The origin of the Slavs. Balts

Slavs I Balts most likely to Saba myself, Što Masava і Neta'narazovy Slavsў Slavsў on the Tar of Balta, could not not jumper da female, ethnіchnai ravalysyi. MENAV_TA ZHASU RUBRUE SODIMANў ON TERRATING BELARUS І PACATKA ІХ SEVSNAGA ZHETSYA Z BALATI І PACHYNETSTSA

If Skifo-Sarmaty is far from the language from Slavs, then it means that there is someone closer? You can try to find the raystery of the mystery of the birth of Slavic tribes, finding them the closest relatives in the language.
We already know that the existence of a single Indo-European Praä language, no doubt causes. Approximately in the III millennium BC. e. From this single primission, various groups of languages \u200b\u200bwere gradually began to form, which in turn were divided into new branches over time. Naturally, the carriers of these new related languages \u200b\u200bwere various related ethnic groups (tribes, natives of tribes, nationalities, etc.).
Studies of Soviet linguists conducted in the 70s and 1980s led to the discovery of the fact of the formation of Praslava language from the Baltic Language Array. About the time in which the process of separating Praslavyansky has occurred from the Baltsky there is a variety of judgments (from the XV century to n e. Until the VI century AD).
In 1983, the II conference "Balto-Slavic ethno-speaking relations in the historical and arofly" took place. It seems that it was the last such large-scale exchange of views then another Soviet, including the Baltic, linguistan historians on the topic of the origin of the Vine Slavs Language. The following conclusions can be drawn from the theses of this conference.
The geographical center of the resettlement of the Balt is the pool of the Vistula, and the territory engaged in the Balt was extended to the east, and south, and west from this center. It is important that the composition of these territories included the Oka pool and the top and secondary subway to Pripyat. Balts lived in the north of Central Europe to Venenov and Celts! The mythology of the ancient balts carried a clear Vedic shade on themselves. Religion, Pantheon the gods almost coincided with the Old Slavic. In the language sense, the Balt Language Space was heterogeneous and was divided into two large groups - Western and Eastern, inside which there were dialects. Balt and Praslavyansky languages \u200b\u200bcontain signs of a large impact of the so-called "Italian" and "Iranian" languages.
The most interesting riddle is the relationship of Balt and Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwith the so-called Indo-European Praiangist, which we will simultize me by linguistics specialists, will continue to call the Prazyk. The logical scheme of the evolution of Praslavyansky is approximately as follows:

Praask - Prabaltsky - + Italy + Scythian-Sarsmatky \u003d Vine Slavic.

This scheme does not reflect one important and mysterious detail: Prabaltsky (he "Balto-Slavic") language, formed from the progress, the contacts did not stop with him; These both languages \u200b\u200bexisted for a while at the same time! It turns out that Prabalt language is a contemporary practice!
This is contrary to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuity of the Prabalt language from the Praevka. One of the authoritative professionals on the problems of Prabalt language V.N. The axians put forward the assumption that the "Balt Area is" the "Ancient Indo-European Speech Reserve". Moreover, Prabalt language and there is an ancient Praävik of Indo-Europeans!
In combination with the data of anthropologists and archaeologists, this may mean that Prabalti were representatives of the "catacomb" culture (beginning of the II millennium BC).
Perhaps the ancient Slavs are some southeastern species of Prabalt? Not. The Version Slavic detects continuity from the western group of Balt languages \u200b\u200b(west of the Vistula!), And not from the neighboring eastern.
Does this mean that Slavs are the descendants of the ancient balts?
Who are the Balts?
First of all, the "Balts" is a scientific term to denote the related ancient peoples of southern Baltic states, and not self-sizing. Today, the descendants of the Balts are represented by Latvians and Lithuanians. Lithuanian and Latvian tribes are believed that Lithuanian and Latvian tribes (Kurshi, Latgol, Winter, villages, aukstileta, zhyamiteits, scalves, chasters, Prussians, Yatvägi) have developed from the more ancient Balt tribal formations in the first centuries of the first millennium of our era. But who were and where did these more ancient balts lived? Recently it was believed that the ancient Balts are the descendants of carriers of latealic cultures of polished combat axes and cord ceramics (the last quarter of the 3th millennium BC. E.). This believes contradict the results of research of anthropologists. Already in the Epoch of the Bronze Age, the ancient South Baltian tribes were absorbed by the Indo-Europeans who came from the south, who were the ancestors of the Balt. They were engaged in the Balts primitive agriculture, hunting, fishing, lived in weakly supported villages in log or cooled clay houses and twilights. In militarion, the Balts were low-active and rarely attracted the attention of the Mediterranean writers.
It turns out that you have to return to the initial, authon version of the origin of the Slavs. But then where does the Italian and Skifo-Sarmatian component of the Vine Slavonic language come from? Where are all those similarities with Scythian Sarmatians, about which we spoke in previous chapters?
Yes, if we proceed from the initial goal by anything to approve the Slavs as the most ancient and permanent population of Eastern Europe, or as descendants of one of the future Rusy tribes on Earth, it is necessary to bypass numerous contradictions arising from anthropological, linguistic, archaeological and other The facts of the history of the territory on which only the 6th century, our era had reliably lived Slavs, and only in the 9th century the state of Russia was formed.
To try more objectively to answer the riddles of the history of Slavs, we will try to look at the events that took place from the V Millennium to our era until the middle of the 1st millennia of our era on a wider geographical space than the territory of Russia.
So, in the V-VI millenniums BC. e. In Malaya Asia, Palestine, Egypt, India develop cities of the first reliably known civilizations. At the same time, Vincanskaya ("Tertarie") culture associated with the civilizations of Malaya Asia is formed in the Nizhny Danube basin. The in the outskirts of this culture was "Bogo-Dnestrovskaya", and later and "Tripolskaya" culture in the territory of the future Russia. In the space from the Dnieper to the Urals at this time, the tribes of early cattle breeders were happressed, who were still in a single language. Together with the "Wincans" farmers, these tribes were the ancestors of modern Indo-European peoples.
At the beginning of the III Millennium BC from the Volga region and to the Yenisei, Up to Western borders of the settlement of the Mongoloids appears "Nomna" ("Afanasyevskaya") Culture of nomads. To the second quarter of the III millennium BC. E., "Neremniki" spread to the lands, on which tripoles lived, and by the middle of the 3th millennium BC, they pushed them to the West. "Wincans" in the III Millennium BC gave the beginning of the civilizations of Pelasgov and Middle, and by the end of the III of the Millennium BC - Mycetes.
I lower the further development of ethnogenesis of European ethnicities in the III-II millennium BC.
It is more important for us that by the XII century BC, the "Scrolls" -Merizers, who made part of the Ariuses, or their descendants and receivers in Asia, come to Europe. Judging by the spread during this period throughout the Eastern and Northern Europe of South Ural Bronze, the influence of the Kimmerians was subject to a huge territory. Many European peoples of late time are obliged to the Aryan part of their blood to the Kimmerians. Conquer many tribes in Europe, the Kimmerians brought them their mythology, but also changed themselves, they perceived local languages. Later, the conquered Galov and Romans of Germanians spoke in the romance languages. Conquered the Balts Kimmerians after some time they spoke in the Balt dialects, merged with the conquered tribes. Balts that settled in Europe with the previous wave of the relocation of peoples from the Urals and Volga, received the first portion of the "Iranian" component of their language and Aryan mythology from Kimmerites.
About the VIII century BC. In the areas populated by Western Prabaltats, came from the south of Venneda. They brought a significant part of the "Italian" adverbing into the language of Prabaltov, as well as self-calibration - Venedy. Starting from VIII to the III century BC. e. One after another wave of immigrants from the West was held - representatives of the Cults with Celts "Luzitskaya", "Chernolesskaya" and "Zrubenetsky" cultures, that is, the Etruscans, Venneda and, possibly, the Western Balts. So "Western" Balts have become "southern".
And the archaeologists and linguists distinguish between two large breeding breeding of the Balts on the territory of the future Rus: one thing in the Oka basin, another - on average subway. It was them that they could keep in mind the ancient writers, speaking of neurors, disputes, ice, slopes, villages, gelons and budines. Where Herodotot placed gelons, other sources at different times called Galinov, Goldeskif, Golutsa, Golodly. So the name of one of the Balt tribes who lived in the middle plot can be established with a high probability.
So, on the OK and in the middle of the subway, the Balts lived. But after all, these territories were under the dominion of Sarmatov ("between the Pevkinnes and Fenns" along Tacitis, that is, from the Danube to the lands of Finno-Ugroms)! And the singers of the table These territories are fastened for Veden and Venedio Sarmati. This may mean that the Southern Balt tribes have been in a single tribal union with Scythian Sarmatians. Balts and Scytho-Sarmatov united a similar religion and an increasingly general culture. The strength of the weapons of warriors-Kshatriyov provided agriculties, cattlemen, fishermen and forest hunters from the Oak and the Verkhovyev Dnipro to the shores of the Black Sea and the Forn of the Caucasus the possibility of peaceful labor and, as they would say today, confidence in tomorrow.
At the end of the III century, goths invaded eastern Europe. They managed to conquer many Balts and Finno-Ugrom tribes, seize the giant territory from the shores of the Baltic to the Volga and the Black Sea, including the Crimea.
Skifo-Sarmatians have long and severely fought with Gotami, but still defeated, such a heavy defeat, which in their history has not yet happened. Not just the memory of the events of this war in the "Word about Igor's regiment"!
If the alans and roxolanes of the forest-steppe and steppe stripes could escape from the ready, retreating north and south, then there was nowhere to retreat "Tsarist Scyths". The fastest they were destroyed at all.
Gothic possessions divided Scythian Sarmatov to the southern and northern parts. South Skifo-Sarmaty (Yaasy, Alans), to which the leader of Bead's "Word about Igor", retreated to the North Caucasus and became Vassal ready. There was a monument-tombstone of Boss, established by his widow and famous historians of the XIX century.
The North were forced to go to the ground of the Balts and Finno-Ugroms (Ilmerians), also injured from ready. Here, apparently, the rapid merger of the Balts and Skifo-Sarmatov, which owned the general will and the need for liberation from the Gothic domination.
It is logical to assume that the Balts were numerically in most of the new community, so Sarmatians who had fallen in their environment soon spoke in South Balt with an admixture of the "Iranian" dialect - Vine Slavic. The military-princely part of the new tribes was still mainly Skifo-Sarmatian origin.
The process of education of the Slavic tribes took about 100 years during the life of 3-4 generations. The new ethnic community received a new self-confusion - "Slavs". It may be born from the phrase "Sva-Alana". "Alans" - apparently the overall self-sampling of the Sarmatians, although there was a tribe of Alans (such a phenomenon is not rare: later, among the Slavic tribes with different names, there was a tribe actually "Slam"). The word "SPE" - the glory and sacredity meant at the same time. In many Slavic languages, the sounds of "L" and "B" easily pass each other. And for the former Balts, this name in the sound of "Slora Vienna" had its meaning: Venets, who know the word, having a common language, as opposed to the "Germans".
Military confrontation with Goths all this time continued. Probably, the struggle was carried out in the main partisan methods, in conditions where cities and large settlements centers of weapons craft were captured or destroyed by the enemy. It affected and in service (darts, light onions and wicker shields, lack of armor) and on the military tactics of Slavs (attacks from ambushes and shelters, feigned retreats, lured in traps). But the very fact of the continuation of the struggle in such conditions suggests that the military traditions of the ancestors were saved. It is difficult to imagine how long I would continue and what could the struggle of Slavs with Gotami could have ended, but Hundes gung to the Northern Black Sea region. Slavs had to choose between the Vassal Union with Huns against the ready and the struggle on two fronts.
The need to submit to the Huns, which came to Europe as the invaders were probably greeted by the Slavs ambiguously and caused not only cross-bred, but also in-lawy disagreements. Some tribes broke into two and even three parts who fought on the side of the Gunnov or ready, or against both those and others. Gunns and Slavs were smashed ready, but the steppe Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region remained at the Huns. Together with the Huns, Slavs, whom the Byzantines were also called Scythians (according to the testimony of the Byzantine author of the Visk), came to the Danube. Following the goths retreating to the north-west, part of Slavs went to the Earth of Venetov, Balta Lugoys, Celts, who also became participants in the emergence of a new ethnic community. So the final basis and the territory of the formation of Slavic tribes has developed. In the 6th century, Slavs appeared on the historical stage already under their new name.
Many scientists share the Slavs of the V-VI centuries in language terms into three groups: Western - Venenov, South-Soclava and Eastern - Ants.
However, the Byzantine historians of that time are seen in the wallans and ants not ethnic formation and political tribal unions of Slavs, located from Lake Balaton to Vistula (wovers) and from the mouth of the Danube to the Dnieper and the Black Sea coast (Ants). Ants considered "the strongest of both tribes." It can be assumed that the existence of the two known by the Byzantians of the Unions of Slavic tribes is a consequence of inter-bar and intrabregenous contention on the "Gothic-Gunnsky" issue (as well as the presence of Slavic tribes with the same names removed from each other).
Slovens are probably those tribes (Milligi, Eselites, North, Dragoviti (Dregovichi?), Smolen, Sugudata, Vegezitis (Volynan?), Wyunites, Berrhisites, Rynhines, Crymetein (Curvachi?), Timochny and others) who are in The V century was the allies of the Huns, passed with them to the West and the north of the Danube. Large parts of Krivich, Smolen, Northerners, Dregovich, Volynan, as well as dulebs, tivers, indigesions, Croats, Polyana, Drevlyan, Vyatichi, Polokhan, Kuzane, and others, not submitted to the Huns, but not those who are ready for the side, amounted to the Antian Union, who opposed the new Huns - Avaras. But in the north of Splavinov, the Western Slavs lively known by the Byzantines - Vennets: Other parts of the once uniform tribes of Polyan, Sloven, as well as Serbs, Lyahi, Mazura, Mazovishane, Czechs, Bodrichi, Lutychi, Praevane, Radmichi - descendants of those Slavs who have no time left Parallel to the Gunnian invasion. From the beginning of the VIII century, under pressure from the Germans, Western Slavs partially moved to the south (Serb, Slovenia) and East (Slovenia, Radmichi).
Is there a time in history that can be considered by the time of absorption of the Balt tribes by the Slavs, or the final merger of the southern balt and Slavs? There is. This time is the VI-VII century, when, according to archaeologists, there was a completely peaceful and gradual settlement of the Balt villages with Slavs. Probably, it was due to the return of part of the Slavs to the birthion of the ancestors after the capture of the Svalavin and Anthow donutany lands. From that time, "Venedy" and Skifo-Sarmatians are practically disappearing from sources, and the Slavs appear, and they act exactly where they have recently "the Scythian Sarmatians and the disappeared Balt tribes. According to V.V. Sedov "It is possible that the tribal boundaries of early ancient-Russy tribes reflect the features of the ethnic membership of this territory before the arrival of Slavyan."
Thus, it turns out that the Slavs, absorbing the blood of very many Indo-European tribes and nationalities, are still more descendants and spiritual heirs of the Balt and Scythian Sarmatov. Pranodina Indoariyev is south-western Siberia from the South Urals to Balkhashya and Yenisei. Praodina Slavyan - Middle Podneprovye, Northern Black Sea Corrosion, Crimea.
This version explains why it is so difficult to find one single ascending line of the Pedigree Slavs, explains the archaeological confusion of Slavic antiquities. And yet is just one of the versions.
The search continues.

Balt tribes on the territory of the Baltic Finns

Publication in the magazine "Latvian Vester" ("History of Latvia") №2 1991

The habitat of the Baltic tribes in antiquity was much extensive lands of modern Latvia and Lithuania. In the 1st millennium, the southern border of the Balts stretched from the top flow of the Oka in the East through the average flow of the Dnieper to the Bug and the Vistula in the West. In the north, the territory of the Balti residents bordered with the lands of Finugor's tribes.

As a result of the differentiation of the latter, perhaps the 1st millennium to R.Kh. Of these, the Baltic Finns group stood. During this period of time, a strip of contact of the Baltic tribes with finobalts along the Daugava to its top is formed along the Daugava.

The zone of these contacts was not the result of the Natius of the Balts in the northern direction, and the consequence of the gradual creation of an ethnically mixed territory in Vidzeme and Latgale.

In scientific literature, we can find a lot of evidence of the influence of culture, language and anthropological type of Finobalt to the Baltic tribes, which occurred both during the mutual influence of the cultures of these tribes and as a result of mixed marriages. At the same time, today, the problem of the influence of the Balts on the finnish peoples of this area is still seriously investigated.

This problem is too complicated to solve it overnight. Therefore, we will only pay attention to some of the significant questions that are characteristic of discussion, the further study of which could be promoted by the study of lingules and archaeologists.

The southern border of the Baltic tribes has always been most vulnerable and "open" to migrate and attack from outside. The ancient tribes, as we now understand, at the moments of a military threat, often left their lands and went to more protected territories.

A classic example in this sense could serve the resettlement of the ancient nevors from the south to the north, to the Popioti pool and the Verkhovy Dnipro, an event confirmed both by testimony of Herodotus and with archaeological studies.

First millennium BC. It became a particularly difficult period in both the ethnic history of the Balt, and in the history of European peoples in general. We mention only a few events that influenced the movement of the Balticians and migration at the time.

In the period of the period, the southern territory of the Baltic tribes was affected by all sorts of migrations of a clearly military character. Already in the 3rd century BC. Sarmati devastated the lands of Scythians and Budinov in the territories in the middle of the Dnieper. From 2-1 centuries, these raids reached the territories of the Balts in the Pripyat pool. During the few centuries, Sarmati won in the steppe strip of the Black Sea region all lands of historical Scythia to the Danube. There they became a decisive military factor.

In the first centuries of our era in the southwest in close proximity to the territory of the Balt (Vistula pool), tribes of the ready formed by Velbarc culture appear. The influence of these tribes has also reached the Pripyat basin, but the main stream of Gothic migration was sent to the Steppe of the Black Sea region, in which they, together with Slavs and Sarmatians, founded a new education (the territory of Chernyakhovsky culture), which existed for about 200 years.

But the most important event of 1 Millennium was the invasion of nomads Hunn to the Zone of the Black Sea Steppes from the East, destroyed by the state formation of Germanic and for decades the all tribes from Don to the Danube in the underestic destructive war. In Europe, the beginning of the great resettlement of peoples is associated with this event. This wave of migrations especially touched the tribes that inhabited Eastern, Central Europe and the Earth Balkan.

Echo mentioned events also reached the Eastern Baltic States. After the start of the new era in Lithuania and the South Baltic, the Western Baltic tribes, which created the culture of "long Kurgans" appear at the end of the 4th and early 5th century.

In the early era of the Iron Century (7-1-1th century BC) the largest East Baltic area was located in the Dnieper basin and on the territory of modern Belarus, where Balt hydronomy prevail. Belongs to the antiquity of this territory, today is a generally accepted fact. The territory north of the upper flow of Daugava to the Finnish bay up to the first appearance here, the Slavs inhabited the Finnish Baltic Baltic Tribes - Liva, Estonians, All, Inhrants, Izhora, Metchi.

It is believed that the most ancient names of rivers and lakes on this territory - Finugor's origin. However, recently there was a scientific reassessment of the ethnicity of the names of the rivers and lakes of the land of ancient Novgorod and Pskov. The results obtained revealed that the hydronic lines of the Baltic origin are actually no less frequent than Finnish. This may indicate that the landlines once appeared on the inhabited tribes of the ancient Finns and left a significant cultural trail of the Baltic tribes.

In archaeological literature, the presence of the Baltic components in the territory mentioned is recognized. It is usually referred by the time of resettlement of Slavs, whose movement to the North-West Rus may have included some Baltic tribes. But now, when a large number of Baltic hydronems were stated on the territory of Ancient Novgorod and Pskov, it is logical to allow the idea of \u200b\u200bthe independent influence of the Balts to the Baltic Finnish peoples also before the appearance of Slavs here.

Also in the archaeological material of the territory of Estonia there is a great influence of the culture of the Balts. But here the result of this influence is a much more concrete. According to the archaeologists, in the Epoch of the Middle Iron Age (5-9 centuries. AD) Metal culture (casting, decorations, weapons, inventory) In the Estonian territory, it was not developed on the basis of the culture of iron items of the previous period. At the initial stage, the source of new metal forms were landfills, gems and ancient Prussians.

In the burial grounds, in the excavations of settlements on the territory of Estonia, it was found characteristic of the balt metal objects. The influence of the Baltic Culture is also stated in ceramics, in the construction of housing and funeral tradition. Thus, starting from the 5th century, in the material and spiritual culture of Estonia, the influence of the culture of the Baltic. In 7-8 centuries. It also has an impact from the southeast - from the region of the Bansersovsky East Baltic Culture (Dnipro and Belarus and Belarus).

The Latgal culture factor in comparison with the similar influence of other Baltic tribes is expressed weaker and only at the end of 1 millennia in the south of Estonia. To explain the reasons for the mentioned phenomenon only the penetration of the Baltic Culture without migration themselves is actually impossible. This is evidenced by anthropological data.

In scientific literature there is an old idea that neolithic cultures in this area belong to some ancient predecessors of Estonians. But the mentioned finugresses on the anthropological complex of signs (shapes of the head and face) differ sharply from modern inhabitants of Estonia. Therefore, from an anthropological point of view between cultures of neolithic ceramics and the cultural layer of modern Estonians, direct continuity is observed.

Interesting data gives an anthropological study of the modern peoples of the Baltic States. They indicate that the Estonian anthropological type (the parameters of the head and face, growth) is very similar to Latvian and is especially characteristic of the population of the territory of the ancient farms. On the contrary, the Latgale anthropological component is almost presented in Estonians and is guessed only in some way in the south of Estonia. Ignoring the influence of the Baltic tribes on the formation of an Estonian anthropological type to explain the mentioned similarity is hardly possible.

Thus, this phenomenon can be explained by relying on anthropological and archaeological data, the expansion of the Balts in the mentioned territory of Estonia in the process of mixed marriages, which influenced the formation of the anthropological type of local Finnish peoples, and also on their culture.

Unfortunately, any craniological materials (skulls) attributable to 1 millennium, not yet found on the territory of Estonia, is explained by the traditions of cremation in funeral rite. But in the study of the mentioned problem, important data gives us finds of 11-13 centuries. Craniology of the population of Estonia of this period also allows you to judge the anthropological composition of the population of previous generations in this territory.

Already in the 50s (20th century), Estonian anthropologist K.Marka stated (a) the presence of 11-13 centuries in the Estonian complex. A number of signs (the massive structure of the skulls of the oblong shape with a narrow and high face), characteristic of the anthropological type of landfills. Recent studies of the grave 11-14 centuries. In Northeast, Estonia fully confirms the similarity with the Zemgal anthropological type of craniological finds in this area of \u200b\u200bEstonia (Virumaa).

Indirectly indicate possible migrations to the north of the Baltic tribes in the second half of the 1st millennium, also data from Northern Vidzeme - Skulls from the Zogilnik 13-14 BB of aneks Aluksnesky district (Bundzen's volost), which are characteristic of landmarks with a similar complex of signs. But the resulting craniological materials from the grave of Asares Aluqnesky district are of particular interest. Only a few burials dated to the 7th century were opened here. The burial ground is located in the residence of the ancient Finugor's tribes and refers to the time preceding the arrival of Latges in Northern Vidzeme. Here, in the anthropological type of population, we can again see the similarities with zemv. So, anthropological data indicate the movement of the Baltic tribes in the second half of the 1st millennium through the middle band of Vidzeme in the northern direction.

It must be said that in the formation of the Latvian language, the main place belonged to the "middle dialect". Ya. Endzelins believes that "out of the language of Kury's speaking speaking of the" middle "arose on the basis of the Zemkali dialect, with the addition of elements of the" Verkhnelytshsky "dialect, and, perhaps, the Language of the villages, - the inhabitants of the middle strip of ancient Vidzeme" 10 What are the tribes of this area influenced the formation of a "middle dialect"? Archaeological and anthropological data is clearly not enough today to answer this question.

However, we will be closer to the truth if we consider these tribes related zemgeals - the burial of the Mogilnik Asares in a number of anthropological signs are similar to them, but still not completely identical to them.

Estonian ethnonym Eesti is a striking way echoes the name of the Tacitom Aestiorum Gentes mentioned in the 1st century on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, identified by scientists with the Balta. Also about 550, Jordan places AISTIV (Aesti) to the east of the mouth of the Vistula.

The last time the Baltic Aysteyus was mentioned at Wollfstan in connection with the description of the ethnonym "easti". According to Ya. Endzelin, this term could be borrowed by Wolfastan from the Old Town, where the Easset means "Eastern" 11 says that the ethnonym of AISTUTION was not self-espowering the Baltic tribes. They may have been so named (as it was often in antiquity) the neighbors of the Germans, who, however, called so all their eastern neighbors ..

Obviously, it is because on the territory inhabited by the Balts territory, the ethnonym "Aystea" (as far as I know) is not "noticed" in the names of the places. Therefore, you can assume the idea that the term "AISTI" (EAAT) - with whom, perhaps, the Germans associated the Balts, mainly in the manuscripts of Middle Ages, speaks of some of their neighbors.

Recall that during the great resettlement of the peoples of the Angles, Saksa and Utah crossed the British Islands, where later, with their mediation, this name of the Balts could be maintained for a long time. It looks plausible, since the Baltic tribes inhabited territories in the 1st millennium, which occupied a very significant place on the political and ethnic map of Europe, so it is not surprising that they would have to be known there.

Perhaps the Germans eventually began to attribute the ethnonym "AISTYA" to all the tribes that inhabited land east of the Baltic, for Wolfstan in parallel with this term mentions a certain Eastland, of course, with Estonia. Starting from the 10th century, this politicalion is already attributed exclusively to Estonians. Scandinavian sagas mention Estonian land as Aistland. In the chronicle of Indrich Latvian, Estonia or Estlandia and the people of Estones are mentioned, although Estonians themselves call them Maarahvas - "the people (their) land."

Only in the 19th century, Estonians adopt the name Eesti. For your people. This suggests that the Estonian people did not borrow their ethnonym from the Tacitt mentioned in the 1st century of our Balt era.

But this conclusion does not change the creatures of the question of the symbiosis of the Balts and Estonians in the second half of 1 millennia. This question is less studied in terms of linguistics. Therefore, the study of ethnic origin of the toponyms of Estonia could be an important source and historical information.

Russian Chronicle "Tale of Bygone Years" contains two fingered names in the mention of the Baltic tribes. If we take on faith that the names of the tribes are obviously located in some specific sequence, it can be assumed that both of the list correspond to the geographical location of these tribes. First of all, - in the north-west direction (where the old Ladoga and Novgorod are taken, obviously, the finanmatory tribes mentioned are east of the same place. After the listing of these peoples for the chronicler, it would be logical to follow the West, which he does, mentioning the balts and liv in the sequence, adequately numbers:

1. Lithuania, Zimigol, Court, Norova, Libe;
2. Lithuania, Winegola, Court, Lethigola, Love.

These listings are interested in us here at all, since they feature a tribe.
Norova. Where was their territory? What was the ethnicity of this tribe? Is any archaeological equivalent of "Norov" guess? Why is Norova once mentioned instead of Latgalians? Of course, it is impossible to immediately give an exhaustive answer to all these questions. But let's try to imagine this main aspect of the problem, as well as the possible direction of further research.

The mentioned lists of the tribes in PVL were previously dated 11 V. Recent studies indicate that they are older and belong to the tribes that inhabited these territories not that in the 9th, not the first half of the 10th century, we will try to somehow localize the term "Narova" based on the names of places, possibly from him What is happening. The painting of their (places) of the location covers the very large territory of the Finnobalt in the North-West of Russia - from Novgorod in the East to the border of Estonia and Latvia in the West.

Here, many names of rivers, lakes and villages are localized, as well as personal names mentioned in all kinds of written sources, the origin of which is associated with the ethnonym "Narova". In this region, the "tracks" named after the ethnicome Narov in the names of places is very sustainable and found in the documents from 14. -5 centuries. For these items associated with the Narova tribe, there are so many variations of Norova / Narova / Nereva / Neroma / Morova / Mereva and others13

According to D. Makhinsky, this region corresponds to the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mogilnikov of the Long Kurgans of 5-8 centuries, which is drawn from Estonia and Latvia to the east until Novgorod. But these burial grounds are mainly concentrated on both sides of the Church of the Lake and the Great River14. The marked long mounds are partially investigated in the east of Latgale and in the northeast. The aril of their distribution is also captured by the Northeast Vidzeme (Volost Ilzene).

The ethnicity of the Mogilnikov of the Long Kurgans is estimated in different ways. V. Sedov considers them Russian (or curvists, in Latvian it is one word - bhalu), i.e., the burials of the tribes of the first wave of Slavs in the mentioned territory, although the Balt component is obvious in the material of these graves. The Slavs were also attributed to the graves of long Kurgans in Latgale. Today, Russian ethnicity is no longer evaluated so unequivocally, for and the chronicles of Russians do not testify that the initial Russia would speak in the language of Slavs.

There is an opinion on the affiliation of curvice Baltam. Moreover, the last archaeological studies indicate that the Slavic tribes in the north-west of Russia appeared not earlier than the middle of the 8th century. Thus, the question regarding the Slavic affiliation of the burial grounds of long Kurgans disappears by itself.

Opposite opinions are reflected in the studies of the Estonian archaeologist M. Auna. In the south-east of Estonia, the mounds with corpecursions refer to the Baltic Finnam16, although the Baltic component was also noted. These contradictory results of archeology are complemented today with conclusions regarding the belonging of long Kurgans on the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, Norov's tribes. The statement actually relies on the only argument that the ethnonym of the neron is Finnish origin, because in Finugor's noro languages \u200b\u200bmeans "low, low place, swamp" 18.

But such an interpretation of ethnicity named after Norovas / Neromas is too simplified, because other significant facts are not taken into account related to the issue mentioned. First of all, special attention was paid to the Russian chronicle of the name of the Non (Narova): "Sirech's nerve to be chewed."

So, according to the chronicler, the nerve is similar to Zhemites. D. Machinsky believes that such a comparison is illogical and therefore does not take into account it at all, because otherwise, it should be recognized that the nerve is gemaite19. In our opinion, the basis of this concise phrase is laid down a certain and very important meaning.

Most likely, the mention of these tribes is not a comparison, the chronicler is obvious that the nerve and gemaite spoke in the same language. It is very possible that it is precisely in such a value that the mention of these tribes should be mentioned in the Old Russian speech. This thought confirms another similar example. Chronicles often transferred the name of Tatars on Pechenegs and Polovtsy, obviously, believing that they all belong to the same Turkic peoples.

So, it would be logical to conclude that the chronicler was a person educated and well informed about the tribal mentioned. Therefore, it is most likely that the peoples who are mentioned in the chronicle of Russians called Norova / Neroma should be considered the baltams.

However, this conclusions are not exhausted by this important problem for science associated with nerve tribes. In this regard, the point of view should be mentioned, the scientific study of P. Shemit is fairly fully pronounced. The author draws attention to such a possible explanation of the ethnonym of the nerve. Schmit writes that the name "Nar" means the name "Non" in several versions mentioned in the chronicle of Neroma means "Nehru" land, where the suffix is \u200b\u200ba finite-language "MAA" - Earth. Then he concludes that the Vilna River, that in the Lithuanian language is also known as Neris, it is also of the etherologically related to the "neuria" or Neurie "20.

Thus, the ethnonym "nerve" one can be associated with the "ners", the Baltic tribes of the 5th century BC, which Herodotus mentioned allegedly in the upper reaches of the Southern Bug, archaeologists identify the Neva with the area of \u200b\u200bMilograd culture 7-1 BC BC, but localize Their, however, in the upper course of the Dnieper in accordance with the testimony of Pliny and Marsellin. Of course, the question regarding the etymology of ethnonym nevver and his connection with Neromu / Norovu is the subject of the competence of the lingules whose studies in this area are still waiting.

The names of rivers and lakes associated with the ethnonym of the neury are localized for a very extensive area. Its southern border can approximately designate from the lower flow of the Varta in the West to the average flow of the Dnieper on Eastern21, in the north this territory covers the ancient Finns of the Baltic States. In this region we also find the names of the places that completely coincide with the ethnonym Norova / Narova. They are localized in the upper course of Dnieper (Nareva) 22, in Belarus and in Southeast (Naravai / Neravai) in Lithuania 23.

If you consider the fino-language people mentioned in the chronicle, then how to explain the similar toponyms on the whole of this mentioned territory? Toponymic and hydronicimical correspondence of localization for the ancient territory of the Baltic tribes is obvious. Therefore, based on this aspect, the arguments for the Finnish affiliation Norovas / Neromas cause doubt.

According to the Lieutenant R. Ageeva, Hyrothonima with the root of Nar- / Ner (Naro, Naru, Nar, Narva, also often, also the River Narva in the Latin Medieval version - Narvia, Nervia) could be Baltic origin. Recall that in the north-west of Russia, R. Ageev is openly a lot of hydronism of those considered Baltian origin, which may relate to the culture of long Kurgans. The reasons for the arrival of the Balt on the territory of the ancient Baltic Finns in the North-West of Russia are most likely associated with the socio-political situation of the era of the great resettlement of peoples.

Of course, at the mentioned territory, the Balta was adjacent to the Baltic Finns, which contributed to both mixed marriages among these tribes and cultural interaction. This is reflected in the archaeological material of the culture of long kurgans. From the middle of the 8th century, when Slavs appear here, the ethnic situation has become more complicated. It also disconnected the fate of the Baltic ethnic groups in this territory.

Unfortunately, there are no craniological material from the burial grounds of long Kurgans, because the cremation tradition existed here. But the skulls extracted from the gravens of 11-14 centuries on this territory obviously testify to the benefit of the anthropological components of the Balt in the local population. Here are two anthropological types. One of them is similar to Latgale, the second is characteristic of land and gem. It remains unclear which one formed the basis of the population of the culture of long Kurgans.

Further studies of this issue, as well as discussions on the issues of Baltic ethnic history, are obviously carrying interdisciplinary. The study of various related industries could be promoted by their further study, which can clarify and deepen the conclusions made in this publication.

1. Pie Baltijas Somiem Pieder Lībieši, Somi, Igauņi, Vepsi, Ižori, Ingri Un Voti.
2. Melnikovnya ON Tribes of Southern Belarus in the early Iron Age M., 19B7. C, 161-189.
3. Denisova R. Baltu Cilšu Etnīskās vēstures procesi m. ē. 1 Gadu Tūkstotī // LPSR ZA Vēstis. 1989. NR.12.20.-36.IPP.
4. Toporov V.N., Trubachev O.N. Linguistic analysis of Hydronov Upper Podneprovia M., 1962.
5. Agayeva R. A. Hydronimia of Balt origin in the territory of Pskov and Novgorod lands // Ethnographic and linguistic aspects of the ethnic history of Balt peoples. Riga, 1980. P.147-152.
6. Eestti Esiajalugi. Tallinn. 1982. KK. 295.
7. Aun M. Balt elements of the second half of I thousand n. e. // Problems of ethnic history of the Balts. Riga, 1985. P. 36-39; AUI M. Relationships of the Balt and South Estonian tribal in the second half of the I millennium N.E.// Problems of the ethnic history of the Balt. Riga, 1985. P. 77-88.
8. AUI M. Relationship of the Balt and South Estonian tribal in the second half of the 1th millennium N.E. // Problems of ethnic history of the Balts. Riga, 1985. P. 84-87.
9. Asaru Kapulauks, Kurā M. ATGAZIS Veicis Tikai Pārbaudes Izrakumus, IR ļotl Svarīgs Latviešu Etniskās Vēstures Skaidrošanā, Tādēļ tuvākajā nākotnē Ir Jāatrod Iespēja to Pilnīgi izpētīt.
10. Endzelīns J. Latviešu Valodas Skaņas Un Formas. R., 1938, 6.IPP.
11. Endzelīns J. Senprūšu Valoda. R., 1943, 6.IPP.
12. Machinsky D. A. Ethnosocial and ethnocultural processes in Northern Rus // Russian North. Leningrad. 198b. P. 8.
13. Turpat, 9.-11.IPP.
14. Sedov V. V. Long Kurgan Kurvic. M., 1974. Tab. one.
15. Urtāns V. Latvijas Iedzīvotāju Sakari Ar Slāviem 1.g.t. Otrajā Pusē // Arheoloģija un etnogrāfija. VIII. R, 1968, 66., 67.IPP.; ARI 21. ATSAUCE.
16. Aun M. Kurgan Murdes of Eastern Estonia The second half of the 11th millennium AD. Tallinn. 1980. P. 98-102.
17. Aun M. 1985. P. 82-87.
18. Machinsky D. A. 1986. P. 7, 8, 19, 20, 22
19. Turpat, 7.ipp.
20. ŠMITS P. Herodota Ziņas Par Senajiem Baltiem // Rīgas Latviešu Biedrības Zinātņu Komitejas Rakstu Krājums. 21. Rīga. 1933, 8., 9.LPP.
21. Melnikovskaya O. N. The tribes of Southern Belarus in the early Iron Institute. M. 1960, Fig. 65. P. 176.
22. TURPAT, 176.LPP.
23. Okhnyansky E. Inrogenous settlements in Lithuania X711-XIV centuries. In the light of ethnonymic local names // Balto-Slavic studies 1980. M., 1981. P. 115, 120, 121.

Artist: Schiberin Yuri 12 "B"

The arrival of Indo-Europeans and the ethnogenesis of the Balt (Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, the end of 3 - the middle of 1 millennium BC. E.)

At the time of late Neolithic from the south to the north, the farst zone began to advance agricultural cattle breeding tribes. Researchers consider them to Indo-Europeans. They spread first on the territory of Lithuania, then passed to the north - in Latvia and Estonia, reaching Finland, and in the east - Oki and Volga pools.

On the influence of the culture of Indo-Europeans, you can judge the inventory of the studied sites. In the lateneolitic parking lots in Svlyanthy, ceramics is already different than before, in character: these are flat-bottom vessels of different magnitudes, decorated with a cord ornament, sometimes with a tincture pattern. The clay contains a lot of dress. The bones of pigs, large and small home cattle, wooden hoes, flint tips of triangular and heart-shaped forms are found here. Consequently, these people have already been engaged in agriculture along with hunting and fishing.

Typical for the specified period polished fluff and stone axes, stone brows, stone, horny and wooden hoes. Lithuania has found more than 2500 such products in 1400 places. The axes were purified by fields from trees and shrubs, the soil was treated with hoes. The spread of these finds throughout Lithuania is a certificate of a more dense and uniform settlement of its 2-1 millennia BC. e.

Along with polished stone products, people began to apply and metal - bronze. Bronze products hit the territory of Lithuania in 17-16 centuries. BC e. Thanks to interpretable bonds. Ancient metal product, known in Lithuania, - Dagger with a handle, discovered in the vicinity of m. Veluxes (Yurbarki district). Such daggers were distributed then in the territories of the current Western Poland and northern German lands.

At first, metal products were brought ready, but in the future the bronze began to process both in place. Of the imported metal ingots or broken products, battle axes were manufactured, copies, daggers, short swords. The first metal decorations appeared: pins with a spiral head, cervical hryvnia, bracelets and rings. Since bronze or copper received only on exchange, the products of them were rare and roads. Only about 250 bronze products of this pore are found in Lithuania. Along with Bronze, stone tools of labor continued to be used everywhere. In this era, weakly stroked ceramics gradually spread.

In addition to the Selice of the Bronze Age, the archaeologists are also known for the burial monuments - large mounds with concentric stone crowns. In 2 millennia BC. e. In such mounds buried the dead incomplete, later - burned, often in the clay urn. Apparently, at this time there was a cult of ancestors.

Already in the second half of 2 millennia BC. e. In the process of assimilation by the Indo-European residents of the southern part of the Narvo-Nemansky and Verkhne-Neman cultural areas, the ancestors of the Balt arise (sometimes they are called Prabalts).

At the end of the Neolithic - the beginning of the Bronze Age, the territory between the Vistula and Lower Daugava (Western Dviga) is gradually allocated as a separate cultural area with characteristic features of material culture and funeral rites.

Group of Culture Culture Corporation, penetrated on to the north, were assimilated by Finno-Ugric tribes or partially returned to the south. Thus, in Eastern Baltic States, two areas arose in the Bronze Age: South-Indo-European-Baltic and North - Finno-Ugorskaya. The territory of Lithuania is part of the largest space populated by the Baltami, between the Vistula in the south and Daugava in the north, the Baltic Sea in the West and the Upper Podnets in the East.

The development of the productive forces led to the decomposition of the primitive community and the transition to the class society. This process took place throughout the almost entire first millennium N. e. It is characterized not only by archaeological finds, but also the first, though fragmented, written sources. The first written information about the inhabitants of Eastern Baltic States.

The first reliable written evidence of people who inhabited the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, find antique authors. Polynia Elder (23-79 N. E.) In "Naturally History", it says that during the Emperor Nero to decorate the upcoming gladiator games on the distant shore of the Baltic Sea was sent for amber Roman rider who delivered it so much that Decoration of the whole amphitheater. Roman historian Cornelius Tatii (55-117 N. E.) In the work of Germany, it reports that the Istiyev tribes live on the right bank of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea, who are engaged in agriculture, although they have few iron products. Estia is harvested on the sea coast Amber, deliver it to the merchants in the raw form, to their amazement, receive fees. Claudius Ptoleum (90-168 n. E.) In the work of Geography, it mentions living on the distant north of European Sarmatia and Sudine, which, apparently, can be identified with the Baltic tribes and subordinates known from later written sources. (Yatvägov). This information suggests the trading of Romans with the inhabitants of Eastern Baltic States and that part of the Balt Tribes (Estia) was already known to the ancient world.

Late the author, the Gothic historian Castiodore (6th century,) mentions that at the beginning of the 6th century, the king of the sharpening theodorich visited the ambassadors of Estiyev, offered their friendship and brought him as a gift to Yantar. In the 6th century Jordan. Retelling the Gothic legends, writes that the king is sharpening Germanovich (351-376 N. e.) The victorious tribes of Estiyev.

Unions of Balt tribes.

On the territory of Lithuania, the unions of tribes, famous from written sources, have developed in the middle and in the second half of the first millennium. e. In the process of disintegration of primitive society. The anthropological composition of the population of Lithuania by the beginning of the second millennium was quite homogeneous. The main anthropological type is a dollyochast europeoid with a wide and somewhat elongated face, medium height. The unions of the tribes were geographically political formations and included smaller related tribes. In these unions, there were territorial units - "land" with economic and administrative centers. Languages \u200b\u200bsuggest that it was in the fifth - sixth century that the process of allocating individual Eastern Baltian languages \u200b\u200b(Lithuanian, Latgale, Zemkalsky, Curonian) was completed from the general Eastern Baltic Praävka. Archaeological materials - a characteristic complex of jewelry and a funeral rite - allow you to schedule a number of ethnocultural areas that can be identified with the territories of the unions of the tribes.

East of the River of the Wannethy and Middle Middle Middle Neman (Namunas), the region of Kurgans with earthen embankments is distinguished, in which burials with troves are dominated from the sixth century. The funeral inventory is a few decorations (with the exception of pins), often encountered iron narrow-facing axes and copies tips, sometimes skeletons horses. These are the burial monuments of Lithuanians.

West - in the central part of Lithuania (in the Nhevizhis River Basin and in Northern Zalenier), the soil grains are common, in which burials with troves are dominated from the seventh century. The funeral inventory is not a few, weapons little. By the end of the first millennium, a custom spread next to the owner's devoted fire to bury an incompeated horse with a richly decorated as the Horse. This is the ethnocultural area of \u200b\u200bthe aukstilette.

In the southern part of the Zaremaine and the south of the river, the balls come across mounds, largely folded from stones. The burials with the trovescence, often in the urns, a few funeral inventory characterizes the monuments of Yatvägov-Sughvov.

In the dubis pools, Yura and the upper vents are common ground grains, where burials with the corpecution took place until the end of the tenth century. Podpexification make up a minor part. In the burials there are many bronze jewelry, the skull of the horse is often found in men's skull, and sometimes only the objects of horse breaks as its symbolic burial. Only by the end of the first millennium, the horse was sometimes buried with the owner. These funeral monuments relate to gems.

According to both banks, Nemman in its lower current there are ground grains, where the tropping rite in the middle of the first millennium is gradually replaced by the trovescence. Many metal, including women's head decorations, peculiar pins found. These burials are left by cliffs.

According to the appropriate features, the burials of the Kurys, Zemganov and villages, which lived on the northern outskirts of Lithuania, in the southern and western parts of Latvia are determined.

Consequently, 8 cultural and ethnic regions of individual unions Letto-Lithuanian tribes can be distinguished. Only the tribes of Lithuanians, the aukstileitte and gems lived exclusively in Lithuania. Sella, Zemga and Kurshi lived in South Latvia; Rockwear - and on the territory of the current Kaliningrad region; Part of this area and the North-West Poland area inhabited related Prussian tribes, and Yatvika tribes lived on the western edge of Belarus. Slavsiki, Prussian and Yatvika settlements were mixed here.