Portraitists of the Renaissance. Artists of the Renaissance ▲
The undoubted achievement of the Renaissance has become the geometrically correct design of the picture. The artist lined up the image with the help of techniques developed by him. The main thing for the painters of that time was to comply with the proportions of objects. Even nature has fallen under mathematical techniques to calculate the proportionality of the image with other objects in the picture.
In other words, artists in the Renaissance era sought to convey the exact image, for example, a person on the background of nature. If we compare with modern receptions of recreation on some canvas of the visible image, then, most likely, the photo with subsequent adjustment will help you understand what the artists of the Renaissance are striking.
The painters of the Renaissance era believed that they had the right to correct the flaws of nature, i.e., if a person had ugly features, artists corrected them in such a way that the face became cute and attractive.
Leonardo da Vinci
The era of Renaissance became such thanks to many creative individuals who lived at that time. The world-famous Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) created a huge number of masterpieces, the cost of which are calculated in millions of dollars, and the connoisseurs of his art are ready to contemplate its pictures over time.
He began his learning Leonardo in Florence. The first is his canvas, written around 1478, "Madonna Benua." Next, there were such creations as "Madonna in Grote", "Mona Lisa," mentioned above "The Last Supper" and another mass of other masterpieces written by the Titanium of the Renaissance era.
The rigor of geometric proportions and accurate reproduction of the anatomical structure of a person is that the painting of Leonard da Vinci is characteristic. According to his convictions, art is depicting on canvas those or other images is science, and not just some kind of passion.
Rafael Santia
Rafael Santi (1483 - 1520) famous in the world of art as Rafael created his works in Italy. Its paintings are imbued with lyricism and grace. Rafael is a representative of the Renaissance era, who portrayed a man and his being on Earth, loved to paint the walls of the cathedrals of the Vatican.
The pictures betrayed the unity of the figures, proportional to the compliance of space and images, fragrant colors. The purity of the Virgin was the basis for many pain anal. His first image of Our Lady is the Sistine Madonna, which was written by the famous artist back in 1513. Portraits that were created by Rafael reflected the perfect human image.
Sandro Botticelli
Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510) is also an artist of the Renaissance era. One of his first works was the picture "Worship of Magi". Thin poetry and dreaminess were its initial manners in the field of artistic images.
In the early 80s of the XV century, the great artist painted the walls of the Vatican Chapel. The frescoes made by his hand are still striking.
Over time, its paintings have become the calm of the buildings of antiquity, the liveliness of the characters depicted, harmony of images. In addition, the passion for Botticelli drawings is known to famous literary works, which also added only fame to his work.
Michelangelo Buonotti.
Michelangelo Buonotti (1475 - 1564) - an Italian artist who also worked in the Renaissance. Than just not done by this person known to many of us. And sculpture, and painting, and architecture, as well as also poetry. Michelangelo, like Raphael and Botticelli, engaged in painting the walls of the Vatican temples. After all, only the most talented painters of those times were attracted to such a responsible work as deposition of images on the walls of Catholic cathedrals. More than 600 square meters of the Sicstinskaya Capella had to be covered with frescoes with images of various biblical plots. The most famous work in a similar style is known to us as a "terrible court." The meaning of the biblical plot is fully expressed and clear. Such accuracy in the transmission of images is characteristic of Michelangelo's work.
Renaissance (Renaissance). Italy. XV-XVI century. Early capitalism. The country rules rich bankers. They are interested in art and science.
Rich and influential gather around themselves talented and wise. Poets, philosophers, artists and sculptors lead daily conversations with their patrons. For a moment it seemed that people were ruled by the wise men, as Plato wanted.
They remembered the ancient Romans and the Greeks. Which also built a society of free citizens. Where the main value is a person (not counting slaves, of course).
Revival is not just copying the art of ancient civilizations. This mixture. Mythology and Christianity. Realistic nature and mentality of images. The beauty of physical and beauty spiritual.
It was just a flash. The period of high rebirth is about 30 years old! From the 1490s to 1527. From the beginning of the flourishing of creativity Leonardo. Before the plunder of Rome.
The mirage of the perfect world is fast dymer. Italy was too fragile. She was soon enslaved by the next dictator.
However, these 30 years have identified the main features of European painting 500 years ahead! Up to .
Realistic image. Anthropocentrism (when a person is the main character and hero). Linear perspective. Oil paints. Portrait. Scenery…
Incredible, but several ingenious masters at once came up in these 30 years. Which in other times is born one for 1000 years.
Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rafael and Titian - Titans of the Renaissance. But it is impossible not to mention the two of their predecessors. Jotto and Mazacho. Without which there would be no rebirth.
1. Jotto (1267-1337)
Paolo Stochello. Jotto Yes Bondony. Fragment of the painting "Five Masters of the Florentine Renaissance". The beginning of the XVI century. . XIV century. PRASTORESANCE. The main hero is Jotto. This is a master who has committed a revolution in art alone. 200 years before high rebirth. If it were not for him, the epoch, which mankind is so proud of, is unlikely to come.
Jotto were icons and frescoes. They were created by the Byzantine canons. Faces instead of persons. Flat figures. Non-compliance with proportions. Instead of a landscape - golden background. As, for example, on this icon.
Guido yes Siena. Worship of Magi. 1275-1280 Altenburg, Lindenau Museum, Germany. And suddenly the frescoes of Jotto appear. There are volumetric figures on them. Persons of noble people. Sad. Sorrowful. Surprised. Old and young. Different.
Jotto's frescoes in the church of the brenor in Padua (1302-1305). Left: mourning Christ. In the middle: Kiss Judah (fragment). Right: Annunciation of St. Anne (Mother Mary), a fragment.
The main creation of Jotto is the cycle of his frescoes in the burgher chapel in Padua. When this church opened for the parishioners, the crowds of people joined it. Because they never seen this.
After all, Jotto did an unprecedented. He, as it were, translated the biblical plots on a simple clear language. And they became much more affordable to ordinary people.
Jotto. Worship of Magi. 1303-1305 Fresco in bark chapel in Padua, Italy. It is this that will be characteristic of many masters of the Renaissance. Laconic images. Live emotions of characters. Realistic.
About the frescoes of the master Read more in the article.
Jotto admired. But its innovation is not further developed. Italy came fashion for international gothic.
Only after 100 years the master will appear worthy of the successor of Jotto.
2. Mazaccho (1401-1428)
Mazacho. Self-portrait (fragment of the frescoes "Saint Peter on the Department"). 1425-1427 Brankachchi Capella in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmina, Florence, Italy. The beginning of the XV century. The so-called early revival. Another innovator comes to the scene.
Mazacho was the first artist who used a linear perspective. She was developed by his friend, architect Bruneland. Now the world has become similar to the real one. Toy architecture - in the past.
Mazacho. Saint Peter heals his shadow. 1425-1427 Brankachchi Capella in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmina, Florence, Italy. He adopted the realism of Jotto. However, in contrast to the predecessor, he knew anatomy well.
Instead of bull-shaped characters, Jotto are beautifully folded people. Just like the ancient Greeks.
Mazacho. Baptism of neophytes. 1426-1427 Capella Brankachchi, Church of Santa Maria Del Carmina in Florence, Italy. 
Mazacho. Exile from Paradise. 1426-1427 Fresco in Brankachchi Chapel, Church of Santa Maria Del Carmina, Florence, Italy. Mazacho lived a short life. He died, like his father, unexpectedly. At 27 years old.
However, he had a lot of followers. The following generations wizard went to Brankachchi Chapel to learn from its frescoes.
So the innovation of Mazacho was picked up by all the great titans of high revival.
3. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Leonardo da Vinci. Self-portrait. 1512 Royal Library in Turin, Italy. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the Titans of the Renaissance. Which enormally influenced the development of painting.
It was he who raised the status of the artist himself. Thanks to him, representatives of this profession from now on not just artisans. These are creators and aristocrats of the Spirit.
Leonardo made a breakthrough primarily in portrait painting.
He believed that nothing should distract from the main image. The look should not wander from one detail to the other. So the famous portraits appeared. Laconic. Harmonious.
Leonardo da Vinci. Lady with ermine. 1489-1490 Black Museum, Krakow. The main innovation of Leonardo is that he found a way to make images ... alive.
Before him, the characters on the portraits were like mannequins. The lines were clear. All items are carefully drawn. The painted drawing could not be alive.
But here Leonardo invented the Sphumato method. He lasted the line. Made a transition from light to the shadow very soft. His heroes are covered with barely catchy haze. Characters came to life.
. 1503-1519. Louvre, Paris. Since then, Sphumato will enter the active dictionary of all the great artists of the future.
It is often found that Leonardo, of course, genius. But I could not bring anything to the end. And the paintings often did not finish. And many of his projects remained on paper (by the way, in 24 volumes). And in general, he threw it into medicine, then to music. And even the art of serving at one time was fond of.
However, think about yourself. 19 paintings. And he is the greatest artist of all times and peoples. And someone does not even close in greatness. At the same time, writing 6,000 cauldons for life. Obviously, who has the CPD higher.
About the most famous picture of the master read in the article.
4. Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Daniele da Volterra. Michelangelo (fragment). 1544 Metropolitan Museum, New York. Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor. But he was a universal master. Like his rebirth era colleagues. Therefore, his picturesque heritage is no less ambitious.
He recognizes primarily on physically developed characters. Because he portrayed a perfect person. In which physical beauty means spiritual beauty.
Therefore, all his heroes are such muscular, hardy. Even women and old men.
Michelangelo. Fragments of the fresco "Scary Court" in the Sistine Chapel, Vatican.
Often Michelangelo wrote the character naked. And then addressed the clothes from above. So that the body is as relief as much as possible.
The ceiling of the Sicastine Chapel he painted himself. Although this is a few hundred figures! He did not even bring paints to rub off anyone. Yes, he was loner. Possessing a steep and non-advisory character. But most of all he was dissatisfied with himself.
Michelangelo. Fragment of the fresco "Creation of Adam". 1511 Sycstine Chapel, Vatican. Michelangelo lived a long life. Having survived the merry of the Renaissance. For him it was a personal tragedy. Late his works are full of sadness and grief.
In general, the creative path of Michelangelo is unique. Early work is the praise of a hero man. Free and courageous. In the best traditions of ancient Greece. How his David.
In recent years of life, these are tragic images. Intentionally rudely left stone. As if the monuments of the victims of fascism of the 20th century. Look at his "Pieta".
Sculptures Michelangelo at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. Left: David. 1504 on the right: Piest Palestrina. 1555
How is this possible? One artist for one of his life was all stages of art from the Renaissance of up to 20th century. What to make subsequent generations? Well, go to your way. Realizing that the plank is raised very high.
5. Rafael (1483-1520)
. 1506 Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Rafael was never in oblivion. His genius was always recognized. And during life. And after death.
His heroes are endowed with sensual, lyrical beauty. It is his right to be considered the most beautiful female images ever created. Their external beauty reflects the spiritual beauty of the heroine. Their meekness. Their sacrifice.
Raphael. . 1513 Gallery of old masters, Dresden, Germany. The famous words "Beauty will save the world" Fedor Dostoevsky said exactly about. It was his favorite picture.
However, sensual images are not the only strong side of Raphael. He very carefully thought over the compositions of his paintings. He was an unsurpassed architect in painting. Moreover, he always found the simplest and harmonious solution in the organization of space. It seems that otherwise can not be.
Raphael. Athenian school. 1509-1511. Fresco in the stans of the Apostolic Palace, Vatican. Rafael lived only 37 years. He died suddenly. From the picked out cold and medical error. But his heritage is difficult to overestimate. Many artists are guarded by this master. Multiple of his sensual images in thousands of her cloths ..
Titian was an unsurpassed colorist. He also experimented a lot with the composition. In general, he was a bold and bright innovator.
For such brightness of the talent, everyone loved him. Calling the "king of painters and painter kings."
Speaking of Titian, I want to put an exclamation mark after each sentence. After all, it was he who will bring in painting the dynamics. Pathos. Enthusiasm. Bright flavor. Shine of paints.
Titian. Ascension of Mary. 1515-1518. Church of Santa Maria Glorosii Dei Frari, Venice. By the end of his life, he developed an unusual letter of the letter. Swirl smears, thick. Paint caused by a brush, then with my fingers. From this - images are even more alive, breathable. And the plots are even more dynamic and dramatic.
Titian. Tarquinius and Lucretia. 1571 Museum of Fitsuillama, Cambridge, England. Don't you remind you anything? Of course, this is a technique. And technician artists of the XIX century: Barbizontev and. Titian, like Michelangelo, will be 500 years of painting for one of her life. That is he and genius.
About the famous masterpiece Masters read in the article.
Artists of the Renaissance are artists of great knowledge. To leave such a legacy, it was necessary to know a lot. In the field of history, astrology, physics, and so on.
Therefore, each of their image makes us think. What is it depicted for? What is the message encrypted here?
Therefore, they almost never mistaken. Because thoroughly thought out their future work. Using the entire luggage of their knowledge.
They were more than artists. They were philosophers. The world explains to us with painting.
That is why they will always be deeply interesting for us.
The era of Renaissance originated in Italy. It acquired its name due to the sharp intellectual and artistic flourishing, which began in the 14th century and was very influenced by European society and culture. Renaissance was expressed not only in the paintings, but also in architecture, sculpture and literature. The most outstanding representatives of the Renaissance - this is Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Titian, Michelangelo and Rafael.
At these times, the main goal of the painters was a realistic image of the human body, so they basically painted people, portrayed different religious plots. The principle of perspective was also invented, which opened up new opportunities in front of artists.
Florence was the center of Renaissance, the second place was taken by Venice, and later, closer to the 16th century - Rome.
Leonardo is known to us as a talented painter, sculptor, scientist, engineer and revival era architect. Leonardo worked most of his life in Florence, where he created a lot of masterpieces known all over the world. Among them: "Mona Lisa" (otherwise - "Joconda"), "Lady with Mornostham", "Madonna Benua", "John the Baptist" and "St. Anna with Maria and Baby Christ. "
This artist is recognizable thanks to a unique style that produced years. He also painted the walls of the Sistine Chapel on the personal request of Pope Siksta IV. Famous paintings of Botticelli wrote on mythological theme. This picture refers "Spring", "Pallada and Centaur", "Birth of Venus".
Titian was the head of the Florentine school of artists. After the death of his teacher Bellini, Titian became an official, generally accepted artist of the Venetian Republic. This painter is known for his portraits for religious topics: "Ascension of Mary", "Dana", "Love earthly and the love of heaven."
Italian poet, sculptor, architect and artist depicted a lot of masterpieces, of which - the famous statue of David from marble. This statue has become the main attraction in Florence. Michelangelo painted the arch of the Sicastine Chapel in the Vatican, which was a major order of Pope Julia II. During his work, he paid more attention to architecture, but gave us the "Crucifixion of St. Peter", "Position in the Coffin", "Creation of Adam", "Posterger".
His creativity was formed under the great influence of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, thanks to which he gained invaluable experience and skill. He painted the front halls in the Vatican, representing human activity and portraying a variety of scenes from the Bible. Among the famous painting of Rafael - "Sicstinskaya Madonna", "three graces", "Saint Mikhail and the Devil".
Ivan Sergeevich Tsegorodtsev
Renaissance is a phenomenal phenomenon in the history of mankind. Never there was no such brilliant outbreak in the field of art. Sculptors, architects and artists of the Renaissance (the list is great, but we will touch the most famous), the names of which are known to everyone, presented the peace of invaluable unique and exclusive people showed themselves on one field, but at once on several.
Painting the Epoch of the Early Renaissance
The Renaissance era has a relative time frame. Previously, she began in Italy - 1420-1500. At this time, painting and all art as a whole is not much different from the recent past. However, elements borrowed from classical antiquity begin to appear for the first time. And only in subsequent years, sculptors, architects and artists of the Renaissance (which is very large) under the influence of modern living conditions and progressive trends are finally refused by the medieval foundations. They boldly take into service the best samples of antique art for their works, both in general and in separate details. The names of them are known to many, let's stop at the brightest personalities.
Mazacho - genius of European painting
It was he who made a huge contribution to the development of painting, becoming a great reformer. The Florentine Master was born in 1401 in the family of artistic artisans, so the feeling of taste and the desire to do in his blood. At the age of 16-17, he moved to Florence, where he worked in workshops. His teachers are rightfully considered Donatello and Brunelands - great sculptors and architects. Communication with them and passioned skills could not but affect the young painter. At the first Mazacho borrowed a new understanding of the human person, characteristic of the sculpture. At the second master - the basics of the first reliable work, researchers consider "Triptych San Jovenale" (on the first photo), which was found in a small church near the town in which Mazaccho was born. The main work is the frescoes in the history of St. Peter's life. The artist participated in the creation of six of them, namely: "Miracle with Star", "Exile from Paradise", "Baptism of Neophytes", "Distribution of Property and Death of Anania", "Resurrection of the Son of Teofila", "Saint Peter will heal the patient with his shadow" And "Saint Peter at the Department."
Italian artists of the Renaissance are the people entirely and fully dedicated themselves to art that did not pay attention to the usual everyday problems that sometimes led them to poor existence. No exception and mazacho: the brilliant master died very early, at the age of 27-28, leaving behind the great works and a large number of debts.
Andrea Manteny (1431-1506)
This is a representative of the Paduan school of painters. The basics of skill he received from his reception office. The style was formed under the influence of the works of Mazacho, Andrea Del Kastano, Donatello and Venetian painting. This defined a somewhat rigid and sharp manner Andrea Manteny compared to Florentinians. He was a collector and connoisseur of the culture of an ancient period. Thanks to his style, not similar to one another, he became famous as an innovator. His most famous works: "Dead Christ", "Triumph Caesar", "Judith", "Battle of Marine Deities", "Parnas" (in the photo), etc. From 1460 and before the death itself, he worked as a court artist in the family of the Dukes of Gonzag.
Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
Botticelli is a pseudonym, a real name - Filipei. He chose the path of the artist not immediately, but he initially studied jewelry skill. In the first independent work (several "Madonn") the influence of Mazacho and Lippi feels. In the future, he glorified himself as a portraitist, the bulk of orders came from Florence. Exquisite and sophisticated character of his work with elements of stylization (synthesis of images using conditional techniques - simplicity of form, colors, volume) distinguish it from other masters of that time. Contemporary Leonardo da Vinci and Young Michelangelo left a bright trail in world art ("Birth of Venus" (photo), "Spring", "worship of Magi", "Venus and Mars", "Christmas", etc.). His painting sincere and sensitive, and the life path is complex and tragic. The romantic perception of peace in young age was replaced by mysticism and religious exaltation in maturity. The last years of life Sandro Botticelli lived in poverty and oblivion.
Piero (Pietro) Della Francesca (1420-1492)
Italian painter and another representative of the Epoch of the early Renaissance from Tuscany. The author's style was formed under the influence of the Florentine School of Painting. In addition to the talent of the artist Piero della Francesca had outstanding abilities in the field of mathematics, and the last years of his life dedicated to her, trying to tie her with high art. The result was two scientific treatments: "On the future in painting" and "a book about five right bodies." His style distinguishes solemnity, harmony and nobility of images, compositional balance, accurate lines and construction, soft gamut of paints. Pierrot Della Francesca possessed amazing for that time knowledge of the technical side of painting and the peculiarities of the prospects, which deserves high authority from contemporaries. The most famous works are: "The story of the Tsaritsa Sava", "Bacheling of Christ" (in the photo), "Altar Montefeltro", etc.
Painting high rebirth
If the Preautoresans and the early epoch lasted almost a century and a half and a century, respectively, this period covers only a few decades (in Italy from 1500 to 1527). It was a bright, dazzling outbreak, who gave the world a whole pleiad of great, versatile and ingenious people. All art industries walked hand in hand, so many masters are also scientists, sculptors, inventors, and not only the artists of the Renaissance. The list is large, but the top of the Renaissance marked the work of L. Da Vinci, M. Bangarotti and R. Santi.
Unusual genius da Vinci
Perhaps this is the most extraordinary and outstanding personality in the history of world artistic culture. He was a man universal in the full sense of the word and possessed the most versatile knowledge and talents. Artist, sculptor, theorist in the field of art, mathematician, architect, anatom, astronomer, physicist and engineer - all this about him. Moreover, in each of the Leonardo da Vinci regions (1452-1519), she showed himself as an innovator. So far, only 15 of his paintings has come, as well as many sketches. Possessing the amazing vital energy and thirst for knowledge, he was impatient, he was fascinated by the process of knowledge. In a very young age (20 years), he received the qualification of the master of the guild of St. Luke. His most important works were the fresco "Last Supper", the paintings "Mona Lisa", "Madonna Benoit" (in the photo above), "Lady with the mountain", etc.
Portraits of the artists of the Renaissance are rare. They preferred to leave their images in paintings with many persons. So, around the autoportist da Vinci (in the photo) to this day, disputes do not subscribe. The versions are made that he made it aged 60 years. According to the biographer, artist and writer Vazari, died a great master in his hands at his close friend King Francis I in his castle Clo-Lose.
Raphael Santi (1483-1520)
The artist and architect comes from Urbino. His name in art is invariably associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sublime beauty and natural harmony. For a rather short life (37 years old), he created many pictures known to the whole world, frescoes and portraits. The plots that he depicted are very diverse, but he always attracted the image of Our Lady. Absolutely reasonable Raphael is called "Madonn Master", especially those written by him in Rome are especially famous. In the Vatican, he worked from 1508 and until the end of his life as an official artist at the papal courtyard.
Comprehensively gifted, like many other great artists of the Renaissance, Rafael was also an architect, and also engaged in archaeological excavations. According to one of the versions, the last passion is in direct relationship with premature death. Presumably, he infected on the excavations of the Roman fever. The great master in Pantheon is buried. In the photo of his self portrait.
Michelangelo Buoanarrot (1475-1564)
The long 70-year-old of this person was bright, he left the descendants of rampant creations not only painting, but also sculptures. Like other great artists of the Renaissance, Michelangelo lived in times, full of historical events and shocks. His art is the wonderful finishing note of the entire Renaissance.
The master put the sculpture above all the rest of the arts, but by the will of fate became an outstanding painter and architect. The most large-scale and extraordinary work is the painting (in the photo) in the palace in the Vatican. The fresco area exceeds 600 square meters and contains 300 figures of people. The most impressive and familiar is the scene of a terrible court.
The Italian artists of the Renaissance have possessed multifaceted talents. So, few people know that Michelangelo was also an excellent poet. This line of his genius fully manifested itself at the end of life. About 300 poems have been preserved to this day.
Painting of the Epoch of Late Revival
The final period covers the time interval from 1530 to 1590-1620 years. According to the British Encyclopedia, Renaissance as the historical period ended with the fall of Rome, which occurred in 1527. At about the same time in Southern Europe, the counterfeiting won. The Catholic current looked at the octo to any freedomiff, including the charm of the beauty of the human body and the resurrection of the art of an ancient period - that is, that was the pillars of the Renaissance. This resulted in a special course - mannerism, characterized by the loss of harmony of spiritual and bodily, humans and nature. But even in this difficult period, some well-known artists of the Renaissance created their masterpieces. Among them, Antonio Yes Corredjo, (considered the founder of classicism and palladianism) and Titian.
Titian Veverielio (1488-1490 - 1676)
He is rightfully considered the Titan of the Renaissance, along with Michelangelo, Rafael and Da Vinci. Even before he was 30 years old, the glory of the "King of the painters and painter of the kings" was entrusted to Titian. Basically the artist wrote pictures on mythological and biblical topics, besides, it became famous for a great portrait. Contemporaries believed that being captured by the brush of the Great Masters - it means to find immortality. And indeed it is. Orders to Titian came from the most revered and noble people: Roman dads, kings, cardinals and dukes. Here are just a few, most famous, his work: "Venus Urbinskaya", "Abduction of Europe" (in the photo), "Cross," "coronation of a thorns", "Madonna Pesaro", "Woman with a mirror", etc.
Nothing repeats twice. The era of Renaissance presented in humanity ingenious, extraordinary personalities. Their names are inscribed in the world history of art with gold letters. Architects and sculptors, writers and artists of the Renaissance - the list is very large. We only touched the titans that were created by the story, carried the world of the idea of \u200b\u200benlightenment and humanism.
With the classical fullness, revival was realized in Italy, in the Renaissance culture of which distinguish between the periods: PRATINESSANS, or TIME OF PROVIDENCE PAYMENTS, ("DANTE AND DJ", about 1260-1320), partially coincidently with the period of Derunce (13 century), and Alpito (14 century), quatrocherto (15th century) and Ginkvice (16th century). More common periods are early rebirth (14-15th centuries), when new trends actively interact with the Gothic, overcoming and creatively transforming it.
And also high and later rebirth, whose special phase has become mannerism. In the era of Quatrocheto, the Florentine School, Architects (Filippo Bruneland, Architectors (Filippo Bruneland, Leona Battista Alberti, Bernardo Rosselino and others), Sculptors (Lorenzo Hibri, Donatello, Yakopo Della Kverchar, Antonio Rosselino, Desiderio da Setignano), Painters (Mazaccho , Filippo Lippi, Andrea Del Kastano, Paolo Sturchello, Fra Angeliko, Sandro Botticelli) which was created by plasticly solid, possessing internal unity concept of the world, spreading gradually throughout Italy (Creativity Piero della Frances in Urbino, Wittor Carpaccio, Francesco Cosa in Ferrara, Andrea Manteny in Mantua, Antonello da Messina and the Gentile Brothers and Giovanni Bellini in Venice).
It is natural that the time that attached the central meaning of "vigorous" human creativity, put forward in the art of personalities, which - with all the abundance of the then talents - became the personification of the whole epochs of the national culture ("Titans" personalities, as they were romantically called later). The personification of the PRATINESSAN became Jotto, opposite aspects of a quatrochetically - constructive rigor and sincere lyrism - according to Mazacho and Angeliko with Botticelli. "Titans" of the middle (or "high") Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael and Michelangelo are artists - the symbols of the Great Row of the New Time as such. The most important stages of Italian Renaissance architecture - early, medium and late - monumentally embodied in the works of F. Bruneland, D. Bramte and A. Palladio.
In the Epoch of the Renaissance, an individual, author's creativity comes to the change of medieval anonymity. A great practical significance is obtained by the theory of linear and air perspective, proportions, problems of anatomy and black and white modeling. The center of Renaissance innovations, the artistic "mirror of the era" was the illusory-naturopod-like pictorial picture, in religious art, she displaces the icon, and in the art of light, it creates independent genres of the landscape, household painting, portrait (the latter played a paramount role in the visual approval of the ideals of humanistic Virtu). The final intrinsicness receives the art of printed engravings on a tree and metal, in the period of reformation, which became truly massive. The drawing from the working sketch turns into a separate type of creativity; Individual shares manner, stroke, as well as the texture and effect of incompleteness (non-finite) begin to be valued as independent art effects. Picture, illusory-three-dimensional, and monumental painting, receiving increasing visual independence from the wall massif. All types of visual arts now, anyway, disturb the monolithic medieval synthesis (where the architecture was dominated), gaining comparative independence. Types are formed by an absolutely round, requiring special circumvention of a statue, equestrian monument, a portrait bust (largely reviving the ancient tradition), there is a completely new type of solemn sculptural-architectural tombstone.
During the period of high rebirth, when the struggle for humanistic renaissance ideals gained intense and heroic character, architecture and visual arts were marked by the breadth of social sound, synthetic generalization and power of images, complete spiritual and physical activity. In the buildings Donato Bramte, Rafael, Antonio da Sangallo reached its apogee perfect harmony, monumentality and clear proportionality; Humanistic fullness, brave flight of art imagination, the coverage of reality is characteristic of the work of the largest masters of the visual art of this era - Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael, Michelangelo, Georgeon, Titian. From the second quarter of the 16th century, when Italy joined the political crisis and disappointment in the ideas of humanism, the work of many masters has acquired a complex and dramatic character. In the architecture of the late Renaissance (Jacomo da Vigola, Michelangelo, Julio Romano, Baldassara Peruszi) increased interest in the spatial development of the composition, submission of the building with a wide town planning plan; In those who received rich and complex development of public buildings, temples, villas, Palazzo, a clear tectonics of the early revival was replaced by the tense conflict of the tectonic forces (the construction of Jacopo Sansino, Galeazzo Alesi, Michele Sanmekheli, Andrea Palladio). Painting and the sculpture of the late revival enriched in understanding the contradictions of the world, interest in the image of a dramatic mass action, to spatial dynamics (Paolo Veronese, Jacopo Tintoretto, Jacopo Bassano); There was an unprecedented depth, complexity, internal tragedy reached the psychological characteristics of the images in the late works of Michelangelo and Titian.
Venetian school
Venetian school, one of the main picturesque schools of Italy with the center in Venice (partly also in small towns of Terraferm - the regions of the continent adjacent to Venice). For the Venetian school, the predominance of the pictorial principle is characterized, special attention to the problems of coloring, the desire for the embodiment of the sensual completeness and the painfulness of being. Closely related to the countries of Western Europe and the East, Venice died in foreign culture, everything that could serve its decoration: the elegance and golden brilliance of the Byzantine mosaics, the stone antines of the Moorish structures, the fantasticity of the gothic temples. At the same time, its original style was developed here in art, painting on the front paintness. The Venetian school characterizes the secular, life-affirming beginning, the poetic perception of peace, man and nature, a subtle colorism.
The most heyday, the Venetian school reached in the era of early and high rebirth, in the work of Antonello da Messina, who opened the expressive opportunities for oil painting, creators of the ideal - harmonic images of Giovanni Bellini and Georgeon, the greatest Colorist Titian, who embodied in his canvases inherent in Venetian painting cheerfulness and colorful plethora. In the works of the Wizards of the Venetian School, the second half of the 16th century, the virtuosity in the transfer of the world's multi-fission, love for festive spectacles and a multipoint crowd is adjacent to explicit and hidden drama, anxious sensation of the dynamics and the infinitions of the universe (Polaol Veronese and Jacopo Tintoretto). In the 17th century, the traditional for the Venetian school interest in the problems of coloring in the works of Domenico Fetti, Bernardo Strozzi and other artists coexists with the receptions of Baroque painting, as well as realistic trends in the Karavageism spirit. For the Venice painting, the 18th century is characterized by the flourishing of monumental-decorative painting (Giovanni Battista Typolo), a domestic genre (Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Pietro Long), a documented architectural landscape - Moves (Giovanni Antonio Cantelto, Bernardo Belotto) and lyrical, subtle-transmitting poetic atmosphere The daily life of Venice of the cityscape (Francesco Guard).
Florentine School
Florentine school, one of the leading Italian art schools of the Renaissance Center in the city of Florence. The formation of the Florentine school, who finally established in the 15th century, contributed to the flourishing of humanistic thought (Francesco Petraka, Giovanni Bokcchcho, Lico della Mirandola, and others), who appeal to the heritage of antiquity. The ancestor of the Florentine school in the Pretto Epoch was Jotto, who attached its compositions plastic persuasiveness and life reliability.
In the 15th century, the founders of the art of Renaissance in Florence were the architect of Philippo Bruntelleski, the sculptor Donatello, the painter Mazacho, followed by architect Leon Battist Alberti, the sculptors of Lorenzo Hiberti, Luca Della Robbia, Deeiderio da Netinyano, Benedetto and Mayano and other masters. In the architecture of the Florentine school in the 15th century, a new type of Renaissance Palazzo was created, the search for the ideal type of temple construction, which corresponds to the humanistic ideals of the era was launched.
For the visual art of the Florentine school of the 15th century, the perspective is characterized by the perspective problems, the desire for the plasticly clear construction of the human figure (Andrea del Verrocko, Paolo, Andrea Del Kastano), and for many of her masters - special spirituality and intimate-lyrical contemplation (Painting Benozzo Gotszololi , Sandro Botticelli, Fra Angeliko, Filippo Lippi,). In the 17th century, the Florentine school fell into decline.
Reference and biographical data "Galleries of Painting Planet Small Bay" prepared on the basis of materials of the "History of Foreign Art" (ed. M.T. Kuzminina, N.L. Maltseva), "Artistic Encyclopedia of Foreign Classical Art", "Big Russian Encyclopedia".