Russian Portrait has its own history of development and its wonderful portrait artists.

In general, we will tell you how the portrait genre in Russia developed. In general - because the topic is immense for one article.

History of Russian portrait

In the Middle Ages, the Russian portrait was distinguished from understanding this genre at a later time: the individual features of a particular person were almost not reflected in it in the image. In the medieval portrait it was a timeless image. Individuality was manifested only in the image of his social status, or rather, the ideal that corresponded to representatives of a certain step in the feudal hierarchy. Naturally, portraits showed only noble people, church figures and other high-ranking faces of their time.

Miniature from "Svyatoslav's Izibor" 1073 "Svyatoslav with his family." Svyatoslav - extreme right. Svyatoslav is the third son of Yaroslav Wise and Ingegere Swedish.

But the group portrait of the "daughter Yaroslav Wise". Here we see some individualization of images, although it is not the main criterion in this portrait, it was more important for the artist to show the princely dignity of girls.
The features of individual characteristics are distinguished by some iconographic images Dionysius. For example, Iosif Volotsky icon.

Dionysius. Iosif Volotsky icon

Dionysius (approx. 1440-1502) is a well-known Moscow icon painter, the successor of the traditions of Andrei Rublev.
In the XVI century In Russia, a light portrait is born. The stalloral cathedral of 1551 weailed the possibility of writing on the icons of kings, princes and people, a little later was allowed to write on icons along with ordinary plots also parables - this was allowed to insert household motives into the icons. At the same time, according to the solution of the Poland Cathedral, the kings, and the prince, and the saints, and the peoples who are alive are alive can appear in the urgent row of icons (Lower).
And Ivan Grozny himself demanded to display historical events in art and his acts. With it, the royal workshop of the Chamber was created, which in the XVII century. I became the basis of the school of the royal arms of the weapon chamber.
In the Russian kingdom of that period, the genre of portrait was called "Persuna" - the distorted transcription of the Latin word "Persona" - "personality", "Especially". Parsuna XVII century, with rare exceptions, do not have signatures of authors and specifying the time of writing. And although the portrait similarity in Persune is transmitted fairly conditionally, and the identity of the person's depicted helps the signature, but, nevertheless, it was already a step towards the further development of the Russian picturesque portrait.

Parsun XVII century. "Portrait of Cesarevich Peter Alekseevich". Russia, end of the XVII-beginning XVIII century. Unknown artist. Canvas, oil.
By the XVI century. Print images of Ivan the Terrible and many other historical persons of that time are.

Parsuna Ivan Grozny
In the XVII century The portrait genre continues to develop, the icon-painted face is increasingly starting to approach the individual person, artists are already depicting not only kings, but also boyars, sorsteen, merchants. It is especially important that the similarity with the model becomes already mandatory. Artists of the Armory Chamber Joseph Vladimirov and Simon Ushakov became innovators in the field of creating a realistic portrait image. Vladimirov creates an image as he sees him in life. Their work is approaching the realism. Ushakov worked a lot on the image of a human face. He created new icon-painted images with anatomically correct, volume-simulated persons, real transmission of eye shape and brilliance of pupils. But these were only individual steps to a realistic portrait.
XVIII century An accomplishment introduced into the portrait genre: artists introduce a direct perspective, depth and volume of image on the plane; Remove the relationship between light and color, the role of light as the means of building volume and space.
The central theme of art of the Petrovsky era becomes a person, and the main genre is a portrait. At that time, a transition from parswain to the portrait was performed. By the middle of the XVIII century. Already emerged and talented portraitists. The Patriotic School of the portrait was represented by artists Ivan Nikitin, Andrei Matveyev, Ivan Vishnyakov, Alexey Antropov, Ivan Argunov. Let's turn to the work of at least one of them.

Ivan Petrovich Argunov (1729-1802)

I.P. Argunov was serfors of Sheremetev. He studied portrait painting at his cousin Fedor Leontievich Argunova, as well as in foreign masters. Under the guidance of his teacher, George Christopher a groom created icons for the Church of the Catherine Palace in the Tsarskoye Sel.

I. Argunov "Self-portrait"
He is the author of excellent front and chamber portraits. Fame Argunov brought portraits of the St. Petersburg nobility, for example, P. B. Sheremetyev. In 1762, Argunov received an order for the creation of a portrait of Empress Catherine II.

I. Argunov "Portrait of Catherine II" (1762)
Portrait written in the traditions of the front portrait. The empress is depicted in an underlined theatrical pose, her glance is directed to the viewer from top to bottom. Details are carefully discharged: a fragment of the column, luxurious drapery, gilded details of furniture, regalia.
Special place in creativity I. Argunova occupy children's and youth portraits. One of the most famous portraits of the artist is the "Portrait of an unknown peasant in a Russian suit."

I. Argunov "Portrait of an unknown peasant in Russian costume" (1784)
In this portrait, he managed to show the natural beauty and the dignity of a person, regardless of its class affiliation. Soft features, friendly smile and a calm pose - all this emphasizes the modesty, openness and kindness of a woman from the people.
We should not forget that foreign artists worked in Russia in Russia, who also contributed to the development of a portrait genre. Thanks to them, this genre began to develop in new capacity. There is a special term for the designation of Western European artists who worked in Russia - "Rossika." Here are some names: Georg Hrstfor Grot, John Leekinda, Louis Karavak, Alexander Roslin, Pietro Rotary, Stefano Torelli and many others.

L. Karavak "Portrait of Tsareven Anna Petrovna and Elizabeth Petrovna"
In the works of the portrait genre are produced by the composition, color, style.

IG Tannauer "Portrait of Peter I"
The next new step in the genre of the portrait made artists of the XVIII century. F. Rokotov, D. Levitsky, V. Borovikovsky. Read about them. By the end of the XVIII century. The Russian portrait in its high level of quality was equal with modern world samples. Levitsky and Rockots are moving from the front portrait to the chamber. Portraits are peculiar to their delicacy, thoughtfulness, restrained attentiveness.
In the genre of the official portrait at the end of the XVIII century. S. Schukin (1762-1828) was considered an undeniable authority (1762-1828), D. Levitsky's student. Pupils of Schukin himself were well-known portraitists of Vasily Tropinin and Alexander Vainek.

S. Schukin "Pavel I in the Maltese crown" (1799). Hermitage, Petersburg
For this portrait Schukin was awarded the title of academician.
By the end of the XVIII century. Russian portrait art began to develop in accordance with the pan-European style tendencies of Baroque, Rococo, classicism, sentimentalism.

Flowering Russian portrait painting

With the onset of the era of romanticism at the beginning of the XIX century. Portrait genre received new development. The most famous masters of this period were Orest Cyprosensky, V. Tropinin, K. Bryullov, Alexander Varnak.

Alexander Grigorievich Varnak (1782-1843)

A. Varnak "Self-portrait"
Graduate and later teacher of the Academy of Arts, Master of Portrait. The main theme of his work was portraits. It is noted by his ability to grab similarity, choose the lighting, depict the model truthfully and without embellishment. His brushes belong to many portraits of contemporaries. For example, a portrait of M.M. Speransky, Russian public and statesman, the reformer who participated in the education of Cesarevich Alexander Nikolayevich.

A. Varnak "Portrait of Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky" (1824). Canvas, oil. Irkutsk Regional Art Museum. V. P. Sukacheva
From the middle of the XIX century. The best samples of the realistic portrait genre create artists-Movie Vasily Perov, Ivan Kramskaya, Nikolai Ge, Nikolai Yaroshenko, Valentin Serov, Ilya Repin. They created portraits of representatives of the intelligentsia of this era, many of which were performed directly by order P.M. Tretyakova, famous patron and painting assembly.

I. Kramsky "Self-portrait"
Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskaya created a number of portraits of outstanding Russian writers, artists and public figures: L.N. Tolstoy (1873), I. I. Shishkin (1873), P. M. Tretyakova (1876), M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1879), A.S. Griboedova, V. Solovyov, Emperor Alexander III and many others.

I. Kram's "Portrait of Emperor Alexander III" (1886)
In the paintings of the household and historical genre, a portrait is also widely introduced, for example, in the paintings of V. Surikov.
Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911) - Russian Master of Portrait.

V. Serov "Self-portrait"
The most famous portrait is a "girl with peaches."

V. Serov "Girl with Peaches" (1887). Canvas, oil, 91 x 85 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
This portrait was written in the estate Abramtsevo Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, the Russian entrepreneur and the patron. And the portrait shows the daughter of Mamontov, a 12-year-old faith. Her immediacy, a living mind and curiousness skillfully handed over to the artist. Although the portrait was created for almost 2 months, and all this time the girl posed the artist, there is no feeling of stability on the canvas. It seems that the belief only ran into the dining room to eat a peach, and now it will again run on his affairs. By the way, peaches were grown in the Mammoth Orange.
V. Serov created the portrait gallery of the "Highest Persons", including portraits of the Grand Duke George Mikhailovich, Emperor Alexander III, the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, the coronation portrait of Nicholas II, etc.

V. Serov "Portrait of Nicholas II"

Portraitists of the silver century

Portrait genre continued its development in the works of Mikhail Vrubel, Sergey Malyutina, Abraha Arkhipov, Boris Kustodiev, Malyavina.
These artists created portraits-types of people from the people. Their work is mostly colorful, full of optimism, flavor and freshness of perception.

A. Arkhipov "Baba in Red" (1910)
Viktor Borisov-Musatova, Konstantin Somova, Zinaida Serebryaki portraits are more lyric. K. Somov, for example, created a gallery of portraits of contemporaries (A. Bloka, E. Lancere, S. Rakhmaninova, V. Ivanova, M. Dobuzhinsky, etc.)

K. Somov "Portrait of S. Rakhmaninova"
As you know, the silver century is the time of searching for a new artistic language, and this search is reflected in the portraits of that time. Artists-portraitists of the Silver Age: Kazimir Malevich, Ilya Mashkov, Peter Konchalovsky, Aristarkh Lentulov, Alexander Osmarkin, Robert Falk, Nathan Altman, etc.

P.P. Konchalovsky "Portrait V. E. Meyerhold" (1938). Canvas, oil, 211 x 233 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery
The famous director is depicted in the portrait shortly before the arrest and death. Stressed personality conflict with surrounding reality. The portrait composition plays an important role, to some extent it is allegorizing: it seems that a dreamer is depicted on canvas, whose dreams are embodied in colored patterns covering the entire wall and sofa to the floor. But at the same time, we see a person immersed in their Duma, as if detached from the surrounding world. The image is disclosed through the contrast: a bright ornament, and on its background - a monochrome figure, as if lost and confusing in countless patterns of patterns.

N. Altman "Portrait of A. A. Akhmatova" (1914). State Russian Museum, Petersburg
Portrait A. Akhmatova written in the style of cubism.
An outstanding schedule of this period is Yuri Annenkov. He created a large gallery of pictorial and graphic portraits of many figures of Russian culture: Akhmatova A. A., Benoit A. N., Gorky A. M., Zamytina E. I., Lunacharsky A. V., Pasternak B. L. and DR .

Yu. Annenkov "Portrait B. Pasternak" (1921)

By the 30th of the XX century. In Russian portrait genre, realism was re-established, he was now called "socialist realism." The image of a contemporary appeared in demand. But this image necessarily had to be ideologically correct. "The main content of the Soviet portrait is the image of a new person, the builder of communism, the carrier of such spiritual qualities, as collectivism, socialist humanism, internationalism, revolutionary purposefulness. The main hero of the Soviet portrait becomes a representative of the people "(Big Soviet Encyclopedia). New portraits and portraits of paintings, reflecting weekdays of Soviet people and their heroic feats (artists Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Georgy Ryazhsky, Alexander Deineka, Sergey Gerasimov, Semyon Chuikov).

A. Deineka "Runners" (1934)
There are entire visual cycles dedicated to the leaders of the revolution and the Soviet state (Leninian, Stalinian).

One of the most famous picturesque beauties about the war was the "mother of partisan" by artist S. Gerasimov.

S. Gerasimov "Mother Partisan" (1943-1950). Canvas, oil, 184 x 229 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
The theme of his painting is the heroism of a simple Soviet person during the war years. In the center of the picture stands mother partisan with proudly raised head. S. Gerasimov said that the idea of \u200b\u200bthis painting said: "I wanted to show in her form of all mothers who sent their sons to the war." A woman cannot intimidate German invaders. For her back native land. In the person - the embodiment of the people's wrath, which even fascists feel: against the background of this heroic Russian woman, a German officer seems pitiful.
In the second half of the XX century. The genre of the Russian picturesque portrait enriched artists of the new generation: Nikolai Andronov, Victor Popkov, Tair Salakhov, Boris Korneev, Lev Rusov, Evsey Moiseenko, Oleg Lomakin, and Dmitry Zhilinsky, Alexander Shilov (working in the manner of "photorealism"), Ilya Glazunov.
T. Salaakhov created a gallery of images of cultural figures: composers D. D. Shostakovich, Kara Karaieva, F. M. D. Amirov, artist R. Raushenberg, Aktera M. Shella, Writers Rasul Rzy, Gesse, M. Ibrahimbekova, Cellist M. L. Rostropovich, etc.

T. Salahov "Portrait of M. Rostropovich"

Group portrait of D. Zhilinsky "Spring of the Art Theater" (1988)
Peer in the face of characters, and you will find many familiar faces.
D. Zhilinsky created portraits of people close to him in the spirit.

D. Zhilinsky "Plays Richter"
In the portrait gallery I. Glazunov - his contemporaries: from a simple rural carpenter to heads of state. He created a series of portraits of Soviet and foreign political and public figures, writers, people of art. The artist created many artistic images of historical characters.

I. Glazunov "Portrait of Writer Valentina Rasputin" (1987). Canvas, oil. 121 x 90 cm

I. Glazunov "Kiss Judah" (1985). Canvas, oil

We see how the creative searches of portrait artists of the XX century are diverse.

Modern Russian portrait

Russian portrait continues to develop. Now he is no longer associated with any ideological conditions, although the front portrait has been preserved - customers exist at all times.
The most famous authors of this genre are Alexander Shilov, Nikas Safronov, Leningrad artist Sergey Pavlenko, living in London and received two orders for portraits of the British royal family, including Queen Elizabeth. It works in the direction of the school of Korovin and Nesterov.

S. Pavlenko "Portrait of Elizabeth II", 250 x 210 cm

S. Pavlenko "Olga". Oil, 163 x 95 cm
Natalia Tsarakova, graduate of the studio I. Glazunov and the Surikovsky school - the official court portrait at the courtyard of Pope Benedict XVI. But the portraits of the Czarkov writes in photographs, since dad
not allowed to pose. Natalia Tsarakova is the only woman in the world who wrote portraits of four Pad Romans.

N. Tsarakov "Last Supper" (2002)
This is how the artist itself explains this work: "In fact, I have not changed anything in this famous evangelical plot, just" came "from the reverse side. Jesus sits at the table opposite the apostles and with the back of the trip, looks straight on the viewer. In the corner of the canvas in the maid, I depicted myself looking through a discontinuous door. It is also incompatible with traditional canons "Supper", but in this way I wanted to emphasize the connection on today. This is a look from the third millennium.
A big white canvas lay in my workshop for a whole year before the decision was made. Ideas appeared spontaneously as insights, in the process of work. Many details I reworked several times. And in the role of the apostles, I decided to portray my Italian friends and acquaintances. For example, a person who posted to me Christ is a Count Peppi Mordja, by the profession of Light-designer. "
Portraitist Ivan Slavinsky is popular in France, Georgy Shishkin - Artist Monaco.

Obviously, Russian modern realist artists are in demand and successful in the world. Why? Are there few of their talented artists there? Of course they are. But the classic art school has almost existed in Europe. And the European Aristocracy prefers to have its own images for descendants in a classic recognizable manner. Therefore, among the court artists of modernity, a lot of Russian names.

07/06/2019 at 15:34 · VeraschegoLeva. · 7 880

Top 10 most famous portrait artists whose names should know each

Portrait is an image of a group of persons or one person with absolute accuracy. This is usually a drawing made in a certain style.

The artist-portraitist reproduces an image of memory or draws a person from nature. Through its paintings, portraights transfer not only the appearance of people, but also their unique features, character traits.

The portrait is the individual attitude of the artist to a specific person. Such an interpretation of the human elitism, exclusive and not everyone is available, so it is valuable and very attractive.

Consider the most famous portrait artists who best revealed the spiritual essence of people through paintings.

10. Antonis Wang Duck

Antonis Wang Dyk. - schedule and, master of religious plots and court portrait. His homeland is Belgium.

This artist was a welcome, he created his self portrait at fourteen years. When Van Dieka was eighteen, he was accepted in the Holy Luke Guild, which united the printers, sculptors and artists.

At the twentieth age, Wang Duck has already begun to create portraits of aristocrats, which were distinguished by incredible skill. Usually portraitists reached such a level to forty years.

The master always paid a lot of attention to his hands: they were beautiful, graceful, relaxed, with long fingers. Wang Dequean works can be found in the manner to draw hands.

Wang Duck lived in Italy, was a court artist in England.

Famous portraits: "Head of the Elder", "Family Portrait", "Portrait of Cardinal Guido Betetivo", "Portrait of Charles I on Hunting".

9. Hans Golbaine

Hans Golbien Jr. - One of the most famous German artists. He studied to draw a senior from the Holbaine, his father who specialized in altar painting.

Master became famous in twenty-year age. He was an artist at the court of Heinrich VIII.

Portraits created by Hans Holbein are very accurate, he with maximum clarity transmitted images, the characters of the people depicted. The artist with confidence played with a light, he loved to allocate various small details, emphasizing his design.

Many portraits of the master are not devoid of sarcasm and irony: they gave it a true attitude towards the depicted persons.

Famous portraits: "Portrait of Thomas Mora", "Portrait of Erasmus Rotterdam", "Portrait of Heinrich VIII".

8. Diego Velasquez

Diego Velasquez - Painter from Spain, court artist Philip IV. Velasquez began learning painting when he was ten years old.

Already in the eighteenth age, the artist managed to open his own workshop: Francisco Pacheco helped him, his teacher.

At the beginning of the creative path, Velasquez depicted still lifes, various kitchen scenes. The features of these paintings became blooming, color saturation.

Then the master moved to the capital and became a court painter. He not only wrote customary portraits, but also tried to capture the most unfortunate, humiliated people: freaks, jesters, dwarfs.

Famous portraits: "Instruener", "Old cook", "Portrait of the King of Spain Philip IV in the armor", "Portrait of a lady with fan", "Jester Juan Austrian".

7. Ilya Efimovich Repin

Ilya Efimovich Repin - Russian artist, professor, teacher, member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. One of the main representatives of Russian realism.

In his youth, the artist lived in poverty. He tried to earn, exposing his paintings for sale.

Then, for good studies in, Repin got the opportunity to go to Europe to study foreign art. By that time he had already won quite greater fame and began to receive major orders.

Distinctive features of Repin creativity are frequent appeals to emotional peaks, the display of social alarms and tasks, a subtle psychologist.

Famous portraits: "Portrait of a Lion Tolstoy", "Portrait of the Mussorgsky", "Portrait of Mother", "Portrait of Konstantin Petrovich Victoryossev".

6. Rembrandt Wang Rhine

Rembrandt. - Artist from Holland, Master of Lights, Engraver. He was one of the largest representatives of the Golden Age of Dutch Painting.

In his paintings, the whole range of human experiences was embodied. Rembrandt preferred minor details and reveal the mental state of the person's depicted.

The future master began to learn to draw when he was thirteen years old. He was constantly in creative search and created paintings in various genres: portraits, genre scenes, landscapes, still lifes and so on.

Famous portraits: "Young Sasquia", "Portrait of Yana Lambart", "Flora", "Portrait of Mary Trip".

5. Peter Paul Rubens

Rubens - Flemish painter, collector, diplomat. He became one of the main representatives of the Baroque art. In portrait art, the masters talent revealed to the fullest. For him, gesticulation, view, turn of the head, the pose of the model were always very important.

Depicting the representatives of the beautiful floor, Rubens, as it were, enjoyed their sensuality, femininity, pomp body.

The artist possessed very much ability to work: he could create pictures from morning to evening. Working, Rubens loved talking to talk with students and visitors.

Famous portraits: "Portrait of the Marquis of Brigitta Spinola Doria", "Portrait of Camerics Infanta Isabella", "Portrait of Elena Furman with two children."

4. Albrecht Dürer

Dürer - Graph and painter from Germany, one of the most famous representatives of the Western European Renaissance. He left behind not only paintings, but also treatises, engraving.

Albrecht Durer was engaged in improving the art of xylography. He lived in Italy, studied creative methods of Italian artists.

Durer created a lot of self-portraits, especially he liked to draw himself in his youth. His creativity permeates the desire to know the laws of nature, as well as the attraction to the ideal, harmonious beauty. It is imbued with high fellows of feelings, the Bunlet Spirit.

Famous portraits: "Portrait of Erasma Rotterdam", "Portrait of Bernard von Rizena", "Emperor Maximilian I".

3. Titian

Titian Veverielio - Famous painter from Italy. His creativity is associated with eternity and immortality. The brushes of this artist attributed magic properties in his life.

Titian created wonderful portraits: it seemed that the souls of the pictured people were hiding in them. He wrote a lot of epic paintings on mythological and religious topics.

Titian's path in creativity was fruitful and long: the artist lived almost to one hundred years. His paintings have repeatedly copied, but no one could achieve the same level of skill.

Famous portraits: "Portrait of Petro Aretino", "Portrait of Charles V", "Portrait of a young woman".

2. Rafael Santia

Raphael - Italian schedule, painter and. His paintings reflected the ideals of revival.

The world has become cleaner and kind when they began to watch the eyes of Rafael Madonne depicted by Raphael: Pasadinskaya, Siskstinskaya, Orleans, a contest.

He mastered the most different emotional shades in the pictures. Rafael was considered one of the most "balanced" artists. The master died very early, at the age of 37, but left behind a colossal artistic heritage.

Famous portraits: "Donna Velat", "Portrait of Castiglion", "Portrait of Julia II", "Portrait of Lion X with two cardinals".

1. Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci - Italian artist, architect, sculptor, scientist, musician,. He was a unique "universal person."

Research, discoveries, Creation Da Vinci ahead of the time not one era. He helped in the development of urban planning, anatomy.

The appearance of Da Vinci also struck: angel appearance, high growth and incredible power.

For this artist, painting was a supplement to science: he was always aimed at fixing reality.

Famous portraits: "Mona Lisa", "Lady with Mornostham", "Portrait of Jinerva de Benci", "Portrait of a musician".

Choosing readers:

What else to see:

Introduction

I. Russian portraiters of the first half of the XIX century

1.1 Orest Adamovich Cymensky (1782-1836)

1.2 Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (1776-1857)

1.3 Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780-1847)

1.4 Karl Pavlovich Brullov (1799-1852)

II. Association of mobile art exhibitions

III chapter. Russian portraitists of the second half of the XIX century

3.1 Nikolai Nikolaevich GE (1831-1894)

3.2 Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1834-1882)

3.3 Nikolay Alexandrovich Yaroshenko (1846-1898)

3.4 Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskaya (1837-1887)

3.5 Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930)

3.6 Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911)

IV Chapter. Art portrait painting

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The purpose of this work to tell about the importance of the portrait, as one of the main genres of art, about his role in the culture and art of that time, familiarize himself with the main works of artists, learn about Russian portraitists of the XIX century, about their lives and work.

In this paper, we will look at the art of portrait painting in the XIX century:

The largest masters of Russian art 19 century.

Association of mobile art exhibitions.

What is a portrait?

The history of the appearance of the portrait.

The first half of the 19th century. - The time of addition in Russian painting of the genre system. In painting the second half of the 19th century. The realistic direction prevailed. The nature of Russian realism was determined by young painters from the Academy of Arts from the Academy of Arts, who rebelled against the Classical Style and Historical and Mythological Subjects at the Academy. These artists in 1870 organized

A partnership of mobile exhibitions whose task was to provide members of the partnership to exhibit their work. Due to its activities, the work of art has become available to a wider number of people. Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1832-1898) from 1856 collected the works of Russian artists, mainly by the Movements, and in 1892 he handed his assembly of paintings together with the collection of Brother S.M.Trevyakov as a gift to Moscow. In the portrait genre, the mobileians created a gallery of images of outstanding cultural figures of their time: Portrait of Fedor Dostoevsky (1872) Vasily Pereova (1833-1882), Portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov (1877-1878) Ivan Kramsky (1837-1887), Portrait of Musorgsky Modest (1881) , performed by Ilya Repin (1844-1930), a portrait of a lion of Tolstoy (1884) Nicholas Ge (1831-1894) and a number of others. While in opposition to the Academy and the artistic politics, the mobileians appealed to the so-called. "Low" topics; Images of peasants and workers appear in their works.

The increase and expansion of artistic understanding, needs is reflected in the emergence of many artized societies, schools, a number of private galleries (Tretyakov Gallery) and museums not only in the capitals, but also in the province, in the introduction of drawing to school education. All this, in connection with the emergence of a number of brilliant works of Russian artists, shows that art has been inquired in Russian soil, has become national. New Russian national art sharply differed that it was clear and strongly reflected the main flows of Russian public life.

2. Russian portraitists of the first half of the XIXVEK.

1.1 Orest Adamovich Cymensky (1782-1836)

Born on Mode Nezhinskaya (near Koporye, now in the Leningrad region) 13 (24) Martha 1782. He was a sidewear of the landowner A.S. Dyakonov, recorded in the family of his fortress Adam Schwalbe. Having received a free, studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1788-1803) at G.I. Vogryumov et al. Lived in Moscow (1809), Tver (1811), St. Petersburg (from 1812), and in 1816-1822 and from 1828 - Rome and Naples.

The first portrait of the adoptive father A.K. Svalbe (1804, the Russian Museum, Petersburg) - stands out for its emotional flavor. Over the years, the skill of the Cyprosen, which manifested in the ability to create not only social and spiritual types (the era of the Epoch of Enlightenment), but also unique individual images, is improving. It is natural that with the paintings of the Cypriansky, it is customary to start the story of romanticism in Russian visual arts.

The Russian artist, an outstanding master of Russian visual art of romanticism, is known as a wonderful portrait. Portraits of the Cypriana are imbued with special heartiness, especially simplicity, they are filled with high and poetic love for man. In the portraits of Cyprosen, the features of his era are always tangible. It is always invariably inherent to each of his portraits - and the romantic image of the young V.A. Zhukovsky, and ugly E.P. Rostopchina (1809), portrait: D.N. Tail (1814 GTG), Boy Chelischeva (1809 GTG), E.V. Davydova (1809 GD).

The invaluable part of Cyproshensky's creativity - graphic portraits made in the main pencil with a seafood pastel, watercolor, colored pencils. He depicts General E.I. Chaplica (GTG), P.A. Olenina (GTG). In these images, Russia, the Russian intelligentsia from the Patriotic War of 1812 to the December uprising.

Kiprensky portraits appear to us complex, thoughtful, volatile in the mood. Opening the various edges of the human character and the spiritual world of Cyprosen's human world, every time used different painting opportunities in his early romantic portraits. His masterpieces, as one of the best lifetime portraits of Pushkin (1827 GTG), Portrait of an Aldulina (1822 GD). Sadness and thoughtfulness of the heroes of the Cyproshensky elevated and lyric.

"Fashion lovers lung

Although not a Briton, not a Frenchman,

You again created, the wizard is cute,

Me, pet pure music. -

And I dare to grave,

Deputy forever from mortal bonds.

Yourself, as in the mirror, I see

But this mirror flatters me.

It says that it will not be humiliated

Persianity of important speakers.

So Rome, Dresden, Paris

Known in the future will be kind, - 1

Posted by the Cyprosen Pushkin in gratitude for his portrait. Pushkin treasured her portrait and this portrait hung in his office.

The special section is a self-portrait of the Cyproshensky (with their ear brushes, Ok. 1808, Tretyakov Gallery; and others), penetrated by Paphos of creativity. He also owns the heartfelt images of Russian poets: K.N. Batyushkova (1815, drawing, Museum of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg; V.A. Zhukovsky (1816). The master was both a virtuoso schedule; working mainly by Italian pencil, he created A number of wonderful household types (like a blind musician, 1809, Russian Museum). Cypriansky in Rome died on October 17, 1836.

Nikolai Nikolaevich GE (1831-1894)

Russian artist. Born in Voronezh 15 (27) February 1831 in the family of the landowner. He studied at the mathematical departments of the Kiev and St. Petersburg University (1847-1850), then entered the Academy of Arts, which he graduated from 1857. Tried great influence by KP Bryullov and A.A. Ivanova. He lived in Rome and Florence (1857-1869), in St. Petersburg, and from 1876 - on the Khutor Ivanovsky in the Chernihiv province. It was one of the founders of the Mobile Partnership (1870). I was engaged in a lot of my portrait. Over portraits began to work while learning at the Academy of Arts. For many years of creativity, he wrote many of his contemporaries. These were mostly advanced cultural figures. M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin, M.M. Anticklish, L.N. Tolstoy and others. Ge belongs one of the best portraits A.I. Herzen (1867, GTG) - the appearance of the Russian revolutionary, a fiery wrestler with autocracy and serfdom. But the transmission of external similarity is not limited to the plan of the painter. In the face of Herzen, as if grated from the twilight, his meditation was reflected, the inflexible determination of the fighter for social justice. The people captured in this portrait the spiritual historical personality, embodied the experience of his life, complete struggle and alarms.

His works differ from the works of Kramsky with their emotionality, drama. Portrait of a historian N.I. Kostomarova (1870, GTG) is written unusually beautiful, temperamentally, fresh, freely. Self-portrait written shortly to death (1892-1893, KMR), the face of the master is illuminated by creative inspiration. Portrait of N.I. Petrunkevich (1893) was written by an artist at the end of his life. The girl is depicted almost in full growth at the opened window. It is immersed in reading. Her face in the profile, the tilt of the head, the pose express the state of thoughtfulness. Like never before, the GE paid much attention to the background. Color harmony testifies to the uncooked forces of the artist.

Since the 1880s, Ge has become a close friend and follower L.N. Tolstoy. In an effort to emphasize the human content of the gospel preaching, the he moves to an increasingly free manner of the letter, exacerbating the flowering contrasts to the limit. The master wrote wonderful, full of inner spirituality portraits, including portrait L.N. Tolstoy at a writing desk (1884). In the image of N.I. Petrunkevich on the background of the window opened in the garden (1893; both portrait in the Tretyakov Gallery). Ga on the farm Ivanovsky (Chernihiv province) 1 (13) June 1894.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1834-1882)

Born in Tobolsk on 21 or 23 December 1833 (2 or 4 January 1834). Was an illegal son of a local prosecutor, Baron G.K. Crenderer, the name of "Perov" gave the future artist in the form of the nickname of his teacher of the diploma, a spelling dece. He studied at the Arzamas School of Painting (1846-1849) and the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1853-1861), where one of his mentors was S.K. Zaryanko. Experienced a special effect of P.A. Fedotova, Masters of magazine Satyrian graphics, and from foreign masters - W. Hogarth and Zhangratov Dusseldorf school. He lived in Moscow. It was one of the founders of the Movie Partnership (1870).

The Best Portrait Works of the Wizard include the best portrait work of the Master: F.M. Dostoevsky (1872, GTG) A.N. Ostrovsky (1871, GTG), I.S. Turgenev (1872, timing). Particularly expressive Dostoevsky, entirely departed in painful meditation, nervously clung to his knee, the image of the highest intelligence and spirituality. Sincere genre romance moves into symbolism, permeated by a mournful sense of fragility. Portraits of the Master's work (V.I. Dal, A.N. Mikov, M.P. Pogodin, all portraits - 1872), reaching unprecedented for Russian painting of spiritual tension. No wonder Portrait F.M. Dostoevsky (1872) is rightfully considered the best in the iconography of the great writer.

In recent decades of life, the artist discovers an outstanding talent writer-sketch (stories Aunt Marya, 1875; under the cross, 1881; and others; the last edition is the stories of the artist, M., 1960). In 1871-1882, Perov taught in the Moscow School of Painting, Scary and Architecture, where among his students were N.A. Kasatkin, S.A. Korovin, M.V. Nesterov, A.P. Ryabushkin. Perov died in the village of Kuzminki (in those years - near Moscow) May 29 (June 10) 1882.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Yaroshenko (1846-1898)

Born in Poltava 1 (13) December 1846 in the Military Family. He graduated from the Mikhailovsk Artillery Academy in St. Petersburg (1870), served in Arsenal, in 1892 he retired in the rank of General Major. He studied painting in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of arts I.N. Kramsky and at the Academy of Arts (1867-1874). Traveled a lot - by the countries of Western Europe, the Middle and Middle East, the Urals, Volga, the Caucasus and the Crimea. He was a member (from 1876) and one of the leaders of the "Association of Mobile". He lived mainly in St. Petersburg and Kislovodsk.

Its works can be called a portrait - type "Kochegar" and "Prisoner" (1878, GTG). "Kochegar" is the first image of the worker in Russian painting. "Prisoner" is an actual image in the years of a turbulent millish revolutionary movement. "Curse" (1880, timing) Young girl with books walking along the wet Petersburg pavement. In this image, the entire era of the struggle of women for the independence of spiritual life has found the expression.

Yaroshenko was a military engineer, highly educated with a strong character. The artist Mobile served as his art revolutionary - democratic ideals. Master of Social Genre and Portrait in the Spirit of "Mobile". He won the name of the isleasy picturesque compositions that appeal to sympathy for the world of socially looped. Special kind of alarming, "conscientious" Expression Listing the best portraits of the work of Yaroshenko (P.A. Streptova, 1884, ibida; G.I. Uspensky, 1884, art gallery, Yekaterinburg; N.N. Ge, 1890, Russian Museum, Petersburg ). Yaroshenko died in Kislovodsk on June 25 (July 7) 1898.

Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskaya (1837-1887)

Born in the Voronezh province in the family of a small official. Since childhood, he was fond of art and literature. At the end of the county school in 1850 he served as a scribe, then the retoucher at the photographer.

In 1857, it turned out to be in St. Petersburg worked in the photoabeel. In the autumn of the same year entered the Academy of Arts.

The prevailing area of \u200b\u200bartistic achievements remained for the Kramsky portrait. Kramsky in the genre of the portrait occupies an elevated, high-industry. He created a whole gallery of the images of the largest figures of Russian culture - portraits of Saltykov - Shchedrin (1879, GTG), N.A. Nekrasova (1877, GTG), L.N. Tolstoy (1873, GTG), P.M. Tretyakova (1876, GTG), I.I. Shishkin (1880, timing), D.V. Grigorovich (1876, GTG). Portrait painting artistic

For artistic manner of Kramsky, some protocol dryness, monotony of composite forms, schemes as in the portrait are noticeable features of the retoucher work in youth. The portrait of A.G. Lithuanko (1878, GTG) picturesque wealth and beauty of brown, olive tones. Collective works of peasants were also created: "Half supplier" (1874, GTG), "Mina Moiseev" (1882, GRM), "Peasant with a bridle" (1883, KMR). Repeatedly Kramskaya appealed to such a form of a picture, in which two genres come into contact - portrait and household. For example, the works of the 80s: "Unknown" (1883, GTG), "Reasonable Mountain" (1884, GTG). One of the vertices of Kramsky's creativity is the portrait of Nekrasov, self-portrait (1867, GTG) and the portrait of the Agronoma Vyunnikova (1868, Museum of the BSSR).

In 1863-1868, Kramskaya taught in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of artists. In 1870, Kramskaya became one of the creators of TPHV. With a letter, the portrait of Kramskaya more often resorted to graphic techniques (the use of wort, Belil and pencil). So the portraits of artists A.I. Morozova (1868), G.G. Myasedov (1861) - timing. Kramskaya is an artist of a large creative temperament, a deep and original thinker. He always fought for advanced realistic art, for its ideological and democratic meaning. Fruitfully worked as a teacher (in the drawing school of the Society for the Promotion of Arts, 1863-1868). Kramskaya died in St. Petersburg on March 24 (April 5) 1887.

Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930)

Born in Chugueva in the Kharkiv province in the family of the military settler. Initial artistic training received in school typographs and local artists I.M. Bunakova and L.I. Persanova. In 1863 he arrived in St. Petersburg, she was engaged in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of artists at R.K. Zhukovsky and I.N. Kramsky, then was taken to the Academy of Arts in 1864.

Repin One of the best portraits of the era. A whole gallery of images of its contemporaries was created by him. With what skill and force are captured on his canvases. In the portraits of Repin, everything is thought out to the last fold, each trait is expressive. Repin possessed the greatest ability to penetrate the very essence of the psychological characteristics, continuing the traditions of Perov, Kramsky, and Ge, he left the images of famous writers, composers, actors who glorified Russian culture. In each case, he found different compositional and colorful solutions that could most expressly uncover the image of a person depicted in the portrait. How sharply pursuits a surgeon of pies. The mournful-beautiful eyes of the artist of Streptova (1882, GTG), and how they are written, the intelligent face of the artist Myasedov, thoughtful Tretyakov. With a merciless truth, they were written by "Protodyacon" (Minister of the Church of 1877, MRM). With sincere heat written patient M.P. Mussorgsky (1881, GTG), a few days before the death of the composer. Portraits of young bitter, Wise Stasova (1883, Timing), etc. "Autumn Bouquet" (1892, GTG) Portrait of the daughter of faith, how sunny shines in the warm shadow of the straw hat face of the artist's daughter. With great love, Repin handed the face attractive to his youth, cheerfulness, health. Expands of fields, still blooming, but touched yellow grass, green trees, air transparency contributes the invigorating mood.

The portrait was not only the leading genre, but also the main Creativity of Repin in general. When working on large canvases, he systematically addressed portrait etudes to clarify the appearance and characteristics of the characters. Such is the hunchback portrait associated with the picture "Procession in Kursk Province" (1880-1883, GTG). From Gorboon Repin persistently emphasized prosperity, the poverty of the garboon and all his appearance, the routine of the figure is more than her tragedy and loneliness.

The importance of Repin in the history of Russian art is enormously. In his portraits, his proximity to the Great Masters of the past was affected. In portraits, Repin reached the highest point of its picturesque power.

Portraits of Repin are surprisingly attractive. It creates disreteracted folk types, numerous perfect images of cultural figures, graceful secular portraits (Baroness V.I. Ikskul von Hildebrandt, 1889). Especially colorfully sincere images of native artist: a number of pictures with wife Repina N.I. Nordman-Northern. Virtuosite and its pure graphic portraits performed by a graphite pencil or coal (E. Duza, 1891; Princess M.K. Tenisheva, 1898; V.A. Serov, 1901). Repin showed himself as an outstanding teacher: he was a professor-head of the workshop (1894-1907) and the rector (1898-1899) of the Academy of Arts, at the same time he taught at the Tenisheva School.

After the October Revolution, 1917, the artist turns out to be reconded from Russia, when Finland acquires independence, he never moved to his homeland, although he supported relationships with friends there (in particular, with K.I. Chukovsky). Repin died on September 29, 1930. Chukovsky in 1937 released a collection of his memoirs and articles on art (far close), repeatedly reprinted.

Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911)

Born in St. Petersburg in the family of composer A.N. Serov. Since childhood, V.A. Serov surrounded art. The teacher was Repin. Serov worked near Repin from early childhood and very soon discovered talent and independence. Repin sends it to the Academy of Arts to P.P. Cleaner. The young artist won respect, and his talent caused admiration. Serov wrote a "girl with peaches." The first major work of Serov. Despite the small size, the picture seems very simple. It is written in pink-golden tones. Got a premium of the Moscow Society of Arts lovers for this picture. The next year, Serov wrote a portrait of his sister Mary Simonovich and called the "girl illuminated by the Sun" (1888). The girl sits in the shade, and the rays of the morning sun illuminated the glade on the background.

Serov became a fashionable portrait. Famous writers, aristocrats, artists, artists, entrepreneurs, and even kings posed before him. In the mature age of Serov continued to write loved ones, friends: Mamontov, Levitan, Ostrukhov, Shalyapin, Stanislavsky, Moskvina, Lensky. Serov performed orders crowned - Alexander III and Nicholas II. The emperor is depicted in a simple posorc of the Preobrazhensky regiment; This picture (destroyed in 1917, but preserved in the author's replica of the same year; The Tretyakov Gallery) often consider the best portrait of the last Romanov. The master wrote and titled officials, and merchants. Over each portrait of Serov worked before exhaustion, with complete dedication, since if the work began was his last work. The impression of spontaneous, light artistism was intensified in the images of Serov and because he freely worked in a wide variety of techniques (watercolor, gouache, pastel), reducing to a minimum or no difference between etud and picture. An equal type of creativity was constantly rested at the master and black and white drawing (the definition of the latter fixed in his work from 1895, when Serov performed the cycle of animal sketches, working on illustrating Bass I.A. Krylov).

At the turn of 19-20 centuries. Serov becomes hardly the first portrait of Russia, if someone in this plan and yielding, then only one Repin.

It seems that it is best for me to seems intimate-lyrical, female and children's (N.Y. Derviz with a child, 1888-1889; Mika Morozov, 1901; both portrait - Tretyakov Gallery) or images of people of creativity (A. Mazini, 1890; K.A. Korovin, 1891; F. Tamano, 1891; N.A. Leskov, 1894; everything is there in the same place), where colorful impression, free smear reflect the mental state of the model. But more official, secular portraits organically combine fine artistry with an equally subtle gift of the artist psychologist. Among the masterpieces of "secular" Serov - Count F. F. SUMAROV-ELSTON (Later - Prince Yusupov), 1903, Russian Museum; G.L. Girschman, 1907; IN. Girschman, 1911; I.A. Morozov, 1910; Princess O.K. Orlova, 1911; Everything is there in the same place).

In portraights of the master during these years, modernly dominates modern with its cult of a strong and flexible line, a monumental-catchy gesture and poses (M. Gorky, 1904, Museum of A.M. Gorky, Moscow; M.N. Ermolova, 1905; F. . Chaliapin, coal, chalk, 1905; both portrait - in the Tretyakov Gallery; Ida Rubinstein, tempera, coal, 1910, Russian Museum). Serov left a grateful memory about himself and as a teacher (in 1897-1909 he taught in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where, among his students were K.F. John, N.N. Sapunov, P.V. Kuznetsov, M. S. Sarian, K.S. Petrov-Vodkin). Serov died in Moscow on November 22 (December 5) 1911.

Portrait - art reproduction of a man or group of persons with absolute accuracy. As a rule, it is an artistic drawing subject to a certain style. The artist who wring a portrait can belong to a particular school of painting. And his work recognizable due to the individuality and style to which the painter follows.

Past and present

Portraitist artists depict really existing people, drawing from nature, or reproduce images from the past in memory. In any case, the portrait on something is based and carries information about a particular person. Often, some era reflects in such a picture, whether it is modern or past. In this case, portrastruy artists instead of the usual background depict several concomitant conditional signs, such as the architecture of the time marked in the second plan, or other characteristic objects.

Rembrandt.

Visual art is diverse, and its individual genres can exist independently of each other, and can be synthesized. So in the portrait are connected to one whole different plots, but the person's face always dominates. The great portraits of the past owned the art of an artistic image perfect. Such masters include the Dutch artist Rembrandt Wang Raina (1606-1669), which wrote many portraits. And each of them is recognized as a masterpiece of painting. True art is immortally, because Rembrandt's canvas Wang Raina is already more than five hundred years.

Engraving - Slim Art

The great portraits of the past are the national heritage of those countries in which they were born, lived and created their paintings. The German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), who worked in the genre of engraving left in the history of painting. His canvas are exhibited in the most prestigious museums of the world. Pictures written by an artist at different times, such as "Portrait of Young Venetian", "Portrait of the emperor Maximiliana", "Portrait of a young man" and others, are unsurpassed masterpieces. Great portraits differ from all other artists with a high level of self-expression. Their canvas are an example for imitation.

Women's theme

Giovanni Boldini (1842-1931), Italian artist, occupies one of the first places in the list "Great Portraitists of the World". He is recognized as an unsurpassed wizard of a female portrait. Its canvas can be viewed by clock, so accurate and picturesque images. Juicy paints, mostly cold shades, contrasting strokes, the game of halftone - everything is collected in his paintings. The artist manages to pass the character of the ladies depicted on canvas, and even her mood.

Famous artists-portraitists of Russia

In Russia, at all times were great artists. Portrait art originated in the 14th century of our era, when talented painters appeared, such as Andrei Rublev and Feofan Greek. Their creativity has not fully correlated with the genre of the portrait, since these artists wrote icons, but the general principles of creating images coincided.

In the same period, the well-known artist Dionysius (1440-1502), Ivan III, King of Moscow, was worked out. The monarch instructed the artist painting the cathedral or church, and then watched how he creates his masterpieces. The king liked to participate in such a bodily business.

One of the first masters of Russian portrait art was Ivan Nikitin (1680-1742), which was trained in Europe. He enjoyed the favor of Emperor Peter the First. The most famous works of Nikitin are portraits of August, the King of Polish and Duke of Mecklenburg.

Alexey teeth (1682-1750), outstanding master of portrait art. He was the favorite of Peter First. Together with the Father, a famous icon-painted artist Fedor Kuden, participated in the design of the Moscow Kremlin's Armory Chamber.

The Great Portraits of the 18th century in Russia, as a rule, wrote to order.

Vasily Tropinin (1776-1857), a well-known Russian artist, truly famous in 1827. He created a belt portrait of Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich, the brightest representative of Russian poetry. The order was made by the poet. And the picture was intended for a friend Alexander Sergeevich, Sobolevsky. The portrait became the most famous creation of all on which Pushkin had ever been depicted. The painting "Alexander Pushkin" Tropinin forever became a classic genre.

Orest Cyprosensky (1782-1836) began to write on 22 years. The first portrait was created by the Cyprosen in Rembrandt style, A. K. Walbe was depicted on the canvase. The most famous work of the artist is considered the "portrait of E. V. Davydov", written in 1809. Several paintings of Kiprensky orice are in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Alexey Venetsianov (1780-1847) - a Russian artist who is considered the founder of a storyline in portrait art. He was a student of the mast painter Vladimir Borovikovsky. The young artist of Venetsianov acquired wide fame due to the picture "Portrait of the Mother", created in 1801.

Borovikovsky Vladimir (1757-1825), a native of Mirgorod, became famous and famous after a meeting with Catherine, traveling as part of his tour of 1787. The painter created a series of art paintings in the palace, which was on the path of the Empress. Catherine was delighted with the work of Borovikovsky and awarded him a major amount of money.

The list "The Great Portraits of Russia of the 19th Century" is headed by Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskaya (1837-1887), an outstanding painter, master of wall paintings of a religious nature. The portrait art of Kramsky allowed him to create a number of images of famous people, among which P. M. Tretyakov, S. P. Botkin, I. I. Shishkin, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy and others.

The most famous portraits of Russia modern

Igor Belkovsky (born 1962), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy, Member of the Union of Artists of Russia, Laureate of the Prize "For the Light Future", established by the governor of the Chelyabinsk region.

Alexander Shilov (born 1943), People's Artist of the USSR, Member of the Presidential Council for Culture and Art. The author of numerous portraits of his contemporaries.