "empty hand" to avoid mentioning the unpopular among the Japanese of China. It is important that without exception to the modern styles of karate, the same roots.

Creating Wuko - 1963 - 1970 (World Karate Organizations Union)
After the 2nd World War, Karate receives a new impetus for development due to the rapid spread in America and Europe primarily through Japanese instructors. Karate became one of the cornerstone in the restoration of Japanese influence in the world after the defeat in the 2nd World War. Understanding the requirements of Western society, in the 1950s, the Japanese begin to change the concept of traditional karate towards the sport, and the approach to the training methodology is significantly changing, which manifested the most brightly in the change in the style of the net satellite, the basic technique of which became most adapted to the transfer of the basic principles of karate. The rules of the Cebu Competition Competitions are created, which implies estimation of accuracy, speed and power of the technique performed for a number of criteria. The main principle of karate competitions becomes an assessment of technology, and not the result of the impact.

In the early 60s of the 20th century, Karate comes to Europe. The Frenchman of the European Karate can be considered the Frenchman Henry Pli, who created the first European karate school in Paris. In 1963, Tommy Morris - a young Scottish photographer from Glasgow, who passed the school of British special forces, comes to the first seminar to Henry Pli to France. Already in 1965, the first karate match meeting is held in Europe, in which future legends of the world karate Dominic Valera, Tikki Donovan, Tommy Morris and many others. A video of those fights shows that at that moment the European karate was a hand-to-hand combat with full contact without any restrictions and protection equipment. Almost every fight ended with a knockout or severe injury and a defeated opponent was carried away from the site.

In 1968, the European Union of Karate (EKU) is created, and in 1970, the World Congress is held in Tokyo, who established the World Karate Union (Wuko). At the same time, Tokyo hosts the first karate championship according to the rules Cebu Ippon.

The path to the recognition of the International Olympic Committee of the IOC - 1970 - 1999
Since 1970, there is an intensive development of global sports karate. Since 1984, the chairman of the Wuko Committee becomes Tommy Morris. Under his leadership, the rules of karate competitions are developing towards maximum entertainment and dynamics of the fight, ensuring the safety of athletes. The most important goal of changes in the rules of the competition is recognized as Karate International Olympic Committee (IOC). Karate begins to fight for inclusion in the Olympiad program. In parallel with Wuko, the International Federation of Traditional Karate (ITKF) claimed to the Olympic recognition. In order to combine karate in the world, as a single sport, in 1991, IOC decided to create a new World Karate Federation (WKF) on the basis of Wuko, while all ITKF Karate member organizations should have been included in the national federations of countries - WKF members. As a result, WKF was created in 1994 in 1994, the WKF was created on the WUKO database. This happened at the WKF Congress in the city of Kota-Kinabalu in Malaysia.

In 1998, Antonio Espinos (Spain) was elected to the WKF Congress in Rio de Janeiro (Spain), Antonio Espinos (Spain), the cornerstone of the election program of which was to achieve the recognition of karate IOC and the subsequent introduction of karate in the Olympiad program.

However, within the framework of the competitive struggle for the place under the IOC, another number of organizations have arisen:

WKC. - World Karate Confederation. Foundation date - 1996. President - Marko Nicovic (Serbia). Membership is organized by the club principle. The number of members of the organization is 75 organizations from 42 countries of the world. In fact, representatives of 25-30 countries take part in the WKC championships.

Wuko. - World Union of Karate Organizations.Date of foundation - 2005 As a result, the split in the rows of WKC. Chairman - Luigi Aschedamini (Italy). Members of 18 countries.

Wukf. - World Soyuzfederation karate.The date of the foundation is 2008 as a result of the split WUKO. President - Osvaldo Messias de Oliveira (Brazil). Membership - 172 clubs (federation) from 76 countries. In 2013, representatives of 28 countries took part in the 2013 World Cup.

It should also be noted that Karate styles continued to develop and popularize and style international public organizations. The rules of the competition may somehow similar to one of the above organizations. As part of the style of stylized organizations, the championships and championships of the world were also held. The most numerous such organization is considered:

World International Federation of Sitokan.SKIF.. Foundation date: 1978. President: Hirokazu Kanazawa (Japan) Number of members of the organization: 72 countries.

All those who wish to submit national federations are accepted.

World Federation Karato Sitokay FederationWSKF.. Foundation date:march 1993

President: Tokio Hisatomi (Japan). The number of members of the organization is 55 countries.

WKF fight for karate in the Olympics 1999 - 2016
In 1999, Antonio Espinos fulfills its election promise and WKF receives long-awaited recognition of the IOC. The most important step is made and WKF begins the struggle for inclusion in the Olympiad program. On this path from 2000 to 2016, WKF and world karate rises to the highest professional level. In 2000, the WKF at the World Cup in Munich was put into effect by new karate competition rules, including the abolition of the type of scored points, evaluating the technique of the 3rd levels (1, 2 and 3 points), depending on the complexity and entertainment of the impact, shifted technique is allowed From the rack, the rules of judging competitions on Kata again are simplified towards increasing the entertainment of the competition. WKF rules continued to be improved under the leadership of Tommy Morris. The WKF Premier of the Karate League 1 is being created, conducted annually 10 - 12 open international tournaments with a prize foundation around the world. WKF organizes professional cooperation with leading world manufacturers of sports equipment for karate - sponsored contracts with Adidas, Kwon, Dae do, Kamikaze and many others are concluded. It is necessary to note the Russian brand Best Sport created by our Karate Comrade in Dmitry Klimkov, in acute competition won the honorable right to be a partner of the European Karate Federation (EKF). In a new financial basis, WKF creates its own TV product and, starting from the 2008 World Cup in Tokyo, WKF competitions broadcast more than 40 world TV channels.

In the period from 2005 to 2013, WKF was 3 times on the finish line, entering the Short List IOC from 8 sports - candidates for the inclusion in the Olympiad program.

WKF did not stop at reached and significantly advanced in 2013 - 2016. World Martial Arts Games in S. Petersburg, World Cup in Bremen 2014 and European Games of 2015 showed the highest global level of karate sport, which was noted by President of the IOC Tomas Bach and Members of the IOC, with a great interest watched the world's best karates in the world. It was great that among them was the Russian athlete Ivanna Zaitseva, in a persistent struggle who won the Bronze Medal of European Games on Karate, which allowed the type of Karate Sports to contribute to the victorious piggy bank of the Russian national team.

Thanks to the revolutionary decision of the IOC of 2014 on the new principles of the formation of the Olympic Games Program, Karate had a real opportunity to enter the Olympic Games Program in Tokyo at the suggestion of Japan - the organizer of the Olympics 2020. The Federation of Karate Japan in close cooperation with the Government and the Japan Olympic Committee of Japan actively worked on the inclusion Sports of Karate in the Olympic Games program. On June 22, 2015, Karate was included in the Short List from 8 sports claiming the inclusion in the 2020 Olympics program. The next most important stage took place on September 30, 2015, when the Olympic Committee of Japan sent his proposals to the IOC on the inclusion of 2020 18 disciplines in the Olympiad Program 5 New Sports (Karate, Baseball / Softball, Surfing, Skateboarding, Sports Climbing). In March 2016, the IOC program commission adopted the proposals of the Japanese Olympic Committee and carried them on the approval of the IOC Executive Committee and in June 2016 the IOC executive committee approved the package of the 18th disciplines of 5 new sports and made it for approval of the IOC session.

Historical vote Passed 129 sessions of the IOC in Rio de Janeiro on August 3, 2016 - unanimously decided to include 18 disciplines 5 new sports (karate, baseball / softball, surfing, skateboarding, sports climbing) in the 2020 Olympics program in Tokyo. The dream of kratystovists around the world came true - Karate in the Olympics!

8 karate sports disciplines represent 3 weighing categories of male idols and 3 weight categories of female idiot, male and female individual kata.

One of the essential factors affecting the Olympic Status of the sport is its belonging to Paralympic Movement. In 2012 in Paris and in 2014, the World Karate Championships among people with disabilities were held in Bremen. This was preceded by a long-term work on the creation and improvement of special regulations of the refereeing competition for karate competitions for people with disabilities in the respective disciplines. The noble activity of WKF was rewarded with the recognition of the International Paralympic Committee on June 12, 2015.

Karate in Russia
The history of the sport Karate in Russia takes its beginning since 1978, when, on the initiative of the creator of Sense school and later the Central School of Karate, Alexei Borisovich Surminmin, the Federation of Karate USSR was created. This was preceded by more than ten years of classes of Soviet enthusiasts Karate, who drew information from foreign students and employees of trading, in photocopies of books and magazines, and of course, each other. Classes were held underway in school halls in Moscow and Leningrad, in Tomsk, in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, in Ukraine, in Belarus, Dagestan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In 1978, the first international meeting of the best karates from Moscow and Tallinn with the Finnish team took place in Tallinn. In 1979, in the Palace of Sports "Friendship" in Luzhniki, the 1st Karate Championship was held in Luzhniki, which gathered a huge number of viewers. The popularity of karate was so great that more than 100,000 wishes to look at mysterious karate were in line, which stretched a few kilometers. To get to "Friendship" was unreal and Vladimir Semenovich Vysotsky, we dragged through a service entrance to your arms, showing the militiamen to their medals.

On November 25, 1979, the winners of the I-th championship of Moscow on Karate. Stand left to right: Mikhail Sapponchik, Alexander Zaitsev, Mikhail Kratyn, Founder of Karate in the USSR and Head of the Central School of Karate Alexey Nuturmin, Honorary Guest from Japan, Mr. Hisataka, Tadeush Kasyanov, Dzhangir Shahmuradov, Yuri Kutyrev, Roman Stepin, Sergey Shapovalov, Yuri Semin sit from left to right: Mikhail Antipov, Sergey Sokolovsky, Camille Musin, Vladimir Tomilov, Vitaly Pak, Viktor Skalin, Sergey Cyclauri, Victor Kuznetsov with her son Alexei.
Karate in the USSR actively developed throughout 1978 - 1983. All-Union competitions in Tallinn were held in 1979 and in Leningrad in 1980. In 1981, the 1st USSR Championship was held in Tashkent, in 1982 the 2nd USSR Championship in Tallinn and in 1983, the 3rd USSR Championship in Volgograd. Sports societies "Spartak" and "Burevestnik" played an important role in the development of Karate in the USSR and "Dynamo" departmental clubs. Karate was a full-fledged sport in the Soviet army, developed in SKA military districts throughout the Soviet Union. The CSKA team on karate was one of the strongest in the USSR.

October 1980 Moscow II Court of Karate. Team team CSKA on karate. Stand left to right: Vladimir Katargin, Nikolai Egorov, Evgeny Trostinetsky, Sergey Sokolovsky, Konstantin Frolov, Alexander Zaitsev, Vladimir Tomilov, ???, Mikhail Antipov, Camille Musin, Mikhail Sapponchik, Vyacheslav Kulin, Alexander Abakumov, Vladimir Abramov sit left to right: Yuri Malkov, Vyacheslav Bargar, Valery Del Camas, Igor Suvorov, ???, ???, Igor Kogan
It is important to note that, despite the fact that Karate existed in the USSR, as a single sport, already at that time there were stylized karate schools with sitors, kyokushinkai, net satellites and others. Our CSKA team regularly conducted a match meeting with the Kyokushinkai team, and we worked both according to karate rules and according to the rules of Kyokushinkai.

In 1983, Karate, as a sport was banned in the USSR, an article of Criminal Code 219 Part 1 was introduced, providing for criminal liability for teaching karate.

In 1989, the kind of karate sports was restored and a new stage of the development of karate in the USSR began and then in Russia. In 1992, the All-Russian Karteo Federation (WFC), which represented Russia in WKF and EKF is created in Russia. In parallel, many style clubs and federations appear in the country, promoting various styles and directions of karate.

The separation of karate in Russia to sports and style becomes in the 90s and more distinct. Sports Russian karate actively developed in the 90s and the best athletes WFK rose to the highest steps of world and European WKF championships. So, at the 1996 World Championships in San City (South Africa) Aslan Gubasheyev (coach Sergey Krivakovsky) became the world champion in Kumite in category up to 70 kg, and Andrei Anikin (coach Sergey Popov) won a silver medal in heavy weight. At the 1994 European Championships in Birmingham (England), Larisa Kartunova and Andrei Anikin won bronze medals. At the same time, the colossal difference in the level of style championships and WKF / EKF championships has become apparent. So on all World Cups on Karate Kobe Osaka International 1993 - 2003, the Russian team has always been an unconditional leader in the team competition, bringing at least 20 gold medals. It also became obvious that 6 years of cauta ban in the USSR and the lack of international experience among Russian karates during the first 20 years of the development of the world sports karate led to a serious lag from recognized leaders of the world karate French, Spaniards, Italians and Japanese. Then we thought that enhanced training and Russian martial spirit could quickly overcome this barrier. Looking ahead, in the 2000s, we will see how Turkey and Egypt broke into the number of world karate leaders who made karate national sports and tens of millions of dollars annually in the development of karate.

In 1999, on the initiative of the team of enthusiasts of the development of sports karate, the National Federation of Karate Russia (NFKR) was established, built on the basis of the merger of all types and styles of karate. The WKF Commission was the core and the driving force of the NFKR. For the period from 1999 to 2003, for the first time in Russia, the basis for the professional development of all directions and styles of karate was created. In 2001, a collection of rules for karate competitions in 7 versions was developed and approved by the Ministry of Sports of Russia, including the rules of WKF, Cebu Ippon, traditional karate, Kyokushinkai, Kudu, Kobu Jutsu, Karate mosters. At that moment, it was a revolutionary step that gave a powerful impetus to the sports development of many types of karate in collaboration with the State Sports System in Russia.

In 2003, in the face of the need for the European Championship of Europe in Moscow, in Moscow, the Karate Federation of Russia (FKR) has been created on the recommendation of the Presidium of the NFKR, who came to the replacement of the WKF NFKR Commission.

2004 was marked by the grand success of Russian karate and FCR. The championship of Europe on karate in Luzhniki was held with the brilliance. The Russian national team won the gold medals of European Champions in Team Kumite. At the 2004 World Championships in Mexico, the leader of the Russian team Alexander Gerunov became the world champion, and the Russian national team became a bronze medalist in the team coumit.

In 2008, in the historic WKF World Cup in Tokyo, Russian athletes won gold (Maria Sabol), silver (Islam Eldarushev) and Bronze (Eugene Podbodnikova).

Since 2004, in Russia a peculiar system of interaction of karate and the state has been formed, when Karate (WKF) and Kekusinkai coexist, as well as artificially created sports, and Eastern combat martial arts (VBE) coexist. The status of a sport in Russia is extremely important for developing this type of federation, as it implies state support at all levels, from the Maxport to the subject of the Russian Federation. The sport or sports discipline is determined on the basis of the presence of a unified World Federation, the rules of refereeing and the principles of achieving the victory. We only note that the disciplines of the disciplines are messenger and sint, it is nothing more than the basic WKF styles represented by separate Russian style federations. And today, the styles of Karate Karate, part of Karate, and Vadan, are already recognized as sports disciplines of Muslim Karate. There is no longer such a fragmentation of karate for wholesale in any country in the world.

But at the same time, any country in the world of karate is determined by its status in WKF. Such is an objective reality. At WKF lies gigantic responsibility for the development of karate, not only as sports of higher achievements, but also as a mass sport. International tournaments Premier League WKF Karate 1 and World Cups and accreditation of the largest high-class competitions of international style federations karate make it possible to participate in WKF competitions to the widest range of athletes. This is the real association of karate.

Leaving aside a comparison of the effectiveness of martial arts, we will focus on karate, as on the Sport Olympiad on the WKF rules. This sport has pronounced specifics, defined by the rules and speed-based, technique and accuracy. Unlimited fight in karate according to WKF rules require attacking and protective actions in constant motion, the ability to keep a high pace until the end of the fight, excellent ownership of the network and throws technique, combinational shock techniques of hands and legs at all levels. According to the WKF rules, the result of the strike is not estimated at all, the rating is made by the judges of 6 criteria - a good form of technology, powerful accented performance, sports attitudes, snack or readiness to continue, the moment of attack, when the technique has a maximum potential effect and optimal distance. WKF stands on three whales - these are athletes, coaches and judges. Each section requires special professional competencies. Thus, on the creation of a qualified refrigerant Corps of the FCR consisting of more than 400 certified Russian judges and 33 judges and the Referee of the International Category WKF / EKF required for more than 15 years.

Source - the Federation of Karate Russia,

Sokolovsky S.V.

The Nizhny Novgorod Regional Federation of Karate, conditionally adopted to share existing sports events into two directions:

Karate competition rules are approved by the International Olympic Committee, the World Federation Karate and the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation.

Discipline code 1750001511.

Officially held:

• Championships, championships and Cups of the region;
• Championships, championships and Cups of Russia;
• Championships, championships and European Cups;
• Championship, championships and World Cups;

WKF competitions are included in the Unified Calendar Plan of the Ministry of Sports and Youth Policy (reference to the Ministry of Sports EKP \u003e\u003e\u003e)

In each region of Russia, the Ministry of Sports accredit one federation, which officially represents this sport.

Youth and adult team teams are formed. 2 athletes are selected on Russian competitions in one discipline, on international competitions - 1 athlete from the country.

Different types of programs allow, given the physical abilities of the child, choose the optimal direction in which it will achieve a greater result.

The first information about the appearance of karate, or Tode, as it was originally called, registered at the end of the XVIII - early XIX century. Susin Nagamine in the book "Basics of Okinawan Karate-BE" leads an exact date of 1761.

It was then that the Chinese named Kitanka demonstrated to the delight of the audience on Okinawa Island, the Isle of the archipelago of Ryuku Japan, his skill in Chinese boxing and capture technique. Tode can mean Chinese boxing, although for several centuries he was preceded by martial art, just known as "TI". Later, this term has been subjected to japoranization and began to sound like "TE" meaning hands. In a word, Tode appeared in Okinawa thanks to Okinawans, who studied Chinese boxing in China, and the Chinese, such as Kuska, who taught him on Okinawa.

Karate. (Karate-to: "Empty Hand Path") - Japanese Martial Art. This writing was invented in 1929 by Funakosi Gitin under the influence of the ideas of Zen-Buddhism.

At the end of the 19th century, during administrative reforms in Japan, the status of Ryuku was liquidated as a vassal state and Okinawa became another prefecture of the Japanese Empire. During the set to the army, the doctors noticed the fact that a number of conscripts from Okinawa were distinguished by good physical development; It was found that they were engaged in local combat art of TEK. This served as an argument to include TOTE into the teaching program in the younger classes of Okinawan schools as physical education and led to its widespread. The opposite side of this process was that the karate began to lose the traits of martial art and turn into a paramilitary gymnastics.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a very difficult economic situation was developed on Okinawa and the inhabitants of Okinawa were massively moved to the main Japanese Islands in search of work. Together with them there fell and karate. However, the Japanese on Karate did not pay much attention until in the 1920s, the Okinawan Master Motobu did not win in the public battle of Western Boxer, and the Kinggu magazine did not printed a colorful report about this. But, since Okinawa dialect was very different from the classic Japanese language, the Japanese walilously walked to those who could teach in classical Japanese, and these were mostly people from Okinawan schools who studied karate already on the modernized program. Thus, in Japan, Karate began to spread mainly in the "physical cultural" version; There are a lot of statements by Okinawan masters of the 1920s and 40s that the karate is very distorted in Japan - compared with the "traditional" Okinawan option.

One of the main centers of Karate became clubs at universities. Since the student is studying at the university for only a few years, the sake of attracting a training program in these clubs has been strongly changed compared with Okinawa system training: young people did not want to study for several years of basic basic technology. This process led to the karate movement towards Western sports, which finally ended after World War II.

It is worth separating directions, styles and school karate.

That's itsports, applied andtraditional Directions karate. Karate styles began to occur even during the appearance of karate in Japan.

Styles arise continuously, because each outstanding master brings something to the style of his own, which often leads to the creation of a new style. In addition, there were cases when a "master", passing one of the school karate, was filming from the organization and created his "style", in fact, changing only the name. For these and other reasons, more than two hundred different styles and karate schools are distinguished.

Okinaw existed their own types of local martial arts. It is not even doubted for some modern sources.

But here is a paradox - thoroughly studying historical sources, it is not possible to find even references to Sokinawa-Ta or the types of battle! Of course, there are references to fights and scuffle, about dashing gangsters (the last, though, there were very rare on Okinawa) and a friend of "fighting" people who, according to the logic of things, was to practice martial arts, but it is hardly worth taking all this for a methodical study martial arts. Alas - the Chronicles are silent about regular training, systematic classes and do not even mention the existence of such concepts as "reception", "style" and a lot that we could judge the existence of Okinawa-TE.

Chinese style tanning hand

So, the fact for Japan is unpleasant, but the real - actually Okinawan martial arts has never existed. But here the various directions of the Southern Chinese Wushu were actively practiced, and the Okinawans themselves were painlessly recognized this fact, it was not by chance that calling their art "Tanning Hand".

Many have doubted whether those martial arts systems were made from China, who were engaged in Okinawers and who were then embodied in Karate. Maybe they were born on Okinawa itself? With doubts about the "Chinese source" Okinawa-TE, and, consequently, karate, we will once again encounter, but let's say in advance that in these doubts - more from politics than the desire to understand in reality. Naturally, the Japanese would not really like to associate their own tradition of martial arts with China. But, alas, the facts say absolutely the opposite - at the origins of Karate, judo, partly - Aikido and even Cando stood.

So, the pages of the True Okinawa Combat Epopea, which, ultimately, will lead us to the famous karate. She begins in China - at all time, throughout the history of Japanese martial arts, we will have to return to thoughts to a powerful combat breeding empire.

In 1644, the Manchurian dynasty agrees in China, who adopted the name Qing - "clean". She was the last imperial dynasty in China, whose domination lasted until 1911. The Chinese relations with Manchules were quickly transformed - first, Manchurov took as enemies, refused to wear a manchur braid, study the Manchurian language, perform the "barbaric" rites and customs.

All end of the XVII century. In China, especially in its northern territories passes under the sign of the inexperienced, although very unorganized anti-aliens. But gradually the relationship is aligned, and by the middle of the nineteenth century, many manchurian officials even begin to forget their native language, they say mostly in Chinese and gradually assimilated.

The power of the Chinese cultural tradition absorbs them, almost completely "Chinese", it is not by chance that the entire period of the board of the Qing dynasty Chinese historians consider the development time of exactly the Chinese, but not a manchurian culture.

The first from the arrival of Manchurov suffered the northern territories of China, because the main direction of impact was directed to Beijing. South, in particular, in the seaside province of Fujian, the influence of Manchurov was significantly later - only by the middle of the 20th century. A huge Chinese territory as if absorbed an aggressive environment, weakening the blow.

But, nevertheless, the wealthy southern houses (wealthy not in the absolute sense, but compared with the Chinese North) were very dissatisfied with the arrival of foreign people. It could undermine their centuries created by the informal relationship of coented on the ground, besides the arrival of Manchurov, caused a huge flow of fugitives from the north. They were called the came - on the southern Chinese dialect of Hakka. Local southern inhabitants - PUNTI - they are disliked and did not seek to take them in their environment.

Okinawa - a new home for Hakka!

And here's a remarkable moment: they carried with them not so much knowledge as Northern Schools, including Shaolinqian style - after all, he was fugitives from the north of China. It is not by chance that in modern karate still remains a lot of bundles from Shaolinquan, for example, in Kata Kanca-give. Most of these styles of Wushu considered their homeland, which is located in the province of Henan, Danfeng.

Henan Province.

True, the real Shaolin style, which the monks-fighters were engaged, was known only to units (the situation has not changed to this day), but many masters purely mythologically erected their schools to the famous monastery. Thus, the bizarre weave of hundreds of styles, schools and directions, purely mythologically and often accidentally united under one Shaolin name. It was these styles that came to the south of China in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

In the south, also arises its South Shaolin monastery, located in the province of Fujian, the Putian Province either, or as a branch of Northern Shaolins, or as an independent abode - disputes among Buddhists and historians do not subside to this day.

Fujian Province.

The legends argued that South Shaolins became the center of all southern styles of the wushu, from where they moved to Japan and Okinawa.

But these Shaolin northern styles, which brought to the south of migrants from the north, did not remain in their original form - they were strongly transformed under the influence of a local tradition. There are even assumptions that most wushu styles from the southern province of Fujian - not local origin, but simply a bit changed by time and individual qualities of Masters North Schools Wushu. Perhaps this is precisely this synthesis and appears under the name "Style from the Southern Monastery" - Nan Shaolinquan.

Thus, there are several family schools to Okinawa "arrived" at once, who considered South Shaolins, but in fact that the Northern origin had in the past.

Northern Shaolin.

The Hakki community was essentially classic Chinese secret societies, because it was in the province of Fujian that the famous Sanya Sanya (Sanyhhei) or the Society of Society and Earth (Tianidihui) arose, who proclaimed his slogan "Cautious Manchuram for burning Shaolins."

True, it was not specified, for the burning of which Shaolinsky monastery - the southern or northern land, the fearless fighters of Manchurov are going to show. The fact is that Northern Shaolins Manchuri did not touch, although he burned many times, but mostly either by the negligence of the monks themselves (such fires of the monasteries were not uncommon), or the South Shaolins was also not set fire to Manchules, he quietly UGAS himself in XVIII in. Due to lack of monks. According to legend, South Shaolins is located approximately 50 km. From the city of Putian - the center of the same name in the seaside province of Fujian.

This famous monastic abode is lost high in the mountains away from the passage paths. It is only a narrow unreleased road to it, in fact - the windows in the mountain forest, which is blurred during the rains. Left and right to stretch small idols. Stones at an altitude of more than five hundred meters suitable for the construction of the monastery were practically not found, and courageous monks had to carry stone blocks from the lowland.

It is thus in the place of a small monastery founded in the VI century. (By the way, beyond any connection with the Northern Shaolin Monastery), arose to X-XI centuries. Monastic abode, folded from powerful stones.

The monks had their primonastric farm, and the local peasants who lived in villages just below the monastery, brought them rice and vegetables, the benefit of the nature of this region allows you to collect several yields per year. They also had their own warehouses and barns, and the monastery itself with adjacent to him the buildings held an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 20 thousand square meters. m.

But after the arrival of Manyzhov to the south, something was broken in a leisurely life of the mountain abode, the monastery was eager and repeatedly burned, even today in the ground, which covers his ruins, we are there, then here we celebrate coals - traces from numerous fires of the end of the 18th century. The monastic braith no longer had the enthusiasm and the sublime holyness, which forced mountain hermits to build on top of the monastery and wear stones for many years.

Gradually, South Shaolin completely collapsed, and today we have only the remains of the foundation, and the complex drainage structures that were built by cunning monks. Until now, a curious look at the site, where the monastery was located, it would be easily noticed that the Earth is densely mixed with coals - the remains of one of the latest Shaolins fires.

The hundreds of Okinawa threads were associated with China, and the threads are not only trading, but also related. For those immigrants that when in search of a better life went to Okinawa (and not much won from this compared to the south of China), there were a lot of relatives on the mainland, and this caused active trade through related ties. Trade up with salt, famous Fujian tea, silks and matter.

Fujian tea

Local chronicles of Fujian Province, I have repeatedly met the mention of how whole families went in search of a better life to Okinawa. There are others, very interesting notes - Okinavtsi themselves came to Fujian and even trained here "Quyan" - "fist art."

Chinese settlements on Okinawa were very significant, sometimes they accounted for whole villages. New fields swapped, raids were created, new traditions and customs came.

The Chinese brought with them not only carefully thought-out methods of land use and construction of houses, but, above all, their spiritual culture, a feeling of intrauterine, covered wisdom, which is inherent in traditional China. No, we are talking, of course, does not go about the direct introduction of Buddhism or Confucianism to Okinawa, versators were unable to become preachers of mighty spiritual and ethical systems.

Yes, to admit honestly, the Chinese, thoroughly worshiping the Confucius and her lao-tzu, very weakly represented the true essence of their teachings. They rather felt the ethical principles of Confucianism, rather than were devoted to the deep essence of his teachings, and were unlikely to be able to slander.

But there is not only an external, doctrinal face of culture, but there is also its metaphysical depth, which lives in man. It is given as something true, essentially given to a person who does not depend on his formation or from his social status.

It is this depth of Chinese culture that was ahead of the Japanese for the Millennium, and the Chinese migrants are brought to Okinawa. A new ritual dimension of life with a developed cult of ancestors, family education, compliance with all Confucian standards is coming. This happens a peculiar insemination of Okinawa by the Chinese spiritual culture, and one of the fruits of this becomes the birth of a new type of martial arts. So, it is the Chinese who bring several scattered styles to Okinawa, who, transformed, with time and turned into karate.

Karate master

But here is the question - and what specifically style or styles came from China to Okinawa? Naturally, it cannot be an accurate answer to this question - migrants came to Okinawa from various regions of Fujiani, Guangdong and even from the North of China, bringing their local schools, and yet it became definitely clear that the source of Okinawa-TE and Karate lies on South of China.

The seaside areas of Fujiani so far are not allowed for foreigners, besides, until recently, the County Putian's famous for their martial arts and South Shaolin monastery was considered strategic, and, therefore, a closed zone, which is directly opposite Taiwan, disputes about the status of which are created in these areas Restless situation.

Until now, this region is full of a wide variety of traditional schools, many of which are strikingly reminded by their technical arsenal karate. Many lovers of combat arts, if we had to visit Putyan's county, had repeatedly had to meet the old masters who performed complexes, very reminiscent of such famous kata kata like Kanca Dai, Basai-Dai, Santin-No-Kata.

It is noteworthy that today many such Chinese schools do not exist any self-esposts, the masters themselves call their destinations just a fist art (Quyan) or martial art (UI), without knowing that their fathers and grandfathers gave rise to such a giant world martial arts as karate.

From the styles that have self-discharge and related to Okinawa combat tradition, I can confidently call Zunhutsuan - "The style of gloaning in front of the tiger", Huhulongzuan - "Tiger Style, Crane and Dragon" (he lay down the Okinawa style of West, came from it to karate such Famous Kata as Santin, TENSE: And many others), Nanchzhitsuan - "Kulak Nangzhi", Sukhuzuan - "Style of Voting Crane" and a number of others.

But if you are fully frank, we admit, we do not know the exact name of the style or the name of that wizard, who became the first to teach the wushu on Okinawa. Most likely, such a name did not exist at all, because in that epoch, most Chinese styles were called simply "Quyan" - "fist" or "fist art".

We know for sure only one thing: the first Okinawan masters of martial arts (however, not only the first) studied exclusively in Chinese fighters. Later, among Okinawa followers of martial arts, it was a mandatory pilgrimage to China "for an internship", and records of guests from Okinawa were still preserved in Fujian chronicles.

It is also possible to pay attention to another interesting fact, which can surprise the fans of the "Japanese" character of martial arts: all the well-known directions of Budo - a fairly late character, for example, judo was born only at the end of the XIX century, and Karate appeared later - In the 30s. Our century! Maybe the progenitor of karate - Okinawa-Tae or Tode - older? After all, in many books, it is very authoritative that Karate has a "millennial history". But no, the first well-known schools of Okinawa-TE arise in any way before the end of the 18th century, so the story of the karate ancestor is hardly in two hundred years.

The Chinese migrants who have been assimilated in Okinawa, did not hold the monopoly on the teaching of martial arts, soon the Okinawans themselves began to transfer the knowledge of martial arts first by the family line, and then they began to take to themselves in the disciples of neighboring boys, i.e. A well-known sense violated a closed family tradition.

True, the Chinese classes in the Chinese still continued to be considered prestigious and fashionable, and parents often gave their children to training precisely to Chinese teachers. Tode complexes soon began to be perceived not as much as certain sets of techniques, but as a special type of popular ritual, based on rhythmic movements, short exhalations, shouts, smooth breeding with hands, jumps and stops. And since a number of complexes were performed under rhythmic blows to the drum, it was even more closer to some kinds of Todes and ritual dances.

Not all Okinawans, after training, the Chinese created their schools, in that epoch, the continuation of the tradition of martial arts among Okinawans was the exception rather than the rule. The tradition was carried at first, it was the Chinese, and it was they who monopolized the "true transfer" of Tode, they were more prestigious to study, and more useful than outside Okinawans. A huge spiritual and purely practical experience accumulated by China in the field of teaching Wushu was not comparable to Okinawsky. In China, at that time, the wushu had already stepped out of the field of pure battle, self-defense, in the region of spiritual development, and the ideal of the wush was already far beyond the scope of exclusively hand-to-hand combat - the wush turned into a unique system of internal human development. But in order to pass this path, they needed centuries, and Okinawa had no such powerful historical reservoir behind his back. Therefore, in the field of teaching martial arts, almost up to the XIX century. On the island, the immigrants from the Chinese Fujiani. Only much later, when a purely Japanese version of the creation of karate began to form, the so-called "ritual forgetting" about Chinese sources occurred. This moment is very important, and we will talk about it later.

The Japanese is trembling, and sometimes they deliberately "forgotten" about the unpleasant thing - that the basis of karate does not simply lie in Chinese wushu, but that karate is more than half and there is Chinese creation, given only under other name and in Japanese clothes. The Japanese era of "Education of the National Spirit" to suffer this could not and "forgot" about Chinese roots and about the long monopoly of the Chinese to teach Tod. Therefore, today we are mostly known only by the names of Japanese masters, and the Chinese cannon in the fly. For this, I did not even have to rewrite the chronicles and correct the surnames - there were practically no such chronicles on Okinawa. But the Chinese recorded almost everything that came across to his eyes, besides, they could not pass by the most sacred for them - family chronicles (Jiape). And it was in the genealogical books of Fujian families that we can discover a lot of very interesting about the true picture of the formation of martial arts on Okinawa.

One of the first well-known Masters of Wushu, who taught on Okinawa, was arriving here at the end of the XVII century. Wang Jialin from Putian County. He settles not far from Surie and after a few years takes to his students a few people. He taught mainly the style of a voting crane (Sukeanuan), and one of his students becomes a certain E: Naminue, who beat his palm so much that he could knock down three people who stood with his hands with his hands. Approximately at the same time on Okinawa, the Chinese Masters Guan Shanfu, E Wai and many others, whose names did not reach us.

One way or another, the information is very fragmentary about the early stages of the Karate history. The early combat tradition of Okinawa is very scarce on stories about masters of martial arts. In essence, until the middle of the XVIII century, it seems that local fighters did not differ in any special exploits, except for the usual and very rare stories about "strongholds", wearing a clearly borrowed character. Nothing like the Chinese tradition, rich in hundreds of a wide variety of stories about the masters of Wushu, here we do not meet. The first, nor schools of martial arts, nor systematic teaching on Okinawa up to the XVIII century. It did not exist. But then begins what can be called an "explosion" of martial arts on Okinawa.

group training on karate in Okinawa

Karate is not just the art of the battle, this is a lifestyle, it is a whole philosophy that helps a person to see the interconnectedness of everything that is in the world helps to achieve harmony with nature, find it within herself, as well as in relationships with other people.

In Japan, they say that karate is the path that the strong people choose and sometimes they sometimes have all their lives. These crisp each day spread the boundaries of the possible, following the selected direction, strengthening and tempering the body and spirit, infinitely opening new abilities.

The history of martial art

The earliest information about the history of Karate is dating 1761. This date mentions Sin Nagamie in his book, which is called the "Basics of Okinawan Karate-BE." Then this martial art knew everything as "Todé", that in the Japanese means "Chinese box".

In distant times, such a Chinese fighter, named Kuska, who once demonstrated his high skill and skill in Chinese boxing, delighted the audience his novelty and special seizure technique. This is significant for the history of karate event occurred on Okinawa - the largest island, which is located on the Ryuku archipelago in Japan. The location of this island accounted for the intersection of trade routes, and it was at about the same distance from Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China. All these states constantly fought each other for possession of the archipelago of Ryuku, so each man island was a warrior, often in several generations. Since the XV century, there was a ban on weapons wearing on this territory, so the soldiers of Okinawa from generation to generation improved their skills of fighting without him.

At the end of the XVIII century, as the Karate story says, the first school of TE, classes in which were classified, was opened in Shuri's Master. Matsamura Shokun, being on Okinawa by the Supreme Martial Arts, also organized a school with the name "Shorin-Ryu Karate" (Shorin - a young forest), where strict discipline and moral education Song prevailed. A distinctive feature of the school was fraudulent movements and a thin maneuver. The student of Mesamura was famous for the whole island and beyond Asato Anko, who, in turn, became the mentor of Funakoshi Him.

But already considered the creator of karate. He, of course, did not come up with this one, but this man united, filtered and systematized various techniques of Chinese hand-to-hand struggle and created a new type of karate-judyssuitsu combat that translated from Japanese means "art of the Chinese Hand".

For the first time, Funakoshi showed the world of Karate Dzüdzutsu at the time when the martial arts festival was held in Tokyo in 1921. One dozen years ago, as the newly created type of struggle won great popularity in Japan, which led to the opening of the countless set of different schools.

Karate: the history of the name

In 1931, a congress of the "Big Family of Okinawan Karate" was held, on which it was decided that every style that appeared by that time had the right to be. Also at this congress they decided to give another name to this type of martial arts, because at that time another war with China was going. Hieroglyph "Kara", denoted by "China", replaced the hieroglyph, which was read the same, but meant the emptiness. Also replaced the "Dzutsu" - "Art" on "before" - "Path". It turned out the name used to this day. It sounds like "karate-to" and translates as a "empty hand path."

The history of distribution and development of karate-up in the world

In 1945, when Japan lost in the war, the Occupational authorities of the United States banned all types of Japanese martial arts on the island. But karate-before was considered just Chinese gymnastics and avoided the ban. This contributed to a new twist of the development of this martial art, which led to the creation in 1948 by the Japanese Karate Association, which He headed Funakoshi. In 1953, the most famous masters are invited to train elite divisions of the American army in the United States.

After the Olympiad in Tokyo in 1964 karate-until conquered incredible popularity worldwide. This, in turn, led to the creation of the World Union of Karate Organizations.

Purpose karate

Initially, according to the karate history, this kind of hand-to-hand combat was created as martial art and was intended exclusively for self-defense without using weapons. The purpose of karate is to help and protect, but do not cripple and do not hurt.

Distinctive features of karate.

Unlike other martial arts, contacts between the fighters are minimized. And in order to overcome the enemy, use powerful and accurate blows both with hands and legs in vital points of the human body.

There are some more distinctive features of this type of martial arts, which are in sustainable low racks and in rigid blocks, as well as in the instant transition to a counterattack with a simultaneous accurate and strong blow. At the same time, it occurs lightning, along the shortest trajectory with a huge energy concentration at the point of impact, which is called KIME.

Since karate is first of all defense, then all actions here begin with protection. But after it, and there is an essence of karate, it is necessary a lightning response attack.

Principles of use of technician

For the right use of various techniques in Karate there is a number of principles. Among them: KIME, mentioned above; cottages - optimal position selection; Hara - connection of muscle power with internal energy; Dzesin - unshakable spirit. All this is comprehended by long-term training in the formal exercises "Kata" and in the "Kumite" fights. Between Kata and Kumite in different styles and schools, the balance may be respected, and the preferences of either exercises or in the fight can be preferred.

Styles karate-to

Nowadays, there are already several hundred different styles in the world. In Karate, crushing the foundations began with the times of its origin. Many different people were engaged in these martial arts, and everyone who achieved a high level introduced something to him.

However, it should be noted that any style that lived to modernity, in one way or another in contact with one of the following directions:

1. Campo - Sino-Okinawa martial art.

2. Karate-dzittsi - Japanese combat version in the spirit of Motobu.

3. Karate-up - Japanese philosophical and pedagogical version in the spirit of Funakoshi.

4. Sports karate or contact, or semi-contact.

There are several styles that need to be noted.

Karate in Russia

The history of the development of karate in Russia begins with the emergence of amateur sections and clubs. Their founders were people who were fortunate enough to visit abroad and pass the training of this martial art there.

Fucking the popularity of classes by this type of martial arts and the spontaneousness of their spread led to the fact that in November 1978, a special commission for the development of karate was created in the USSR. According to the results of its work in December 1978, the Federation of Karate USSR was formed. Since the rules of teaching this type of martial arts constantly and rudely broken, an addition to the Criminal Code on "Responsibilities for Illegal Training Karate" was made. From 1984 to 1989, this martial art in the Soviet Union was banned, which was established by Order No. 404, published by the Sport Committee. But the sections that train the martial arts continued to exist underground. In 1989, on December 18, the USSR State Sports Committee adopts Resolution No. 9/3, which order No. 404 was recognized as invalid. Currently, Russia has a huge number of federations and styles that actively cooperate with international karate organizations.

Philosophy karate-to

If we talk about the philosophy of karate, it should be noted that it is based on the principle of non-violence. In the oath, which students are karate students give before the start of classes, they undertake not to apply the experienced skills and knowledge to harm people and not use them for mercenary purposes.

Karate (Yap. 空手 - "Empty Hand") - Japanese martial art, which is a system of protection and attack. The term "karate" was introduced into appeal in the XVIII century.

In Karate there is no one international federation, in it every major style has its own federation.

The history of the emergence and development of karate

Many believe that the inhabitants of Okinawa island (at that time he was the center of the independent kingdom of Ryuku) he was a permanent partisan struggle against the Japanese invaders and for the sake of this struggle created the art of karate. But there are opponents of this theory, they argue that martial arts on the island practiced, mainly among the descendants of immigrants from China, and already gradually moved to other residents.

At the end of the XIX century Okinawa became the prefecture of the Japanese Empire. During a set of recruits in the ranks of the valiant Japanese army, doctors noticed that a number of conscripts from Okinawa are distinguished by a good physical form. It was found that they all were engaged in local combat art of TEK. After that, TECE was included in the learning program in the junior class of Okinawan schools as physical education.

Martial art quickly went beyond Okinawa and won all Japan. In 1936, a school was opened, called Sitokan, where the style is taught consonant with the name of the school. Later he was recognized as a classic karate style. For the village, the force of impact is not important, the main emphasis is made on speed and accuracy.

After Japan's defeat in 1945, all Japanese martial arts were banned. In 1948, the Japanese Karate Association (JKA) was established. From this time, Karate began to develop both the system of self-defense, and as a sport. Karate began to rapidly gain popularity around the world, in 1957 the first Japanese karate championship took place, and in 1963 the World Championship in the unofficial contact karate was held in Chicago.

Basic styles karate.

Sieve-ryu (Yap. 糸東流) - one of the oldest karate styles. It includes powerful Kata Surie-TE, hard and soft kata Naha-TE and artistic kata of the Chinese style "White Crane". Founder Kenva Mabuni.

Huzuu-ryu (Yap. 剛 柔流) - one of the most common karate styles. It is based on the melee technique, which includes shocking shocks, knees, shifting equipment, seizures and fighting in the parter. There are 3 main versions of this style - Okinawsky, Japanese and American. The founder of Tödzun Miyagi.

Vado Ryu (Yap. 和道流) - one of the four largest styles. The characteristics of the style include the desire to be afraid to minimize the consumption of strength and the amplitude of movements committed on protection, without sacrificing its effectiveness. The founder of Hyronori Otsuk.

Sitokan (Yap. 松濤館) - style, the distinctive features of which are linear movements and a linear application of force. Racks are low and wide. Blocks are rigid. Hands with powerful and reversible with inclusion in the thigh blow. Founder Gitin Funakosi.

Kyukusinkai (Yap. 極真 会) - the contact style karate, the fights in it are saturated with high kicks and powerful blows with hands. In Kyokusinkai, it is forbidden to strike hands in the head. Founder Masutatsa Olyama.

Styles in karate do not cease to appear, each outstanding master is trying to bring something to something that often leads to the creation of a new style.

System of belts and degrees in karate

It is worth starting with the fact that in the karate allocate student degrees - "Kyu" and workshops - "given". Usually their quantity is ten, but depending on the styles may differ. Interesting feature - the Ku number decreases with an increase in skill, and the number "Dana", on the contrary, increases.

To obtain each of the following degrees, it is necessary to demonstrate the skill of the performance of kata, as well as free combat. Many mistakenly believe that the degrees in karate depend on the results of the competition. The degree attribute in Karate is the belt (OB).

The most common system is most common, it is used by the Japanese Karate Association (JKA) and most of the international associations of Syotokan:

• 9th ku - white
• 8th Kyu - Yellow
• 7th Kyu - Orange
• 6th ku - green
• 5th Kyu - Red
• 4th Kyu - Purple or Dark Blue
• 3 Kyu - Light Brown
• 2nd ku - brown
• 1st Kyu - Dark Brown
• 1st Dan and above - black

Black belt is named and is done for life, it is thicker and durable than the belt of other colors.

Consider the belts in Kyukusinkai:

• 10 ku (white belt)
• 9 ku (white belt with blue stripe)
• 8 ku (blue belt)
• 7 ku (blue belt with yellow stripe)
• 6 ku (yellow belt)
• 5 ku (yellow belt with a green stripe)
• 4 ku (green belt)
• 3 ku (green belt with brown stripe)
• 2 ku (brown belt)
• 1 ku (brown belt with a gold stripe)
• 1-9 DAN (black belt)
• 10 Dan (red belt)

There are minimum time intervals between the exams, they are different in different federations. These intervals increase with increasing degree. Student and workshops are assigned to life.

We tried to fully cover the topic, so this information can be safely used when preparing messages, reports on physical education and abstracts on the topic "Karate".