Romanticism as a direction in literature briefly. The main features of romanticism

Romanticism (Romanticism) is an ideological and artistic direction that emerged in the European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century, as a reaction to the aesthetics of classicism. Initially formed (1790s) in philosophy and poetry in Germany, and later (1820s) spread in England, France and other countries. He predetermined the last development of art, even those directions that opposed him.

Freedom of expression, increased attention to individual, unique features of a person, naturalness, sincerity and discrepancy, which came to replace the classical samples of the 18th century to replace the articles in art. Romance rejected the rationalism and practicalism of the enlightenment as a mechanistic, impersonal and artificial. Instead, they put the emotionality of expression in the chapter of the expression.

Feeling free from the decline of the system of the aristocratic rule, they sought to express their new views opened by them of truths. Changed their place in society. They found their reader among the growing middle class, ready to emotionally support and even bow the artist - the genius and the Prophet. Restraint and humility were rejected. They replaced strong emotions, often reaching extremes.

A special influence of romanticism was susceptible to young people who had the opportunity to learn and read a lot (which contributes to the rapid development of the printed business). It is inspired by the ideas of individual development and self-improvement, the idealization of personal freedom in the worldview is combined with the rejection of rationalism. Personal development was raised above the standards of the vain and already fading an aristocratic society. The romanticism of educated youth has changed thesis society of Europe, becoming the beginning of the emergence of an educated "middle class" in Europe. And the picture " Wanderer over the sea fog "It can be called a symbol of a period of romanticism in Europe.

Some romance turned to the mysterious, mysterious, even terrible, popular beliefs, fairy tales. Romanticism was partly connected with democratic, national and revolutionary movements, although the "classic" culture of the French revolution actually slowed down the arrival of romanticism to France. At this time, several literary movements arise, the most important of which - the "storm and onslaught" in Germany, the primitivism in France, at the head of which Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Gothic Roman, increases interest in the elevated, ballads and old romances (from which actually and There was a term "romanticism"). The source of inspiration for German writers, theoretics of the Ian School (Schlegel Brothers, Novisa and others), who announced themselves with romantics, was the transcendental philosophy of Kant and Fichte, which set the creative opportunities of the mind to the head of the corner. These new ideas thanks to Kolridge penetrated England and France, and also identified the development of American transcendentalism.

Thus, romanticism originated as a literary course, but had a significant impact on music and less on painting. In visual art, romanticism was most brightly manifested in painting and graphics, less - in architecture. In the 18th century, the favorite motives of the artists were mountain landscapes and picturesque ruins. Its main features are the dynamism of the composition, the volumetric spatiality, saturated flavor, lightness (for example, the works of Turnner, Zherik and Delacroix). Among other romantic artists can be called Fuzeli, Martin. The creativity of prefailelites and neo-neutic style in architecture can also be viewed as a manifestation of romanticism.

Romanticism - the direction in the European and American literature of the end of the XVIII - the first half of the XIX century. The epithet "romantic" in the XVII century served to characterize adventurous and heroic plots and works written in Romanian languages \u200b\u200b(as opposed to those created in the languages \u200b\u200bof classical). In the XVIII century, this word indicated the literature of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. At the end of the XVIII century in Germany, then in other European countries, including in Russia, the word romanticism became the name of the artistic direction, opposing himself to classicism

The ideological prerequisites of romanticism - disappointment in the Great French Revolution in the bourgeois civilization in general (in its vulgarity, prosperity, confusion). The mood of hopelessness, despair, "world grief" - the disease of the century, inherent in the heroes of Shatubrant, Byrona, Müsse. At the same time, they are characterized by the feeling of hidden wealth and the unlimited possibilities of being. From here, Bairon, Shelly, Poets-Decembrists and Pushkin - enthusiasm based on faith in the omnipotence of the Free Human Spirit, passionate thirst for the renewal of the world. Romantics dreamed of not about private improvements of life, but about the holistic resolution of all its contradictions. Many of them prevail the moods of struggle and protest against the evil in the world (Byron, Pushkin, Petfi, Lermontov, Mitskevich). Representatives of contemplative romanticism were often inclined to thoughts on the domination in the life of incomprehensible and mysterious forces (Rock, Fatum), the need to obey fate (Shatubin, Kalridge, South, Zhukovsky).

For romantics, the desire for all unusual - to fiction, folk legends, to the "last centuries" and exotic nature. They create a special world of imaginary circumstances and exceptional passions. Especially, in contrast to classicism, much attention is paid to the spiritual wealth of personality. Romanticism opened the complexity and depth of a human spiritual world, his unique peculiarity ("Man is a small universe"). Fruitful was the attention of romantics to the peculiarities of the national spirit and culture of different nations, to the peculiarity of various historical eras. From here - the requirement of historicism and nationality of art (F. Kupper, V.Skott, Hugo).

Romanticism was marked by updating artistic forms: creating a genre of historical novel, a fantastic story, a lyrol-epic poem. An unusually heyday reached the lyrics. The possibilities of the poetic word at the expense of its meaningfulness are significantly expanded.

Higher achievement of Russian romanticism - Poetry Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Baratynsky, Lermontov, Tyutchev

Romanticism originally originated in Germany, a little later in England; He got widespread in all European countries. The world's names were known: Byron, Walter Scott, Heine, Hugo, Cooper, Anderson. Romanticism arose at the end of the 18th century and existed until the 19th century. It was the time of giant public shocks, when the feudal-medieval world collapsed and the capitalist system arose and was arranged on his wreckage; The time of bourgeois revolutions. The emergence of romanticism is associated with acute dissatisfaction with social reality; Disappointment in the surrounding and gust to other life. To troubled, but powerfully attractive ideal. Hence, a characteristic feature of romanticism is dissatisfaction with reality, full disappointment in it, disbelief that life can be built on the principles of good, mind, justice. Hence the sharp contradiction between the ideal and reality (the desire for an exalted ideal). Russian romanticism arises in other conditions. He was formed in the era, when the country was still to come into the strip of bourgeois transformations. It affected the disappointment of advanced Russian people in existing self-sufficient-serfdom, the ambiguity of their ideas about the paths of historical development of the country. Romantic ideas in Russia are softened. In the first pair, romanticism was closely associated with classicism and sentimentalism. Romantic romantic teams are considered by Zhukovsky and Batyushkoy.

The main theme of romanticism is the topic of romanticism. Romanticism is an artistic method that has developed in the early 19th century. For romanticism, special interest in the surrounding reality is characteristic, as well as the opposition of the real world is ideal.

Details Category: Variety of Styles and Directions in Art and their features Published 08/02/2015 17:33 Views: 3615

Romanticism, replacing the Epoch of Enlightenment and passing through sentimentalism, established himself in the European culture of the late XVIII-first half of the XIX centuries.

This ideological and artistic direction was opposite to classicism and enlightenment. And the harbinger of romanticism was sentimentalism. Motherland romanticism is Germany.

Philosophy of romanticism

Romanticism argued the cult of nature, feelings and natural in man. But you can argue, it also argued and sentimentalism. So what is the difference between them?
Yes, protest against confusion and egoism is already reflected in Sentimentalism. Romanticism expresses this rejection of the most acute. Romanticism is generally a more complex and controversial than sentimentalism. If the soul of a simple man is ideal in the sentimentalism, which sentimentalists see not only equal to the aristocrat, but sometimes above, and noble, romanticism is interested not only virtue, but also evil, which he is even trying to refine; He is also interested in the dialectic of good and evil in man (remember the chief hero of Roman M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time").

M. Vrubel. Illustration to Roman Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". Pechistan duel with pears

Romance poets began to use the images of angels, especially fallen, in their works. For example, interest in the image of a demon: several poems and poem "demon" in Lermontov; Cycle of paintings dedicated to the demon, M. Vrubel.

M. Vrubel "Demon Sitting"
Romance sought to solve the mystery of human being, turning to nature, trusting their religious and poetic feeling. But at the same time, romanticism is trying to even rethink religion.
The romantic hero is a person's personality, passionate, with a deep, but contradictory inner world is a whole universe. M.Yu. Lermontov said so in his novel: "The history of the soul of human, at least the smallest soul, is hardly more curious and not more useful to the history of the whole people." Characteristic features of romanticism were interest in strong and bright feelings, all-consuming passions, to the secret movements of the soul.
Another feature of romanticism is interest in folklore, myth, a fairy tale. In Russian romanticism, ballads are becoming especially popular genres, a romantic drama. Thanks to the translations of Zhukovsky, the Russian readers met the ballads, I.V. Goethe, F. Schiller, V. Scott, and after that, by the genre of ballads, many poets are treated: A.S. Pushkin ("Song about Oleg's meaning", "Drill"), M.Yu. Lermontov ("Air Ship", "Mermaid"), A.K. Tolstoy, etc. And one more genre of literature was established in Russia, thanks to V. Zhukovsky, - Elegia.
Romantics were interested in various historical epochs, their originality, as well as exotic and mysterious countries and circumstances. The creation of the genre of the historical novel is also the merit of romanticism. The founder of the historical novel is V. Scott, but then this genre develops in the works of F. Cooper, A. Vinyi, V. Hugo, etc.
And one more feature of romanticism (far from the only one) is to create a special world, more beautiful and real than reality. The romantic hero lives in this world, passionately protecting his freedom and considering that it does not obey the rules of the outside world, but only by its rules.
In the era of romanticism there was a flourishing of literature. But, unlike the literature of sentimentalism, this literature was not filled with public and political problems.

A significant place in the work of romantics (in all kinds of art) is a landscape - above all, the sea, mountains, sky, the stormy element, with which the hero is associated with complex relationships. Nature can be akin to passionate nature of the romantic hero, but can confront him, to be enjoying the power with which he is forced to fight.

I. Aivazovsky "Ninth Val" (1850). State Russian Museum (Petersburg)
In different countries, the fate of romanticism had its own characteristics.

Romanticism in painting

T. Zheric

Many artists from different countries of Europe wrote in the style of romanticism. But for a long time, romanticism was in the fight against classicism. And only after the appearance of the picture of Theodore Zheriko "The raft" jellyfish ", which was considered innovative, adherents of academic style recognized romanticism as a new artistic direction in art, although the picture was initially disapproving. But it was this picture and laid the beginning of French romanticism. In France, the traditions of classicism were strongest, and the new direction had to overcome opposition.

T. Zheriko "Rack" Medusa "(1819). Canvas, oil. 491 x 716 cm. Louvre (Paris)
The plot of the paintings is the story of the frigate "Medusa", which because of the incompetence of the captain failed off the coast of Senegal in 1816. 140 passengers and team members tried to escape, landing on the raft. Only for the 12th day they were picked up by Brig "Argus", but only 15 people remained alive. In 1817, two of them engineer Korraar and Surgeon Henri Savigny) will write a book about this tragedy.
Theodore Zheriko, like many others, was shocked what happened with the "jellyfish." He talks with eyewitnesses of the event, makes sketches of executed and dying, writes hundreds of etudes of the raging sea. And although the picture is distinguished by monochrome color, its main thing is in the deep psychology of the situation depicted on the canvas.
Another leader of the romantic direction in European painting was a French painter and a graph of Eugene Delacroix.

Eugene Delacroix "Self-portrait" (1837)
His picture "Freedom, the leading people" (1830) was created based on the July 19930 revolution, which put the end of the restoration regime of the Bourbon monarchy.
A woman depicted in the center of the picture symbolizes freedom. It has a Frigian cap on her head (symbol of freedom or revolution), in the right hand of the Republican France flag, in the left - rifle. Nude chest symbolizes the dedication of the French of that time, which with "bare breasts" went to the enemy. Around the freedom of a worker, bourgeois, teenager who symbolize the unity of the French people during the July revolution. Some art historians and criticism suggest that in the form of a man in the cylinder to the left of the main character, the artist depicted himself.

O. Kiprensky "Self-portrait" (1828)
Orest Adamovich Cymensky (1782-1836) - the famous Russian artist, schedule and painter, portrait master.

O. Kiprensky "Portrait of A.S. Pushkin "(1827). Canvas, oil. 63 x 54 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
This is perhaps the most famous portrait of Pushkin, ordered by the artist by another Pushkin, Delvig. On the canvas Pushkin is depicted on the belt, with arms crossed on the chest. A checkered Scottish Plaid is thrown on the right shoulder of the poet - it is this detail that the artist denotes Pushkin's relationship with Bayron, the idol of the era of romanticism.

K. Bryullov "Self-portrait" (1848)
Creativity of the Russian artist K. Bryullov belonged to Academism, but some of his paintings are the top of the late Russian romanticism, with their feeling of tragedy and conflict of life, interest in strong passions, extraordinary topics and situations and the fate of huge human masses.

K. Bryullov "Last Day Pompeii" (1830-1833). Canvas, oil. 465.5 x 651 cm. State Russian Museum (Petersburg)
Brullov connected in the picture the drama of action, the romantic effects of lighting and sculptural, classically perfect plastic figures.
The picture shows the famous eruption of Vesuvius volcano in 79 N. e. And the destruction of the city of Pompeii near Naples. The "Last Day Pompeii" illustrates the romanticism of Russian painting, mixed with idealism, an increased interest in the captivity and with such historical plots. Infected romanticism, deep psychologism helps in each character to see the personality: respectful and selfless (group of people in the lower right corner of the painting, carrier of an elderly person), greedy (figure in white, carrying a stolen under the shum, who is loving Pictures, trying to save the beloved), loyal (mother, embracing daughters in the lower left corner of the picture), etc.
An image of an artist in the left corner of the picture is a self-portrait of the author.
But the brother of the artist, Bryullov Alexander Pavlovichwas a representative of romanticism in architecture (although he was also an artist).

A. Bryullov "Self-portrait" (1830)
He created projects of buildings in St. Petersburg and its surroundings.

The building of the Mikhailovsky Theater is also built on the project A. Bryullov.

Orthodox church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in the village of Pargolovo (now the territory of St. Petersburg)

Romanticism in music

M. Vyznskaya "Portrait of F. Chopin" (1835)

Fasting in the 1820s, romanticism in music captured the entire XIX century. And it is represented by the whole Pleiad to the talented composers, of which it is even difficult to allocate someone or several to not offend others. Therefore, we will try to call as many names as possible. The most prominent representatives of romanticism in music are Franz Schubert, Ferenc Sheet, as well as the late romance Anton Brookner and Gustav Malener (Austria-Hungary); Ludwig Van Beethoven (partly), Johannes Brahms, Richard Wagner, Anna Maria Weber, Robert Schuman, Felix Mendelssohn (Germany); Frederick Chopin (Poland); Niccolo Paganini, Vincenzo Bellini, Early Juseppe Verdi (Italy); A. A. Alyabiev, M. I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, M.A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M.P. Mussorgsky, A.P. Borodin, Ts.A. Kyui, P. I. Tchaikovsky (Russia).

J. Krikhuber "Portrait R. Shuman" (1849)
Composers-romance tried with the help of musical means to express the depth and wealth of the inner world of man. Music becomes more embossed, individual. The development of song genres, including ballads, is obtained.

The main problem of romantic music is the problem of personality in its conflict with the surrounding world. The romantic hero is always alone. The theme of loneliness is the most popular in all romantic art. Very often, the thought of creative personality is connected with her: a person is alone when he is precisely an outstanding, gifted personality. Artist, poet, musician - favorite heroes in the works of romantics ("Love poet" Shumanan, "Fantastic Symphony" of Berlioz with her subtitle-"episode from the life of the artist", the symphonic poem of the Tasso Sheet).

P.I. Tchaikovsky
Romantic music, like other types of romantic art, is inherent in a deep interest in human personality, the predominance of personal tone music. Often, the musical works were with a tint of autobiographicity, which made special sincerity into music. For example, many piano works of Shuman are associated with the history of his love for Clara Vic. The autobiographical nature of his operas emphasized Wagner. The autobiographical can be called Chopin's music, which longing in his homeland (Poland) expressed in his Mazurics, full of ballads, ballads. Deeply loved Russia and Russian nature P.I. Tchaikovsky in many of their works draws pictures of nature, and the cycle of plays for the piano "Seasons" is completely dedicated to it.

Romanticism in literature

Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm and Jacob

Romanticism appeared for the first time in Germany, in the circle of writers and philosophers of the Ian school. This is a group of romantic movement figures that gathered in 1796 at the University city of Yen (Brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegeli, Ludwig Tik, Novalis). They begin to produce an Ateneum magazine, where they formulate their own aesthetic program of romanticism. In the future, German romanticism is distinguished by interest in fabulous and mythological motives (the work of the Vilhelm brothers and Jacob Grimm, Hoffmann).

R. Westoll "Portrait of Bairon"
A bright representative of English romanticism is D.G. Byron, which, according to A.S. Pushkin "Looking into dull romanticism and hopeless egoism." His creativity is imbued with a pathos of struggle and protest against the modern world, chanting freedom and individualism.
English romanticism includes the work of Shelly, John Kits, William Blake.

Prospere Merima
Romanticism was distributed in other European countries. In France, his representatives are chantubin, J. Steel, Lamartin, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vinyi, Prosper Merim, Georges Sand. In Italy - N.U. Foscolo, A. Mandzoni. In Poland - Adam Mitskevich, Yuliush Slovak and others, in the USA - Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, Edgar, Henry Longfello, etc.

Adam Mitskevich

Romanticism in Russian literature

K. Bryullov "Portrait of V. Zhukovsky"

Romance poets include K. N. Batyushkov, E. A. Baratsky, N. M. Languages. Early poetry A. S. Pushkin - within the framework of romanticism. The peak of Russian romanticism is considered to be Poetry M. Yu. Lermontov, who was called "Russian Byhron".

P. Zabolotsky. "Portrait M.Yu. Lermontov in the Mentik Life Guard Gusar Regiment "(1837)
Personality and soul are the main reality of being for Lermontov, the study of the personality and soul of the human - the main theme of its works. Exploring the origins of good and evil, Lermontov comes to the conclusion that good, and evil there are not outside of a person, but in it. Therefore, it is impossible to hope that a person will change for the better as a result of changing the world. Hence almost the complete absence of the poet of calls to the struggle for social justice. Lermontov's main attention is to the soul of man and his spiritual path.
Philosophical Lyrics F. I. Tyutchev completes romanticism in Russia.

F. I. Tyutchev (1860-1861). Photo S. Levitsky
F.I. Tyutchev did not consider himself a poet (he served as a diplomat), but all his poetry autobiographical and full of philosophical reflections about the world and man in it, about the contradictions that torment the soul of man, about the meaning of life and death.

Silent, hide and tai
And feelings and dreams their own
Let in spiritual depth
Ove get up and come
Silently like stars in the night, -
Lose them - and silent.

How to express yourself?
Other how to understand you?
Will he understand, what do you live?
The thought is exhausted there is a lie.
Exploding, outrage keys -
Fit them - and silent.

Only live in themselves.
There is a whole world in your soul
Mysteriously magical dum;
They are stunned by outdoor noise,
Daytime dispersed rays -
Attit their stump - and silent! ..
_______________
* Silence! (Lat.)

We have repeatedly talked about the fact that the artist is not always, the poet or the composer works in one artistic style. In addition, the artistic style does not always fit into a certain time segment. Thus, the features of any artistic style can be found at any time. Sometimes it's a fashion (for example, quite recently, the Ampire style became popular again), sometimes the need of the artist in such a way of self-expression.

Romanticism is a ideological direction in art and literature, which appeared in the 90s of the 18th century in Europe and gained widespread in other countries of the world (Russia includes their number), as well as in America. The main ideas of this area is the recognition of the values \u200b\u200bof the spiritual and creative life of every person and its right to independence and freedom. Very often in the works of this literary direction, heroes possessing the strong, rebellious temper were depicted, the plots were characterized by bright passions of passions, nature was depicted in the spiritualized and healing vein.

Appearing in the era of the Great French Revolution and the World Industrial Revolution, romanticism changed such a direction as classicism and the era of the enlightenment as a whole. In contrasting the adherents of classicism that supports the ideas of the cult value of the human mind and the birth of civilization on its basis, romantics put on a pedestal of worship a mother-in-law, emphasize the importance of natural feelings and freedom of the aspirations of each person.

(Alan Meley "Elegant Century")

The revolutionary events of the late 18th century have completely changed the course of the usual life, both in France and in others in Europe. People feeling sharp loneliness, distracted from their problems, playing various gambling, and having fun in various ways. It was then that an idea arose to imagine, as if human life was an endless game where there are winners and defeated. In romantic works, heroes were often depicted against the surrounding world, rustling against fate and rock, obsessed with their own thoughts and reflections on their own idealized vision of the world, sharply coinciding with reality. Realizing its defenselessness in the world where capital rules, many romances were in confusion and confusion, feeling infinitely lonely in their surrounding their lives, which was the main tragedy of their personality.

Romanticism in Russian literature of the XIX century

The main events that had a huge impact on the development of romanticism in Russia were the war of 1812 and the uprising of the Decembrists of 1825. However, differing identity and originality, the Russian romanticism of the early 19th century is the inseparable part of the pan-European literary movement and has its shares and basic principles.

(Ivan Kramskaya "Unknown")

The emergence of Russian romanticism coincides in time with the brewing of the socio-historical fracture in the life of the society of the time when the socio-political way of the Russian power was in an unstable, transitional state. People of advanced views, disappointed in the ideas of the Epoch of Enlightenment, promoting the creation of a new society based on the principles of the mind and celebration of justice, resolutely rejected the principles of bourgeois life, without understanding the essence of antagonistic life contradictions, felt the feelings of hopelessness, loss, pessimism and disbelief in a reasonable conflict solution.

The main value representatives of romanticism considered the human personality, and the mysterious and beautiful world of harmony, beauty and high feelings concluded in it. In their works, representatives of this direction were not a real world, too low-aluminated and vulgar for them, they reflected the universe of the senses of the chief hero, his inner world filled with thoughts and experiences. Through their prism and the outlines of the real world, with whom he cannot accept and therefore tries to rise above him, without submitting to his social and feudal laws and morality.

(V. and Zhukovsky)

One of the founders of Russian romanticism is the famous poet V.A. Zhukovsky, who created a number of ballads and poems that had a fabulous fantastic content ("Undina", "Sleeping Tsarevna", "Tale of Tsar Berendei"). His works are inherent in a deep philosophical meaning, the desire for moral ideal, his poems and ballads are filled with his personal experiences and reflections inherent in the romantic area.

(N. V. Gogol)

The thoughtful and lyrical elegances of Zhukovsky are replacing the romantic works of Gogol ("Night before Christmas") and Lermontov, whose creativity is a kind of imprint of the ideological crisis in the mind of the public, impressed by the defeat of the Decembrists' movement. Therefore, romanticism of the 1930s of the 19th century is characterized by disappointment in real life and care in the peaceful world, where everything is harmonious and perfect. Romantic main characters were depicted as people who are torn off from reality and lost interest in earthly life, conflicting with society, and the implanting power of this world in their sins. Personal tragedy of these people, endowed with high feelings and experiences, was the death of their moral and aesthetic ideals.

The mindset of progressively thinking people of that era was most clearly reflected in the creative heritage of the great Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov. In his works "The Last Son of Volosts", Novgorod, in which the sample of the republican freestyle of the ancient Slavs is clearly traced, the author expresses a hot sympathy to the fighters for freedom and equality, those who oppose slavery and violence against the person of people.

For romanticism, it is characterized by an appeal to the historical and national origins, to the folk folklore. It was most brightly manifested in the subsequent works of Lermontov ("The song about King Ivan Vasilyevich, a young Ochrichnik and a removed merchant Kalashnikov"), as well as in the cycle of poems and poems about the Caucasus, who was perceived by the poet as a country of freestry and proud people opposing the country of slaves and gentlemen Under the rule of the king-autocrat of Nikolai I. Images of the main in the works of "Izmail-Bay" "MTSYRY" are depicted by Lermontov with great passion and lyrical pathos, they carry the chief of chosen and fighters for their depth.

An early poetry and prose Pushkin can also be attributed to the romantic area ("Eugene Onegin", "Peak Lady"), the poetic works of K. N. Batyushkova, E. A. Baratynsky, N. M. Languch, the creativity of Poets-Decembrists K. F . Ryleva, A. A. Bestumev-Marlinsky, V. K. Kyhehelbecker.

Romanticism in foreign literature of the XIX century

The main feature of European romanticism in foreign literature of the 19th century is the fantasticity and fabulousness of the works of this direction. In most of these legends, fairy tales, stories and novels with a fantastic, unreal plot. The most expressively romanticism was manifested in the culture of France, England and Germany, each of the countries made its special contribution to the development and distribution of this cultural phenomenon.

(Francisco Goya "Yield " )

France. Here, literary works in the style of romanticism were bright political color, in many ways configured against the new bourgeoisie. According to French writers, the new society, which appeared as a result of social change after the Great French Revolution, did not understand the value of the personality of each person, ruined her beauty and suppressed the freedom of the Spirit. Most well-known works: Treatise "Genius of Christianity", Tale "Attala" and "Rena" Shatubriac, Romans "Dolphin", "Corin" Germains de Stelle, Novels Georges Sand, Hugo "Cathedral of Parisian Mother of God", Romanov series about Dumas Musketeers, meeting Works on Ohore Balzak.

(Karl Broullov "Horseman")

England. In English legends and legends, romanticism was present for quite a long time, but did not stand out as a separate direction until the mid-18th century. English literary works distinguishes the presence of a bit of gloomy gothic and religious content, there are many elements of the national folklore, the culture of the worker and peasant class. A distinctive feature of the content of English prose and lyrics - description of travel and wanderings in distant land, their research. Bright example: "Eastern poems", "Manfred", "Travel Child-Harold" by Bairon, "Ivango" Walter Scott.

Germany. The idealistic philosophical worldview was enormous on the basics of German romanticism, which was promoted by individualism and his freedom from the laws of the feudal society, the universe was considered as a single live system. German works written in the spirit of romanticism are filled with reflections on the meaning of human being, his soul's life, they also differ in fabulous and mythological motives. The brightest German works in the style of romanticism: William's fairy tales and Jacob Grimma, Novels, fairy tales, gofman novels, Heine's works.

(Kaspar David Friedrich "Stages of Life")

America. Romanticism in American literature and art developed a little later than in Europe (the 1930th century), his flourishing falls on the 40s -60s of the 19th century. Such large-scale historical events as a war for the independence of the United States at the end of the 18th century and the civil war between the North and South (1861-1865) were enormous on his appearance and development. American literary works can be conditionally divided into two types: Abolitionist (supporting slave rights and their liberation) and Eastern (supporters of plantatorship). American romanticism is based on the same ideals and traditions as the European, in his rethinking and understanding to his own way in the conditions of a peculiar structure and the pace of life of the inhabitants of the new, little-known mainland. American works of that period are rich in national trends, they are acutely felt feeling independence, the struggle for freedom and equality. Bright representatives of American romanticism: Washington Irving ("Legend of Sleeping Hollow", "Groom-Ghost", Edgar Allan Po ("Laeyia", "Falling at Home Ashers"), Herman Melville ("Moby Dick", "Taipi"), Nathaniel Gotorn ("Alay Letter", "House of Seven Frontones"), Henry Wedsworth Longfello ("Legend of Guyavate"), Walt Whitman, (the poetic collection "Leaves of herb"), Harriet Bilecher-Stow ("Huts Uncle Tom), Fenimore Cooper ("The last of the Mogican").

And let romanticism in art and literature reigned for a long time, and pragmatic realism came to replace the heroism and chivalry, this does not in any way reduce its contribution to the development of world culture. Works written in this direction love and read with great pleasure a large number of romantic fans all over the world.

Romantics occupied various public and political positions in society. They are all rebuilding against the outcome of the bourgeois revolution, but rebelted in different ways, since everyone had his ideal. But with all the manyness and variety of romanticism, there are stable features.

Disappointment in modern times gave rise to a special interest in the past: to bourgeois public formations, to patriarchal antiquity. Many romantics were peculiar to the presentation that the picturesque exoticism of the countries of the South and East - Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey - is a poetic contrast of boring bourgeois ordness. In these countries, then few more raised civilization, romantics were looking for bright, strong characters, distinctive, colorful lifestyle.

All of them proceeded from the denial of enlightenment and the rationalist canons of classicism, which were shown by the creative initiative of the artist. And if classicism divides everything in a straight line, on a bad and good, black and white, then romanticism in a straight line does not divide anything. Classicism is a system, and romanticism - no. Romanticism advanced promotion of new time from classicism to sentimentalism, which shows the inner life of a person in harmony with a huge world. And romanticism opposes the inner world harmony. It is from romanticism that this psychologist begins to appear. The main task of romanticism was an image of the inner world, mental life, and this could be done on the stories, mystics, etc.

In his imagination, romance transformed unsightly reality or went into the world of their experiences. The gap between the dream and reality, the opposition of an excellent fiction of objective reality was based on the entire romantic movement. Romanticism for the first time puts the problem of the language of art. The artist is the interpreter of the language of nature, the mediator between the world of the Spirit and people. However, romanticism was not a homogeneous flow: its ideological development went in different directions. Among the romantics there were reactive writers, adherents of the old regime that feudal monarchy and Christianity were chanting. On the other hand, romance with a progressive worldview expressed a democratic protest against the feudal and all of the oppression, embodied the revolutionary gust of the people for the better future.

Romanticism left a whole epoch in world artistic culture, his representatives were: in the literature V. Scott, J. Byron, Shelly, V. Gyu, A. Mitskevich, and others; In the visual art of E. Delakroua, T. Zherik, F. Runge, J. Constable, W. Turner, O. Kiprensky et al.; In Music F. Schubert, R. Wagner, Berlioz, N. Paganini, F. Sheet, F. Shopin, etc. They discovered and developed new genres, paid close attention to the fate of the human person, revealed the dialectic and evil, masterfully Opened human passions and others.

Romanticism in literature

Romance was often idealized by a patriarchal society, in which they saw the kingdom of good, sincerity, decency. Pohamning the past, they went to the ancient legends, folk tales. Romanticism received his own face in every culture: in the Germans - in mysticism; The British is in person, which will oppose himself to reasonable behavior; The French in unusual stories.

In the literature, there are images of players - people who play with fate. You can recall such works of European writers as the "player" of Hoffman, "Red and Black" standal (and red and black - these are colors of roulette!), And in Russian literature it is a "peak lady" Pushkin, "Players" Gogol, "Masquerade" Lermontov.

Romance writers argued the values \u200b\u200bof the spiritual and creative life of the person, depicted strong passions, spiritualized and healing nature, which was also unrealistic. Landscape in their works or very bright, or vice versa, thickening paint, it is deprived of halftone. All this was done in order to more accurately convey the feelings of heroes. Here are the names of the best romanticist writers of the world: Novais, Jean Paul, Hoffman, Wordsworth, V. Scott, J. Bayron, V. Gyu, A. Lamartin, A. Mishkevich, E. By, Melville and our Russian poets - M. Yu. Lermontov, F. I. Tyutchev.

The romantic hero is a player, he plays with life and fate, because only in the game a person can feel the power of rock.

Romantic hero is an individualist. Superman, who lived two stages: 1) before the collision with reality; He lives in the `pink" condition, they master the desire of the feat, changes in the world. 2) After a collision with reality; he continues to consider this world and vulgar, and boring, but he becomes a skepticism, pessimist. It clearly realizing that it is impossible to change anything, the desire The feat is reborn into the desire for hazards.

In every culture was his romantic hero, but Byron in his work "Child-Harold" gave a typical representation of the romantic hero. He put on the mask of his hero (this suggests that there is no distance between the hero and the author) and managed to match the romantic canon. The heroes of romanticism are restless, passionate, non-corrosions. These are exceptional characters in exceptional circumstances. The romantic hero, whoever he was - Buntar, is a single, a dreamer or a noble romantic - it is always a person an exceptional, with non-corrosionous passions, it is definitely internally strong. This person has a pathos, a question.

Signs of a romantic work.

First, in each romantic product there is no distance between the hero and the author. Secondly, the author of the hero does not judge, but even if he is talking about something bad, the plot is so built that the hero is not to blame. The plot in the romantic work is usually romantic. Also romantics build a special relationship with nature, they like storms, thunderstorms, cataclysms.