Palekh lacquer miniature. Four centuries Palehu: Unique Russian iconography and lacquer picturesque miniature, which there are no analogues in the world Painting Painting

09.07.2019

History of the character myth of ancient Greece Dedal and Icar read

Heroes of antique myths Characters of Greek mythology

Online reading book myths of classical antiquity book eighth

Crafts of Russian lacquer miniatures began its history in 1795, from the first production of tobacker from Papier-Masha. The technology was delivered by the merchant P.I. Korobovy from Germany in the deep Moscow region in the village of Danilovka, which is now part of the village Fedoskino. It was in those regions that the art of lacquer miniatures on the tobackerkers, on which the Russian folklore was depicted. One of the branches of this art is the Palencal painting.

Vintage craft Paleca

In Paleh, ancient times were engaged in masters icon painters. In the village, where the residents of Suzdal and Vladimir from the Tatar-Mongolian Iga were running around, they were engaged in inoconstrating with whole families, monumental painting, restoration of cathedrals and churches, and in particular the Novodevichy Monastery, the temples of the Troitsko-Sergiye Lavra, the Granovic Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.

Palekh painting on caskets, caskets, ashtrays, broochs and needles appeared much later after the revolution. Ivan Golikov, inspired by the works of the Lukutinian masters in the Moscow Kustar Museum, created his first miniature "Adam in Paradise", golden drawings An black background. Later, he together with a relative A.A. Glazunov created a workshop with Phahi masters. The picture shows the feature of the craft.

After success at the exhibitions of the first works in Moscow and Venice, the Artel of Ancient Painting was opened, and in 1933 Phanek art school. For many years, Palekh art has undergone ups and falls, but the works of Palen artists are known to many and do not lose their receivers in the work. Palekh miniature was revived in 1980 and the production of caskets with this painting exists in the modern 21st century.

Engineering painting

Features of Palekh's lacquer miniatures recognizable among many arts. Traditional images of epic stories, fairy tales, old life of peasants and merchants are characterized by conventional forces, drawn figures, medieval stylization.

The color palette in miniatures is replied by the ancient Russian traditions, where red, yellow, and green colors are combined, abundantly torn gold, made on a black background.

The technique of writing a miniature in Palekh retained the stylistic customs of the painting icons, as well as the technology of manufacturing, the so-called paint temperatures, produced on the basis of dry powder powder powder, bred by water. For a binder, chicken yolk was used, and later special polymers, oils in the glue solution. Tempered paints today are ousted by oil paints, but they are used for painting, as they have high durability.

The gold paint is made from sheet gold, which crumble and mixed with a gumiarabic, dissolved in water then dried under the lamp. The process of making paint is very laboriousThe garbage should not get into it, otherwise the paint will be bad. Paleshan also use aluminum powder. Under varnish he turns yellow.

The traditions of creating a varnish miniature on the boxes retained their technology. Such a box is done in workshops for about two months. Initially, Papier Masha is made from cardboard and clays, pressed, dried about 10 days, soaked in warm flax oil, then dried and pressed. Of these papier-mache dipers, the billers are pulled out, grind red clay, cleaned, grind several times.

Further, the product goes to masters of painting, they apply a drawing in several stages. First of all, it makes it with white color, then applying colored spots. In the end, contours and individual parts are drawn, then the drawing is fixed with varnish, after which you can apply gold and silver.

After that, several layers of varnish are applied, which are polished in stages until the product is quite smooth and smooth. Then they are folded into soft packaging.

In fact, many of the paintings retain their technologies that do not have the best analogues in quality and durability, the masters use old methods for producing original products, mixing paints, while obtaining the desired colors that transmit ancient spirit and mystery. Illustrations of lacquer miniatures depicting images in motion, creating a stress in the plot. Developing mane, cloaks of warriors, vortex winds and waves of the seas.

The work of Phaehan masters contain fabulous plots depicting Pushkin's fairy tales, in particular, a fairy tale of fisherman and fish, about Tsar Saltan, Ruslan and Lyudmila, as well as other folk tales and epics for children. The pictures shown on the drawings are easy to recognizable: three heroes, the heat of the bird, a scientist cat and crazy horses with golden manes, as well as other fabulous characters, known to us since childhood, as in the photo below.

Palekh's painting is the type of national applied creativity arising from icon-painted traditions and is a Russian miniature painting by tempera paints on papier-mache and wood objects.

Palekh's painting appeared in the village of Palee Ivanovo region already in Soviet times, but her roots go back on the century. The first mention of the art of Phane painters belongs to the XVII century. The word Paleh itself belongs to the Finno-Ugro group, the carriers of which were completely dissolved among the Slavic people, leaving only geographical names in the memories of their linguistic culture - Palee, Sein, Purech, and the like. It is believed that the village of Palekh was formed by people on the spot of the scorched forest of the forest, called in common Palo. So the name of the settlement was born, from which the names of Phanekh and Painting, Palekh's Painting and Palenignation occurred.

General features of Palekh painting

Like any folk-applied art related to a certain locality, Palekhsky painting has a number of its features and features based on the traditions of the masters of this school. Since there were former icon painters, this fact could not affect the style of writing artistic compositions created by Phahi painters, this fact could not affect the style of writing artistic compositions. Palekh masters of icon paintings were distinguished by an impeccable feeling of color and the finest drawing of every detail, which was brought into drawings on the boxes, cigarette and other subjects of national fishery. It can be said that the entire Phane lacquer miniature is based on icon-painting painting, its traditions and receptions.

Palekh's painting is different from the style of painting other Russian national schools because the artists are depicting ornaments or individual figures, but draw solid compositions - real miniature pictures depicting one or another plot. The art of Palen is poetry in the picture, the moments of Russian songs and fairy tales, captured by the hand of the artist on the surface of the items. The plots of the masters of picturesque miniatures took from everyday life, Russian folk tales, songs and epics, as well as classical works of literature, for example, from Pushkin's fairy tales and Basen Krylov. Thanks to its sophistication, the richness of the paints and the details of the drawing, Palegan miniatures create a feeling of lightness and celebration.

Distinctive features of Palekh school are:

miniature letter;
common soft tone of writing composition;
ornamental refinement of the drawing;
saturation of composition elements;
the painting of every detail;
pattern of the letter;
variety of color transitions;
trees with naturalistic foliage;
stroganov's elongation and fragility of figures;
the subtlety drawing the nude parts of the human body;
saturation by movement;
painting gold;
gaps;
dark tones backgrounds.

The black background, performed by varnish and being the main "space" for the future composition, in Palekh's miniature is not accidental. The fact is that the art of a lacquer miniature originated in the ancient countries of the Far East, where the material on which the image was written was a varnish tree - natural natural raw materials. There was no such thing in Russia, so the Russian masters began to use Papier-Masha for painting, covered with black varnish. This coating has become a business card Palehsky painting. In addition, a black background for Phane miniature symbolizes darkness, from which in the process of writing the picture, life and color are born. In addition, the black background has its own inner volume, which gives the finished drawing a depth in the composition.

Another distinctive feature of Phane painting is that from the beginning of the origin of the art of miniature painting of Phane and until now, artists write paintings by egg tempera, which was used to write icons.

Golden color is not only part of the color scheme of the picture and the distinctive feature of the works of Phane painters. Thin gold and silver lines serve to detect light and shadows, detect the shape of figures and individual elements of the composition. In addition, gold symbolizes the light, which in the Christian worldview means something divine, eternal.

The work of the miniaturist artist requires a filigree accuracy, the calibration of each line, accuracy. Often Palekh masters have to be used when writing their miniature masterpieces of magnifying glass. The unique manner and the elegance of Palencal lacquer miniature is based on the age-old traditions of the ancient Russian painting and the rich experience of popular creativity.

Features technology you can see in pictures.

The history of emergence and development in Russia

Birth in the art of a miniature painting is not accidental. It originated from the centuries-old traditions of Russian painting and folk art, which is its basis. The experience of many generations of Palekh painters and masters of icon painting is very diverse and rich.

His own unique style of Palen icon painters has developed under the influence of neighbors - Novgorod, Strogonovskaya and Yaroslavl schools, as well as the Volga painting of the XVII century. Despite the fact that the icon-painted style adhered to strict canons, each school tried to bring their features and features to the letter icons, expressed in the selection of color schemes, details of people, objects, clothes or elements of the landscape. Depending on the time and writing conditions, the icons changed the manner of the image and set of elements. On some Phakhic icons you can find details from the everyday life of people of the time: dishes, interior items, weapons or clothing. There are images of chambers, ware, landscapes and architectural elements.

The first mention of Palene is found in the chronicles belonging to the beginning of the XVII century. In historical documents of that time, there are descriptions of Palen, as places with well-developed icon painting - by that time there are about twenty icon-painted workshops in the village. However, its own style, characterized by a special grace, filigree image accuracy, subtlety and smoothness of lines and a large number of colors of gold shades used to write the skills of saints, has only been closer to the middle of the XVIII century.

In addition to writing icons, Paleshans were engaged in painting monumental, taking part in the murals of temples and churches, creating real masterpieces on the walls, without which we cannot submit the decoration of even the most modest church interiors. For example, from 1762 to 1774, in the very center of Phane, the crosses of the Krestovsky temple was erected, whose painting was fully implemented by local artists.

Already by the middle of the XVII century, People's Solve ruled on the magnificent works of Palen painters and reached major cities in Russia, including Moscow. Palekh masters began to invite chopsticks for painting and restoration of temples, cathedrals and churches. The art and talent of the icon painters of the village, located on the River Paneshek, can be assessed today by visiting such famous historical monuments of Russia as the Granovy Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, the Novodevichi Monastery or Sergiev Posad Lavra.

Palekh icons were very expensive, as they wrote long and carefully, according to the samples of the preserved old work of the masters of the past, and were the best samples of the Russian icon painting tradition. Despite the high price, in demand for icons written in Palekh, the lack was not, and from the XVIII century, the Paleh becomes the center of icon painting, which remained the best traditions of the Russian picturesque school of the XV-XVII centuries. Palekh school became famous for the whole country, the icon painted fishery flourished, and the work of the masters bought very eagerly.

However, by the end of the XIX century, the creation of icons in Russia adopted practically industrial scales, which led to a deterioration in the quality of works. In the pursuit of the speed of creating iconographic compositions, for increasing the number of work, everything was lost that it was so appreciated in Russian painting - drawing parts, the creation of airiness, transparency of the image, the filling of the volume by various elements, the transmission of the thinnest emotions on the saints. The icons became cheaper, and their quality is worse and worse. A particularly severe blow to the traditions of handwritten painting was the invention and the spread of mass printing, as a result of which very cheap and affordable printed icons appeared. However, the last and most crushing blow to Russian, including Palehskaya, the iconopus was inflicted by the Socialist Revolution of 1917. After those events, Phahi masters remained almost without work, since with the new government, the creation of an Icon became not only unfavorable, but also just a dangerous affair. Thus, for Phane painting, a steep turn was marked when the entire experience gained experience in the other sector of creativity. Well, the icon painted fishery ceased to exist.

The art of Palanesian miniatures is relatively young. It received his birth in the times of the Soviet era. After graduating from the Civil War, Phahi masters came up with a new type of application of their art. Literally, for five to six years, the new art of the Great Phane was born - lacquer thumbnails on all sorts of subjects used in everyday life: boxes, cigarette, brooks, notepads, fiercers and other necessary smallest things made from papier-mache. New art was inherent and new topics - added plots from rustic life, plots from Russian folk fairy tales, plots taken from the creativity of Russian writers and poets.

The first attempt to move to a new type of art happened in 1918, when the former wizards of icon paintings created their "first artistic decorative Phane artel" involved in restoration. But because of the civil war, she soon broke up.

In mid-1920, Palen artists united into a new artel, which was engaged in painting wooden dishes and other items. And since 1923, the best masters of artistic painting found the best use for the traditions of the icon-painting genre - a letter and Phahi painting style began to use to create painted paintings from Paper-Masha, borrowing the idea of \u200b\u200bMasters of Fedoskino Moscow Region, in which such folk fishing has already existed for more than a century. The desire of the iconographic painters of the Phane to sing the beauty of their native nature, to transmit new generations of their richest experience and secrets of painting, stored for centuries, led to the creation of a special artistic language. The group of former Phakhic masters of iconopisis was able to create a symbiosis of the classical traditions of Russian painting and folklore, using the techniques of these genres for the manufacture of unique wood products and papier-mache.

In his miniatures, the wizard of the Soviet era used not only themes from the life of the people and the motives of nature of the native land, but also fabulous scenes, episodes from the Basen and songs. Among the plots of Phakhsky painting, along with rounds, three horses, musicians and scenes of hunting, there are heroes of Basen Krylov, Pushkin's fairy tales and magnificent landscapes of the picturesque places of the native land.

The masters of the twentieth and thirties of the last century did not refuse the use of egg tempera, the usual techniques of artistic letters and elements prescribed by gold. For their lacquer miniatures, Paleshans took the basis of the vast experience of creating icon-painted webs: the organization and fullness of the space, the integrity of the composition, the medieval stylization, the convention of the forms and figures, the use of the ornamental framework of the pattern. All these techniques helped solve the problem of transferring a flat image to the surface of volumetric items.

The works of Palekh's paintings made an indelible impression on lovers of folk art abroad. The patrons of foreign countries shocked by the art of Russian painters offered to Phane masters the most favorable conditions for creative activities. Maxim Gorky, who was one of the admirers of Phaneshish lacquer miniature, invited Phane artists in the suburbs. However, Russian masters did not want to break away from their roots, preferring their creative inspiration from the beauties of the native edge. Slender silhouettes of tent temples, overflowing glare on a quiet water stroit of a river Paleshki, black and white trunks of birch and foliage, playing by sunlight, pine crowns, transfusions with dark shades of greenery, towering hills covered with meadow flowers - all this splendor of Russian landscapes found their place among Diversity themes in Palekhsky painting.

Over time, caskets, brooches and other items used for painting began to decorate images related to the development of technical progress of Soviet times. The drawings of the first tractor, mowers, combines, seeded wheat and life of collective farm villages, as well as images of new buildings, holidays confined to one or another commemorative anniversary, appeared on the black lacquer coating. In the compositions of some masters of Palen, the Soviet era there are paintings of industrialization, imprinted in the style of symbolism. Often, artists for the transfer of images are attracted to the achievements of the Soviet people in a fabulous form. The topic of electrification is solved through the image of the heat-bird, and the disadvantages of people acquire the form of bad folklore characters in the form of a Leshgo and Baba-Yagi, which are suitable for a fair trial. Young pioneers. But in these works, the effect of fresco painting and the best traditions of Phahi style are traced.

There are in Palhogian miniature of the Soviet era and children's theme. In the pictures created by the painters of Phane art workshops, there are stories telling about young naturalists, fishermen, pioneers.

Each of the creators of Phahi miniature is unique and diverse. Each of them is a real masters of the composition. In Soviet times, the art of Palen is transformed strictly: dynamics, freedom are added to thumbnails. Each period contributed to Palekh painting its special nuance, reflecting the events of his time. So in the post-war era, stories that glorify the Poland, and images of memorable battures of the past eras were relevant for Palekhsky painting. Many of the artists turn to military topics, turning the harsh reality of the times of great battles in the sublime romanticism of the sacrifice and the native for the sake of the native country and the shared Russian people, defending their freedom in the battle with foreign invaders.

At the same time, the period of the fifties, many art historians are not called the most successful. At that time, many of Palekh artists begin to strive for the realism of the miniature created, sacrificing the sophistication, hill and the romantic component inherent in the old tradition. The influence of the Soviet ideology was manifested in the creation of compositions with the maximum external likelihood, due to which there were pathos themes in Palekh's miniature, glorifying the employment of the people. As a result, traditional allegorical and poetic beauty of the visual language disappeared from Palekh painting. But there was excessive decoration, pathos and monumentality. But in those difficult times, the adherents of the oldest school of Palen, continuing and transmitting the next generations of the tradition and the secrets of the past masters, creating paintings that do not go beyond the language of true art.

The plots of songs both folk and created by Soviet authors are undergoing a separate thread of Palekh miniature painting. After passing all the adversity of post-war life, Paleh masters again turn to peaceful plots, drawing them from the song-poetic genre. Palekh masters who took the topics of Soviet classics as the basis of their compositions, managed to transfer all the emotional completeness of the life of that time.

The sixties of the last century have become a period of overcoming beaten canonical forms and excessive naturalistic. Palekh painters were looking for new images and topics, addressing the heritage of classics. Plots from classic operas and literature appear in the work of the masters. Topics from the works of Goethe, Roman Corsakov, Borodin and other classics received their embodiment in Palekh's lacquer miniatures. At the same time, Phane artists again turn to the original Russian plots: the patriarchal population of villages, shepherd motifs and uncomplicated landscapes of the native land. Simple images of Lukushka with mushrooms, bouquets from wildflowers, bunches of juicy berries, springs of transparent cool water appear in the drawings.

The image of a Russian woman also finds its place among the works of Phane painters. The artists managed to fully reveal the essence of the keeper of a homemade spot - simple in their naturalness, having the most impossible, seemingly beauty, which carries the Russian land itself.

A new branch appears in the works of Palekh painters - the painting on the china. Although attempts to create work on this material were conducted from 1920, then this success did not bring. In order to still master the necessary letters, Paleh artists often visited ceramics and porcelain production factories. And with the time of Paleshan, learned to use all the possibilities of a white background, and also mastered the painting technique with paints on ceramics, which during the firing products changed their original color.

The seventies and eighties of the year brought a new surge in the work of Phahi masters. The works of the artists of that time are distinguished by the expressiveness of the images created in the figure, emotionality composition, the living energy of the written characters. In addition to writing traditional miniatures, Palekh painters take part in the creation of decorations of concert programs, in creating a monumental painting on fabulous topics, in the design of interiors of cinemas and palaces of cultures. Some artists sought to embody innovative ideas, leaving traditional canons, but not rejecting the accumulated experience in the technique of writing a special Phane style.

The Soviet period not only gave the beginning of Palekh's lacquer miniature, but also contributed to the development of this fishery. The Museum of Ancient Painting in Palekh was organized, which was renamed to the State Museum of Palekh art. The rich experience of Phanekh masters was used in creating sketches of decorations to theatrical performances, illustrations for book editions of Pushkin, Krylov, Gorky and other Russians and Soviet writers. Palen artists took part in the restoration of the murals of the temples in many cities of Russia, including in Moscow. The development of Palen miniatures brought new trends in Russian folk painting. In Palekh's lacquer miniature, the motifs of antiquity, Renaissance, as well as the trends of modern art directions began to be used. Palen masters mastered new color transitions, making focus on a thinner relationship between tones. With the development of Palekh art, traditional modeling of golden spaces of the depicted figures became a solution for other tasks of miniature painting - artists began to use gold to fill the space of the picture with light and warmth. Some masters moved away from the topic of native heritage and turned to the historical reasons of other countries. A special stroke in the works of Phahsky artists became theme of eastern countries, where the Phane masters managed to transfer the entire brightness of the paints of the East and his unique color. Some of Palekh's workshops were noted by the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

Modernity

Currently, Palekh's painting is also relevant, as in previous times. Each year, Paleh art school produces new masters who have absorbed the traditions and style of the original Paleshi painting. They create manually unique painted artwork. Each thing carries in itself the unique style of the master, individual traits inherent in his work and artistic look.

On the shoulders of modern masters, there was a huge load of responsibility, because they are the continuents of the traditions of their eminent ancestors, their hands were created by the real masterpieces, which included in the story not only Russian art. The best samples of Palekh's painting have long been among the artistic works that are world heritage.

Modernity made a lot of changes to the culture and daily life of Palanes. The lifeguard of an old village has changed, which has become the district village of Urban Type. More and more is the influence of large cities and modern topics in art. In the meantime, folk traditions, naturalness, simplicity and folklore images remain in the past. However, these changes are not able to seriously affect the original Russian beginning. The age-old traditions of Palekh painting live in the work of Palec masters and to this day. Even in our time, Paleh does not change its picturesque nature. In the work of his artists lives the soul of the people, the Russian flavor and the age-old traditions of skill transmitted from generation to generation. As before, Phane artists seek to see the beautiful in everyday, turn the best in a fairy tale, capture the beauty of their native nature in their works.

Modern painters of Phane use in creating their compositions the entire accumulated experience of old masters: natural paints, traditions of fresco painting, a special style inherent in artists only of this corner of Russia. Their creativity unites sincere devotion to the traditions of their school, the deep sources of Phane art. Scenes for creating unique miniatures of modern masters are eternal topics that are given to the classics of the past and the authors of our time. Paleshan's inspiration is drawn in the rich heritage of Russian culture and in the magnificence of the native nature.

Conclusion

Keeping the unique traditions of the national fishery and the legacy of the great masters of Palekh school, the enterprise "Fratelli Bassini" produces lacquer products in the style of Palekh miniatures of the widest range: from the real works of the art of museum dignity to small objects of souvenir products that are so pleased to purchase as a gift. Lars, decorative panels, boxes, jewelry, boxes, Baulas, cases made by the hands of our masters, are in the museum and private collections of Russia and abroad.

In 2005, an icon-painted workshop was founded at our enterprise, whose task was the revival of traditional Russian icon painting. Over the shoulders of our masters, a rich practical experience transmitted by past generations of Russian painters. Special art education, the highest professionalism of the artists and strict adherence to the canons of stylistics and receptions of the Palekh icon painting style, allow you to order any complexity from a miniature jewelry folding and home icons to the manufacture of iconostasis and monumental cathedral painting.

The own production base and the potential of highly qualified specialists and professional artists make it possible to produce unique gifts that exist in a single copy or represent a collection of several items.

The works of our painters were exhibited and had success at numerous foreign exhibitions: in Hamburg at Mark Der Volker, in Potsdam on the European Congress of Fairy Tale, in London (in the House of Pushkin), in the Paris Office of UNESCO.

New Year's toys - this is already far from only ordinary Christmas decorations, causing a feeling of a holiday and a sense of sincere admiration, not only objects of admissions. Currently, these are also objects of pride collectors who collect their unique copies of Christmas decorations, testifying to taste, interest and preferences of the owner. As well as his stability and well-being.

The Christmas balls, hand-painted by manually masters of a Phane and Holling, the phenomenon, a fairly new, existing on the art market for a few recent years. Preserving an old folk tradition, our miniaturist artists mastered the elements and trends of modern visual art in painting toys. There was an opportunity to create New Year's decorations not only with traditional ornaments, but also with modern plots made in a different picturesque manner, not stylistic canons of fishing.

Manually painted New Year's balls, figures, boxes and other products with traditional fabulous, literary, architectural and folklore plots, supplemented by congratulatory inscriptions and logos - this is a magnificent and unique gift.

The technology for the production of Christmas decorations is based on the traditional, with the only difference that the lacquer in which the painting is carried out is applied to the glass, and not based on the papier-mache or wood. Due to the "bent" base and fragility of the material, the process of varnishing, painting and polishing requires masters and artists of special skills, which our professionals speak perfectly.

Palekh painting is one of the most recognizable art fishes of the Russian people. Palen painting takes their own origins from post-revolutionary central Russia. The current Ivanovo region was then Vladimir Gubernia, and the fishery took the name from the village of Palee, which was in the Vyaznik district. Earlier in the pre-revolutionary period, Palen Master was more famous for their skill to write icons and painting churches, so we can assume that Palekh's painting originates in icon painting.

History of fishery

Initially, Palen artists were most famous for their church painting, but in the post-revolutionary period, Paleh's artel was created in Paleh, whose masters began to paint on the tree. And in 1925, artists of this artel were exhibited at the exhibition in Paris and acquired worldwide fame.

(g. Paleh.)

The special boom of Palekh painting is characteristic of the late 1960s - early 1980s:

a huge number of Soviet cards with miniatures made in Palekh technique were produced;
we produced stamps with Palekhsky painting;
souvenir and gift cosmetics sets were sold in boxes with Phane painting and with the same images on labels;
decorative trays and jewelry boxes were very popular, where not only the plots of epic and fairy tales were depicted, but also the history of the achievements of the Soviet people.

Elements of Palekhsky painting

(picture)

The most important difference between Palekh painting, from other original Russian pictorial crafts, is the drawing of miniature compositions - images that tell a certain story. Unlike an ornamental painting and a character image, Palekh's painting requires drawing of the smallest details of the drawing, to transfer the subtleties and the nature of all characters or phenomena. Selected as the basis: the plots of epic, fables and testes; Household scenes.

The main color for the background is chosen black, and gold colors and their variations are considered the main colors for mural.

(colored work)

Other important differences are considered:

multi-ending procratorial shadows;
a few elongated image of characters;
the exact drawing of the elements, for example, the foliage of the trees is prescribed in accordance with the natural image;
a large number of drawn nuances and details.

Even now, you can meet books in which to illustrate the classic works of great Russian authors, the stories made by Phanesky painting are used.

Technique implementation

The fulfillment of Phanesky painting on a casket, a string, a tray or parderena requires compliance with certain consecutive stages. First make the workpiece of the required item that will sign, for example - caskets.

(Palekh miniature)

The workpiece is performed by layering sheets of cardboard until the required density of the product is achieved. Next, the entire workpiece is covered with ground in several layers (alternately rubbing each layer) and at the end they apply a putty, which remains until complete drying. At the next stage, the workpiece is pumile to achieve a structural surface, which is better to go to bed and paint. On the entire outer surface of the workpiece, black varnish is applied, and the inner most often has a red varnish.

After the preparatory work, the future drawing is blamed by leaks, and the details are drawn by a thin pencil.

Then they are engaged in the preparation of tempera paints, or rather an egg emulsion, with which the dry pigment is diluted. For this, egg yolk is separated from the protein, and then whipped with a whisk with the addition of vinegar. After mixing with a pigment emulsion, the consistency is obtained plastic, so the paint goes to bed more softly. A special nuance in the manufacture of an egg emulsion in Palekh is a dilution of it not with water, but vinegar or bread kvass.

(Palegan Caskets)

Apply paint on a black lacquer with the help of squirrels, which are created most often by the masters themselves, to obtain the necessary smears when painting.

Often when painting the wizard is used by a magnifying glass or magnifying glass.

At the end, the drawing is fixed by several layers of transparent varnish from 5 to 10 layers and is polished to shine.

Palekh's painting is very labor-in-law, which requires the artist of high time costs. Therefore, products with Palen painting are very valued and cost enough.

One of the most beautiful species of national applied creativity is the Russian lacquer miniature, the modern centers of which are located in Paleh, Fedoskino, Msøre and Holow.

The oldest center of this art is the village of Palekh Ivanovo region, artists from which for centuries not only wrote icons, but also painted the walls in Orthodox churches and restored the vintage churches and cathedrals. Palekh miniature, which arose as a result of social and cultural changes that occurred in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917, managed to preserve the age-old traditions of icon painting and transfer them to new forms and fill in other, in demand by society.

History of Russian varnishes

In Russia, lacquer painting has been there for more than two centuries. It is considered to be the end of the XVIII century, when the Moscow merchant of the boxes founded a factory for the production of lacquered visors intended for Russian army headdresses. The lacquer miniature appeared somewhat later, when the custom of sniffing tobacco entered the fashion of the Russian imperial yard. Bobes managed to quickly organize the manufacture of miniature lacquer boxes - tobacker. Over time, such things have become used to decorate the premises. Accordingly, the requirements for their decoration have become higher. In the future, the works of Russian masters began to differ markedly from the Western samples, both on the technique of execution and in the plots that were pronounced in the Russian laddies, the heroes and scenes from the folk epics and the ledges of the classical and old Russian literature appeared, showing Russian traditions and life, Reproducing the beauty of the environment.

Centers of Russian varnish miniatures

In modern Russia there are four centers where the preserved ancient traditions of Russian art of miniature lacquer painting are actively developing: Fedoskino, Paleh, Holly and Mstera. Before the revolution of 1917, all villages, except Fedoskino, were known in Russia as major centers of icon painting, in which the icons were not only created, but also prepared masters on the restoration and the wall each of these centers created icons in uniform Orthodox traditions, but had and own characteristic differences. Masters from Holly, as far as possible in icon paintings, were close to Russian traditional realism, the inhabitants of the Mster followed the traditions of the old-supplied communities of different Russian regions, and Phane artists performed the most canonical Orthodox icons.

How began iconography in Pale

In the XVI century, Phakhsky residents influenced by the centers of icon painting in Shua and Holow began to try their strength in writing icons. Attempts were a bit, and they won't be particularly successful.

In the middle of the XVII century, fame of Palekh icon painters reached Moscow, and the masters began to invite for execution of work under the royal court. If in the XVII century, the icons wrote in almost every major village, then in the XVIII century there were three main center of icon painting: holly, Mstel and Phaene. Paleshan, unlike residents of more industrially developed Msters and Holling, until the beginning of the XIX century combined the management of traditional agriculture with writing an icons in the free time from work in the field. Carefully identified with the observance of the traditions icons were created slowly and were the roads.

The beginning of the XIX century is considered the time of the heyday of Phane iconist fishing. Created in Palekh icons were sold not only in the capital and large Russian cities, but also abroad.

By the middle of the XIX century, the first workshops belonged to Safonov, Corina, Nanikin and Dellete are organized in Palekh. By the beginning of the 20th century, the production of icons was massive, cheaper and less qualitative. The appearance of cheap images printed by the typographical way led to decay the iconopus and liquidation of a number of well-known workshops. At the beginning of the twentieth century in Holoj, Palekh and Mstere, training workshops existed until 1917 were created by the Committee of the Guide of Russian Icon Pouring.

After the October Revolution, until 1923, most masters in Palekh were left without work. Someone went in search of earnings in the city, some tried to make toys, dishes or tolere Napti. Until 1923, several attempts were made to adapt the former icon painters to the murals of Lartsov, children's toys and however, it did not go, since the need to issue large volumes at low rates, and the character character itself led to the production of low-quality products.

The date when Phakhskaya lacquer miniature was created, in the form, in which we know it, you should consider the end of 1922, the beginning of 1923. It was then that theatrical artist Ivan Ivanovich Golikov on black blanks from Paper-Masha created the composition "Adam to Paradise". This work was interested in the management of the Kustar Museum (today - the Museum of Folk Art), which began to supply the artist with the workpieces and paid his work. In the future, I. V. Markichev, A. V. Kukhin and I. P. Vakurov were connected to the process. The work created by these masters was presented in 1923 at the All-Russian art and industrial exhibition in Moscow and the diploma of the 1st degree was awarded. In 1924, the work of artists were presented at the exhibition in Venice, and in 1925 - in Paris, where the real Furior was produced and enjoyed great success. All this led to the fact that on December 5, 1924 in Palekh V. V. and A. V. Kothukhina, A. I. I. I. Zubkov, I. V. Markichev, I. M. Bakanov and I. and . Golikov was created by Artel ancient painting.

The newborn Palekh miniature faced a number of problems: first of all, there was a new material - papier-mâché, whose technology was not known to artists-Paleshanam, and it was also necessary to move from the painting of the flat web icons to the design of things and objects with volume and shape.

And the assortment and shapes of the objects described by Phakhski masters were pretty large: brooches, beads, lari, boxes, cigarette and tobacker, glacial and faders and much more. Palekh miniature of that time has a strongly pronounced ornamental principle, but it does not have bright images and a developing storyline. The most successful and popular compositions of that time were battles, shepherds, hunting, rulings and three.

It can be safely argued that it was in the 20s of the twentieth century, a lacquer thumbnail in Palekh was formed under the influence of both the ancient Russian iconographic tradition and all world artistic art.

Post-war years

In the first peace decades, many masters of Palekh's miniatures in their works depict various battle scenes, as the recently ended World War II and other great battles that glorified the Russian army. In the fifties, in the opinion of many art historians, a lacquer miniature in Palekh is experiencing a clear crisis, which was due to the inclination of many artists to excessive realism, which outlined romanticity and elevated sophistication, characteristic of the works of previous years. Palekh miniature, which is presented below, clearly shows the influence of the Soviet ideology of the time on artists.

Excessive realistic, monumentality and pathos characterize most of the works created during these years, although some masters remained, which remained the romanticism and traditions of the old school.

The sixties are characterized by the fact that monumentality and excess naturalistic go, and the elevation and romantic haze return to the Paleh, the lacquer miniature becomes poetic and allenament again. During this period, Paleshan artists are applied not only to folklore sources, but also to works of classical literature, as well as to modern songs. At the same time, socially significant events, such as, for example, a person's flight into space, also find their mapping in the work of the masters.

The seventies-eighties of the 20th century became the time of the heyday of Phanesky painting. Palen artists are invited to develop decorations of various concert programs, decorative design of children's and cultural institutions.

Modernity

Having survived the difficult 90s, Paleshan did not leave their traditional fishery. Palekh art school annually produces young masters, carefully retaining traditions and features that are so interesting Palekh's miniature. Today there are several artels and family enterprises manufacturing traditional varnish products in Palekh.

Distinctive features

Plyhansky painting, like any other folk art, formed in one area or another, has its own distinctive features and traditions. As already mentioned, the icon-painted fishery for centuries glorified the Phaene. The lacquer thumbnail pulled out a set of features, such as, for example, building a composition and thorough development of each part. It can be said that Palekh's miniature rose in the age-old traditions of icon painting.

From other national schools of lacquer painting Palehsky style is distinguished by the following features:

drawing one-piece compositions and plots;
miniature painting;
pattern and ornamental wealth of drawing;
thorough detail of each element;
the elongation and fragility of human figures;
subtlety drawing parts of the body of people;
a variety of color transitions;
use of dark backgrounds;
the use of egg tempera;
painting gold.

But in order for the artist to begin the creation of miniatures, it is necessary first of all to create a product from Paper-Masha, which will appear.

How do papier mache?

It is made of cardboard, which is pre-cut into the strips, lubricate with a celastic flour with a celastic flour, and impose on a wooden shape (blank). After the desired thickness turned out, the blank together with the cardboard is fixed in a special press. Under the influence of pressure, they turn into tubes of various shapes and size. Compressable gluing shoes are dried at room temperature for about two weeks. Then the dried billets are lowered into the warm flaxseed oil for the impregnation, after which they are dried four days in a special furnace, the temperature in which is maintained at 120 0 S. At the next stage, the workpiece is ground and grind. After grinding on its outer surface, several layers of black varnish are imposed, and on the inner-oil varnish with a cinnabar. In the completion of the process, the entire surface is varied with several layers of light varnish. After applying each layer, the blank is dried at a certain temperature in the furnace. Only after all these manipulations, the artist will be able to start painting.

Techniques and techniques

As already noted, one of the distinguishing features, which is possessed by the lacquer miniature of Palekhsky painting, is a letter of egg tempera.

In order for the paints not rolled out with a smooth varnish surface, it is specially treated with pimples. The contour of the future drawing is applied to the product with a sharp pencil, and foaming is done. It is on it that will be a master to apply many transparent and thin layers of painting. Total main stages of image creation Five:

1. Roscie - the mark of basic silhouettes and contours.

2. Registration - refinement of contours and colors.

3. Plavy - applying liquid lesing paint with fatty strokes.

4. The video is a notch performed by creative gold.

5. Framing of the painting with a gold pattern.

After that, the ornament performed by gold is polished by agate in the form of a cone or a wolf tooth, and then all the product is covered with 6-7 layers of varnish. After applying each of them, the work is dryed, polished on a special polishing circle, and then the finish treatment with manual polishing is passed. The lacquer polished to the mirror glitter gives an additional depth and makes the paints "sound" more saturated and gently.

Palekh miniature

The history of Palekh painting

Palee is 65 km away. From Ivanovo on the shores of the Palavelka River flowing among hills covered with deciduous forests. The story of Phane goes into deep antiquity. In the XV century The village was part of Vladimir-Suzdal Lands. According to the spiritual testament of Ivan the Terrible 1572, Paleh was in the local ownership of His Son John.

There is also a legend - "Palen arose in those brown years of ancient times, looked at the Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. In the deaf forests and swamps ran folly population and carried the icons with them. Tatars burned forests." Was the Great Palich " - Hence the name of the Phaene.

In Paleh from the XVI century, the masters created expensive icons, they were also engaged in painting and restoration of frescoes in churches and the temples of Russian cities and monasteries. This is evidenced by historical monuments in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Novodevichy Monastery. Even in the Moscow Kremlin, in Golden, as it was sometimes called, the Master of Phane was worked with the grain chamber - Brothers Belousov.

The basis of the style of Palekhsky iconopus is based on the traditions of the Old Visdal school and some features of the Moscow Icon Pouring of the XV-XVI centuries. For Phahsky icons, soft smooth lines and a restrained colorful gamma are characteristic.

Cross-valve church with tent bell tower.

The crossed the temple was built for quite a long time: from 1762 to 1774. On the western facade of the temple, the inscription was preserved, thanks to which the name of the master, under the guidance of which the building was erected. This master was Egor Dubov.

The peak of Palekhsky iconographic - "Akathist Savior" of the middle of the XVIII century. The pattern of icons is characterized by grace and sophistication. All proportions of extended forms. Coloring icons warm, golden-brown using dark greens and cycinar. The clothes of Christ and the Mother of God are painted by gold. One of the characteristic signs of Palekh icon writing is a complex multi-meter composition. Icon "Nikolai Wonderworker in Life and Miracles" The second half of the XVIII century. - A bright sample of such a composition. In the center of the icon board - in the middle - the image of the saint is located. The middle mannier surrounds 38 stigs - miniatures telling about the acts of Nicholas of the Wonderworker.

Before the beginning of the XIX century. Palekh, unlike industrially developed Msteli and Holly, continued to maintain very simple forms of icon production, closed by the range of the family. Paleshanin continued to engage in agriculture (which was not in Mstelør and Holow) and wrote icons in the free time from field work. Icons in Paleh wrote long and thoroughly in antique samples, so they were very expensive.

At the end of the XIX century. Famous Palekh artist D.A. Salabanov opens the icon-painted workshop in Nizhny Novgorod. In this workshop, Alyosha Peshkov (Maxim Gorky) was given to this workshop in the disciples. His life in the icon-painted workshop M. Gorky described in the story "In People":
"The workshop was hot and stuffy, there are about twenty people" Bad Mazovazh "from Phane, Holoi, Msteur, everyone is sitting in sutscent shirts with unbuttoned gates, in teak confers, barefoot or in a loose. Above the heads of the masters of the sisaya of the sisaya of the pellery burned Machorka, there is a thick smell of olifa, varnish, rotten eggs. Slowly like a resin, flowing a competence Vladimir song ... ".

Alyosha Peshkov reads in the icon-painted workshop of the poem Lermontov "Demon". Artist B.A. Dehtehers.

Maksim Gorky

After the revolution of 1917, the fishery turned out to be unnecessary, and artists of the Phane began to look for applying their art. It happened that at the end of 1922, the artist Ivan Golikov went to Moscow and saw there in the Kustar Museum (now the Museum of Folk Art) Works of the Old Lucutinsky Masters: Caskets from Dad-Masha painted with oil paints. Golikov decided to try. His first work "Adam in paradise" made by gold, made a photographic bath from Paper-Masha's photographic bath and took her to the handicraft museum. The museum management became interested in this work, and immediately gave him semi-finished products for further work. Arriving in Paleh Golikov together with his relative A.A. Glazunov organized a workshop in which Phane masters began to work. At the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition in 1923, artists received a 1st degree diploma. And in 1924, "Artel Ancient Painting" opened in Paleh.

"Adam in paradise." Palee, artist Ivan Golikov

M.Gorky really appreciated the art of Phane, called him "one of the wonders created by the revolution," a lot made a lot to popularize him in his homeland and abroad, helped materially, organized a library into Artel, in which the best works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasova , Gogol, Krylova ... - The characters from which they formed the basis of Palekh's miniatures.

The delegation of Palekh artists talks with M. Gorky

Palekh art school. M. Gorky

The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish

The Tale of Tsar Saltan

Gorge Petushok

Ruslan and Ludmila

Ivan-Cerevich and Series Wolf

The Little Humpbacked Horse

Bova-koroch

Lukomorye

Battle of reboot with lubey

Word about the regiment of Igor

Dobrynya Nikitych

Three heroes

Pushkin

Lermontov

Lomonosov

Over time, caskets, brooches and other items used for painting began to decorate images related to the development of technical progress of Soviet times. The drawings of the first tractor, mowers, combines, seeded wheat and life of collective farm villages, as well as images of new buildings, holidays confined to one or another commemorative anniversary, appeared on the black lacquer coating. In the compositions of some masters of Palen, the Soviet era there are paintings of industrialization, imprinted in the style of symbolism. Often, artists for the transfer of images are attracted to the achievements of the Soviet people in a fabulous form. The topic of electrification is solved through the image of the heat-bird, and the disadvantages of people acquire the form of bad folklore characters in the form of a Leshgo and Baba-Yagi, which are suitable for a fair trial. Young pioneers. In the period of the Great Patriotic War, many of the artists turn to military topics, turning the harsh reality of the times of great battles in the sublime romanticism of the sacrifice and the ground for the sake of the native country and the singing Russian people, defending their freedom in the battle with foreign invaders. But in these works, the effect of fresco painting and the best traditions of Phahi style are traced.

Yuri Gagarin

Tsiolkovsky

Soviet Space

The Soviet period not only gave the beginning of Palekh's lacquer miniature, but also contributed to the development of this fishery. The State Museum of Palekh art was organized. In 1960-80 The rich experience of Phahi masters began to be used in creating sketches of decorations to theatrical productions, illustrations for book editions of Pushkin, Krylov, Gorky and other Russians and Soviet writers. In Palegan style, sets of cards and postage stamps were produced with characters of Russian fairy tales, epic and fables.

Soviet postcards. Paleh.

Calendar. Paleh.

Soviet postage stamps. Paleh.

Cards. Paleh.

Distinctive features of Palekh painting

Each miniaturist has her favorite themes, but in general there was a common, always recognizable, the style of Palekh miniature. The conventionality of the color, the forms of architecture, sophisticated, elongated proportions of the figures, clearly released on a black background, abundant studying of their gold graphics - the characteristic features of the pole miniatures.

The main difference between Palekh, Mstourskaya and Balcon Miniature from Fedoskinskaya is an application yellow Temperawhich they have traditionally used to write icons. The egg emulsion was used as a binder in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantia, from where it was already adopted by the icon paints of ancient Russia. Tempera write fuses, i.e. Liquid layers, as in watercolor, but it is possible to work and the method of strokes, dasheds, as in pastels and pastoral smears, as in oil painting. Palekh artists who use the ducts of an unwrapped lacquer in painting, often replace the soil of the leather fill of the silhouette of the image translated into the black surface of the product. The translation of the drawing on the thing in Palekh, Msøre and Holoi is different than in Fedoskin. The opposite side of the pattern is wiping with paint powder and, putting the drawing on the surface, drive water in a stupid needle, stuck in a wooden handle-stalk. The paints are dissolved in the yolk emulsion (the yolk, diluted with water with the addition of several drops of vinegar).

The first stage of the letter is roscher: The main forms of the image are scheduled. Then follows speech. Clarification of the main color tones and specifying forms. Next stage - floor: Juicy smears with liquid lesing paints that combine painting into some colorful integer. Painting gliding (or notch), in Paleh it is performed by creative gold.

The miniature Palek painting is framed by the golden ornament. Gold paint (creative gold) is prepared from the leaf of gravestone, grinding on the gumiarabic finger. Then the ornament is polished by a bone.

The work of the miniaturist artist requires a filigree accuracy, the calibration of each line, accuracy. Often Palekh masters have to be used when writing their miniature masterpieces magnifying glass or magnifying glass. At the end of the work, painting covers six layers of light varnish, after which the product is grin and polished.

The harmonic unity of artistic form and deep national content, traditional and nationality are distinguished by the works of Phane artists.

"Village Palen", artist I.M. Bakanov, 1934

"Strada", artist I.M. Bakanov, 1933

Palencultural Miniature Technology

Paleshish lacquer miniatures are written on - boxes, plates, brooches, - made of papier-mache. The process of creating a blank consists of the following operations:

1. Cardboard cutting - Forms of the desired size in the form of plates or tapes are cut out of wood cardboard sheets. Cardboard plates are lubricated with a flour celastic (from wheat flour) and one on the other on the table or horizontally lined board are pasted. The number of layers depends on the required thickness of the product and ranges from 3 to 30. Side sides of the caskets, boxes, cases, etc. They are made by capping cardboard bands on round or rectangular blanks (up to 12 layers).

Preparation of Papier Masha Dumplings

2. Then the workpiece press, Dry one and a half weeks, soaked in a can with heated linen oil, dried again and pressed. Then the decorative products (casigars, caskets, medallions, brooches, etc. are made of the resulting duals. Then products crack on the rowing circle, and finally conduct Emery brushing.

3. Primer and Spatlevkawhich are manufactured manually using traditional devices. They are prepared from red clay, oil and soot as follows the flow of components among themselves. After that, several layers of soil are applied on the product, each layer is cleaned and grind. Then the spatula is applied on the product and dried. After drying, the puttywood is pretty pumice, the surplus of which is enjoyed by a goose feather. The outer side of Palegan products is covered with black varnish (oil varnish with soot) was used. The inner side of the ports and boxes is made by red varnish.

Primer and Spatlevka

4. Preparation of paints.

The work of the Phakhsky artist begins with cooking paints. Paints in Palekh are bred on egg emulsion. For this, the yolk protein separated from the protein is placed in the eggshell and the water is added there with an admixture of vinegar. Then the emulsion is stirred by a special wedge.

The resulting egg emulsion is added to the dry pigment and carefully crops Indicor finger. The degree of readiness is determined by the "eye". Well cooked paints are very plastic. The paint is harvested in small quantities, as it is stored for a long time.

The artist needs paints different consistency, so they constantly have to dilute on a porcelain saucer, palette. On it, the paints of the main colors are mixed and the desired tones are made.

Preparation of egg emulsion - Case is painstaking and requires big skills and experience. You need to be able to carefully separate the yolk from the squirrel, because even the smallest drop of squirrel will prevent the artist to spend thin lines. For breeding yolk in Mster, water uses water, and in Palek - a table vinegar or bread kvass. The paints dissolved on the kvass fall softer and are preserved longer, but now they are rare. For fatty summer and skinny winter eggs, the amount of solvent will be different. The egg emulsion should not be too fat or too liquid: the fatty paint will go to bed rudely and quickly cracks, and the liquid - the paints will be faded and will be bad to succumb to the desired scenic technique.

For work on miniature, different artists require different amounts bELICH KISTY. All brushes Paleh masters - handmade. A brush purchased in the store, even the highest quality, it is impossible to write a miniature, too "not obedient" there is no sufficient subtlety and elasticity, during the letter the tip of such a brush can be divided.

Before painting the surface of the product pEMZY is processed (The paint falls on the matte surface better than the glossy).

Then artist pictures on semi-finished drawing Thinly honed pencil.

Then image drawn Belly with the finest squirrel tassels.

Preparation of colors

5. Gilding.

Miniaturists usually apply leaf gold gold. Each sheet has a size of 9x9 cm, one portion comes from 2 to 10 sheets. These sheets are so thin that they take off at the slightest air blow. They are taken lammakel - Special tool made from the tip of a squirrel tail. In a porcelain saucer, gold is mixed with a binder, a gumiarabic, and dissolved in water, getting a liquid mass. "Creation" of gold, like paints, requires a big skill and patience. Clean water is added to dissolved gold, stirred, flickering, defend, drain excess water and dried in the oven, under the lamp or in the sun. No dust or Sorink should have to get into it, otherwise it will be difficult to write. Preparing for work Gold glitters a soft charming gloss, as if inviting you to take a brush quickly.

Sometimes silver or aluminum powder is used. When working with silver, you need to be attentive, as it is drying yellow from a high temperature during drying. Aluminum powder is a coarse material and requires more thorough rubbing.

To the gold deposited on the product acquired glitter, it is necessary polish. To do this, the wolf tooth is applied - it has a particularly smooth surface.

6. After painting gold products covered with oil varnish. This operation is performed by applying several layers of varnish, each of which is carefully dried at a certain temperature for a long time. After each layer, it is sure to align the surface first with glass, then pembed.

Grinding

Polishing

7. The last step is polishing. When the layers of varnish are enough and the surface is already smooth - the casket is polished on the "velvet" - a special rotating circle, covered with velvet, final "finishing" to shine It's hands, women of course, since the hands should be soft, without flapid plots that can scratch the surface.

Palee - a miracle born by the revolution!