The concept of cultural values \u200b\u200bThe main types of cultural property. Culture and cultural values

01.06.2019

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Among the values \u200b\u200bforming culture, two main groups are allocated - material and spiritual. The first is the combination of outstanding works of intellectual, artistic, religious creativity: works of painting, literature, architectural monuments, handicraft products, etc. The second includes the social experience of society, "The most justified and showed the most social efficiency principles of exercise of vital activity: morals, customs, Stereotypes of behavior and consciousness, samples, assessments, images, opinions, interpretations, etc., that is, fundamental norms of behavior and judgments that lead to an increase in the social integration of the community, to an increase in mutual understanding between people ... "[Fleer 2000: 252]. In other words, this is the social experience of society acquired as a result of adaptation to the social environment, a system of ideas about how the relationship between people should be built and what a person should be.

Many values \u200b\u200baccumulated by mankind throughout history are universal. However, the significance of certain values, their hierarchy on the value scale in different cultures is different. This is exactly the originality of each of the cultures, its originality and uniqueness. The community of cultural values \u200b\u200band traditions along with the language is one of the most important signs of the ethnos [Karaulov 2002: 47]. At the heart of any culture lies its value system inherent in it, which act as major life guidelines and, ultimately, determine the culture of this society. For Eastern tradition, for example, characterized by such values \u200b\u200bas the unity of society and man, family, respect for parents and senior, self-improvement of personality, interdependence, harmony in interpersonal relationship, modesty. For Western tradition, the opposition of personality and society, the priority of individual values \u200b\u200bover public, independence, freedom of personality, equality, etc.

Knowing another culture, people, as a rule, are painfully reacting to differences in the value system, they proceed from their ideas about the importance of certain values \u200b\u200bthat sometimes leads to sufficiently sharp judgments and estimates. As an illustration, we give an example of what Russian guys who have lived about the British, who lived a few months in London:

The notorious British traditionalism, in fact, is a certain similarity of the computer program, from which the Briton will not retreat on the iota throughout his life. The rules-traditions are very much, and the British mentality consists of them. The British are not people, but some cyborgs [Sakin, Spiker 2002: 178].

Their negative impression of the British is enhanced after acquaintance with the results of a survey conducted in English universities, where informants were asked that for them is the main thing in life and for which they live:

The results were stunning. Ahead with a gigantic separation from all other points was Money-Making (59% of respondents), in second place - career (about 40%) ... Traditional and natural, as it would seem like a Russian person, Values \u200b\u200b- Family, Friendship, Love, Children - either They held the last place of this "hit parade", or there was generally absent [Sakin, Spiker 2002: 181].

To overcome ethnocentrism in the perception of representatives of other culture and better understanding, it is important to know the peculiarities of their value system. American anthropologists F. Clackon and F. Stroodtbek allocated five basic parameters for which the views of representatives of different cultures on the world around the world differ and which determine their value orientation. In their opinion, this is: a) the attitude of a person to nature (man-nature orientation); b) his attitude to activities (Activity Orientation); c) Time relation (temporal orientation); d) the nature of the relationship between people (Relational Orientation); e) human nature (Human-Nature Orientation). Based on these relationships and the system of values \u200b\u200bof the people are developing, its views, concepts, culture are formed. Briefly focus on some of these relationships in the cultures under consideration and try to find evidence of their manifestation in communication.

1. The concept of cultural values

In international agreements, in national legislation and in the scientific literature, the concept of "cultural value" is applied along with the concepts of "cultural heritage", "cultural heritage". For example, in separate documents, UNESCO often appears such a concept as "cultural heritage". As well as cultural values, it can be applied to real estate and to drivers.

Cultural values \u200b\u200band cultural heritage can consist of objects of both material and intangible nature. Thus, the recommendation of UNESCO 1989 on the preservation of folklore proceeds from the fact that the folklore is an integral part of the "cultural heritage and lively culture".

The concept of cultural value is of the widest nature. However, in each individual international convention, its definition is developed, which is directly applied to the purposes of this document.

The concept of cultural values \u200b\u200bis multifaceted. Each state independently determines the special circle of objects that are of particular importance for its culture. Indeed, most authors note the diversity of definitions of the concept of "cultural values" in each particular state. This should add that in the same country in various branches of law different definitions can be applied.

If we talk about international experience, then for the first time, the definition of "cultural value" was formulated in the 1954 Hague Convention on the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bin the case of armed conflict (hereinafter - the Hague Convention 1954). It is thanks to this convention that this concept was introduced into international terminology. In art. The 1st of the 1954 Hague Convention said: "According to this Convention, cultural values \u200b\u200bare considered regardless of their origin and the owner:

a) values, movable or immovable, which are of great importance for the cultural heritage of each people, such as architectural monuments, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological locations, architectural ensembles, which are as such represent historical or artistic interest, works of art , manuscripts, books, other items of artistic, historical or archaeological importance, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values \u200b\u200bmentioned above;

b) the buildings, the main and real purpose of which is to preserve or exposure to the movable cultural values \u200b\u200bspecified in paragraph "A", such as museums, large libraries, archives repositories, as well as shelters intended for conservation in the case of armed conflict of movable cultural values, indicated in paragraph "A";

c) Centers in which there is a significant number of cultural values \u200b\u200bspecified in paragraphs "A" and "B", the so-called "centers of concentration of cultural values."

We can also turn to another, no less significant international document, namely, to the recommendations of UNESCO 1964 on measures aimed at the prohibition and prevention of illegal export, import and transfer of ownership of cultural values \u200b\u200b(hereinafter referred to as UNESCO recommendation 1964) where the widespread definition of "cultural value" was also enshrined. From the point of view of this recommendation, "cultural values \u200b\u200bis considered to be movable and immovable property, which is of great importance for the cultural heritage of each country, such objects as works of art and architecture, manuscripts, books and other objects of interest in terms of art, history or archeology , Ethnologic documents, typical samples of flora and fauna, scientific collections and important collections of books and archival documents, including musical archives. "

As can be seen from the definition, the list of components of "cultural values" is really wide, however, it is impossible to call it, since it is the state in each particular case concludes that any object is important for the cultural heritage or not.

Another merit of this document is that in it the division of cultural values \u200b\u200binto two categories: movable and immovable.

Let us turn to the 1970 Convention on measures aimed at prohibiting and preventing the illegal importation, export and transfer of ownership of cultural values \u200b\u200b(hereinafter referred to as the UNESCO Convention 1970). This convention entered into force for the Republic of Belarus on July 28, 1988. The subject of regulation of this document is exclusively movable cultural values.

According to Art. 1 of this Convention: "... cultural values \u200b\u200bare considered to be the values \u200b\u200bof a religious or secular nature, which are considered by each state as representing importance for archeology, prehistoric period, history, literature, art and science and which relate to the categories listed below:

Rare collections and samples of flora and fauna, mineralogy, anatomy and objects of interest to paleontology;

Values \u200b\u200brelated to history, including the history of science and technology, the history of wars and societies, as well as related to the life of national figures, thinkers, scientists and artists and with major national events;

Archaeological finds (including ordinary and secret) archaeological discoveries;

Composite parts of dismembered artistic and historical monuments and archaeological places;

Old objects of more than 100 years ago, such as inscriptions, chased coins and seals;

Ethnological materials;

Artistic values, such as:

1) the canvas, paintings and drawings of the entire handmade on any basis and from any materials (with the exception of drawings and industrial products decorated by hand);

2) Original works of sculptural art from any materials;

3) Original engravings, lithography and lithographs;

4) Original artistic selections and installations from any materials;

Rare manuscripts and incunabulas, vintage books, documents and publications, are of particular interest (historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.), separately or in collections;

Postage stamps, tax and similar stamps, separately or in collections;

Archives, including phono-, photo and filmar;

Furniture more than 100 years ago and old musical instruments. "

It can be noted that at the very beginning of this definition, as a basis for the construction of the list, such a criterion is adopted as the nature of the subject, and not its age.

This document also contains that the assignment and definition of a list of categories of cultural property is included in the competence of each State party to the UNESCO Convention 1970. Belarus participates in it from July 28, 1988

The recommendation of UNESCO on the protection of movable cultural values, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its twentieth session on November 28, 1978 (hereinafter referred to as the UNESCO Recommendation of the UNESCO 1978 is played to form the categories of movable cultural values.

The recommendation proceeds from the fact that movable cultural values, characteristic of different cultures, are part of the general heritage of mankind, and, by virtue of this, each state is morally responsible for their protection and conservation in front of the international community.

The recommendation provides the most widespread definition of the concept of "movable cultural values". This definition is combined with a list, which, unlike the List of the UNESCO Convention, 1970 does not carry an exhaustive, closed nature.

In this recommendation, as well as in the UNESCO Convention, 1970, the competence of each Member of UNESCO includes the preparation of criteria for determining the values \u200b\u200bon its territory, which should be used by the protection of the archaeological, artistic, scientific or technical value.

To a certain extent, the UNESCO Convention of 1970 complements the UNIDRA Convention of June 24, 1995. On the abducted or illegally exported cultural values \u200b\u200b(hereinafter referred to as the 1995 Convention 1995). It contains a similar definition, but no provisions that would allow States to determine the importance and importance of one or another object for archeology, art, literature, etc.

As noted by M.M. Boguslavsky: "In other legal documents, UNESCO applies the concept of" cultural heritage ". As the main criterion for the classification of cultural values \u200b\u200bto the protected category, the criterion is adopted "Outstanding universal value in terms of history, art and science." It should be noted that this criterion is contained in the Convention of November 16, 1972 on the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

If relatively considering the laws of many states, we can conclude that the list of categories of cultural property is largely coincided. But there are also differences that is associated with historical features, traditions of national cultures, with a role that cultural property protection plays in a particular country.

However, despite all these differences "... It should still come to the overall conclusion that cultural value is a special object of legal regulation to which the general provisions on the legal position of movable things are not applicable."

At the regional level, the most complete regulation, including in relation to the classification of cultural values, was carried out in the European Union. In the EU, cultural values \u200b\u200bare considered as goods. At this level, there is an important document, this is a resolution of the EU No. 3911/92 of December 9, 1992 "On the export of cultural values." This document provides 14 categories of cultural values \u200b\u200bdepending on the value and temporary criteria.

If you apply to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, the Fundamental Regulatory Act in this area is the Law of the Republic of Belarus of January 9, 2006 No. 98-3 "On the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Belarus" (acts as amended July 18, 2007. ) (hereinafter - the Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage).

In this regulatory legal act, the category "Historical and Cultural Values" was allocated, i.e. These are material objects (material historical and cultural values, the material manifestation of which constitutes their content) and intangible manifestations of human creativity (intangible historical and cultural values, the material manifestation of which does not have a significant impact on their content), which have distinctive spiritual, artistic and ( or) documentary advantages and which is assigned the status of historical and cultural value (Article 1). In Art. 13 of this law lists the types of material cultural values:

Documentary monuments (acts of state bodies, written and graphic documents, film and photoconductures, recording, vintage and other manuscripts and archives, rare printed publications);

Monuments of archeology and architecture (stone crosses and cult stones, statues, treasures, mausoleums, cult facilities, objects of folk architecture);

Historical monuments (objects associated with historical events and personalities);

Monuments of art (works of art, decorative and applied and other types of art).

Based on the decisions of the Belarusian Republican Scientific and Methodological Council on Historical and Cultural Heritage, with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus, certain categories are assigned to historical and cultural values. For material historical and cultural values \u200b\u200bthere are 4 categories. This rule was established by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of 14.05.2007 No. 578 "AB Status of Gistory-Cultural Chesto".

According to our legislation, namely in accordance with Art. 52 The Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Values, the owner of cultural value cannot freely use his rights to it in international civil circulation. In particular, it is forbidden:

Alienation or other transfer of ownership without coordination with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus;

Changing the location and conditions of detention without coordination with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus;

Export abroad on an ongoing basis.

In order to ensure the safety of cultural values \u200b\u200band prevent the violation of their legal regime, information about them is systematized, and they themselves are subject to centralized accounting. Cultural values \u200b\u200bby decision of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus are included in the public list, which is carried out by the Ministry of Culture. Each historical and cultural value includes an account card and passport. The State Committee of Border Troops within its competence is monitored by the export of historical and cultural property abroad.

Thus, considering international experience in resolving issues related to the definition of the status and the concept of historical and cultural values, experience at the regional level, as well as who turned to our national legislation, we can say that the definition of historical and cultural values \u200b\u200bis very similar in various states. However, in any case, to determine the list of categories that may be included in the concept of "historical and cultural values" will be the states themselves, since only they have such a right.

, art crafts and crafts, works of culture and art - Synonym: Culture

results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities, having historical and cultural significance - scientific values, knowledge, science

buildings, facilities, facilities, items (cult), technology unique in historical and cultural relations and objects - historical values

Encyclopedic YouTube.

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Cultural values \u200b\u200bof young people. The opinion of the people.

Subtitles

Terms published in the scientific literature of Russia

All cultural value (CC), in its composition, can be represented as a formula:

where ρ is the degree of probability of the authenticity of the subject, α - His value, expressed in the moral expectations of the expert.

Universal cultural value(CC σ), detected taking into account the realities of the social device, can be represented in the form:

KC σ \u003d αρ + βq + γr;

where α is the value of the subject (object) for the state, β is the value of the subject (object) for the religious organization, γ is the value (subject) of the object for the corporation (estate, amateur professional union, the creative association of citizens, the national education of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation). Signs ρ, q, r - corresponding probabilities of the authenticity of the subject.

The first condition for the existence of value: Her separation from the surrounding world, the allocation of human consciousness is something from a homogeneous medium, that is, something should objectively exist, and not potentially submit.

The second condition for the existence of value: Fenomena B. material carrier, object design.
The third condition for the existence of value (necessary and sufficient): The subject possessing value must have the owner, i.e. to pass the surfactionary.

Detection of cultural value (first-order antinomy): "Material - spiritual" indicates the dynamic nature of the phenomenon of cultural values \u200b\u200binherent in the material static form of the real world object.

When resolving the antinomy the content of the concept is initially, at the time of detection, concentrates the antithesis (spiritual component), while the thesis (item is the carrier of spirituality), is the form of a material object, to which the content of the antithesis is transferred through the creative activity of the Sociur members .

Museum object - Cultural value, quality, or special signs of which make it necessary for society its preservation, study and public representation.

The process of scientific attribution of cultural value: The attack of attribution (SA) correlates a number of visually obvious features and qualitative indicators of the OA attribution object (A, B, C) to a certain number of features (AI, Bi, Ci) of the object (O i) belonging to the subset of the subject entitle of the attribution - OSA, which is The projection of the world of the universum of the set - on the consciousness of the attribution entity.

If, in the opinion of the attribution subject, there is a compliance of some class of features of the OA object (A, B, C) E Oi (AI, BI, CI), the attribution object is assigned the name and some signs of the OI (AI, BI, CI) object, which Probably takes place in the real world - O.

Factor probability (ρ) contributes to the level of moral expectations of the attribution entity, or the degree of consciousness as far as its idea of \u200b\u200bthe reference reference (OI) correspond to the real position in the union - O, and it is always not possible to reflect the signs of the OA attribution object (A, B, C). famous signs of comparison objects OI, OJ, OK .... ON-1.

At the same time, options for which an attribution object O A (A, B, C), or may relate to this class of objects, or belong to another class of objects, or be a representative of a single class of objects.

Corollary 1: Attribution of cultural property, most often has an algorithm semi-efficiency process, despite the fact that each attribution procedure seeks to be completed:

A EN ⊃ A EN-1 .... ⊃ And ⊃ and the FZK ⊃ and dh (1)

Where the ADH is an attribution of the subject when entering the museum, and the FZK is an attribution of the subject of the stock-procurement commission, and nor - attribution in the process of scientific inventory, and EN, and EN-1 - an attribution of additional expert activities (expertise on authenticity, examination in the organization of exhibitions , examination during restoration, etc.).

Formula (1) shows that the attribution task is limp specifically - to identify an attribution object with some degree of probability, and the sequence and dependence of attribute action indicates the depth target of the attribution - to identify the true name of the subject, to get that can only be able to have the full knowledge of cultural value and W. nivershum.

Corollary 2: Attribute features relate to objects not numerical natureWhat you suggest the opportunity to establish reflexive symmetrical rating relationships, partitions and tolerance. This indicates the principal possibility of applying for processing the attribution of mathematical and statistical methods, without the use of which the scientific attribution of cultural values \u200b\u200bis not possible.

Corollary 3: The presence of an attribution structure of cultural property indicates the need to develop an attribution algorithm based on the principles of structural and functional analysis, taking into account the likelihood of authenticity and collective consent.

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Introduction

1. Cultural values

1.1 Values. Values \u200b\u200bof culture

1.2 Classification of cultural values

2. Protection of cultural values

2.1 Problem to ensure the safety of cultural values

2.2 The need to ensure the safety of cultural values

2.3 State control

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Cultural values \u200b\u200bhave always been an object of close attention from people, both different nationalities and various segments of the population, regardless of their standard of living, political or social status.

For some - these are subject to the satisfaction of their cultural needs, for others it is a way of existence or a means of profit.

Satisfying cultural needs - this is how the enjoyment of the works of art and the possibility of the work of art to create, store, collect, study, etc. Cultural heritage forms a set of material and spiritual cultural values \u200b\u200bof other epochs to be preserved, revaluation and the use of existing achievements .

Interest in the problem of cultural values \u200b\u200bcan be considered an indicator of the level of cultural development of the population of any country. Today, developing countries require the return of cultural values, and this problem is actively discussed by international organizations and international forums.

Naturally, the very concept of "cultural values" or "works of art", implies a careful and attentive attitude towards them both by the "cultural" sphere, and from the customs authorities who are accustomed mainly to deal with "ordinary »Product, i.e.," product of labor created for sale. "

The purpose of the work is to study cultural values, their safety and security.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks are solved:

get acquainted with the safety and protection of cultural property;

determine the degree of protection of cultural values;

consider the safety of cultural property.

The object of study in the course work is cultural values.

Subject to research their protection

1. Cultural values

1.1 Values. Values \u200b\u200bof culture

Cultural values \u200b\u200b- to determine the foundations of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture of October 9, 1992 - moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and samples of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, art fishery and crafts, works Cultures and arts, results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities, having the historical and cultural importance of the building, structures, objects and technologies, unique, in historical and cultural relations, territories and objects.

What are cultural values? Cultural values \u200b\u200bare the property of a certain ethnic, social, social group, which can be expressed by some forms of artistic, visual and other types of arts.

At the same time, it is a prerequisite for the work of works of art to cultural values \u200b\u200bis their possible impact on the psyche and consciousness of people with the aim of conveying to them in one form or another form about ideological and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat are difficult to convey to others. Cultural values \u200b\u200bin different temporary epochs differed between themselves and even for the same people - cultural values \u200b\u200bare something not necessarily homogeneous according to their filling.

Many of the era of humanity keep the sources of culture, the origins of spirituality, the origins of real humane human values \u200b\u200band trends. In order to be able to get acquainted with them with a modern person much more opportunities due to the fact that the information space is connected to a single whole thanks to multiple communication networks, the Internet, television. But 30 years ago, for example, could someone assume that in order to familiarize himself with the Louis or exposition of the National British Museum of Arts, there would be no need to travel to them. And all this can be done behind the monitor screen in Belgorod or Orel. The world has become closer, much closer than it was available before. We are at the stage of mass mixing cultures and penetration of the West and the East in each other in each other. Now the concept of cultural values \u200b\u200bis changing and modified in accordance with how the person changes and improved. The development of new industries occurs at the junction of old and new concepts about cultural values, on the threshold of new discoveries and the development of the finest technologies of the new generation.

Its development in a large extent contributed to G. Lotz, V. Windelband, Rickert.

There are various approaches to understanding values. Usually scientists proceed from the following representations.

Value is a fixed characteristic of his attitude to the object in human consciousness.

Value for a person have items that deliver to him positive emotions: pleasure, joy, pleasure. Therefore, he wishes them and seeks them. Value may have material objects, processes or spiritual phenomena (knowledge, ideas, ideas).

But the value itself is not an object, but a special kind of meaning that man sees in the subject or phenomenon.

The value sense exists in the consciousness of a person, but it seems to be objectified and takes the form of a special spiritual education - value as some entity concluded in the subject.

If the subject becomes desirable, satisfying requests, personal needs, it gains value. Therefore, not the subject itself, and the attitude towards him leads to the appearance of value. However, in practice, not only the ability of the object to satisfy the needs, but also this object itself is called.

Value in cultural studies is not identical to an economic understanding of it as a cost (monetary expression). Values \u200b\u200bcan not always be expressed in cash. It is impossible to express inspiration, memories, joy of creativity and other manifestations of the soul of man. Value should be distinguished from utility. The valuable thing can be useless, and useful - not to be valuable. Aksiology adopted various options for classifying values. There are classifications in which values \u200b\u200bare lined up in a hierarchical sequence - from lower (sensual) to higher (saints). Most often, values \u200b\u200bare divided into spiritual, social, economic, material. Based on the value ideas that dominate in culture, a system of value orientation of the personality is formed. Each individual orders them in its own way. As a value orientation, family happiness, material well-being, love, successful career, decency, etc. In humans, spiritual values \u200b\u200bare becoming defining. Values \u200b\u200bare often incompatible with each other. Therefore, a person practically encourages the flour of the choice of alternative values.

1.2 Classification of cultural values

From the Hague Convention of 1954 on the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bin the case of armed conflict, cultural values \u200b\u200bare considered regardless of their origin and the owner:

b) the buildings, the main and real purpose of which is to preserve or exhibiting the movable cultural values \u200b\u200bspecified in paragraph "A", such as museums, large libraries, archives repositories, as well as shelters intended for conservation in the case of armed conflict of movable cultural values, specified in paragraph "A";

c) Centers in which there is a significant number of cultural values \u200b\u200bspecified in the points "A" and B ", the so-called" centers of concentration of cultural values. "

Cultural values \u200b\u200b- according to the legislation of the Russian Federation -

Moral and aesthetic ideals;

Norms and samples of behavior;

Languages, dialects and dialects;

National traditions and customs;

Toponyms;

Folklore;

Art crafts and crafts;

Works of culture and art;

Results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities;

Having historical and cultural importance of the building, structures, objects and technologies;

Unique in historical and cultural attitude of the territory and objects.

Cultural values \u200b\u200b- property values \u200b\u200bof religious or secular character, having historical, artistic, scientific, or other cultural importance: works of art, books, manuscripts, incunabula, archival materials, components and fragments of architectural, historical, artistic monuments, as well as monuments of monumental art and Other categories of items.

The list of cultural values, the export of which is carried out on the basis of evidence of the right to export cultural values \u200b\u200bapproved by the Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated August 7, 2001 N 844 "On the refinement of the procedure for issuing documentation for the right to export cultural values \u200b\u200band cultural items from the territory of the Russian Federation." These cultural values \u200b\u200binclude:

Cultural values \u200b\u200bincluded in the Museum, Archival and Library Funds of the Russian Federation (with the exception of copies filmed from documents stored in federal and state archives (documentation centers) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, state museums and libraries of the Ministry of Culture of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the State Film Fund of Russia, Institutions of the RAS System )

Items and collections with historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural significance related to the momentary events in the lives of peoples, the development of society and the state, with the history of science and technology:

memorial items related to the life of outstanding political, statesmen, national heroes, science, literature and artists

items and collections of uniforms and equipment of industrial, military and other purposes, created more than 50 years ago

items of equipment, appliances, tools, equipment, equipment of scientific, industrial, domestic and military purposes and / or their components, created more than 50 years ago

items and their fragments obtained as a result of archaeological excavations

Artistic values \u200b\u200b(with the exception of pictorial, sculptural and graphic works, objects of decorative and applied arts, design projects, installations, items of children's creativity, created less than 50 years ago, as well as household items, regardless of the time of their creation, not located on public accounting and related According to the results of expertise to the subjects of cultural purposes):

works of painting, sculpture

articles Graphics and Original Graphic Printed Forms

items for sending religious cults of various denominations

decorative and Applied Arts

artistic arms

Composite parts and fragments of architectural, historical monuments and monuments of monumental art

Printed publications created over 50 years ago

Manuscripts, Documentary Monuments, Archives, Including Phone-, Photography and Cinearhiva, created more than 50 years ago

Unique and rare musical instruments, including the author's folk instruments, created more than 50 years ago (with the exception of musical instruments of the factory (manufactory) manufacturing, including folk instruments (balalaiks, domra, accordions, etc.)). On String Tools (Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass) and Bows, which are not unique and rare, can be treated as a passport, in which the Ministry of Culture of Russia or its territorial departments for the preservation of cultural values \u200b\u200bare made by the following entry: "Rossvyazokhrankultura (or its territorial management) It confirms that this musical instrument / bow is not subject to the law of the Russian Federation of 15.04.1993 N 4804-1 "On the export and import of cultural values" and can be exported without registration of the certificate for the right to export cultural values \u200b\u200bfrom the territory of the Russian Federation. " This entry is assigned by the signed by the official and the seal of Rossvyazokhransculture or its territorial management.

Postal payment signs (postage stamps and blocks), marked postal cards and envelopes, tax and similar stamps, created over 50 years ago

Coins, Bones, Banknotes and Securities, created over 50 years ago

Ancient Order and Medals (with the exception of personal awards, on wearing which there are ordinar books or premium certificates exported by himself awarded or his heirs, as well as icons), as well as memorable and premium signs, table medals and seals, created more than 50 years ago

Rare samples and collections of flora and fauna, objects of interest for such areas of science as anatomy, paleontology and mineralogy, including:

plants, animals and their parts, regardless of the method of conservation (including herbarium, stuffed, shells, etc.)

artificial or natural drugs of whole organisms (including fossil), individual bodies, their parts or systems

residues of fossil organisms and / or their parts (including their prints) regardless of the safety

samples and collections of minerals (except synthetic), rocks and natural non-crystalline substances of terrestrial and extraterrestrial origin

Cultural values \u200b\u200bdo not include modern souvenirs, the cultural purposes of serial and mass production.

Prohibited to export movable objects representing historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural value and attributed to particularly valuable objects of cultural heritage of the people of the Russian Federation regardless of their creation

movable objects, regardless of the time of their creation, protected by the state and entered into security lists and registries

cultural values \u200b\u200bthat are constantly stored in state and municipal museums, archives, libraries, other government warehousing of cultural values

cultural values \u200b\u200bcreated over 100 years ago

The ban on the export of cultural values \u200b\u200bfor other reasons is not allowed.

In accordance with international treaties and legislation of the Russian Federation, cultural values \u200b\u200bthat were illegally exported from its territory and illegally imported into its territory are to be returned.

2. Protection of cultural values

The Convention on the Protection of Cultural Values \u200b\u200bIn the case of an armed conflict, adopted at the International Conference in the Hague on May 14, 1954, provides for the following measures:

a) prohibition of the use of these values, structures for their protection, as well as areas directly adjacent to them for purposes that can lead to destruction or damage to these values \u200b\u200bin the case of armed conflict;

b) prohibition, prevention and suppression of any acts of theft, robbery or illegal assignment of cultural property in whatever form, as well as any acts of vandalism regarding these values; c) prohibition of props and adoption of any repressive measures aimed against cultural values. The first additional protocol of 1977 prohibits any hostile actions against those historical monuments, works of art or places for the departure of cults that constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of the peoples. The protocol complements the system of guarantees of the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bintroduced by the Hague Convention 1954

The most important cultural values \u200b\u200bare taken under special defense and are included in the international register of cultural values, which is conducted by the Director General of UNESCO; A copy of the registry is stored at the UN Secretary General and each side located in a military conflict. From the moment of inclusion in the international register of value, military immunity is obtained, and the warring must refrain from any hostile act directed against them.

Cultural values \u200b\u200bthat are under special protection during armed conflict must be designated by a distinctive sign. Adopted in 1970, the Convention on measures aimed at the prohibition and prevention of illegal importation, the export and the transfer of ownership of cultural values \u200b\u200bincludes a list of actions that are direct or indirect result of the country's occupation of a foreign power. The 1954 Hague Convention, as mentioned above, provides for two types of protection of culture values. With the overall protection mode, the special list of cultural values \u200b\u200bis not compiled, and they can be removed in the case of a "urgent military necessity." Special defense, conceived to preserve such cultural values \u200b\u200bas Versailles, Taj Mahal or Hermitage, requires appropriate cultural property into an international register of cultural property, and their protection can be removed only in "exceptional cases of inevitable military necessity." However, this system of special protection in general was not successful and was not life. For 50 years of the existence of the Hague Convention in the International Register of Cultural Values, which are under special protection, only 6 facilities (!) - Vatican and five centers of storage of cultural property (in Austria, Holland and Germany) are made.

It is important to note that the pact protects movable and immovable culture values. Some authors express the view that the Pact of the Roerich puts protected by the real estate values \u200b\u200bof culture. For example, the protection of museums, which the article is talking about the first pact, means the protection of the buildings of museums and their exhibits. The museum brings together in the united whole building and the movable cultural values \u200b\u200bstored in it, and this unit cannot be broken, for the building itself is not a museum, but at best, a monument of architecture. This argument also applies to driven cultural values \u200b\u200bin scientific, educational, cultural and artistic institutions protected by the Pact of Roerich.

The Pact guards the staff of the above cultural, scientific and educational institutions.

The Pact first introduced and established the following principles and rules in international law:

Cultural values \u200b\u200bregardless of their affiliation are the cultural heritage of all mankind;

They are unconditionally subject to protection and respect during armed conflict;

Cultural values \u200b\u200bare losing immunity only if they are used for military purposes;

Culture value is subject to protection equally both in an international armed conflict and in a conflict that has no international nature;

Cultural values \u200b\u200bare subject to protection in peacetime;

Culture values \u200b\u200bmust be registered and included in the list for the purpose of protection, both in peaceful and in wartime;

A well-known and mandatory sign establishes to protect culture values, both during armed conflict and in peacetime;

For foreign cultural values, the national protection regime is applied.

The 1954 Hague Convention is a perception of many of the most important principles and provisions of the Roerich Covenant, however, it should be a large extent with a carriage laid by the Hague Conventions of the beginning of the twentieth century, subordinating the protection of the values \u200b\u200bof the culture of military necessity.

In 1972, the Convention on the Conservation of World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted in Paris. Although the Convention does not refer to the Pact of the Roerich, there is no doubt that it enshrines and develops the principle of protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bin peacetime. Safety Cultural Property Security

2.1 Problem to ensure the safety of cultural values

Over the past decades, the topic of preservation of cultural heritage is quite often discussed. An extensive interest in this issue is associated with the development of museum and tourism, as well as with an increase in the number of educational institutions and, as a result, with the expansion of the circle of readers of libraries. Ensuring access to museum values \u200b\u200band library funds without prejudice to the collections themselves is one of the most important tasks and problems of our time.

The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural values \u200b\u200bhas gained such an acute in recent years that the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation has determined its one of the most dominated in the activities of cultural institutions. The question of the regulatory regulation of the work already created in dozens of museums and the libraries of security services has not yet been resolved. The absence of a single standard regulating the procedure for the use of methods and funds of fire protection of facilities that store cultural values \u200b\u200bleads to the adoption of thorough measures to apply inappropriate or inefficient alarm systems, fire extinguishing, flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions, rapidly losing properties or damaging cultural and material values. The implementation of such projects may entail a late evacuation of employees and visitors from the premises in the event of a fire, to damage the health of people, to pose a threat to their lives, lead to loss and spurry of cultural values, as well as unjustified financial costs. The continuing thefts of historical and cultural rarities from museums and libraries, loss of monuments as a result of fires and accidents indicate the absence of reliable protection and insufficient equipment by the security systems of the overwhelming majority of cultural institutions.

Such a difficult situation with the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bis caused by many factors, primarily extremely low financing for this sphere for a long time. Often, there is not enough money to ensure security and have to seek them from different sources. With the constantly increasing cost of services of public and private security enterprises, having a common financing system, some managers in order to ensure the security of the cultural institutions entrusted to them close the exhibition, cultural and educational, restoration projects, other due to the lack of funds are removed by police and fire protection, including The number is centralized, leaving the museums and libraries completely unprotected.

The organization of an effective security system should include not only regular improvement of funds and methods for protecting cultural facilities from fires, criminal encroachments, other hazardous factors that threaten the safety of funds, but also management of visitors' streams, whose accumulation in individual halls can lead as an accident, So to the intentional damage of works of art.

Pact Roerich - the basis of international legal protection of cultural values \u200b\u200band its future. It is the first international treaty that integrally solves the protection of cultural property. The pact has become the basis of a modern international legal system for the protection of cultural values. He gave tremendous opportunities for culture and carries new perspectives for the future. Some of these opportunities in the past were used, others were lost. It depends on us, as far as we can embody the new things in the name of the culture, which is laid in the Covenant.

To justify the foregoing, we turn to the legal entities of the Agreement on the protection of art and scientific institutions and historical monuments. Compare the provisions of the Roerich Covenant and adopted in 1954 the Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Values \u200b\u200bin the event of an armed conflict and, in particular, the nature of the protection that these treaties provide, as well as objects of protection, the conditions for registering these facilities and the protection of cultural values. Analysis will also consider other acts of international law: the Protocol and 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of the Red Cross, the second Additional Protocol of 1999 to the 1954 Hague Convention and others.

2.2 The need to ensure the safety of cultural values

According to the first paragraph of Article 4 of the Hague Convention of 1954 on the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bin the case of armed conflict, culture values \u200b\u200bshould not be an object of hostile actions against them, and should not be used for purposes that can lead to their destruction or damage. However, immediately, in paragraph, the second article, it was said: "The obligations specified in paragraph 1 of this article may be violated only if the military necessity ultimately requires such a violation."

This reservation refers to cultural facilities that are subject to, in accordance with the 1954 Hague Convention, overall protection. The Convention created, except for the general, also a system of special protection of those movable and immovable cultural values, which are attached to paramount importance. But for these values, the Hague Convention provides protection with the reservation - their immunity can be removed, i.e. they can be deprived of protection, in "exceptional cases of inevitable military necessity." Thus, the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bstipulated by the 1954 Hague Convention is a defense with a reservation, protection with condition. The 1954 Hague Convention borrowed this restriction of the 1907 Hague Convention on the laws and customs of the land war.

However, these concepts themselves - "urgent military necessity" and "exceptional cases of the inevitable military necessity" were not defined by the Hague Convention of 1954, their maintenance remained unclear. Therefore, it is impossible to disagree with those who believe that a reservation about the urgent military necessity, as well as about the inevitable military necessity, "opens up the possibility of intentional destruction of cultural monuments from purely military considerations, and therefore such a formulation is unacceptable and must be changed."

In 1977, an additional protocol was adopted to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, related to the protection of victims of international armed conflict (Protocol and 1977). With his adoption, it was finished with the approach established by the 1954 Hague Convention. This protocol provides that only military facilities may be subject to military attack, and citizens and civil facilities cannot be the subject of such an attack. Culture values \u200b\u200bare civil objects and as such cannot be an object of a hostile military act sent to them. Civil facilities, and therefore, the values \u200b\u200bof culture can be an object of hostile acts only if they are turned into military facilities. This rule does not provide exceptions.

The diplomatic conference, which adopted the Protocol I 1977, gave the definition of the "military object" concept, and this is considered one of its great achievements. According to Article 52, paragraph 2, the definition of a military facility contains two criteria that must be performed simultaneously (cumulatively) in order for the object to be recognized as a military: it is, firstly, nature, location, purpose or use of an object that should be such So that they "led to an effective contribution to hostilities", and, secondly, the military advantage that destruction, capture or neutralization of this object gives, while the military advantage must be "defined, under these circumstances."

In 1992, the Dutch government together with UNESCO instructed Professor Patrick Boitan to conduct a thorough analysis of the 1954 Higgha Convention (and its first protocol, which was also signed in 1954) in order to find out the reasons for its "obvious failure" in achieving clear and decent purposes who were set in front of her.

As a result of the recommendations contained in the report of the Professor Boylan, and a high preparatory work of the Dutch Government and UNESCO, a diplomatic conference was convened, in which on May 17, 1999, a second protocol was signed to the Hague Convention 1954 on the protection of cultural property in the case of armed conflict (currently His time has ratified 33 states), which entered into force in 2004.

This protocol perceived the provision of the protocol I 1977 that hostile actions could not be sent against the values \u200b\u200bof culture, except in cases when they become military facilities. The second protocol, in contrast to the Protocol I, 1977, has limited cases that give reason to believe that the object of culture has become a military. This restriction was achieved with great difficulty at the diplomatic conference in the Hague in 1999. There was no dispute that, unlike other civilian objects, the nature and purpose of the value of culture cannot turn it into a military object, the use of for military purposes - maybe. However, the question of the location caused a hot debate. The Greek and Egyptian delegations, as well as the International Committee of the Red Cross, were categorically against the fact that the location of cultural value in itself is capable of turning it into a military object, because in this case the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bin principle will be significantly inflated. Although the criterion for the location of cultural value was not convincingly justified, several delegations, in most NATO countries, stubbornly insisted on it. Ultimately, the compromise was achieved and the following wording was adopted: a hostile act can be directed to the value of culture only if it turned into a military object by virtue of its function. You can agree with the lawyer of the International Committee of the Red Cross Jean-Marie Genkaretz, who participated in the work on the second protocol, that only with a large imagination it can be argued that the word "function" includes not only the use, but also the "location" of cultural value.

The dispute about the application of the location criterion belonged to the values \u200b\u200bof culture, which are subject to, according to the 1954 Hague Convention and the second protocol to it, the general protection regime. As for the cultural values, which, by virtue of the second protocol, is subject to a strengthened protection regime, there was no disagreement: the protection of the cultural object can be removed only if this object is used as a military.

The Pact of Roerich on the protection of art and scientific institutions and historical monuments, signed on April 15, 1935 in the White House, provides for their protection without reservations. Thanks to the active initiative N.K. And E.I. Rerichov and their companions, in many countries of the world have been reached a huge victory on the eve of World War II, for the Pact for the first time clearly and categorically established in international law the principle of priority for the protection of cultural values, which have incredit importance for all mankind, over military necessity, which has transient and conjunctural value. Already, this setting itself shows a huge difference between the Roerich's Covenant and the 1907 Hague Conventions adopted by the Hague Conventions on the laws and customs of the land war and relative to the bombing of the naval forces during the war.

By signing the Roerich's Covenant to all nations, humanity was given a great opportunity - to save in the upcoming world war, many invaluable treasures of culture, because the Pact of the Roerich was conceived and developed as a universal international treaty. It is necessary to emphasize this. The Pact for the first time regulated the principles and rules for the protection of cultural property, and these establishments had and have a global importance. On the universal nature of the Covenant, the materials of the III Conference, held in November 1933 in Washington, which recommended that this humane document "governments of all nations as a demonstration of the noble attitude of their peoples for the protection of culture". Moreover, in the text of the contract, it is said that states that have not signed the contract at the time of its discovery can at any time sign it or join it. Recall that when signing the contract, President Roosevelt said: "Offering this pact to sign the nations of the whole world, we strive for the worldwide application of one of the most important principles for the conservation of modern civilization."

Due to the fact that many countries, and above all, European, did not join the Roerich's Covenant on the eve of World War II, the opportunity to save many treasures of human genius was lost. The 1907 Hague Conventions, as the First World War showed, did not help protect the values \u200b\u200bof culture. This was written about this in his message to the III Conference on the Baron Michel de Taube: "... Both conventions of 1907 showed their inconsistency during World War." The ineffectiveness of the Hague conventions was confirmed, unfortunately, and the Second World War. In 1999, Jean-Marie Genkarets wrote: "The story showed us, however, that the concept of military necessity could not significantly limit hostilities. In World War II, for example, military actions were carried out in the context of agreement, which no property could be destroyed if the urgent military necessity does not require this. And yet the whole cities were destroyed. "

After the Second World War, another possibility was lost - to keep the position conquered by the Pact for the International Protection of Cultural Values: The Roerich Covenant was not proposed to all countries of the world for accession to Him and therefore remained a regional agreement signed only by the countries of both Americas.

During the Diplomatic Conference, which adopted the Hague Convention of 1954, USA, England and some other countries insisted on the reservation "in the event of military necessity". The fact is interesting - the representative of Romania indicated that in the Roer's Covenant this reservation is not contained, and expressed surprise that it was the United States who signed the Roerich Pact insist on its inclusion. The Soviet delegation was against this reservation, her head V.S. Kemmen said that the protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bfor future generations is a task that is standing above any "military necessity." When the bombs fell over the Acropolis, Versailles and Westminster, hardly someone could calm what these destruction was "legally", in accordance with the Hague Convention. Nevertheless, the reservation was adopted at the conference by a majority of votes and in the 1954 Hague Convention was recorded as a "urgent military necessity" formula. In this regard, the 1954 Hague Convention compared to the Roerich Pact was a step back. And only after half a century, in 2004, when the second protocol was entered into force to the Hague Convention of 1954, the level of unconditional protection was achieved, which the Pact of the Roerich had provided in 1935!

In the fifth article, the Covenant states that cultural values \u200b\u200bcease to use the protection in the event of their use for military purposes. None of the location of the cultural object, nor anything else can serve as the basis for removing the protection provided for in the Covenant. This simple and only true decision was made in the second protocol of 1999 to the 1954 Hague Convention with great difficulty and thanks to compromises in wording several decades after signing the Covenant.

This protocol contains some new rules that are not in the Roerich Covenant and which create additional guarantees to protect the values \u200b\u200bof culture. These new rules developed on the basis of the application of the protocol I 1977 to the Geneva Conventions, once again prove the rightness of N.K. Roerich, who always insisted on the study and use of the experience of the Red Cross in the protection of culture. According to the second protocol, a cultural monument that is turned into a military facility may be attacked only if there is no alternative and only after prior warning (when circumstances make such a warning). The general achievement of the second protocol of 1999 is also considered to be the provisions on the individual criminal liability of individual individuals for violation of international rules for the protection of cultural values.

2.3 State control

Federal executive authority, carrying out functions to control and oversight in the field of mass communications and on the protection of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation? It is the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with the Legislation in the field of mass communications and the protection of cultural heritage (Rosokhrankultura).

Rosokhrankultura is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. The Regulation on the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with the Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura) approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 N 301.

Rosokhrankultura operates directly and through its territorial bodies in cooperation with other federal executive bodies, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other organizations.

To authorized Rosokhrankultura, in particular, belong:

implementation of state control over the export and importation of cultural values

decision making on the possibility of exporting or temporary export of cultural values, issuing to legal entities and individuals certificate for the right of their export and temporary export

registration of cultural values \u200b\u200bimported and temporarily imported into the territory of the Russian Federation

conclusion of contracts on the return of exported cultural values \u200b\u200bwith persons applying for their temporary export

ensuring the examination of cultural values \u200b\u200bdeclared for export and temporary export, as well as when they are refunded after temporary export

The functions of the Rosokhrankultura, the functions of Rosokhrankultura carry out jointly with:

State Archival Service of Russia

customs authorities

internal affairs bodies

federal state security bodies of the Russian Federation

by law enforcement agencies

As a collegial body for the export and importation of cultural values, an interdepartmental council for the export and import of cultural values \u200b\u200bis formed.

The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation is a list of cultural values \u200b\u200bsubject to the law on importation and export of cultural values.

The Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation by the Specialized Service forces is carried out in the customs paragraphs control over the procedure for the export and import of cultural values \u200b\u200bestablished by law.

The examination of the cultural property declared for export, temporary export, as well as returned after the temporary export of cultural values, is carried out by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the state-owned archival service of Russia for the implementation of this activity, specialists of museums, archives, libraries, restoration and research organizations and other specialists.

One of the activities of the Department of Culture and Cultural Heritage is to ensure the safety and protection of cultural values \u200b\u200bin everyday conditions and in emergency situations of peaceful and wartime. For this purpose, a cultural property protection service has been created on the basis of the Department. The Department of Cultural Heritage Heritage is protected by real estate cultural values \u200b\u200b(architectural monuments, history, etc.).

The issue of protecting cultural values \u200b\u200bis very relevant and complicated to fulfill, it requires a systematic approach and relevant financial investments.

The main activities for the protection of cultural property are as follows:

Events held in advance

Classification of cultural values \u200b\u200bin groups;

Drawing up and approval of the list of values;

Value marking;

Development of planning documents;

Accumulation of containers, packaging material, tools;

Training and training personnel;

Ensuring the protection of values \u200b\u200bin places of permanent location (development of the organization of protection, fire safety, etc.)

Activities held in the threat of an emergency

Requiring labor, loading and transport, according to applications;

Adjusting to the readiness of storage facilities in place;

Packaging of values \u200b\u200b1 and 2 groups in container;

Loading and evacuation of values \u200b\u200bin a country zone or in other specific locations;

Preparation of shelters for low-transportable objects;

- "burial" and the shelter of low-transportative values \u200b\u200bof 1 and 2 groups;

Protection of non-transportable values \u200b\u200bof 1 and 2 groups;

Organization of protection and ensuring the safety of values \u200b\u200bin the way and in new placement places.

Conclusion

In conclusion, on the basis of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The problem of protecting cultural values \u200b\u200bis complex. Yes, it rests on complex economic processes, but not only comes down to them. A great role is played by politics, right, morality, the determination to preserve a truly invaluable cultural heritage, which have been given to us, master it and transfer it to our children in a multiplied, renewed, refined duty, patriotism, care for the future, form.

The history of the protection of the cultural heritage of Russia has more than three centuries - during this period the security legislation was formed, the state protective system was created, the main methodological principles of monuments were developed, the domestic restoration school was developed.

In the last decade, a number of problems in the field of protection of antiquity objects were aggravated, the solution of which is impossible without taking into account the experience of past years. One of these problems is the privatization of monuments and the formation of various forms of ownership on them. In this regard, the regulation of the rights of owners by the state, the development of optimal relations of the parties is one of the most important issues of today's monumental policies.

Modern Russian cities change their appearance - new homes are being built, the area is drawn up, the monuments are recreated once lost monuments. At the same time, the features of the architectural and historical environment are often ignored: the houses of the new architecture are being built, they are not associated with Russian traditions, genuine unique objects are distorted and destroyed and countless new models.

The cultural and natural heritage of Russia is actively involved in the global cultural space. Our country is a full member of such authoritative international organizations such as United Nations education, science and culture (UNESCO), International Council of Museums (IKOM), International Council for Monuments and Attractions (ICOMOS). Many unique monuments of Russia are under the patronage of these organizations.

Modern domestic studies are developing new methodological approaches to the protection of values \u200b\u200bthat correspond to the international level. In the perspective of the Russian protection of the protection - the preservation of unique territories with the complex regeneration of historical and cultural monuments, traditional forms of business and environmental management.

Russian cultural values \u200b\u200bwill only then become a full part of the world heritage, when Russian Society is aware of the need to preserve its national heritage and effective security legislation will be created in the country.

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What is culture

In Latin, the word "Cultura" initially indicated the "cultivation". How did it happen that over time the term changed the meaning? In fact, the meaning of the word "culture" remains the same. Education, development and education is the cultivation of the human soul.

It was the culture that helped a person to move from the primitive community tribe first to agrarian, and later to the cultural revolution. Today, the concept includes various areas of human activity, being a combination of skills, skills and products of self-expression. Cultural values \u200b\u200bare an integral part of society. Let's get acquainted with them.

Cultural values \u200b\u200b- what is it?

Oddly enough, it is possible to interpret this concept differently. First option: Cultural values \u200b\u200bare moral and moral foundations of a person. It is on the well-established samples of behavior who lives and thinks. But when these borders of moral norms are violated, the person is automatically recognized as the unknown. And he does not interfere with him in any way, but the surrounding sometimes can shock.

The second embodiment of the interpretation is the most popular. Cultural values \u200b\u200bare buildings, paintings, objects, technologies and objects. All that can be seen or understand. All of these knowledge and material product of human activity helped our society make a rapid leap in their development.

The third version of the importance of cultural values \u200b\u200bis a human activity product that is hidden from our gaze in the heads of people. This includes knowledge, science, skills and scientific values.

Well, the last interpretation of the cultural values \u200b\u200bof society is languages, traditions, crafts, folklore. All that, thanks to which we consider ourselves a civilized society with a rich history.

Do different countries have identical or different cultural values?

If you look at the interpretation of the term itself, everything becomes clear. Each country has its own history, a set of laws and, as a result, a unique culture. Accordingly, the values \u200b\u200bwill be different everywhere. Why did it happen? Countries have evolved in various conditions, and religions in them were also different.

But it is precisely beliefs of a person and make up a huge reservoir of culture. Our country has been pagan for a long time, and this could not not affect modern society. Russian many times considered barbarians, and now the same opinion among foreigners who have never been to our country, but only to release news about her know.

But this does not mean that our ancestors had no culture. The pagan faith required not only strict subordination to the gods, but also the creation of the Kapitsa, totems and monuments. And when monotheism came to replace the polyterism, people did not refuse their heritage. They simply redid the Byzantine faith, adapting it to our country. Thus, it turned out that in the process of various evolutions and revolutions, people and their consciousness changed.

Cultural norms is what?

Usually this concept is denoted standards of behavior. Moreover, as well as the cultural values \u200b\u200bof peoples, the norms in all countries are different. They are expressed in the form of awards and punishments, are regulated by the state. In our country, cultural norms act not just in words. They are recorded in the Constitution, which within reason limits human rights. But at the same time, it gives him the maximum freedom of action within the framework of reasonable. In case of non-compliance with the cultural norms of a person, regulated penalties are waiting.

Cultural values \u200b\u200bof man

There are many nations and nationalities on Earth. Each single person has a set of cultural property and norms. What are they from him? It is clear that in every country its concept of culture, but most of the values \u200b\u200bare still similar:

The desire to know your story and understand the essence of what is happening with us and our homeland. This value called "Love for Schi-exchanger" is laid in every person. After all, only a person who knows its history can create future countries.
Knowledge of the peculiarities of national creativity. Folklore, crafts, traditions and customs are rarely learn at school. This knowledge is given in the family. And only thanks to them a person can better know who he is and what does in this world.
Religion is one of the main cultural values \u200b\u200bof man. It is she who establishes unwritten rules that are not regulated by the Constitution, according to which it is worth living for all people.

Cultural values \u200b\u200bof the state

Citizens of one country represent a single group that the overall history and general future unites. The values \u200b\u200bof all society as a whole include the cultural norms of each individual person. And what then the difference? In the globality of thinking. Governors of countries can change cultural values \u200b\u200bif they want. But such changes people relate very badly, so they happened infrequently.

The main task of any state is to preserve and multiply cultural values. That is, it should help talented people to self-realize, scientists - to make discoveries, and architects are building buildings. Today, intangible cultural values \u200b\u200bare departed into the background, and the product of people's activities, which brings some benefit to society and the state.

How to protect cultural values

Today, many states are concerned about all the increasing growth of vandalism. That is why many of them united and set themselves the goal to protect cultural values. Thus, it was decided to protect buildings, paintings, sculptures. Yes, this is most of the heritage of any country. It is over these monuments that have come to our time, one can judge how our ancestors lived.

But culture is not only material values. Under this term is meant our mentality and language. And few are watching the purity of their speech. Today in Russian so much slang, which is difficult to talk about the culture of the language. This applies to religion. If the churches, mosques and other religious buildings are protected and, as a result, are preserved, then the faith itself changes the year from year.

Perspective of the development of cultural values

As already written above, the world does not stand still. Culture and cultural values \u200b\u200bchange and transformed. But you should not regret it. This is a natural development phase. You need to believe that everything that happens is always for the better. Of course, this does not mean that you need to kill monuments of culture of past centuries with your own hands.

Although sometimes it is possible to surprise much, depending on how fast Street art began to consider art. It is not bad when artists paint gray boring houses, but when we start to create on churches or monuments, throws in a shiver. So that this is not happening, each person should understand the edge of the pervolored and not overpower through it.

The cultural values \u200b\u200bof the XXI century generation are mainly located on the net. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine how in the future a collection will occur, systematization and preservation of this type of creativity. It may be created separate servers, where the paintings of artists, songs and movies will be stored, they will be the reincarnation of modern museums.