Realism as an artistic direction Abstract. Stages of development of the realism of the XIX century

Realism (from Late. Reālis - real) - Artistic method in art and literature. The history of realism in world literature is unusually rich. The very idea of \u200b\u200bit changed at different stages of artistic development, reflecting the persistent desire of artists to the truthful image of reality.

Illustration of V. Milashevsky to the novel by Ch. Dickens "Pickwick Club postmont notes."



Illustration of O. Veresky to Roman L. N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina".



Illustration D. Schmarinova to Roman F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment."



Illustration of V. Serov to the story of M. Gorky "Thomas Gordeyev".



Illustration B. Zaborov to the novel M. Andersen-Nexo "Ditte - the Child of Man."

However, the concept of truth, truth is one of the most difficult in aesthetics. For example, the theorist of French classicism N. Bouoyon urged to be guided by the truth, "imitate Nature". But also an ardent opponent of classicism Romantic V. Gyugo convinced "consult only with nature, the truth and its inspiration, which is also truth and nature." Thus, both defended the "truth" and "nature".

Selection of phenomena of life, their assessment, the ability to present them as important, characteristic, typical - all this is connected with the angle of view of the artist for life, and this, in turn, depends on his worldview, from the ability to catch the advanced movements of the era. The desire for objectivity often forces the artist to portray the real placement of forces in society even contrary to its own political beliefs.

Specific features of realism depends on the historical conditions in which art is developing. National-historical circumstances determine the uneven development of realism in different countries.

Realism is not more than once this and unchanged. In the history of world literature, several basic types of development can be outlined.

In science there is no consensus on the initial period of realism. Many art critics refer to him to very remote epochs: they talk about the realism of the shaking drawings of primitive people, about the realism of an ancient sculpture. In the history of world literature, many features of realism are found in the works of the ancient world and early Middle Ages (in the National Epos, for example, in Russian epic, in the chronicles). However, the formation of realism as an artistic system in European literature is customary to communicate with the Epoch of the Renaissance (Renaissance), the greatest progressive coup. A new understanding of the life of a man who rejects the church preaching of slave submission, was reflected in the lyrics of F. Petrarchi, Romans F. Rabl and M. Servantes, in tragedies and comedies W. Shakespeare. After the medieval churchings of the centuries preached that a person is a "sin vessel", and called for humility, literature and the art of revival glorified a man as a higher creation of nature, seeking to reveal the beauty of his physical appearance and the wealth of the soul and mind. For the realization of the revival, the scale of images (Don Quixote, Hamlet, King LIR), the poetication of the human person, the ability of it to a great feeling (as in Romeo and Juliet) and at the same time high-heat in the tragic conflict, when the collision of the personality is depicted with the oblique forces .

The next stage in the development of realism is educational (see Enlightenment), when literature becomes (in the west) to the instrument of direct preparation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. Among the enlighteners were supporters of classicism, other methods and styles affected their work. But in the XVIII century. It consists (in Europe) and the so-called educational realism, whose theorists were D. Didro in France and the city of Lessing in Germany. The world importance acquired an English realistic novel, the founder of which D. Defo appeared, the author of Robinson Cruzo (1719). In the literature of Enlightenment, a democratic hero was made (Figaro in the trilogy of P. Boualersche, Louise Miller in the tragedy "Deceit and love" I. F. Schiller, images of peasants at A. N. Radishchev). Enlighteners All phenomena of public life and actions of people were assessed as reasonable or unreasonable (and unreasonable they saw primarily in all old feudal orders and customs). From this they proceeded in the image of a human character; Their positive heroes are primarily the incarnation of the mind, negative - the retreat from the norm, the production of nerazumia, the barbarism of the previous times.

The realism of the enlightenment often allowed conventionality. So, the circumstances in the novel and the drama were not necessarily typical. They could be conditional as in the experiment: "Suppose that the person was on a uninhabited island ...". At the same time, the defo draws the behavior of Robinson not as it could actually be (the prototype of his hero was wild, even lost a self-partition speech), but as he wants to imagine a person, fulfill his physical and mental forces, as a hero, the winner of the Forces Nature. Faust at I. V. Goethe, shown in the struggle for the approval of high ideals. The features of the known conventions are distinguished by the comedy D. I. Fonvizin "Nepali".

The new type of realism consists in the XIX century. This is a critical realism. It differs significantly from the Renaissance, and from the educational. Its flourishing in the West is associated with the names of Standal and O. Balzak in France, Ch. Dickens, W. Tekkesey in England, in Russia - A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov.

Critical realism in a new way depicts the attitude of a person and the environment. Human character is disclosed in organic communication with social circumstances. The subject of deep social analysis was the inner world of man, critical realism is therefore becoming psychological at the same time. In the preparation of this quality of realism, romanticism played a major role, striving to penetrate the secrets of the human "I".

Deepening the knowledge of the life and complication of the picture of the world in the critical implementation of the XIX century. Do not mean, however, some absolute superiority over previous stages, for the development of art is noted not only by conquest, but also losses.

Lost was the scale of the images of the Renaissance. The patos of the statement, which is peculiar to the enlighteners, their optimistic faith in the victory of good evil remained unique.

Lifting the labor movement in the West countries, formation in the 40s. XIX century Marxism not only affect the literature of critical realism, but also cause the first artistic experiments of the image of reality from the standpoint of the revolutionary proletariat. In the realism of such writers, as the city of Ferrat, W. Morris, the author of "International" E. Intetier, outlines new features, anticipating the artistic discoveries of socialist realism.

In Russia, the XIX century is a period of exceptional strength and understanding of the development of realism. In the second half of the century, artistic conquests of realism, withdrawing Russian literature on the international arena, conquering world recognition.

Wealth and diversity of Russian realism of the XIX century. Allow to talk about different forms.

Its formation is associated with the name of A. S. Pushkin, who brought Russian literature on the wide path of the image "Fate of People's Fate". In the conditions of the accelerated development of the Russian culture of Pushkin, as it were, its former lag, making new ways in almost all genres and its versatility and its optimism is akin to the Titans of Renaissance. In the work of Pushkin, the foundations of critical realism developed in the work of N. V. Gogol are laid and behind it in the so-called genuine school.

Speech in the 60s. Revolutionary Democrats, headed by N. G. Chernyshevsky, attaches new features to Russian critical realism (the revolutionary nature of criticism, images of new people).

A special place in the history of Russian realism belongs to L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoevsky. It is thanks to them a Russian realistic novel acquired world importance. Their psychological skill, penetration into the "Dialectics of the Soul", opened the way in artistic quest for writers of the XX century. Realism in the XX century. All over the world he carries an imprint of aesthetic discoveries L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoevsky.

The growth of the Russian liberation movement, which by the end of the century tolerates the center of the world revolutionary struggle from the west to Russia, leads to the fact that the work of great Russian realists becomes, as V. I. Lenin said about L. N. Tolstoy, "The Mirror of the Russian Revolution" Its objective historical content, with all the differences of their ideological positions.

The creative scope of Russian social realism affects genre wealth, especially in the field of novel: philosophical-historical (L. N. Tolstoy), revolutionary and journalistic (N. G. Chernyshevsky), domestic (I. A. Goncharov), satirical (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), psychological (F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy). By the end of the century, an innovator in the genre of realistic story and a kind of "lyrical drama" is A. P. Chekhov.

It is important to emphasize that the Russian realism of the XIX century. did not develop isolated from the global historical and literary process. It was the beginning of the era, when, according to K. Marx and F. Engels, "The fruits of spiritual activities of individual nations become commondom."

F. M. Dostoevsky noted as one of the features of Russian literature, "the ability to global, passion, all-color." Here we are talking not so much about Western influences, how much about organic development in the direction of the European culture of its centuries-old traditions.

At the beginning of the XX century. The appearance of the Pieces of M. Gorky "Messenger", "At the bottom" and in particular novel "Mother" (and in the West - Roman M. Andersen-Nexo "Pelle-Conqueror") indicates the formation of socialist realism. In the 20s Soviet literature declares major success, and at the beginning of the 30s. In many capitalist countries, the literature of the revolutionary proletariat arises. The literature of socialist realism becomes an important factor in global literary development. It should be noted that Soviet literature as a whole maintains more connections with the artistic experience of the XIX century. Than literature in the West (including socialist).

The beginning of the universal crisis of capitalism, two world wars, the acceleration of the revolutionary process around the world under the influence of the October Revolution and the existence of the Soviet Union, and after 1945, the education of the global system of socialism - all this affected the fate of realism.

Critical realism, continuing to develop in Russian literature until October (I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kubrin) and in the West, in the XX century. Received further development, while undergoing significant changes. In the critical realism of the XX century. In the West, the most freely absorbed and crosses the various influences, including some features of the unrealistic currents of the XX century. (symbolism, impressionism, expressionism), which, of course, does not exclude the struggle of realists against unrealistic aesthetics.

About the 20s. In the West's literature, a tendency for in-depth psychologism, the transfer of "consciousness flow" is affected. There is a so-called intellectual Roman T. Mann; It takes particular importance to the subtext, for example, by E. Hemingway. This concentration on the personality and its spiritual world in the critical realization of the West substantially weakens its epic latitude. Epic scaligence in the XX century. Mis to the merit of the writers of socialist realism ("Life of Klim Samgin" M. Gorky, "Silent Don" M. A. Sholokhov, "Walking on the flour" A. N. Tolstoy, "The dead remain young" A. Zhegers).

Unlike realists of the XIX century. Writers XX century. More often resort to fiction (A. France, K. Chapek), to conventions (for example, B. Brecht), creating truth novels and drama-parables (see parable). At the same time in the realism of the XX century. Ceremonies a document, fact. Documentary works appear in different countries within the framework of both critical realism and the socialist.

So, remaining documentaries, there are works of a large summary meaning of the autobiographical books of E. Hemingway, Sh. O "Casey, I. Becher, such classic books of socialist realism, as" reportage from a loop on the neck "Y. Fucciku and" Young Guard "A. A. Fadeev.

Modern natural science, which only dotiglos vigoroeuenee, systematic and scientific development, as well as the newest story, dates from that of a significant era that the Germans called the Reformation, the French Renaissance, and the Italians-Queinquentene.

This fence starts with the second half of the XV century. Flowers in the field of art at this time, one of the sides of the Velienshengo of the greatest progressive coup, characterized by the breakdown of feudal feudels and the development of new economic relations. The Royal Balance, relying on the townspeople, broke my feudal nobility and founded large substantially national monarchies in which modern European sciences received their development. These shifts that happened in the situation of a powerful popular lift, closely connected with the struggle against the independence of the religion of secular culture. In the XV-XVI centuries, an advanced realistic innocence is created.

In the 40s of the XIX century. Realism becomes influential in art. Its base has become direct, living and unbiased perception and the true reflection of real reality. Like romanticism, realism criticized reality, but at the same time he proceeded from the reality itself, she also tried to identify the way of approaching the ideal. Unlike the romantic hero, the hero of critical realism can be an aristocrat, a religion, a banker, landlord, a small official, but it is always a typical hero in typical circumstances.

Realism of the XIX century, unlike the era of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, by definition A.M. Gorky, is, above all, the realism is critical. His main topic is the exposure of the bourgeois building and its morality, the vices of the modern writer of society. C. Dickens, V. Tekkrej, F. Standal, O. Balzac revealed the social importance of evil, seeing the reason in the material dependence of the person from a person.

In disputes between classicists and romantics in fine arts gradually laid the foundation for a new perception - realistic.

Realism, as a visually reliable perception of reality, approaching nature, approached Naturalism. However, E. Delacroix already noted that "realism cannot be mixed with the visible similarity of reality." The significance of the artistic image depended not from the naturalistic image of the image, but on the level of generalization and typing.

The term "realism", introduced by the French literary criticism of J. Chaflerri in the middle of the XIX century, was used to designate art opposing romanticism and academic idealism. Initially, realism came closed with naturalism and the "genuine school" in art and literature of the 60-80s.

However, later the self-determination of realism is happening as a flow, not in the whole coinciding with naturalism. In Russian aesthetic thought, realism implies not so much accurate reproduction of life as "truthful" mapping with the exposition of the "sentence of phenomena of life".

Realism expands the social space of artistic vision, forces the "universal art" of classicism to speak the national language, refuses retrossectivism more decisively than romanticism. Realistic world-upstream is the reverse side of idealism [9, p.4-6].

In the XV-XVI centuries, advanced realistic art is created. In the Epoch of the Middle Ages, artists, obeying the influence of the Church, moved away from the real image of the world inherent in antiquity artists (Apollodore, Zeewaxis, Parrasy and Palefil). Art moved toward the abstract and mystical, real images of the world, the desire for knowledge, was considered a sinful thing. Real images seemed too material, sensual, and, consequently, dangerous in the sense of temptation. Fucking artistic culture, a visual grades fell. Hippolyte Ten wrote: "Looking at church glasses and statues, on a primitive painting, it seems to me that the human genus was degenerated, the stupid saints, ugly martyrs, flat-growing maids, the procession of colorless, dry, sad personalities reflecting the fear of oppression."

The art of the Renaissance Age into traditional religious plots put new progressive content. In their works, artists glorify a person, show him beautiful and harmoniously developed, transmit the beauty of the surrounding world. But what is especially characteristic of artists of that time - they all live in the interests of their time, hence that completeness and power of character, the realism of their paintings. The widest public climb and led the genuine nationality of the best works of the Renaissance. The era of the Renaissance is the time of the greatest cultural and artistic lifting, which marked the beginning of the development of realistic art of the next epoch. A new worldview is published free from the spiritual oppression of the Church. At the heart of him - faith in the strength and opportunity of a person, a greedy interest in earthly life. A great interest in person, recognizing the values \u200b\u200band beauty of the real world, determine the activities of artists, the development of a new realistic method in art based on scientific research in the field of anatomy, linear and air perspective, lighting and proportions. These artists created deep realistic art.

Realism - Direction in literature and art, which causes the purpose of truthful reproduction of reality in its typical features. The domination of realism followed the epoch of romanticism and preceded symbolism.

It is believed that realism originated in ancient times. Allocate several periods of realism:

• "Antique Realism"
• "Realism of the Renaissance Epoch"
• "Realism of the XVIII-XIX centuries" (here, in the middle of the 19th century, has achieved the highest power in connection with which the term of the Epoch of Realism appeared)
• "Neanalism (realism of the XX century)"

Realism, by general asset opinion, is a specific historical method, in which the motives of the actions of the heroes are due to the circumstances in which this hero exists.

The basis of realism is the idea of \u200b\u200bdeterminism, the effects of the medium per person. Realistic literature reaches artistic truth, that is, the complete adequacy of the narrative of its object. The classification of the realistic method proceeds from what substantive motifs are recreated in the work. There is a social realism, where the dominant start are real circumstances that define the entire structure of the relevant artistic text, there is a realism of characters where the characters "compete" with circumstances; There is a realism of psychological, where in the first place is to reproduce the inner essence of the psychology of the existing person. In grotesque realism, the grotesque or satirical convention defines the style of the work, while not depriving the character of the logic of self-duty corresponding to the logic of life.

In Russian realism, two main types were developed for 200 years: critical and social. These terms were not quite successful, because there are objective difficulties when comparing. The terminological designation of critical realism is the pathos of the work, its critical focus, that is, the subjective side of the content, in the other case, the main substantive point of the method is a certain ideological system, where the word "socialist" is dominated. These are broken values, and if they keep in mind a genuine theoretical aesthetics, it is necessary to compare phenomena characteristic of the originality of the creative principles of reflection of life, and not an ideological or subjective-emotional introduction by the author to the artistic texts of their sympathies and antipathies.

Realism in the literature is a direction, the main feature of which is the truthful image of reality and its typical features without any distortion and exaggerations. This literary flow originated in the XIX century, and his adherents sharply opposed the sophisticated forms of poetry and use in the works of various mystical concepts.

Realism As an artistic method was formed in the 20-30s of the XIX. At this time, for the first time in the history of mankind, a global economic connection system has developed, significant democratic processes occurred, the scope of social proceedings covered all aspects of reality, attracting more and more social segments of the population.

Accordingly, the subject of art research was expanded: he was involved and acquired public importance and aesthetic value as broad public processes. So delicate nuances of human psychology, life of people, nature, the world of things. He experienced deep changes and the main object of an artistic study - a person, and the public bunch acquired a common, global character.

In the spiritual world, no corner remained, which would not have a public significance and did not interest art. All these changes led to the emergence of a new type of world artistic concept - realism.

The phenomena of reality, like the person himself, appeared in the art of realism in all complexity and completeness, in all wealth of aesthetic properties complicated and enriched with social practice.

The basis of the realism is the principle of historicism, specifically historical understanding and image of human characters. Important typing as a means of identifying the essential social qualities of a person and the circumstances of formation and activities.

The art of realism has a huge gallery of social types in its development, reproduced by the diversity and complexity of social relations and communications of society in a new historical period - the era of political and economic planning of capitalism. It should be noted that realism originated in the country where capitalism was established before all - England and France. The founders of Western European realism were V. Scott and Ch. Dickens, F. Standal and O. Where Balzac. Realism made a powerful influence on the public consciousness of the era. He contributed to the approval of a materialistic view per person, the essence of which is defined as "a set of all public relations."

The realistic type of creativity is based on non-a priori rules and scheme, but on the penetration into the patterns of social reality (it is the subject of art). The realist artist will know the characters and phenomena of life in motion, understands them as the results of reality that develops: and thinks by the pattern of this reality.

The realism of the time of capitalism was in the face of the growth of the authority of science and culture as a whole. However, scientific character had research mainly natural objects. Scientific worldview, which comprehends both human attitude towards nature and public relations of people, did not yet work out. Therefore, the ideological orientation of science in matters of solving the tasks of artistic creativity was largely reduced to perception, assimilation, and in the use of a complex of the idea and value, which characterizes natural science materialism. It is such aesthetics, the model of which was a book from the natureology, the equality of all the phenomena of life in front of the artist's eye directed realism to naturalism.

Socially historical analysis on which realism is based, makes it possible to fully comprehensively cover the life of a person in society, to make the life of the life, the lifestyle of modern society, that is, all the wealth of life circumstances that affect the share of man. They own upbringing and education, social, political, cultural, family and other relations and a bunch of people. At the same time, realism provides for an artistic analysis of society in all its socio-cultural plane embodied in the life of human individuality.

The second half of the 4th century marked by the growing crisis of capitalist society and aging the rebellious spirit of the proletariat. Therefore, the tendency of the deployment of the artistic process is characterized by the subsequent development of art associated with both a democratic and revolutionary force, as well as decadent, modernist currents that changed each other very often. These processes were at the end of the XIA Art. Only as a trend. But already at the beginning of the XX century. Art life has become extremely diverse and extremely contradictory, which is confirmed by the complexity of social student days.

Socialist realism is a creative method that has developed at the beginning of the XX century. As mapping the processes of the development of artistic culture during the socialist revolution, as an expression of the sociolass concept of peace and man. In the 20s of the last century, new conditions were created in Russia, unknown conflicts, dramatic collision, and, therefore, a new hero and a new audience appeared.

There was a need not only in political, philosophical, but also in artistic understanding of the process of victory of the socialist revolution among Russia and ways to build a socialist society. They follow that the victory of the revolution in Russia caused new art to life, and not actually the artistic method. It is extremely important to record the period of development of new art between the revolutionary 1917 and 1934, which took place in the pan-European modern discourse, and the next period, after the first congress of Soviet writers (1934). At the congress, a new artistic program of socialist art was adopted and a definitely new artistic method "Socialist realism", its principles and tasks.

In the first period, there is an active development of art that is not related to some ideological restrictions; It is saturated with the search for new means of artistic expressiveness, which could be fully conveyed to the audience Paphos of a new idea. Considering the specifics of the development of art and artistic method, follow the terms of the conditions that were in Russia. After all, the period is 1917-1921. In Ukraine, Georgia or, for example, in Armenia needed a separate analysis, since it is not identical to the socio-political situation in Russia. The art of socialist realism has half a century, it has had a significant impact on the share of world culture.

Signs of direction

Realism in the literature of the 19th century can be distinguished by clear signs. The main of them is an artistic image of reality in familiar images for the alignment, with which he regularly faces real life. Reality in works is considered as a means of knowing the person of the surrounding world and himself, and the image of every literary character is worked out in such a way that in it the reader can know himself, a relative, a colleague, or a familiar. In the novels and the possessions of realists, art remains life-affirming, even if The plot is characteristic of the tragic conflict. Another sign of this genre is the desire of writers to consider the surrounding reality in its development, and each writer is trying to discover the emergence of new psychological, public and social relations.

Features of this literary flow

Realism in the literature, which came to replace Romanticism, has signs of art looking for the truth and who seeks to transform reality.

Literary characters in the works of realist writers made discoveries after long random and dreams, after analyzing subjective maidos. This feature, which can be distinguished by the author's perception of time, has identified the distinctive signs of realistic literature of the beginning of the twentieth century from the traditional Russian classics.

Realism in the XIX century

Such representatives of the realism in the literature, like Balzac and Standal, Tekckens and Dickens, Jord Sand and Victor Hugo, in his works most brightly reveal the theme and evil themes, and avoid abstract concepts and show the real life of their contemporaries. These writers make it clear to readers that evil lies in the lifestyle of the bourgeois society, capitalist reality, the dependence of people from various material values. For example, in the novel of Dickens "Dombe and Son" the owner of the company was heartless and worn not by nature. Just such features of the character have appeared due to the presence of big money and the ambition of the owner, for which the main life accomplishment becomes the ones. Dealism in the literature is deceived by humor and sarcasm, and the images of the characters are no longer the ideal of the writer himself and do not embody his cherished dreams. From the works of the XIX century, the hero practically disappears, in the image of which the author's submission are viewed. Such a situation is especially brightly traced in the works of Gogol and Chekhov.

However, the most clearly given literary direction is manifested in the works of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, describing the world as they see it. This was also expressed in the image of characters with their advantages and weaknesses, descriptions of mental torments of literary heroes, reminding readers about harsh reality, to change which one person is impossible.

As a rule, realism in the literature also affected the fate of representatives of the Russian nobility, which can be judged by the works of I. A. Goncharov. So, the characters of the characters in his works remain contradictory. Oblons is a comprehensive and mild person, however, because of his passivity, he is not able to change life for the better. Such qualities have another character in Russian literature - boring, but gifted Boris Paradisk. Goncharov managed to create an image of the "antigero", typical for the XIX century, which was noticed by critics. As a result, the concept of "Oblomovshchina" appeared, relating to all passive characters, the main features of which were laziness and bravery.

Critical realism - In Marxist literary criticism, the designation of the art method preceding the socialist realism. It is considered as a literary direction established in the capitalist society of the XIX century.

It is believed that critical realism reveals the conditionality of the circumstances of the human life and his psychology of the social environment (novels O. Balzak, J. Eliot). In Soviet times, the materialistic aesthetics of V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubova were attracted to the substantiation of critical realism in Russia. Maxim Gorky recognized the last great representative of critical realism in A. P. Chekhov. From Gorky, according to the official Soviet ideas, the reference of the new artistic method began - socialist realism.

Psychologist in the literature is a complete, detailed and deep image of the fiction of the inner world of the literary hero: his feelings, emotions, desires, thoughts and experiences. According to A. B. Esin, psychologist - "This is a fairly complete, detailed and deep image of feelings, thoughts, experiences of a fictional personality (literary character) with the help of specific means of fiction." Lit.- Esin A. B. Psychologist of Russian classical literature. M., 1988. It is possible to say that all the richest worldwide literature consists of two large areas - the development of the heroes psychologism in their attitude to peace and other people and in the development of an internal psychologist aimed at analyzing their own inner peace, his soul. So, considering the works studied by us until the tenth class, the works of I.S.Turgenev "Asya", "Hunter's Notes", the second - "Hero of Our Time", "McMy" M.Yu.Lermontov can be attributed to representatives of the first direction. Turgenev sought the highest skill in the image of the characters of his heroes, revealing the inner world of heroes through actions and actions. As a child, he read "Mumu", you realize that only a courageous man with a strong character could take such a terrible decision - to drown the closest and native creature, so that Muma does not confuse the evil and cruel crowd. In the "Hero of Our Time" strikes the ability of Lermontov to reveal the secrets of the inner world of man (Pechorina), express spiritual experiences so accurately and brightly, as it is not to make a person in everyday, ordinary life.

In this regard, there are three main forms of psychological image to which all specific techniques of reproduction of the inner world of literary heroes are reduced: direct, indirect and total-denoting. The first two forms were theoretically allocated by I.V. Insurance: "The main forms of psychological analysis can be divided into the characteristics of the characters from the inside, - that is, through the artistic knowledge of the inner world of existing persons expressed through internal speech, memory images and imagination; At the psychological analysis of "from the outside", which is expressed in the psychological interpretation by the writer of expressive peculiarities of speech, speech behavior, mimic and other means of external manifestation of the psyche. " The image of the characters from the inside is called the straight form, and "outside" - indirect, since we will learn about the inner world of the hero not directly, but through the external symptoms of its psychological state. For the third form of the psychological image

A.B. Esin writes so: "But the writer has another opportunity, another way to inform the reader about the thoughts and feelings of the character - with the help of the name, extremely brief designation of those processes that proceed in the inner world. We will call such a method with a total and designatory. A.P. Spa wrote about this technique, comparing the peculiarities of the psychological image from the standal and Tolstoy: "Standal is most advantageous by the paths of verbal designation of the feeling. Feelings are named, but not shown. "So, the same psychological state can be reproduced using different forms of the psychological image. It is possible, for example, to say: "I was offended by Charles Ivanovich for waking up me," it will be a total-denoting form. You can depict the external signs of the insult: tears, frowny eyebrows, persistent silence, etc. - is an indirect form. And you can, as it made Tolstoy, reveal the inner state with the help of a straight form of a psychological image: "We put, I thought, - I'm small, but why is he disturbing me? Why does he not be hurting flies near the Volodyina bed? Won how much? No, Volodya is older than me, and I'm less than all: because he is tormented by me. Only about that and thinks all his life, - I whispered, - how would I do trouble. He sees very well that he woke up and frightened me, but she says, as if he does not notice ... Nasty man! And a bathrobe, and a hat, and brush - what nasty! " Lit.- A.B. Eustin. Principles and techniques for analyzing the literary work. Study Guide for students and teachers of philological faculties, teachers-literals. In total, in the works of writers, which we are habitually calling psychologists - Lermontov, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Maupassant and others - for psychological images are used, as a rule, all forms, although The leading role in psychologism is still played by direct form - the immediate recreation of the processes of human internal life. Psychological image receptions include psychological analysis and self-analysis. Both of these techniques are that complex spiritual states of heroes declined to their components and thereby explain, become clear to the reader. Psychological analysis is applied in a story from a third party, self-analysis - both from the first and third party. In the self-examination, the psychological narration of the first person acquires the character of confession, which strengthens the impression of the reader. This narrative form is used mainly when in the work - one main character, for consciousness and the psyche of which the author and reader monitors, and the remaining characters are minor, and their inner world is practically not depicted, ("childhood", "adolescence" and "Youth »L. N. Tolstoy, etc.).

In psychological analysis, the narrative story from a third party has its advantages. This feature form allows the author without any restrictions to introduce the reader into the inner world of the character and show it in the most detailed and deep. For the author there are no secrets in the soul of the hero - he knows about him everything, can trace the internal processes, explain the relationship between impressions, thoughts, experiences. At the same time, the author can psychologically interpret the external behavior of the hero, its facial expressions and plastic, etc. "I am the best feelings, afraid of mockery, buried in the depths of the heart. They died there, "says Pechorin about himself. But, thanks to the author, we understand that not all the "best feelings" of Pechorin died. He suffers when Bal dies, in a minute of parting with faith he "painfully shrinks the heart." "In a psychologism, one of the secrets of the long historical life of the literature of the past: Speaking about the soul of a person, she speaks with every reader about himself."

Realism is the dominant ideological and stylistic flow in the culture and art of Europe and America the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Came to replace such a powerful stylist flow in culture and art as romanticism.

The basic principle of creativity in realism- This is the image of reality, the person and the world are real, which they are. Not invented, not embellished in the direction of any ideal. In this, the fundamental difference between the realism of the previous trends and directions is Baroque, where the image is pretty and unnatural, classicism, which is a "improved" rationality of the world, romanticism, which reigns the cult of stormy passions, strong emotions, where the world of healing and majestic nature is glorified. Truthfulness in realism (not similar to the truth, but conformity to the truth) is one of the most important values.

Therefore, a realist is trying to significantly recreate the details and the facts of those events or phenomena, which describes.

Realism in the literature (as in painting, however) transfers typical features of objects: objects, phenomena and people. The relevant and the topical the theme raised by the author in the literary work is the better in realism. The sharper the social sound of the work right here and right now - again, it is better. Realists explore modernity and try to go with her "in the leg" - and this is a fact. This, however, does not cancel historical plots in the literature of realism. The accuracy and historical truthfulness is highly valued in their reproduction.

Famous Realists of European Literature - Onor de Balzac, Emil Zola, Bertold Brecht, Gi de Maupassan and other authors. In Russian literature, this is Anton Chekhov, Fedor Dostoevsky, Lion Tolstoy, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Yuri Olesha and other authors. At the beginning of the 20th century, the domination of realism in culture and art went to the decline - it is tested by the modernist flows with their cult of freedom of creativity, and it doesn't matter for modernists, whether the world depicted by them is similar to the real one, whether he is reliable. Realism is pushed by symbolism and futurism.

In some countries, realism as a direction in art and in the literature in particular reigned undivided until the mid-20th century. Not exception was the USSR, where social identity (socialist realism) was the dominant ideology in art for a long time. His bright representatives in the literature - Maxim Gorky, Konstantin Poist, Alexander Fadeev, Konstantin Simonov and others. A good example of socialist realism in visual art is the identity of the sculptor of faith Muchina, the author famous in the USSR sculpture "Worker and Kolkhoznitsy".

Exists in literature and painting and such an interesting phenomenon as "Magic Realism". Mainly, this term concerns the creativity of the authors of the mid-20th century and the late 20th century. The Colombian Prosipeis Gabriel Garcia Marquez is considered to be a recognized "father" in the literature. These are artworks, where the topic of magic and magic is included in the realistic (otherwise) artwork. Marquez's comrades in "Magic Realism" are also such well-known authors like Julio Cortasar and Jorge Borges. In painting, this is the creativity of the Frenchman Mark Shagal.

The realism is made to call the direction in art and literature, whose representatives sought to realistically and truthful reproduction of reality. In other words, the world was depicted as typical and simple with all his advantages and disadvantages.

General features of realism

Realism in the literature is distinguished by a number of common features. First, life was depicted in the images that corresponded to reality. Secondly, reality for representatives of this flow has become a means of knowing themselves and the world around. Thirdly, the images on the pages of literary works were distinguished by the truthfulness of parts, specifics and typing. Interestingly, the art of realists with their life-affirming provisions sought to consider reality in development. Realists have discovered new social and psychological relations.

The emergence of realism

Realism in the literature as a form of artistic creation arose in the era of Renaissance, developed in the Epoch of Enlightenment and showed himself as an independent direction only in the 1930s of the 19th century. The first realists in Russia include the Great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin (it is sometimes even called the ancestor of this flow) and no less outstanding writer N.V. Gogol with his novel "Dead Souls." As for literary criticism, within its limits, the term "realism" appeared thanks to D. Pisarev. It was he who introduced the term in journalism and criticism. Realism in the 19th century literature has become a distinctive feature of that time, having its own characteristics and characteristic features.

Features of literary realism

Representatives of realism in literature are numerous. The most famous and outstanding belongs to such writers like Standal, Ch. Dickens, O. Balzac, L.N. Tolstoy, Flaubert, M. Twain, F.M. Dostoevsky, T. Mann, M. Twain, W. Falkner and many others. All of them worked on the development of the creative method of realism and embodied in their works the brightest features in an inseparable connection with their unique copyright features.