The changes originated after the death of Stalin in the spiritual and political life of the Soviet society were called "Thaw". The emergence of this term is associated with the publication in 1954. I. G. Ehrenburg "Thaw"In response to the call of Critica V. M. Pomerantsev to put into the center of attention of human literature," raise the true theme of life, to bring conflicts in life in novels, occupying people in everyday life. The spiritual life of society in the period of the Khrushchev "thaw" was controversial. With one The parties, destalinization, the opening of the "iron curtain" caused the revival of society, the development of culture, science and education. At the same time, the desire of party-state bodies to put culture to the official ideology service.

development of science and education

In the middle of the twentieth century Science has become a leading factor in the development of social production. The main directions of science in the world were a comprehensive automation of production, management and control based on the wide use of computers; creation and introduction into the production of new types of structural materials; Opening and use of new types of energy.

Soviet Union succeeded in 1953-1964. To achieve major scientific achievements in nuclear energy, rocketism, exploration of outer space. 27th of June 1954 G. In the city of Obninsk Kaluga region began to operate the first in the world Industrial power plant for atomic energy. The scientific leader of works on its creation was I. V. Kurchatov, the chief designer of the reactor - N. A. Dollezhal, the supervisor of the project - D. I. Blochintsev.

Nuclear power plant Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the city of Obninsk, Kaluga region.

The 4th of October 1957 G. The USSR was launched first in the world artificial satellite land. A group of scientists led to S. P. Korolev, M. K. Tikhonravova, N. S. Ladenko, G. Yu. Maksimova, V. I. Lappko, B., . Chekunova, A. V. Buyovarova.

Postage stamps of the USSR

In the same year laid on the water atomic icebreaker "Lenin" - The world's first surface vessel with nuclear power installation. The main designer was V.I. Neganov, the supervisor of works - Academician A. P. Alexandrov; Atomic installation was designed under the leadership of I. I. Africantov.

IN 1961 first in history flight of man in space; they became the Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin. The ship "Vostok", on which Gagarin was sheltered around the Earth, was created by the leading designer O. G. Ivanovsky under the direction of the General Designer of the OKB-1 S. P. Korolev. In 1963, the first flight of Women-Cosmonaut V. I. Tereshkova took place.

Yu. A. Gagarin S. P. Korolev

IN 1955 G. In the Kharkov aircraft plant began a serial release of the world's first turbojet passenger aircraft " Tu-104."The design of new, ultra-speed aircraft was engaged in aircraft designers A. N. Tupolev, S. V. Ilyushin.

Airplane "Tu-104"

The introduction of the Soviet Union in the era of the scientific and technological revolution was marked by the expansion of the network of research institutions. A. N. Nesmeyanov, the largest chemist-organizing, in 1954, opened the Institute of Elementorganic Compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In May 1957, in order to develop the productive forces of Siberia and the Far East, the Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was organized. In March 1956 G. Dubna was created by the International Research Center - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research In order to study the fundamental properties of matter. The famous physicists A. P. Alexandrov, D. I. Blochintsev, I. V. Kurchatov participated in the formation of JINR. Appeared near Moscow Scientific Centers in Protvino, Obninsk and Trinity. I. L. Knunyantz, the well-known Soviet chemist-organogen, founded the scientific school of ftoriorians.

Syncrophasotron, built in JINR in Dubna in 1957

Significant achievements were in the development of radiophysics, electronics, theoretical and chemical physics, chemistry. Were awarded Nobel Prize For works in the region of quantum electronics A. M. Prokhorovand N. G. Basov - Together with American physicist Ch. Towns. A number of Soviet scientists ( L. D. Landau in 1962; P. A. Chenkov, I. M. Frankand I. E. TammAll in 1958) received Nobel Prizes in Physics, which testified to the recognition of the contribution of Soviet science to the world. N. N. Semenov (together with the American researcher S. Khinshelwood) became in 1956 the only Soviet Nobel laureate in chemistry.

After the XX, the CPSS Congress was opened with the possibility of studying closed documents, which contributed to the emergence of interesting publications on domestic history: "Essays of historical science in the USSR", "History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. 1941-1945" and magazine "History of the USSR"

The characteristic feature of the "thaw" became stormy scientific discussions. The crisis of agriculture, disappointment in the councils, the need to find balanced solutions to a large number of problems contributed to the revival of economic thought in the USSR. Two directions were formed in scientific discussions of economists. At the head of the theoretical direction stood Leningrad scientists L. V. Kantorovich and V. V. Novozhilovspeaking for widespread use Mathematical methods in planning. The second direction is practitioners - demanded greater independence for enterprises, less than tough and compulsory planning, allowing to develop market relations. A group of scientists began to study the economy of the West. However, completely free from certain ideological attitudes of historians, philosophers, economists could not.

L. V. Kantorovich

The official Soviet propaganda considered the achievements of Soviet science not only as symbols of scientific and technological progress, but also as evidence of the advantages of socialism. To ensure the implementation of the fundamental restructuring of the technical foundations of material production in the USSR facility failed. What caused the country's technical lag in subsequent years on the most promising directions.

Much attention was paid to the period "thaw" to the middle and higher education, the fee was canceled in universities, technical schools. According to the data of the All-Union Census of the 1959 population, higher, secondary and incomplete secondary education had 43% of the population. New universities were opened in Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Nalchik and other cities.

Grew prestige of higher education, especially engineering, while the attractiveness of working professions for graduates of schools began to fall. To change the situation, measures were taken to approach the school to production. In December 1958 Universal compulsory 7-year education was replaced by a mandatory 8-year education. Graduates of eight-year-olds could finish vocational school (PTU) or technical school to obtain full secondary education and a working specialty.

At the school lesson in autodel

In high school grades, mandatory production practice was introduced. However, the choice of professions offered at the school (cook, seamstress, the car mechanic, etc.) was narrow, did not allow the necessary preparation to be obtained by the necessary modern production. In addition, the lack of funds did not allow the opportunity to equip schools with modern equipment, and enterprises could not fully carry the pedagogical burden. In 1964, in connection with the ineffectiveness of school reform, the overload of training programs returned with a decade of school.

literature

The focus of writers in the 1950s. It turned out to be a man, his spiritual values, everyday life collisions. Scientific research, searching, struggle between seeking, principled scientists and people are new, careerists, bureaucrats were devoted to novels. D. A. Grann. ("Seekers", "I go on a thunderstorm"). In the spotlight Yu. P. Herman (Roman-trilogy "The business you serve", 1957, "My dear", 1961, "I am responsible for everything", 1964) - the formation of a person of high ideas and civil activity.

Interesting works about the life of the post-war village (Essays V. V. Ovechkin "District weekdays" and "Agronoma's notes" G. N. Troypolsky). In the genre of rustic prose wrote during the years "thaw" V.I. Belov, V. G. Rasputin, F. A. Abramov, Early V. M. Shukshin, V. P. Astafiev, S. P. Zaligin. Works of young writers (Yu. V. Trifonov, V. V. Lipatov) about the young contemporaries formed "city" prose.

V. Shukshin and V. Belov

Lieutenant prose continued to develop. Writers who have passed war ( Yu. V. Bondarev, K. D. Vorobiev, V. V. Bykov, B. L. Vasilyev, G. Ya. Baklanov, K. M. Simonov), rethinking his experience, reflected on the world's globility in the war, about the price of victory.

In the process of detonation in the literature, the topic of repression was raised. Large public resonance caused Roman V. Dudintsev "Not bread together", 1956, story A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One day Ivan Denisovich", 1962.

On November 18, 1962, the magazine "New World" publishes the story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" A. I. Solzhenitsyn

The popularity of young poets grew: E. A. Yevtushenko, A. A. Voznesensky, B. Sh. Okudzhava, B.A. Ahmadulina, R.I. Christmas. In his work, they appealed to contemporaries and modern topics. Great attraction in the 1960s. There were evenings of poetry at the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow. Poetic readings at the stadium in Luzhniki in 1962 gathered 14 thousand people.

E. A. Yevtushenko B.A. Ahmadulina A. A. Voznesensky

The revival of cultural life contributed to the emergence of new literary and art journals: "Youth", "Neva", "Our Contemporary", "Foreign Literature", "Moscow". Magazine "New World" (chapters Ed. A. T. Tvardovsky) published works by democratically confined writers and poets. It was on his pages that Solzhenitsyn's work ("One day Ivan Denisovich", 1962, "Matrenin Dvor" and "Case at the Station of Krecheivka", 1963). The magazine became the refuge of the antistaline forces in the literature, the symbol of the Sixtiets, the body of the legal opposition of Soviet power.

Some cultural figures of the 1930s were rehabilitated: I. E. Babel, B. A. Pilnyak, prohibited verses of S. A. Yesenin, A. A. Akhmatova, M.I. Tsvetaeva appeared in the press.

However, the "thaw" in the cultural life of the country had a certain framework established by the authorities. Any manifestations of dissent were destroyed by Cancer. So happened to B.c. Grossman, the author of "Stalingrad Essays" and Roman "for the right thing. The manuscript of Roman" Life and Fate "about the tragedy plunged into the war of the people in 1960 was withdrawn from the author to the authorities of the state security. This work was published in the USSR only during the years of restructuring.

From the document (from the speeches of N. S. Khrushchev to the figures of literature and art):

... It does not mean that now, after the condemnation of the cult of personality, it was time for Samotek, which would have been weakened by the Brazuds of the Board, the public ship sails through the will of the waves and everyone may be toastic, behaving behave as it pleases. Not. The party conducted and will firmly carry out the Leninsky course produced by it, is irreconcilable against any ideological shutters ...

In the late 1950s. The literary samizdat arose - typewritten or handwritten publications that did not pass the censorship of the works of translations of foreign and domestic authors, and Tamizdat - the work of Soviet authors who printed abroad. Roman B. L. Pasternak "Dr. Zhivago" about the fate of the intelligentsia in the years of revolutions and civil war first spread to Samizdat lists. After prohibiting the publication of the novel in the magazine "New World", the book was transferred abroad, where was published in November 1957 in Italian translation. In 1958, Pasternak received the Nobel Prize for the Literature. In the USSR, the campaign was organized by N. S. Khrushchev, the campaign was organized by the writer. He was excluded from the Union of Writers of the USSR, demanded to leave the country. Pasternak refused to leave the USSR, but under pressure the authorities was forced to abandon the award.

At the dacha of Pasternakov on the day of awarding the Nobel Prize: E. Ts. And K. I. Chukovsky, B. L. and Z. N. Pasternaki. Peredelkino. October 24, 1958.

"Case Pasternak" became a signal to a new tightening of censorship. In the early 1960s There was an increase in ideological dictate in the field of literature, an even greater impatience of dissent was manifested. In 1963, at the official meeting of the party's leadership with the creative intelligentsia in the Kremlin Khrushchev made a sharp criticism of the poet A. Voznesensky and offered him to emigrate from the country.

Theater, music, cinema

Moscow began to work new theaters "Sovremennik" under the leadership of O. N. Efremova (1957) and the theater of drama and comedy on Taganka under the leadership of Yu. P. Lyubimov (1964), the performances of which enjoyed the vast popularity of the audience. In the theatrical productions of young teams of "Contemporary" and "Taganka", a reflection of the mood of the Sixtiene era was reflected: a sharpened sense of responsibility for the fate of the country, an active civil position.

Theater "Contemporary"

Large success reached domestic cinema. Films about the ordinary fate of a person in the war were released on the screens: "Freak cranes" (dir. M. K. Kalatozov), "Ballada about a soldier" (G. I. Chukhray). "Frees cranes" Kalazovova became the only Soviet full-length film, received in 1958 the prize "Golden Palm Branch of the Cannes Film Festival.

Frame from the movie "Fly Cranes"

In the best films of the early 1960s. The topic of finding a life path to the young generation was raised: "I walk in Moscow" (dir. G. N. Delialia), "Zaspasya Ilyich" (dir. M. M. Huziev), "Nine days of one year" (dir. M. and . Romm). Many artists were able to visit the border. In 1959, the Moscow Film Festival was resumed. After the Caribbean crisis, the exposure of the "ideological shutters" of literature and artists increased. So, the disapproving assessment of the party-state leaders received a feature film M. M. Huziyev "Zasva Ilyich", one of the symbols of the era "thaw" about young people of the sixties.

From the document (S. N. Khrushchev. Father's trilogy):

As it happens with strong natures, the father seemed to feel the weakness of his position and became even sharper and irremissible. I was attended once when talking about the film "Zasva Ilyich" directed by Marlene Hutsiyev. All style, the aggressiveness of this parsing made on me a painful impression that I remember to this day. On the way home (the meeting was held in the house of receptions at Vorobievskoe highway, we lived nearby, for the fence) I objected to my father, it seemed to me that there was nothing antisetty in the film, moreover, he was Soviet and at the same time high-quality. Father was silent. The next day, the analysis of "Ilyich's outpost" continued. Taking the word, the Father complained that the ideological struggle goes in difficult conditions and even at home he does not always meet an understanding.

Yesterday, Sergey, my son, convinced me that we were wrong in my attitude to this film, "said the father and, looking around the darkness of the hall, asked: -Ivively?

I sat in the rear rows. I had to get up.

So, right, the film is good, - Sticking from the excitement, I said. It was my first experience of participating in such a big meeting. However, my intercession only poured oil into the fire, the speakers one after another branded director for ideological misfortune. The film had to remake, the best pieces cut, he received the new name "We are twenty years old."

Gradually, I was increasingly convinced that my father was tragically mistaken, loses his authority. However, to do something far from just. It was necessary to choose a moment, carefully express his opinion to him, try to convince him of the harmfulness of such daily judgments. In the end, he must understand what hits his political allies, for those who support his business.

From the late 1950s. Neofolorism developed in Soviet music. In 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On the correction of errors in the assessment of the opera" Great Friendship "," Bogdan Khmelnitsky "," from the bottom of my heart ". Ideological accusations with composers S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian were removed. In 1955-1956 In the United States passed the tour of the outstanding Soviet musicians: D. F. Sustrah and M. L. Rostropovich.

Soviet people were popular with songs written in the VI World Festival of Youth and Students: "Moscow Region" (V. Soloviev-Grayova, M. Matusovsky) performed by V. Troin and E. Piekhi, "If the guys of the whole land ..." ( V. Soloviev-Grayova, E. Dolmatovsky), "Zori Moscow ..." (A. Ostrovsky, M. Lysyansky), "Rights guitar over the river ..." (L. Oshanin, A. Novikov) and others. In this period, creative begins Activities of composers E. Denisova, A. Petrov, A. Shnitke, R. Shedrin, A. Eschpaya. The works of G. Sviridov and songs A. Pakhmutova on the verses of N. Dobronravova were enjoyed.

In the formation of the spiritual atmosphere of the turn of the 1950-60s. An important role was played by author's song creativity. Audience B. Sh. Okudzhava, N. N. Matveyeva, Yu. I. Victor, Yu. Ch. Kima, A. A. Galich became the younger generation of "physicists" and "lyrics" who aroused about the problems of scientific and technological progress and humanistic values.

B. Okudzhava A. Galich

painting, architecture, sculpture

In the late 1950s - early 1960s. In the works of the artists-sixties from the youth section of the Moscow branch of the Union of Artists, our reflection of the labor weekdays of contemporaries, the so-called "stern style" originated. Pictures of representatives of the "harsh style" V. E. Popkov, N. I. Andronova, T. T. Salahova, P. P. Osovo, V. I. Ivanova, and others. He chased the fate of contemporaries, their energy and will, "Heroic of labor everyday life. "

V. Popkov. Builders Bratsk

On December 1, 1962, N. S. Khrushchev visited the anniversary exhibition of the Moscow Organization of the Union of Artists in Manege. He collapsed with rude, incompetent attacks on the young painters-avant-gardeists of the studio E. M. Belyutina: T. Ter-Gevondyan, A. Safokhina, L. Gribkov, V. Zubareva, V. Preobrazhenskaya. The next day, the newspaper "True" published a crushing report, which served as the beginning of the campaign against formalism and abstractionism in the USSR.

From the document (from the speech of Khrushcheva during a visit to the exhibition in Manege on December 1, 1962):

... well, I do not understand, comrades! So he says: "Sculpture." Here he is an unknown. Is it a sculpture? I'm sorry! ... I have done a position in 29 years when I felt responsible for the country, for our party. And you? You are 29 years old! Do you all feel that you go to short pantals? No, you are already in the pants! And so answer! ...

You do not want to keep up with us - get your passport, go ... We are not sent to prison! You are welcome! Do you like the West? Please! ... Let's imagine it. Does it cause any feeling? I want to spit! Here are these feelings - causes.

... You will say: everyone plays, so to speak, in his musical instrument - this is the orchestra? This is a capochony! This ... This is a crazy house! This jazz will be! Jazz! Jazz! I do not want to offend blacks, but here, uh, in my opinion, is the music Negritanskaya ... Who will fly on it roasted that you want to show? Who! Flies that are thrown on Padal! Here they know, huge, fatty ... So flew! .. The one who wants to be able to settle our enemies - he can take on this weapon ...

Monumentalism blooms in the sculpture. In 1957, the UN Building in New York appeared the sculptural group E. V. Vuchetich "Skip Swords on Oral". Military topics was represented by the sculptural portraits of the commander, created in the Soviet cities of E. V. V. V. V. Tomsk, the best masters of this genre.

"Slug swords on the oral" Sculptor - Vuchetich E. V.

Soviet sculptors at this time captured historical personalities and cultural figures. S. M. Orlov, A. P. Anthropov and N. L. Stamin - authors of the monument to Yuri Dolgorukov in Moscow in front of the Moscow Council (1953-1954); A. P. Kibalnikov completes the work on the Monument to Chernyshevsky in Saratov (1953) and V. Mayakovsky in Moscow (1958). Sculptor M. K. Alikushin in a realistic manner performed a monument to A. S. Pushkin, established on the Art Square in Leningrad, at the building of the Russian Museum.

Monument to Pushkin. Sculptor M. K. Alinishin

Over the framework of social realism, the creativity of the sculptor E. Unknown: "Suicide" (1958), "Adam" (1962-1963), "Effort" (1962), "Mechanical Man" (1961-1962), "two-headed The giant with the egg "(1963. In 1962, an unknown man was an excursion to Khrushchev at the exhibition. After the defeat of the exhibition, he did not exhibit it for several years, Opala ended only with the resignation of Khrushchev.

E. Unknown tombstone N. S. Khrushchev, E. Unknown

After the death of Stalin, a new stage begins in the development of Soviet architecture. In 1955, a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council "to eliminate excesses in the design and construction", "contrary to the democratic spirit of life and culture of our society" was adopted. A functional typical Soviet architecture has come to replace the Stalinsky Ampuria, which with those or other changes have been preserved before the collapse of the USSR. According to such a principle, Khimki-Hovrino (arch. K. Alabian) and the south-west quarters of Moscow (Arch. Ya Belopolsky, E. Stamo, etc.), Dacha district of Leningrad (Arch. V. Kamensky, and . Zhuk, A. Machett), neighborhoods and quarters in Vladivostok, Minsk, Kiev, Vilnius, Ashgabat. During the mass construction of panel five-story buildings, standard projects and cheap building materials "without architectural excesses" were used.

State Kremlin Palace

In 1961, in Moscow, a hotel "Youth" (ARH Y. Arndt, T. Bausheva, V. Burovin, T. Vladimirova; Engineers N. Dykhovichnaya, B. Zarkha, I. Mishchenko) using the same large panels What was used in housing, the cinema "Russia" ("Pushkinsky") with his visor put forward. One of the best social facilities of this time was the State Kremlin Palace, 1959-1961 (Arch. M. Posokhin), in the construction of which the problem of the combination of modern construction with historical architectural ensembles was rationally solved. In 1963, the construction of the Palace of Pioneers in Moscow was completed, which is a complex of several buildings of different heights, combined with a spatial composition.

Expansion of cultural ties

Liberalization of social and political life was accompanied by the expansion of international cultural ties. In 1955, the first issue of the magazine "Foreign Literature" came out. It became for the Soviet readers the only opportunity to get acquainted with the work of many large western writers, the books of which in the USSR were not published on censorship.

In October 1956 in Moscow in the museum. Pushkin I. Erenburg organized an exhibition of paintings by P. Picasso. For the first time in the USSR, the canvas of one of the most famous artists of the XX century were shown. In December of the same year, Picasso was sent to Leningrad to Hermitage, where the exhibition provoked a student rally in the city center. Students publicly shared their impressions.

Poster VI World Festival of Youth and Students

In July 1957, the VI World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Moscow, whose symbol became invented by P. Picasso Pigeon. The forum has become in every sense of a significant event for the Soviet young men and girls, they first met with the youth culture of the West.

In 1958, the first international competition was held in Moscow. P. I. Tchaikovsky. The victory was won by a young American pianist X. Wang Klibern, a graduate of the Juliard School, where he studied at R. Levina, the Russian pianist, who left Russia in 1907 in America wrote this victory so: "He became unexpectedly famous, winning the Tchaikovsky Prize in Moscow in 1958, became the first American who had gained triumph in Russia, where he turned into the first favorite; on his return to New York, he was met as a mass demonstration hero. "

Winner of the Competition. Tchaikovsky H. Wang Klibern

Large resonance in world musical life was caused by the first foreign tour of the teams of the Bolshoi and Kirov theaters. In the performances of the classic repertoire and productions of modern composers ("Spartak" A. I. Khachaturian, "Carmen-Suite" R. K. Shchedrin, "Legend of love" A. D. Melikova) in front of the Western spectator appeared M. M. Plisetskaya, E. S. Maksimova, V. V. Vasilyev, I. A. Kolpakova, N. I. Immortalov. In the late 1950s - early 1960s. Ballet turned into a "business card" of Soviet art abroad.

M. Plisetskaya

In general, the period of "thaw" became a beneficial time for domestic culture. The spiritual ascent facilitated the formation of the work of the literature and art of the new generation. The expansion of scientific and cultural contacts with foreign countries contributed to the humanization of Soviet society, the increase in its intellectual potential.

"Not bread together"

K. M. Simonov

"Alive and Dead" E

V.P. Aksenov

"Star ticket", "It's time, my friend, it's time"

A. I. Solzhenitsyn

"One day Ivan Denisovich"

B. L. Pasternak

"Doctor Zhivago"

Cinema

Theatre

Theatre	Artistic director
Contemporary	O. N. Efremov
Leningrad Big Drama Theater	G. A. Tovstonogov
Theater on Taganka	Yu. P. Lyubimov 1957 Creation of the world's largest synchrophasotron. 1957, the creation of the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. "Rehabilitated" genetics. Awarded Nobel Prizes: 1956 N.N. Semenov for the theory of chemical chain reactions 1962 D.L. Landau for the theory of liquid helium 1964 N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov for research in the field of quantum radiophysics. SPACE EXPLORATION In 1957, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched. 1963 First Flight Women Cosmonaut. She became Valentina Tereshkova.

The period of the Khrushchev thaw is the conditional name of the period in history, which has been launched from the mid-1950s in the mid-1960s. The peculiarity of the period was partial retreat from the totalitarian policy of the Stalinist era. Khrushchev Thaw is the first attempt to aware of the consequences of the Stalinist regime, which has disclosed the features of the socio-political policy of the Stalinist era. The main event of this period is the XX Congress of the CPSU, which criticized and condemned the cult of the personality of Stalin, criticized the implementation of repressive policies. February 1956 marked the beginning of a new era, which puts its task a change in socio-political life, a change in the internal and foreign policy of the state.

Events of Khrushchev thaw

The period of Khrushchev thaws is characterized by such events:

• The process of rehabilitation of victims of repression began, the amnesty was submitted innocently convicted people, the relatives of the "enemies of the people" became innocent.
• The Republic of USSR received more political and legal rights.
• 1957 was marked by the return of Chechens and Balkarians to their lands, from which they were evicted in Stalin's time due to the accusation of betrayal. But such a decision did not concern the Volga Germans and the Crimean Tatars.
• Also, 1957 is famous for the International Festival of Youth and Students, which in turn, talks about the "opening of the iron curtain", softening censorship.
• The result of these processes is the emergence of new public organizations. Trade union bodies are submitted by reorganization: the state of the top link of the trade union system has been reduced, the rights of primary organizations have been expanded.
• Passports were issued to people living in the village, collective farm.
• The rapid development of light industry and agriculture.
• Active construction of cities.
• Improving the standard of living of the population.

One of the main achievements of the 1953 - 1964 policy. It was the implementation of social reforms, which included the solution of the issue of pension provision, an increase in the income of the population, the solution of a housing problem, the introduction of a five-day week. The period of Khrushchev thawed was a difficult time in the history of the Soviet state. For such a short time (10 years) there were many transformations and innovations. The most important achievement was the exposition of the crimes of the Stalinist system, the population discovered the consequences of totalitarianism.

RESULTS

So, the policy of Khrushchev thawed was superficially, did not affect the basics of the totalitarian system. The dominant single-party system was preserved using the ideas of Marxism-Leninism. Nikita Khrushchev was not going to fulfill the complete destalinization of Nikita, because it meant the recognition of their own crimes. And since, renounce Stalin's time it did not work completely, then the Khrushchev transformations did not take long for a long time. In 1964, there was a conspiracy against Khrushchev, and from this period a new era begins in the history of the Soviet Union.

The first postownal decade was marked by serious changes in the spiritual life of society. The well-known Soviet writer I. Erenburg called this period "Thaw", which comes after the long and harsh Stalinist "winter". And at the same time, it was not "spring" with its full-flowing and free "spill" of thoughts and feelings, namely "thaw", followed by a "light frost" again.

For the changes, which began in society, the first responded by representatives of literature. Before the XX Congress KPSS There were works that marked the birth of a new direction in the Soviet literature - renewed. One of the first such works was published in 1953 in the "New World" article by V. Pomerantsev "On sincerity in the literature", where he raised the question that "honestly write is not to think about the expression of people of high and low readers " The question of the vital necessity of various literary schools and trends was also rising.

In the "New World" appeared written in the new key of V. Ohchkin, F. Abramova, M. Lifshitsa, and also became well-known works by I. Ehrenburg ("Thaw"), V. Panova ("Seasons"), F. Panferova ("Volga-Mother River") and others. In them, the authors left the varnishing of the real life of people. For the first time, the question of the disadvantage for the intelligentsia of the atmosphere, which developed in the country was raised. However, the government recognized the publication of these works "harmful" and removed A. Tvardovsky from the management of the magazine.

The life itself has set the question of the need to change the style of the leadership of the Writers and his relationship with the Central Committee of the CPSU. Attempts by A. Fadeeva to achieve this led to his opal, and then to death. In his death letter, he noted that art in the "ruined self-defense-ignorant leadership of the party", and the writers, even the most recognized, granted to the position of the boys, destroyed, "ideologically scolded and called it party." This was told in their works by V. Dudintsev ("not bread united"), D. Granin ("Seekers"), E. Dorosh ("Rustic Diary").

The inability to act by repressive methods forced the party leadership to look for new techniques for the intelligentsia. Since 1957, regularly became the meeting of the management of the Central Committee with the figures and artists. N. S. Khrushchev's personal tastes, speaking at these meetings with numerous speeches, acquired the nature of official estimates. Such unceremonious intervention did not find support not only in the majority of the participants themselves of these meetings and in the intelligentsia as a whole, but also in the widest layers of the population.

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, ideological pressure and musical art, painting, cinematography were somewhat weakened. Responsibility for the "inflection" of the previous years was assigned to Stalin, Beria, Zhdanova, Molotova, Malenkov, etc.

In May 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU issued a resolution "On the correction of errors in the assessment of the opera" Great Friendship ", Bogdan Khmelnitsky and" from the bottom of the heart ", in which they were recognized as unrequitable and unfair evaluations of D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalina, Popova, N. Meskovsky, etc.
At the same time, in response to calls in the intelligentsia environment, other resolutions of the 40s are canceled. According to ideological issues, it was stated that they "played a huge role in the development of artistic creativity along the path of socialist realism" and in its "main content are relevant to the actual value." This testified that the policy of "thaw" in spiritual life had completely defined borders. Speaking about them at one of the meetings with the writers, Khrushchev said that the achieved in recent years "does not mean that now, after the conviction of the cult of personality, it was time for Samotek ... The party spent and will spend consistently and firmly ... Leninsky course , irreconcilable speaking against any ideological shutters. "

One of the bright examples of the permissible limits of "thaw" in spiritual life was the "Pasternak case". Publication in the west of his forbidden by the authorities of the novel "Dr. Zhivago" and awarded to him the Nobel Prize put a writer literally outlawed. In October 1958, he was excluded from the Writers' Union and forced to abandon the Nobel Prize to avoid expulsion from the country.

A real shock for many people was the situation of works by A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich", "Matrenin Dvor", in full growth of the problems of overcoming Stalin's heritage in the everyday life of Soviet people. In an effort to prevent the massive nature of the antistali publications, which beat not only in Stalinism, but also throughout the totalitarian system, Khrushchev, in his speeches, turned the attention of the writer to the fact that "this is a very dangerous topic and difficult material" and they need to do, "observing the sense of measure " Official "limiters" acted in other spheres of culture. A sharp criticism for "ideological doubt", "the underestimation of the leading role of the party", "formalism", etc., not only writers and poets were regularly undergone (A. Voznesensky, D. Granin, V. Dudintsev, E. Evtushenko, S. Kirsanov , K. Powesty, etc.), but also sculptors, artists, directors (E. Unknown, R. Falk, M. Hutsiev), philosophers, historians.
Nevertheless, there were many literary works in these years ("The Fate of Man" M. Sholokhov, "Silence" Y. Bondarev), movies ("fly cranes" M. Kalazozova, "Clean Sky" in Chukhray), paintings received by the National Recognition is due to its life-affirming strength and optimism based on the new course of the Soviet leadership.

Development of science.

Party directives stimulated the development of domestic science. In 1956, an International Research Center was established in Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research). In 1957, the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences with a wide network of institutions and laboratories was formed. Other scientific centers were created. Only in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences for 1956 - 1958. 48 new reeds were organized. They expanded and their geography (Urals, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Yakutia). By 1959, there were about 3200 scientific institutions in the country. The number of scientists of the country approached 300 thousand. Among the largest achievements of the domestic science of this time include the creation of the most powerful synchrophasotron in the world (1957); Descent on the world's first atomic icebreaker "Lenin"; launch into space of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (October 4, 1957); sending to space of animals (November 1957); satellite flights to the moon; The first flight of a person in space (April 12, 1961); exit on the highway in the world of reactive passenger liner Tu-104; The creation of high-speed passenger ships on underwater wings ("rocket"), etc. Resunted work in the field of genetics. As before, the priority in scientific developments was given to the interests of the military-industrial complex. Not only the largest scientists (S. Korolev, M. Keldysh, A. Tupolev, V. Houseay, A. Sakharov, I. Kurchatov, etc.), but Soviet intelligence officers worked on his needs. Even space program It was only a "app" to the program for the creation of means of delivery of nuclear weapons.

Thus, the scientific and technical achievements of the Khrushchev epoch lay the foundation for achieving in the perspective of military-strategic parity with USA.

Development of education.

Condemned in the 30s. The educational system needed updating. It had to meet the prospects for the development of science and technology, new technologies, changes in the socio-humanitarian sphere.

However, this was a contradiction with the official exchange rate of PA continuing the extensive development of the economy, which was demanded annually hundreds of thousands of new workers for the development of thousands of enterprises under construction throughout the country.

To solve this problem, the reform of education was largely conceived.

In December 1958, a law on its new structure was adopted, according to which an obligatory eight-year-old polytechnic school was created instead of the seven-year-old. The secondary education of young people received, ending either a school of working (rural) youth without separation from production, or technical schools who operated on the base of eight-year-old, or an average three-year labor education school with industrial training.

For those who wish to continue education in the university introduced a mandatory production experience.

Thus, the sharpness of the problem of the influx of labor for production was temporarily removed. However, for enterprise executives, it created new problems with personnel turnover and low labor and technological discipline among young workers.

Document

In matters of artistic creativity, the Central Committee of the Party will seek from all ... a steady holding party line.

It does not mean that now after the condemnation of the cult of the person, it was time for samotek, which would be weakened by the brazards of the board, the public ship sails by the will of the waves and everyone can be wading, behaving, how he pleases. Not. The party conducted and will conduct and firmly carry out the Leninsky course developed by it, irreconcilably speaking against any ideological tents.

Some art representatives judge about reality only by the smells of landfits, depict people in a deliberately ugly form, are making their pictures with gloomy paints, which are only able to verify people into a state of despondency, longing and hopelessness, draw validity according to their biased, perverted, subjectivist ideas about She, on far-fetched or skinny schemes ... We saw the nauseous breeding of Ernst Unknown and were outraged by the fact that this person, not devoid, obviously, the chambers, who graduated from the Soviet higher education institution, pays the people with such black ungratefulness. It is good that we have such artists a little ... You have seen some other products of abstraction artists. We condemn and we will condemn such ugliness openly, with all the intransigence. In the literature and art of the party, only those works that the people inspire and share his strength.

Questions and tasks:

1. What did the policy of "thaw" in the spiritual sphere mean?

3. What processes in public life were born under the influence of "thaw"?

4. What tasks should address the education reform of 1958?

5. What do you see the controversial character of "thaw" in the spiritual sphere?

Expanding vocabulary:

Technological discipline - Accurate, unconditional compliance with production technology.

History of Russia, XX - early XXI century: studies. For 9 cl. general education. institutions / A. A. Danilov, L. G. Kososulina, A. V. Pyzhikov. - 10th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2003

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Overcoming Stalinism in Literature and Art, Science Development, Soviet Sports, Education Development.

Overcoming Stalinism in literature and art.

The first postown decade was marked by serious changes in spiritual life. The well-known Soviet writer I. G. Ehrenburg called this period "thaw", coming after the long and harsh Stalinist "winter". And at the same time, it was not "spring" with its full-flowing and free "spill" of thoughts and feelings, namely "thaw", followed by a "light frost" again.

For the changes, which began in society, the first responded by representatives of literature. Even before the XX Congress, the CPSU appeared works that marked the birth of a new direction in the Soviet literature - renewed. Its essence consisted of the inner world of man, his everyday worries and problems, unresolved issues of the country's development. One of the first such works was published in 1953 in the magazine "New World" Article V. Pomerantsev "On sincerity in the literature", where he first raised the question of which "honestly write is not to think about the expression of high and low readers. " The question of the need for the existence of various literary schools and trends was also rising.

In the magazine "New World", Articles of V. Ovechkin appeared (back in 1952), F. Abramov, who became well-known works by I. Ehrenburg ("Thaw"), V. Panova ("Seasons"), F. Panferova ( Volga-Mother River) and others. Their authors moved away from the traditional varnish of the real life of people. For the first time in many years, the question of the disadvantage of the atmosphere, which developed in the country was raised. However, the government recognized the publication of these works "harmful" and removed A. Tvardovsky from the management of the magazine.

Life itself has set the question of the need to change the style of leadership by the Union of Writers and his relationship with the Central Committee of the CPSU. Attempts by the head of the Writers' Union A. A. Fadeeva to achieve this led to his opal, and then to suicide. In his suicide letter, he noted that art in the USSR "ruined the self-defense-ignorant leadership of the party", and the writers, even the most recognized, granted to the position of the boys, destroyed, "ideologically scolded and called it party." This was told in their works by V. Dudintsev ("not bread united"), D. Granin ("Seekers"), E. Dorosh ("Rustic Diary").

The development of space, the development of the latest samples of the technique made a favorite genre of readers science fiction. Novels and Tale I. A. Efremova, A. P. Kazantseva, Brothers A.N. and B. N. Strugatsky, etc. Opened for the reader the veil of the future, allowed to turn to the inner world of a scientist, man. The government was looking for new techniques for the intelligentsia. Since 1957, regularly became the meeting of the management of the Central Committee with the figures and artists. Khrushchev's personal tastes speaking at these meetings with verbal speeches acquired the nature of official estimates. The unceremonious intervention did not find support not only in the majority of the participants themselves of these meetings and in the intelligentsia as a whole, but also in the widest segments of the population.

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, ideological pressure and musical art, painting, cinematography were somewhat weakened. Responsibility for the "inflection" of the previous years was entrusted to Stalin, Beria, Zhdanov, Molotova, Malenkov, etc.

In May 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU issued a resolution "On the correction of errors in the assessment of the opera" Great Friendship ", Bogdan Khmelnitsky and" from the bottom of the heart ", in which they were recognized as unrequitable and unfair evaluations of D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturian, V. Muradel, V. Schebalina, Popova, N. Messkovsky, etc. At the same time, the appeals of the intelligentsia will cancel other decisions of the 40s. According to ideological issues, rejected. It was confirmed that they "played a huge role in the development of artistic creativity on the path of socialist realism" and "retain the actual value." The policy of "thaw" in spiritual life, therefore, had completely defined borders.

From the speeches of N. S. Khrushchev to literature and artists

It does not mean that now, after the conviction of the person of the personality, it was time for samotek, which would have been weakened by the Brazuds of the Board, the public ship sails by the will of the waves and everyone can need to wonder how he pleases. Not. The party conducted and will firmly carry out the Leninsky course developed by it, is irreconcilable against any ideological tents.

One of the bright examples of the permissible limits of "thaw" was the "case of Pasternak". Publication in the west of his prohibited novel "Dr. Zhivago" and the award of the Nobel Prize put a writer literally outlawed. In October 1958, B. Pasternak was excluded from the Writers' Union. He was forced to abandon the Nobel Prize to avoid expulsion from the country. A real shock for millions of people was the situation of the works of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich", Matrenin Dvor, who set the problems of overcoming Stalin's heritage in the everyday life of Soviet people.

In an effort to prevent the massive nature of the antistali publications, which beat not only in Stalinism, but also throughout the totalitarian system, Khrushchev, in his speeches, turned the attention of writers to the fact that "this is a very dangerous topic and difficult material" and they need to do, "observing the sense of measure " Official "limiters" acted in other spheres of culture. A sharp criticism for "ideological doubt", "the underestimation of the leading role of the party", "formalism", etc., not only writers and poets were regularly undergone (A. Voznesensky, D. Granin, V. Dudintsev, E. Evtushenko, S. Kirsanov , K. Powesty, etc.), but also sculptors, artists, directors (E. Unknown, R. Falk, M. Hutsiev), philosophers, historians.

Nevertheless, in these years a lot of literary works appeared ("The Fate of Man" M. Sholokhov, "Silence" Y. Bondarev), movies ("flying cranes" M. Kalazozova, "Forty-first", "Ballad about a soldier", "clean Heaven "Chukhraya), paintings that received popular recognition precisely because of their life-affirming strength and optimism, appeal to the inner world and the daily life of a person.

Development of science.

Party directives focused on the development of scientific and technological progress, stimulated the development of domestic science. In 1956, the International Research Center was opened in Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research). In 1957, the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences with a wide network of institutions and laboratories was formed. Other scientific centers were created. Only in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for 1956-1958. 48 new reeds were organized. They expanded and their geography (Urals, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Yakutia). By 1959, there were about 3200 scientific institutions in the country. The number of scientists of the country approached 300 thousand. The largest achievements of the domestic science of this time include the creation of the most powerful synchrophasotron in the world (1957); Descent on the world's first atomic icebreaker "Lenin"; launch into space of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (October 4, 1957), sending to space of animals (November 1957), the first flight of a person in space (April 12, 1961); exit on the highway in the world of reactive passenger liner Tu-104; The creation of high-speed passenger ships on underwater wings ("rocket"), etc. Resunted work in the field of genetics.

However, as before, the priority in scientific developments was given to the interests of the military-industrial complex. Not only the largest scientists (S. Korolev, M. Keldysh, A. Tupolev, V. Houseay, A. Sakharov, I. Kurchatov, etc.), but Soviet intelligence officers worked on his needs. Thus, the space program was only an "application" to the program for the creation of means of delivery of nuclear weapons. Thus, the scientific and technical achievements of the "Khrushchev era" laid the foundation for achieving military-strategic parity from the United States in the perspective.

The years of "thaw" were marked by the triumphal victories of Soviet athletes. Already the first participation of Soviet athletes in the Olympiad in Helsinki (1952) was noted by 22 gold, 30 silver and 19 bronze medals. In the unofficial team event, the USSR team scored the same number of points with the US team. The first gold medalist of the Olympics was the thrower of Disc N. Romashkova (Ponomareva). The best athlete of the Olympics in Melbourne (1956) was named Soviet runner V. Kutz, who became a two-time champion in running on 5 and 10 km. The gold medals of the Olympics in Rome (1960) were awarded P. Bolotnikov (Running), sisters T. and I. Press (disc throw, running with barriers), V. Kapitonov (cycling), B. Shahin and L. Latynina (gymnastics) , Yu. Vlasov (heavy athletics), V. Ivanov (academic rowing) and others.

Brilliant results and world fames have achieved at the Olympics in Tokyo (1964): in the height of V. Brumber, the weightlifter L. Zhabotinsky, Gymnast L. Latinina, etc. These were the years of the Triumph of the Great Soviet football player L. Yashina, who played at the sports More than 800 matches career (including 207 - without missed heads) and who became a silver medalist of the European Cup (1964) and the Champion of the Olympic Games (1956).

The successes of Soviet athletes called the unprecedented popularity of the competitions than created an important prerequisite for the development of mass sports. Encouraging these sentiments, the leadership of the country drew attention to the construction of stadiums and the palaces of sports, the mass discovery of sports sections and children-youth sports schools. It laid a good foundation for future world victories of Soviet athletes.

Development of education.

As the foundations of the industrial society are built in the USSR, which has developed in the 30s. The education system needed updating. It had to meet the prospects for the development of science and technology, new technologies, changes in the socio-humanitarian sphere.

However, this was a contradiction with an official rate for the continuation of the extensive development of the economy, which demanded annually new workers for the development of enterprises under construction.

To solve this problem, the reform of education was largely conceived. In December 1958, a law was adopted, according to which an obligatory eight-year-old was created instead of the seven polytechnic school.The secondary education of young people received, ending either a school of working (rural) youth without separation from production, or technical schools who operated on the base of eight-year-old, or an average three-year labor education school with industrial training. For those who wish to continue education in the university introduced a mandatory production experience.

Thus, the sharpness of the problem of the influx of labor for production was temporarily removed. However, for enterprises, it created new problems with personnel fluidity and low labor and technological discipline among young workers.

Article Source: Tutorial A.A. Danilova "History of Russia". Grade 9.

The period of some weakening of hard ideological control over the sphere of culture and change in the domestic and foreign policy, which began after the death of Stalin, entered the domestic history called "Thaw". The concept of "thaw" is widely used as a metaphor to describe the nature of changes in the spiritual climate of the Soviet Society after March 1953. In the fall of this year, an article critic V. Pomeransva "On sincerity in literature" was published in the magazine "New World" To put into the center of attention of human literature, "raise the true theme of life, to introduce conflicts in the novels that occupy people in everyday life." In 1954, as if in response to these reflections, the magazine printed the story of I.G. Ehrenburg "Thaw", which gave the name to a whole period in the political and cultural life of the country.

The report of Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU made a stunning impression on the whole country. He marked the border in the spiritual life of the Soviet society on the time "to" and "after" the XX Congress, divided people on supporters and opponents of the consistent exposure of the cult of personality, on the "updates" and "conservatives". The criticism formulated by Khrushchev was perceived by many as a signal to rethink the previous stage of domestic history.

After the XX Congress, the direct ideological pressure on the sphere of culture from the party leadership began to weaken. The period of "thaws" swept about ten years, but the processes mentioned went with different degrees of intensity and were noted by numerous retreats from the liberalization of the regime (the first one already had to autumn the same 1956, when the Soviet troops supplied the uprising in Hungary). The return of change was the return from the camps and the references of thousands of those who lived before this day repressed. From the press almost disappeared mention of the name of Stalin, from public places - its numerous images, from bookstores and libraries - his works published by huge circulations. The renaming of cities, collective farms, factories, streets began. However, the exposure of the cult of personality raised the problem of the responsibility of the new leadership of the country, which was the direct successor of the previous regime, for the death of people and for the abuse of power. The question of how to live with a load of responsibility for the past and how to change life, not 149 to allow the repetition of the tragedy of mass repression, huge deprivation and hard dictates over all the areas of people's lives, was the focus of the attention of the public. A.T. Tvardovsky in published in the Soviet Union only during the restructuring of the poem-confession "On time and about himself" "on the right of memory" on behalf of the generation shared these painful thoughts:

For a long time, the fathers were children, but for a universal father we were all responsible, and the court of decades lasts, and not see another end. The literary tribune in the USSR largely replaced the free political controversy, and in the absence of freedom of speech, literary works were in the center of public discussions. In the years of "thaws" in the country, a large and interested reading audience was formed, who declared his right to independently assessments and to choose from sympathies and antipathies. A wide response was published on the pages of the magazine "New World" Roman V.D. Dudince is "not bread together" (1956) - books with alive, not a wet hero, a carrier of advanced looks, a fighter with conservatism and cosnosis. In 1960-1965 IG Ehrenburg publishes in the "New World" with interruptions and large bills made by Censure, the book of memoirs "People, years, life." She returned the names of the leaders to the official obligation of the era of the Russian avant-garde and the world of Western culture of the 1920s. The publication was a big event in 1962. On the pages of the same magazine, "one day of Ivan Denisovich", where A.I. Solzhenitsyn, on the basis of his own camp experience, reflected on the victims of Stalin's repression.

The appearance in open printing of the first artwork about the camp life was a political solution. The Higher 150 Guide authorized the publication (the story was printed by the order of Khrushchev) recognized not only the fact of repression, but also the need to attention to this tragic page of Soviet life, which did not have time to become a story. Two subsequent works of Solzhenitsyn (Matrenin Dvor and "Case at the Station of Krecheivka", 1963) fastened behind the magazine who was led by the Tvardovsky, the reputation of the center for the attraction of democratic endeavors. In the camp of critics, the "second-pellery" literature was (since 1961), the magazine "October", which became the ruger of conservative political views. Around the magazines "Banner" and "Young Guard", supporters of appeal to national origins and traditional values \u200b\u200bwere grouped. Such

searches marked the work of the writer V.A. Solowkina ("Vladimir Caps", 1957) and artist I.S. Glazunov, who became a famous illustrator of Russian classics at that time. Disputes around the problems of literature, theater and cinema were a mirror reigning in the society of sentiments. The confrontation of the cultural groups grown around the journals indirectly reflected and the struggle of opinions in the country's leadership around the ways of its further development.

"Thaw" prose and dramaturgy paid a growing attention to the inner world and private human life. At the turn of the 1960s. On the pages of "thick" magazines that had a multi-million-dollar reader's audience, works of young writers about the young contemporaries begin to appear. At the same time, there is a clear division into the "rustic" (V.I. Belov, V.G. Rasputin, F.A. Abramov, Early V.M. Shukshin) and "City" (Yu.V. Trifonov, V.V. Lipatov) prose. Another important topic of art was reflections on the world's consumption in the war, about the price of victory. The authors of such works were the people who have passed war and rethinking this experience from the standpoint of the existing events of people (therefore, this literature is often called "lieutenant prose"). War write Yu.V. Bondarev, k.d. Vorob'ev, V.V. Bykov, B.L. Vasilyev, G.Ya. Baklanov. KM Simonov creates the Trilogy "Live and Dead" (1959-1971).

The best films of the first years of "thaw" also show the "human face" of the war ("cranes" on the play by V.S. Roshova "Eternally Living", dir. M.K. Kalatozov, "Ballad about a soldier", dir. G.N . Chukhray, "The Fate of Man" on the story of M.A. Sholokhov, dir. S.F. Bondarchuk).

However, the attention of the authorities to the literary and artistic process as a mirror of public sentiments did not weaken. Censorship carefully looked out and destroyed any manifestations of dissent. In these years, V.S. Grossman, the author of "Stalingrad Essays" and the novel "For the right case", works on the epic "Life and Fate" - about fate, victims and tragedy plunged into the war of the people. In 1960, the manuscript was rejected by the editors of the magazine "Banner" and withdrawn from the author by the authorities of the state security; According to the two copies preserved in the lists, the novel was published in the USSR only during the years of restructuring. Summing up the battle on the Volga, the author talks about the "brittleness and fragility of the life of a person" and about the "values \u200b\u200bof the human person", which "was described in all its power." Philosophy and artistic means of the Gossman's Dilogy (Roman "Life and Fate" preceded published in 1952. The novel "For the right-hand" novel) is close to the "war and the world" of Tolstoy. According to Grossman's thoughts, the battle won commander, but the war is only the people.

"Stalingrad battle determined the outcome of the war, but the silent dispute between the victorious people and the victorious state continued. The fate of a person, his freedom depended on this dispute, "the author of the novel wrote.

In the late 1950s. There was a literary samizdat. Thus called in lists in the form of typewritten, handwritten or photocopy of the publication of non-censorship of the works of transferable foreign and domestic authors. Through the samizdat, a small part of the reading public was able to get acquainted 152 with the works of both famous and young authors who were not adopted to the official publication. Poems MI spread in Samizdat copies. Tsvetaeva, A.A. Akhmatova, N.S. Gumileva, young modern poets.

Another source of acquaintance with non-evalurate creativity was Tamizdat - the work of domestic authors who returned abroad, returned to their home to their reader. This is exactly what happened to Roman B.L. Pasternak "Dr. Zhivago", which since 1958 distributed in Samizdat lists in a narrow circle of interested readers. In the USSR, the novel prepared for publication in the "New World", but the book was banned as

"The disagreement of the socialist revolution is imbued with the spirit." In the center of Roman, who Pasternak considered the business of life, is the fate of the intelligentsia in the vortex of events of revolution and civil war. The writer, according to him, wanted to "give the historical image of Russia for the last forty-feathering.", Express your views "on art, on the gospel, on the life of a person in history and much more."

After awarding B.L. Pasternak in 1958 of the Nobel Prize in literature "For outstanding services in modern lyrical poetry and on the traditional field of great Russian prose" in the USSR, a campaign was launched by the writer's injury. At the same time, Khrushchev, as he later admitted, did not read the novel, as he did not read it and the vast majority of submantive "readers", since the book was not available to a wide audience. In the authorities, the press poured the flow of letters with the condemnation of the writer and with calls to deprive his Soviet citizenship; Many writers took an active part in this campaign. Pasternak was excluded from the Union of Writers of the USSR.

The writer categorically rejected the requirements of the authorities to leave the country, but was forced to abandon the premium. Organized by the conservative forces in the highest party leadership defeat the novel was to clearly indicate the borders of the "permitted" creativity. 153 "Dr. Zhivago" received world fame, and the "Pasternak case" and the new tightening of censorship marked the "beginning of the end" expectations of political liberalization and became evidence of the brittleness and reversibility of the emerging, as it seemed after the twentieth congress, changes in the relationship of power and creative intelligentsia.

During these years, the meeting of the party leaders and the state with representatives of the intelligentsia was included in the practice. Essentially, in the state policy of cultural management, there has been little, and Khrushchev did not premiece at one such meeting, he "Stalinist" in matters of art. "The moral support for the construction of communism" was viewed as the main task of artistic creativity. The circle of the writers and artists approximate to power was determined, they held senior posts in creative unions. Direct pressure on cultural figures were used. During the anniversary exhibition of the Moscow Organization of the Union of Artists in December 1962, Khrushchev collapsed with rude attacks on young painters and sculptors who worked outside the "understandable" realistic canons. After the Caribbean crisis, the Higher Party Guide considered it necessary to once again emphasize the impossibility of the peaceful coexistence of the socialist and bourgeois ideology and point out the role that the culture was assigned to the culture of the "Communism Builder" after the adoption of the new CPSU program.

The campaign of criticism of "ideologically alien effects" and "individualistic arbitrariness" was deployed in print.

Of particular importance, these measures were attached also because new artistic trends were penetrated from the West, and, together with them, the opposite official ideology of the idea, including political. The authorities simply were obliged to take this process under control. In 1955, the first issue of the magazine "Foreign Literature", which printed the work of "progressive" foreign authors was published. In 1956

154 In Moscow and Leningrad, an exhibition of paintings P. Picasso took place - for the first time in the USSR, the paintings of one of the most famous artists of the twentieth century were shown. In 1957, the VI World Festival and Students was held in Moscow. The first acquaintance of Soviet youth with the youth culture of the West, with a foreign fashion. Within the framework of the festival, exhibitions of modern Western art were organized, almost unknown in the USSR. In 1958, the first international competition for them was held in Moscow. P. I. Tchaikovsky. The victory of the young American pianist Wana Kliberna became one of the signs of "thaw".

In the Soviet Union itself, unofficial art originated. Groups of artists appeared, tortured to move away from rigid canons of socialist realism. One of these groups worked in the Creative Studio E.M. Belutina "New Reality", and it is the artists of this studio who fell under the fire of Khrushchev criticism at the exhibition of Mosha (at the same time with representatives of the "left wing" of this organization and the sculptor E. unknown).

Another group united artists and poets that were collected at the apartment in the suburb of Moscow Lianozovo. Representatives of "unofficial art" worked in Tarusa, the town, located at a distance of more than 100 km from the capital, where the representatives of the creative intelligentsia returned from the reference were settled. Hard criticism for the notorious "formalism" and "excideracy", which turned into a print after the scandal at the exhibition in Manege in 1962, drove these artists in the "underground" - for apartments (from here there appeared the phenomenon of "apartment exhibitions" and the name "other art" - Underground from English. Underground - dungeon).

Although the audience of samizdat and "other art" was mainly a limited circle of representatives of creative professions (humanitarian and scientific and technical intelligentsia, a small part of the students), the influence of these "swallows thaws" to the spiritual climate of Soviet society can not be underestimated. Appeared and began to fix the alternative to official objective art, the right personality was approved for a free creative search. The reaction of the authorities was mainly reduced to tough criticism and to "outbagging" those who came to the sight of critics, from the audience of readers, spectators and listeners. But from this rule there were also serious exceptions: in 1964, a trial against the poet I.A. Brodsky, accused of "Tunes", as a result of which he was sent to the link.

Most socially active representatives of creative youth were far from the open opposition of the existing power. The conviction remained widespread that the logic of historical development of the Soviet Union requires an unconditional refusal to the Stalinist methods of political leadership and return to the ideals of the revolution, to the consistent embodiment of the principles of socialism (although, of course, there were no unity in the environment of supporters of such views, And many considered Stalin direct political heir to Lenin). Separating such moods of representatives of the new generation is customary with the sixties. The term for the first time appeared in the title published in the journal "Youth" in December 1960. Article S. Rearman about young writers, their heroes and readers. Sixtiets united the aggravated sense of responsibility for the fate of the country and the conviction of the possibility of updating the Soviet political system. These moods were reflected in the painting of the so-called harsh style - in the works of young artists about the labor weekdays of contemporaries, which distinguishes the restrained color gamut, large plans, monumental images (V.E. Popkov, N.I. Andronov, T.T. Salakhov and Dr.), in the theatrical productions of young teams of the "Contemporary" and "Taganka" and especially in poetry.

The first post-war generation that joined adult life considered himself a generation of discoverers, conquerors of unknown heights. The poetry of the major sound - 156 and bright metaphors turned out to be the "co-author of the epoch", and the young poets themselves (E.A. Evtushenko, A.A. Voznesensky, R.I. Christmas, B.A. Ahmadulin) were the peers of their first readers. They are vigorously, they appreciated contemporaries and modern topics. Poems were intended to read out loud. They were read out loud - in student audiences, in libraries, in stadiums. Evenings of poetry at the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow collected full halls, and 14 thousand people came to poetic readings at the stadium in Luzhniki in 1962.

The lively interest of the youth audience to the poetic word determined the spiritual atmosphere of the 1960s turn. There was a period of the heyday of the "coming polarity" - author's song creativity. Trustful intonation of the executing authors reflected the desire of a new generation to communicate, openness, sincerity. Audience B.Sh. Okudzhava, Yu.I. Victor, Y.ch. Kima, A.A. Galich had young "physics" and "lyrics", fiercely arguing about the worried problems of scientific and technological progress and humanistic values. From the point of view of the official culture of the author's song did not exist. The songs of the evening passed, as a rule, in apartments, in nature, in friendly companies close to people in the spirit. Such communication was the characteristic approach of the sixties.

Free communication splashed outside the close city apartment. The horror symbol of the era was the road. It seemed that the whole country came in motion. We drove to the virgin, on the construction of the seventels, in the expedition and exploration parties. The work of those who opens the unknown, conquering heights, - centers, geologists, pilots, cosmonauts, builders - perceived as a feat that is a place in a peaceful life.

We drove and just travel, went to distant and neighboring trips, preferring hard-to-reach places - Taiga, Tundra or Mountains. The road was perceived as the space of freedom of spirit, freedom of communication, freedom of choice, not coward, paraphrasing the popular song of those years, everyday worries and everyday bustle.

But in the dispute of "physicists" and "lyrics", the victory, as it seemed, remained for those who represented scientific and technical progress. The years of "thaw" are noted by the breakthroughs of domestic science and outstanding achievements of design thought.

It is not by chance that one of the most popular literary genres during this period was science fiction. The profession of scientist was heated by romance of heroic accomplishments for the benefit of the country and humanity. Selfless service of science, talent and youth answered the spirit of the time, the image of which is captured in the film about young scientists "nine days of one year" (dir. M.M. Romm, 1961). An example of life burning became the heroes of D.A. Brank. His novel "I go on a thunderstorm" (1962) about young physicists engaged in atmospheric electricity studies was very popular. It was "rehabilitated" cybernetics. Soviet scientists (LD Landau, P.A. Chenkov, I.M. Frank and I.E. Tamm, N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov) received three Nobel Prizes in physics, which indicated recognition The contribution of Soviet science to the world on the most advanced strokes of research.

New scientific centers appeared - Novosibirsk Academgorodok, Dubna, where the Institute of Nuclear Research, Protvino, Obninsk and Troitsk (Physics), Zelenograd (Computer Engineering), Pushchino and Liagensk (Biological Sciences) worked. In the sciences, thousands of young engineers and designers lived and worked. Here, a scientific and social life was boiling. Exhibitions were held, the concerts of the author's song, who were not published on the general audience studio performances.

The event occurred, a radically changing the course of the USSR external and domestic policy. I. Stalin died. By this time, the repressive methods of the country's management have already exhausted themselves, so the stalnie courses were urgently needed to conduct some reforms aimed at optimizing the economy and the implementation of social transformations. This time got the name thaw. What did the policy mean thawed to what new names appeared in the cultural life of the country, it is possible to read in this article.

XX CPSS Congress

In 1955, after the resignation of Malenkov, the head of the Soviet Union becomes in February 1956, at the 20th CPSU Congress, his famous speech about the cult of personality sounded. After that, the authority of the new leader was noticeably strengthened, despite the resistance of the Stalinist Ukrainians.

The XX Congress gave the start of various reformists in our country, reviving the process of cultural reformation of society. What did the policy mean to thaw in the spiritual and literary life of people, you can learn from new books and novels published at the time.

Politics thaw in literature

In 1957, the publication of the famous work B. Pasternak "Dr. Zhivago" is published abroad. Despite the fact that this work was forbidden, it dispened with huge circulations in samizdate copies, made on old typewriters. The same fate suffered the works of M. Bulgakov, V. Grossman and other writers of that time.

The publication of the famous work of A. Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich" is indicative. The story in which the terrible weekdays of the Stalinist camp are described, the chief political scientist Souslov rejected immediately. But the editor of the new world magazine was able to show the story of Solzhenitsyn personally N. S. Khrushchev, after which permission was given to the publication.

Works, exposing finding their reader.

The opportunity to convey their thoughts to readers, publish their works in spite of censorship and authorities - this is what the policy of thawed in the spiritual sphere and literature of that time.

The revival of theater and cinema

In the 50s and 1960s the Theater is experiencing its second birth. The fact that I mean the policy thawed in the spiritual sphere and theatrical art, the repertoire of the advanced scenes of the middle of the century will be better. The classic repertoire and the work of the 20s of the 20th century returns to the scene, the classic repertoire and works of the 20s of the 20th century are returned to the scene. But still in the theater dominated the team style of work, and administrative posts were engaged in incompetent and small official officials. Because of this, many performances did not see their viewer: Plays Meyerhold, Vampilov and many others remained lying under the cloth.

Thaw beneficially affected cinema. Many films of that time became known far beyond our country. Such work, as "flying cranes", "Ivanovo Childhood", won the prestigious international awards.

The Soviet cinema returned our country the status of the kineljava, which was lost since the times of Eisenstein.

Religious persecution

Reducing the political pressure on the various sides of the life of people did not affect the religious policy of the state. The persecution on spiritual and religious figures intensified. The initiator of the antirefall company was Hrushchev himself. Instead of the physical destroying of believers and religious figures of various denominations, the practice of public ridiculation and debunking of religious prejudices was used. Basically, everything that meant the policy thawed in the spiritual life of believers was reduced to "re-education" and condemnation.

RESULTS

Unfortunately, the period of cultural heyday lasted not long. The final point in the thaws put a sign event of 1962 - the defeat of the art exhibition on the Manege.

Despite the folding of freedoms in the Soviet Union, the return to the dark Stalin's times did not take place. What meant the policy thawed in the spiritual sphere of every citizen can be described by the feeling of wind of change, a decrease in the role of mass consciousness and appeal to a person as a separate person who has the right to his own views.

what did the policy of "thaw" in the spiritual sphere?

Answers:

watching about what period you ask, but it seems to me, it is most likely the reforms that contributed to the improvement and in the literal sense of the word "thaw" in comparison with another time.

The works of Western economists began to be printed, some scientists were rehabilitated, carefully prohibited works began to be published, moving films. But the thaw was inconsistent: the largest danger for the Khrushchev communism was the intelligentsia. She had to curb and intimidate. And in recent years, Khrushchev in power the wave behind the wave goes the spreads of poets, artists, writers. And again, the Jesuit Stalin's Receptions: Invite to a conversation with Khrushchev, and they are satisfied with a public execution. Again in Favor, Lizoblyudov turned out to be. Again in the opal, the best representatives of culture. To intimidate the masses, the approximate Khrushchev convinced him to begin the persecution of the Orthodox Church in appropriateness. So, in Moscow it was decided to leave only 11 temples. All KGB agents among the priests are given an indication to publicly renounce faith. Even the rector of one of the spiritual academies, the long-time guard agent, Professor Osipov publicly announced a gap with religion. In one of the famous monasteries, it came to the siege and the battle of monks and the police. Well, with Muslim and Jewish religions, they didn't even ceremony. The campaign against the intelligentsia and religion is the most difficult acts of the recent years of Khrushchev's reign.

What is a "thaw", as with the light hand, Ilya Ehrenburg began to be called that period in the life of the country and literature, the beginning of which was the death of Tirana, the mass liberation of innocent people from imprisonment, cautious criticism of the cult of personality, and the end retired in the Oktyabrsky Resolution (1964 ) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in the sentence in the case of writers of Sinyavsky and Daniel, in deciding on the commissioning of the countries of the Warsaw Treaty in Czechoslovakia. What was it? The historic, social and communal value of thaws is primarily in the fact that it destroyed the myth on spiritual monolithic, the ideological, ideological homogeneity of the Soviet society and Soviet literature, when it seemed that there was a single overwhelming majority. According to the monolith, the first cracks went - and so deep, which in the future, in the days and years of stagnation, they managed only to smell, disguise, declare either insignificant or non-existent, but not eliminate. It turned out that writers, artists differ from each other not only by the "creative manners" and "level of skill", but also civil positions, political convictions and aesthetic views.

And he finally discovered that the literary struggle is only the reflection and expression of the processes rapidly in society. After the literature thawed a lot has become morally impossible for a self-respecting writer, for example, romantization of violence and hatred, attempts to construct the "ideal" hero or the desire to "artistically" illustrate the thesis that the life of the Soviet society knows the conflict only between good and excellent. After the literature thawed a lot has become possible, sometimes even morally mandatory, and no later freezing has already managed to distract both these writers and real readers, no attention to the so-called "small", person, nor from critical perception of reality, nor to view Culture is like what the power and social routine is opposed. The activity of Alexander Tvardovsky was multi-valued according to his spiritual impact on society as chief editor of the New World magazine, who gave the reader a lot of new names and setting many new problems before him. Many works of Anna Akhmatova returned to readers, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Sergey Yesenin, Marina Tsvetaeva and others. The revival of the spiritual life of society contributed to the emergence of new creative unions.

The Union of Writers of the RSFSR, the Union of Artists of the RSFSR, the Union of Cinematography Workers of the USSR. A new Drama Theater "Contemporary" was opened in the capital. In the literature of the 50s, interest in man, his spiritual values \u200b\u200b(D.A. Granin "I go on a thunderstorm", Yu.P. Hermann "Dear My Man", etc.). The popularity of young poets - Evtushenko, Okudzhava, Voznesensky grew up. A wide resonance of the public received Roman Dudintseva "not bread united", where the topic of illegal repression was first raised. However, on the part of the leaders of the country, this work received a negative assessment. At the beginning of the 60s, the exposure of "ideological shutters" of literature and artists increased. The disapproving grade was received by the film Huziyev "Zaspasya Ilyich". At the end of 1962, Khrushchev visited the exhibition of young artists in the Moscow Manege. In the work of some avant-garders, he saw a violation of the "laws of beauty" or simply "smearing". His personal opinion in matters of art, the head of state considered the unconditional and only right. At a later meeting with cultural figures, he subjected to gross criticism of the work of many talented artists, sculptors, poets.

Even before the twentieth Congress of the CPSU, journalistic and literary works, denoted the birth of a new direction in the Soviet literature - renewed. One of the first such works was published in 1953 in the "New World" Article V. Pomerantsev "On sincerity in literature", where he first raised the question of what "honestly write is not to think about the expression of high and not High readers. " The question of the vital necessity of various literary schools and trends was also rising. In the "New World" appeared written in a new key of V. Ohchkin, F. Abramova, M. Lifshitsa, as well as the works of I. Ehrenburg ("Thaw"), V. Panova ("Seasons"), f . Panferova (Volga-Mother River) and others. In them, the authors moved away from the traditional varnish of the real life of people in a socialist society. For the first time in many years, the question of the disadvantage was raised here for the intelligentsia of the atmosphere, which has developed in the country. However, the government recognized the publication of these works "harmful" and removed A. Tvardovsky from the management of the magazine.

In the course of the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, the reader of the book M. Koltsov, I. Babel, A. Merryovoy, I. Katheva, and others, was returned to the need to change the style of the leadership of the Union of Writers and his relations from the CPSU Central Committee. Attempt by A. Fadeeva to achieve this through the withdrawal of ideological functions from the Ministry of Culture led to his opal, and then to death. In his suicide letter, he noted that art in the USSR "ruined the self-defense-ignorant leadership of the party", and the writers, even the most recognized, granted to the position of the boys, destroyed, "ideologically scolded and called it party."

I do not see the opportunity to continue to live, as the art to which I gave my life is ruined by the self-defense-ignorant guidance of the party, and now can no longer be corrected. The best frames of literature are among which even did not even dream of royal satrapy, physically exterminated or died due to criminal connivance the power of the property; The best people of literature died in premature age; Everything else, little is able to create true values, died without reaching 40--50 years. Literature is the holy of saints - is given to the confusion of bureaucrats and the most backward elements of the people ... This was told in their works by V. Dudintsev ("not by bread united"), D. Granin ("Seekers"), E. Dorosh ("Rustic Diary"). The inability to act by repressive methods forced the party leadership to look for new techniques for the intelligentsia. Since 1957, regularly became the meeting of the management of the Central Committee with the figures and artists. N. S. Khrushchev's personal tastes, speaking at these meetings with numerous speeches, acquired the nature of official estimates. Such unceremonious intervention did not find support not only in the majority of the participants themselves of these meetings and the intelligentsia as a whole, but also in the widest segments of the population.

In a letter addressed to Khrushchev, L. Semenov from Vladimir wrote: "You have not followed at this meeting. After all, you are not a specialist in the field of art ... but worse than the fact that the assessment has expressed by you is adopted as mandatory by virtue of your public situation. And in art, decreasing even absolutely correct positions is harmful. " At these meetings, it was frankly mentioned that, from the point of view of power, only those cultural workers who are in the "party policy, in its ideologies find an inexhaustible source of creative inspiration". After the twentieth CPSU Congress, ideological pressure and musical art, painting, cinematography were somewhat weakened. Responsibility for the "gentlers" of the previous years was entrusted to Stalin, Beria, Zhdanov, Molotova, Malenkov, etc. In May 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU issued a resolution "to correct errors in the assessment of the" Great Friendship "opera, Bogdan Khmelnitsky and" from All hearts ", in which the previous estimates of D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalina, A. Khachaturian, V. Schebalina, Popova, N. Messkovsky, etc. Thus, from outstanding representatives of domestic musical art was removed Stalin Stamps of representatives of the "anti-people formalistic direction". At the same time, in response to calls in the intelligentsia environment, other resolutions of the 40s are canceled. According to ideological issues, it was stated that they "played a huge role in the development of artistic creativity along the path of socialist realism" and in its "main content are relevant to the actual value." This testified that, despite the emergence of new works, in which the sprouts of the freightness were made, in general, the policy of "thaws" in the spiritual life had completely defined borders. Speaking about them on one of his last meetings with the writers, Khrushchev said that the achieved in recent years "does not mean that now, after the conviction of the cult of the person, it is time for Self, ... The party spent and will spend consistently and firmly ... Leninsky The course, irreconcilable speaking against any ideological flavors. "

One of the bright examples of the permissible limits of "thaw" in spiritual life was the "Pasternak case". Publication in the west of his forbidden by the authorities of the novel "Dr. Zhivago" and awarded to him the Nobel Prize put a writer literally outlawed. In October 1958, he was excluded from the Writers' Union and forced to abandon the Nobel Prize to avoid expulsion from the country. This is what the contemporary writes those events, a representative of the intelligentsia, translator, Children's writer M. N. Yakovlev about persecutions on Boris Pasternak after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Roman "Dr. Zhivago". "... Now one case clearly showed me - as well as everyone who reads newspapers - what a single person can come to our time. I mean the case with the poet Pasternak, which was written in all newspapers, and more than once they spoke on the radio at the end of October and early November. ... He has almost did not speak in the literature for 15 years; But in the 20s he knew everything, and he was one of the most popular poets. He always had a tendency to loneliness, to proud solitude; He always considered himself above the "crowd" and more and more went to his sink. Apparently, he completely broke away from our reality, lost contact with the era and with the people, and that's how it all ended. Posted by the novel, for our, Soviet magazines unacceptable; sold it abroad; I received the Nobel Prize for him / with what it is clear to everyone that the prize was awarded him mainly for the ideological orientation of his novel. The whole epic began; enthusiasm, non-harmony, from journalists of capitalist countries; indignation and curse / possibly immigranded and not in all fair / on our parties; As a result, he was excluded from the Writers' Union, poured mud from the legs to the head, called Juda-traitor, they were also offered to expel him from the Soviet Union; He wrote a letter to Khrushchev, in which he asked not to apply this measure to him. Now, they say he is sick after such a shake.

Meanwhile, I'm sure, as far as I know Pasternak, that he is not such a scoundrel, and not a counter-revolutionary, and not the enemy of his homeland; But he lost his connection with her and as a result, allowed himself tactlessness: he sold the novel abroad, rejected in the Union. I think he is not very sweet now. " This suggests that not everyone unequivocally belonged to what is happening. Interesting is the fact that the author of this record itself was repressed, and later rehabilitated. It is also important to note that the letter is addressed to the military (possible censorship). It is difficult to say whether the author of the government supports, or is simply afraid to write more superfluous ... But it can be noted that it does not adhere to any part, analyzing the situation. And even on the analysis we can say that many understood that the actions of the Soviet leadership at least inadequate. And the softness of the author in relation to power can be explained by a small awareness (if not fear). Official "limiters" acted in other spheres of culture. Sharp criticism for "ideological doubt", "underestimation of the leading role of the party", "formalism" and the likely not only writers and poets (A. Voznesensky, D. Granin, V. Dudintsev, E. Evtushenko, S. Kirsanov, were regularly subjected to . Poist, etc.), but also sculptors, artists, directors (E. Unknown, R. Falk, M. Hutsiev), philosophers, historians. All this had a deterrent effect on the development of domestic literature and art, showed the limits and the true meaning of the "thaw" in spiritual life, created a nervous situation among creative workers, gave birth to distrust of the policies of the party in the field of culture. The architecture has developed in difficult paths. In Moscow, several high-rise buildings were built, including Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. In those years, the metro station was considered as a means of aesthetic education of people.

In the late 50s with the transition to the model construction of "excesses" and elements of the palace style disappeared from the architecture. In the autumn of 1962, Khrushchev spoke in favor of revising the Zhdanov resolutions on culture and at least for partial cancellation of censorship. A real shock for millions of people has been to the light of the works of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich", "Matrenin Dvor", in full growth of the problems of overcoming Stalin's heritage in the everyday life of Soviet people. In an effort to prevent the massive nature of antistaline publications, which beat not only in Stalinism, but also through the entire totalitarian system, Khrushchev was specifically in his speeches paid the attention of writers to the fact that "this is a very dangerous topic and difficult material" and they need to do, "Observing the feeling measures". Khrushchev wanted to achieve the rehabilitation of prominent leaders of the party, represented in 1936-1938: Bukharina, Zinoviev, Kamenev and others. However, it was not possible to achieve everything, since at the end of 1962, orthodox ideologues were transferred to the offensive, and Khrushchev was forced to go to the defense. His retreat was noted by a number of high-profile episodes: from the first encounter with a group of abstraction artists to a number of meetings of the party leaders with representatives of culture. Then he was forced for the second time publicly renounce from most of his criticism of Stalin. It was his defeat. Finished the defeat of the Plenum Central Committee in June 1963, fully dedicated to the problems of ideology. It was stated that there was no ideology peaceful coexistence, no and could not. From this point on, the books that could not be published in open seal began to go hand in the machine-writing option. So Born "Samizdat" - the first sign of the phenomenon, which will later become known as the dissident. Since then, pluralism of opinions has been doomed to disappear.

"Thaw" in the spiritual sphere of life of the Soviet society (2 half of the 50th of the 60s.) 3-9

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1953-1964. 10-13

List of references used 14

"Thaw" in the spiritual sphere of life of the Soviet society .

Stalin's death occurred at the time when a political and economic system created in the 30s, having exhausted the possibility of its development, gave rise to serious economic difficulties, socio-political tensions in society. N.S. became the secretariat of the Central Committee Khrushchev. From the very first days, the new leadership took steps against the abuse of past years. The policy of defencing is started. This period of history is made to call "thaw".

Among the first initiatives of the Khrushchev administration was reorganized in April 1954 MGB in the Committee of State Security at the Soviet of the USSR, accompanied by a significant shift change. Court for fabrication of fake "cases" Part of the executives of punitive bodies (former Minister MGB V. N. Merkulov, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs V. Kobulov, Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia V. G. Deanozov, etc.), Prosecutor's supervision was introduced State Security Service. In the center, in the republics and regions, it was delivered to the knowledgeable control of the respective party committees (Central Committee, Commands, Oritrus), in other words, under the control of part-time.

In 1956-1957 Political accusations with repressed peoples are removed and their statehood is restored. This was not touched by the Germans of the Volga region and the Crimean Tatars: such accusations were removed from them, respectively, in 1964 and 1967, and their own statehood they did not find and at this time. In addition, the leadership of the country did not accept the effective measures for the open, organized return of yesterday's special specialists to their historical lands, did not allow them to the end of the problems of their fair settlement, thereby laying another mine for an interethnic relations in the USSR.

In September 1953, the Supreme Council of the USSR, a special decree opened the opportunity to revise the decisions of the former colleges of the OGPU, the "Trook" of the NKVD and the "Special Meeting" in the NKVD-MGB-MVD. By 1956, about 16 thousand people were rehabilitated from the camps and was rehabilitated. After the XX Congress of the CPSU (February 1956), which collapsed the "cult of the personality of Stalin", the extent of rehabilitation was increased, millions of political prisoners found long-awaited freedom.

According to the bitter words, A. A. Akhmatova, "Two Russia looked at each other: the one that was planted, and the one, which was planted." The return to the society of a huge mass of innocent people put power before the need to explain the causes of the catering country and the people of the tragedy. Such an attempt was made in the report of N. S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences" at a closed meeting of the XX Congress, as well as in adopted on June 30, 1956 by a special decision of the CPSU Central Committee. Everything, however, was reduced to the "deformation" of socialism due to the peculiarities of the post-revolutionary situation and personal qualities I. V. Stalin, the only task was put forward - "restoration of Lenin norms" in the activities of the party and the state. This explanation was definitely extremely limited. It diligently accounted for the social roots of the phenomenon, superficially defined as the "cult of personality", its organic connection with the totalitarian-bureaucratic nature of the social system created by the Communists.

Nevertheless, the very fact of the public condemnation by the decades of lawlessness and crimes of senior officials in the country made an exceptional impression on its strength, laid the beginning of a fundamental change in public consciousness, his moral cleansing, gave a powerful creative impetus for scientific and artistic intelligentsia. Under the pressure of these changes, one of the cornerstone in the foundation of "state socialism" began to be ruined - total control of the authorities over the spiritual life and way of thinking of people.

On the readings of the closed report of N. S. Khrushchev, which were held since March 1956, many, despite the fear, the decades have fallen in society, frankly expressed their thoughts. Questions about the responsibility of the party for violations of legality, about the bureaucracy of the Soviet system, about the resistance of the elimination of the consequences of the "cult of personality", about incompetent interference in the affairs of literature, art, about many other things, which before that was abused publicly discussing.

In Moscow and Leningrad, there were mugs of student youth, where their participants were trying to comprehend the political mechanism of the Soviet society, actively opposed their views on the Komsomol collections, read the abstracts prepared by them. In the capital of the youth group in the evenings gathered at the Mayakovsky Monument, recited their poems, and political discussions were led. There were many other manifestations of the sincere desire for young people to understand the surrounding reality.

Especially noticeably "thaw" manifested itself in literature and art. Restores the good name of many cultural figures - victims of lawlessness: V. E. Meyerhold, B. A. Pilnyak, O. E. Mandelstam, I. E. Babel, and others. After a long break, A. A. Akhmatova and M. M. Zoshchenko. A wide audience gained access to works, undeservedly stupid or previously unknown. Poems were published S. A. Yesenin, who spread after his death mainly in the lists. In conservatories and concert halls, the almost forgotten music of Western European and Russian composers of the end of the XIX - early XX century sounded. At the art exhibition in Moscow, arranged in 1962, the pictures of the 20-30s were exhibited., For many years driving in stockbags.

The revitalization of the cultural life of society contributed to the emergence of new literary and art journals: "Youth", "Foreign Literature", "Moscow", "Neva", "Soviet screen", "Musical Life", etc. The second breathing has found and already famous magazines before Total "New World" (chief editor A. T. Tvardovsky), which turned into the tribune of all democratically minded creative forces in the country. It was there that was in 1962 a small volume in terms of volume, but a strong prisoner of Gulag A. I. Solzhenitsyn about the fate of the Soviet political prisoner - "one day Ivan Denisovich" was printed in 1962. Sufficient millions of people, she clearly and impressively showed that the "simple person" suffered from Stalinism, whose name the authorities swore over the entire decades.

From the second half of the 50s. International relations of Soviet culture are noticeably expanded. The Moscow Film Festival was renewed (for the first time took place in 1935). High authority in the musical world acquired an international competition of performers. Tchaikovsky, regularly conducted in Moscow since 1958, it was opened with the opportunity to familiarize himself with foreign artistic creativity. The exposition of the museum of fine arts was restored. Pushkin, on the eve of the war translated into the store. Exhibitions of foreign assemblies were conducted: Dresden Gallery, Museums of India, Lebanon, World Celebrities (P. Picasso, etc.).

Scientific thought was activated. From the beginning of the 50s and to the end of the 60s. The state expenses on science increased almost 12 times, and the number of scientists increased six times and amounted to the fourth part of all scholars in the world. Many new research institutes were opened: electronic control machines, semiconductors, high pressure physics, nuclear research, electrochemistry, radiation and physicochemical biology. Powerful centers for rocket exploitation and the study of outer space were laid, where S. P. Korolev and other talented constructors were fruitful. In the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, institutions occurred by biological research in the field of genetics.

Territorial placement of scientific institutions continued to change. At the end of the 50s. A large center was formed in the east of the country - the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It includes the Far Eastern, West Siberian and East Siberian branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the institutes of Krasnoyarsk and Sakhalin.

The world recognition was the works of a number of Soviet scientists. In 1956, the Nobel Prize was noted by the development of academician N. N. Semenov theory of chemical chain reactions, which became the basis of obtaining new compounds - plastic masses, superior to the properties of metals, synthetic resins and fibers. In 1962, the same premium was awarded L. D. Landau for the study of the theory of liquid helium. Fundamental studies in the field of quantum radiophysics N. G. Basova and A. M. Prokhorov (Nobel Prize 1964) marked a qualitative leap in the development of electronics. In the USSR, the first molecular generator was created - the laser, a color holography, giving volumetric images of objects, was opened. In 1957, the most powerful accelerator of elementary particles - synchrophasotron was launched. Its use led to the emergence of a new scientific direction: physics of high and ultrahigh energies.

Humanitarian scientists received greater space for scientific research. New magazines for various sectors of Social Studies appear: "Herald of the history of world culture", "World Economy and International Relations", "History of the USSR", "Questions of the CPSU History", "New and Newest History", "Libundry Issues", etc. The turnover of V.I. Lenin, documents of K. Marx and F. Engels were introduced the turnover. Historians got access to archives. Documentary sources were published, historical research on forbidden to the topics (in particular, on the activities of socialist parties of Russia), memories, statistical materials. This contributed to the gradual overcoming of Stalinist Dogmatism, restoration, albeit partly, truth in relation to historical events and repressed partnership, states and army.

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1953-1964.

After Stalin's death, there was a turn in the Soviet foreign policy, expressed in recognizing the possibility of peaceful coexistence of two systems, providing greater independence to socialist countries, establishing broad contacts with the states of the Third World. In 1954, the visit of Khrushchev, Bulganin and Mikoyan to China, during which the parties agreed to expand economic cooperation. In 1955, Soviet-Yugoslav reconciliation occurred. Sitting tension between East and West served the signing of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France of the Agreement with Austria. The USSR removed his troops from Austria. Austria gave an obligation to comply with neutrality. In June 1955, in Geneva, the first meeting of the leaders of the USSR, the United States, Great Britain and France took place in Geneva, which, however, did not lead to the conclusion of any agreement. In September 1955, during the visit of the USSR Chancellor FRG Adenauer, diplomatic relations were established between the two countries.

In 1955, the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and GDR concluded a defensive Warsaw treaty among themselves. Countries have obligated to resolve conflicts between them with peaceful means, to cooperate in the actions to ensure peace and security of peoples, consult on international issues affecting their common interests. A combined armed forces and a general command for managing their activities were created. A political advisory committee was formed to coordinate foreign policy actions. Speaking at the XX Congress of the Party, Khrushchev emphasized the importance of international discharge and recognized the variety of ways to build socialism. Defalinization in the USSR had contradictory effects on socialist countries. In October 1956, an uprising was broken in Hungary, aimed at establishing a democratic regime in the country. This attempt was suppressed by the Armed Forces of the USSR and other countries of the Warsaw Treaty. Starting from 1956, a split of Soviet-Chinese relations arose. The communist leadership of China, led by Mao Zedong, was displeased with the criticism of Stalin and the Soviet policy of peaceful coexistence. The opinion of Mao Zedong was divided by the leadership of Albania.

In relations with the West of the USSR, the principle of peaceful coexistence and simultaneous economic competition of two systems, which, in the future, according to the Soviet leadership, should lead to the victory of socialism all over the world. In 1959, the first visit of the Soviet leader in the United States took place. N. S. Khrushchev was adopted by President D. Eisenhower. On the other hand, both parties have actively developed the arms program. In 1953, the USSR declared the creation of a hydrogen bomb, in 1957 he conducted successful tests of the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The launch of the Soviet satellite in October 1957. In this sense, literally shook the Americans, realizing that from now on and their cities are in the area of \u200b\u200breach of Soviet missiles. The beginning of the 60s. It turned out to be particularly tense.

First, the flight of the American spy aircraft over the territory of the USSR was interrupted in the area of \u200b\u200bYekaterinburg with an accurate rocket hit. The visit strengthened the international prestige of the USSR. At the same time, a western Berlin remained a sharp problem in the relations of the East and the West. In August 1961, the GDR government erected a wall in Berlin, violating Potsdam agreements. The intense situation in Berlin remained a few more years. The most profound after 1945, the crisis in the relationship of the great powers arose in the fall of 1962. He was caused by the placement of Soviet missiles capable of carrying atomic weapons, in Cuba. After negotiation, the Caribbean crisis was settled. Mitigation of tension in the world led to the conclusion of a number of international treaties, including the 1963 Agreement in Moscow on the prohibition of nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, space and under water. In a short time, over a hundred states joined the Moscow Treaty. The expansion of political and economic relations with other countries, the development of personal contacts of the heads of state led to a short-term mitigation of the international situation.

The most important tasks of the USSR in the international arena were: a speedy decline in military threat and the completion of the Cold War, the expansion of international relations, strengthening the influence of the USSR in the world as a whole. This could be achieved only due to the implementation of flexible and dynamic foreign policy with a support for powerful economic and military potential (primar than nuclear).

A positive shift in the international situation, outlined from the mid-50s, became a reflection of the process of forming new approaches to solving complex international problems accumulated in the first post-war decade. The updated Soviet leadership (from February 1957, for 28 years, A.A. Gromyko was assessed by the USSR Foreign Minister) as unrealistic, inflexible and even dangerous.

Much attention was paid to the development of relationships with the states of the Third World (Developing Countries) of India, Indonesia, Burma, Afghanistan, and others. The Soviet Union assisted them in the construction of industrial and agricultural facilities (participation in the construction of the metallurgical plant in India, Asuan dam in Egypt and Dr.). During the stay of N.S. Khrushchev as head of state with financial and technical assistance to the USSR was built in different countries of the world about 6,000 enterprises.

In 1964, the policy of reforms carried out by N.S. Khrushchev. The transformation of this period was the first and most significant attempt to reform Soviet society. The desire of the country's leadership to overcome the Stalin's heritage, to update political and social structures managed only in part. The transformation performed on the initiative did not bring the expected effect. The deterioration of the economic situation caused dissatisfaction with the policy of reforms and its initiator N.S. Khrushchev. In October 1964 N.S. Khrushchev was released from all the posts occupied and dismissed.

Bibliography:

History of the Soviet state N. Vert. M. 1994.

Chronicle of the USSR foreign policy 1917-1957 M. 1978

Our Fatherland. The experience of political history. h. 2. - M., 1991.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev Materials for biographies M. 1989

From thaw to stagnation. Sat Memories. - M., 1990.

The light and shadow of the "Great Decade" N. S. Khrushchev and his time. M. 1989.

Reference manual for high school students and applicants V.N. Glazyev-Voronezh, 1994

N.S. Khrushchev Political Biography Roy Medvedev M., 1994

Overcoming Stalinism in Literature and Art, Science Development, Soviet Sports, Education Development.

Overcoming Stalinism in literature and art.

The first postown decade was marked by serious changes in spiritual life. The well-known Soviet writer I. G. Ehrenburg called this period "thaw", coming after the long and harsh Stalinist "winter". And at the same time, it was not "spring" with its full-flowing and free "spill" of thoughts and feelings, namely "thaw", followed by a "light frost" again.

For the changes, which began in society, the first responded by representatives of literature. Even before the XX Congress, the CPSU appeared works that marked the birth of a new direction in the Soviet literature - renewed. Its essence consisted of the inner world of man, his everyday worries and problems, unresolved issues of the country's development. One of the first such works was published in 1953 in the magazine "New World" Article V. Pomerantsev "On sincerity in the literature", where he first raised the question of which "honestly write is not to think about the expression of high and low readers. " The question of the need for the existence of various literary schools and trends was also rising.

In the magazine "New World", Articles of V. Ovechkin appeared (back in 1952), F. Abramov, who became well-known works by I. Ehrenburg ("Thaw"), V. Panova ("Seasons"), F. Panferova ( Volga-Mother River) and others. Their authors moved away from the traditional varnish of the real life of people. For the first time in many years, the question of the disadvantage of the atmosphere, which developed in the country was raised. However, the government recognized the publication of these works "harmful" and removed A. Tvardovsky from the management of the magazine.

Life itself has set the question of the need to change the style of leadership by the Union of Writers and his relationship with the Central Committee of the CPSU. Attempts by the head of the Writers' Union A. A. Fadeeva to achieve this led to his opal, and then to suicide. In his suicide letter, he noted that art in the USSR "ruined the self-defense-ignorant leadership of the party", and the writers, even the most recognized, granted to the position of the boys, destroyed, "ideologically scolded and called it party." This was told in their works by V. Dudintsev ("not bread united"), D. Granin ("Seekers"), E. Dorosh ("Rustic Diary").

The development of space, the development of the latest samples of the technique made a favorite genre of readers science fiction. Novels and Tale I. A. Efremova, A. P. Kazantseva, Brothers A.N. and B. N. Strugatsky, etc. Opened for the reader the veil of the future, allowed to turn to the inner world of a scientist, man. The government was looking for new techniques for the intelligentsia. Since 1957, regularly became the meeting of the management of the Central Committee with the figures and artists. Khrushchev's personal tastes speaking at these meetings with verbal speeches acquired the nature of official estimates. The unceremonious intervention did not find support not only in the majority of the participants themselves of these meetings and in the intelligentsia as a whole, but also in the widest segments of the population.

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, ideological pressure and musical art, painting, cinematography were somewhat weakened. Responsibility for the "inflection" of the previous years was entrusted to Stalin, Beria, Zhdanov, Molotova, Malenkov, etc.

In May 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU issued a resolution "On the correction of errors in the assessment of the opera" Great Friendship ", Bogdan Khmelnitsky and" from the bottom of the heart ", in which they were recognized as unrequitable and unfair evaluations of D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturian, V. Muradel, V. Schebalina, Popova, N. Messkovsky, etc. At the same time, the appeals of the intelligentsia will cancel other decisions of the 40s. According to ideological issues, rejected. It was confirmed that they "played a huge role in the development of artistic creativity on the path of socialist realism" and "retain the actual value." The policy of "thaw" in spiritual life, therefore, had completely defined borders.

From the speeches of N. S. Khrushchev to literature and artists

It does not mean that now, after the conviction of the person of the personality, it was time for samotek, which would have been weakened by the Brazuds of the Board, the public ship sails by the will of the waves and everyone can need to wonder how he pleases. Not. The party conducted and will firmly carry out the Leninsky course developed by it, is irreconcilable against any ideological tents.

One of the bright examples of the permissible limits of "thaw" was the "case of Pasternak". Publication in the west of his prohibited novel "Dr. Zhivago" and the award of the Nobel Prize put a writer literally outlawed. In October 1958, B. Pasternak was excluded from the Writers' Union. He was forced to abandon the Nobel Prize to avoid expulsion from the country. A real shock for millions of people was the situation of the works of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich", Matrenin Dvor, who set the problems of overcoming Stalin's heritage in the everyday life of Soviet people.

In an effort to prevent the massive nature of the antistali publications, which beat not only in Stalinism, but also throughout the totalitarian system, Khrushchev, in his speeches, turned the attention of writers to the fact that "this is a very dangerous topic and difficult material" and they need to do, "observing the sense of measure " Official "limiters" acted in other spheres of culture. A sharp criticism for "ideological doubt", "the underestimation of the leading role of the party", "formalism", etc., not only writers and poets were regularly undergone (A. Voznesensky, D. Granin, V. Dudintsev, E. Evtushenko, S. Kirsanov , K. Powesty, etc.), but also sculptors, artists, directors (E. Unknown, R. Falk, M. Hutsiev), philosophers, historians.

Nevertheless, in these years a lot of literary works appeared ("The Fate of Man" M. Sholokhov, "Silence" Y. Bondarev), movies ("flying cranes" M. Kalazozova, "Forty-first", "Ballad about a soldier", "clean Heaven "Chukhraya), paintings that received popular recognition precisely because of their life-affirming strength and optimism, appeal to the inner world and the daily life of a person.

Development of science.

Party directives focused on the development of scientific and technological progress, stimulated the development of domestic science. In 1956, the International Research Center was opened in Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research). In 1957, the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences with a wide network of institutions and laboratories was formed. Other scientific centers were created. Only in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for 1956-1958. 48 new reeds were organized. They expanded and their geography (Urals, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Yakutia). By 1959, there were about 3200 scientific institutions in the country. The number of scientists of the country approached 300 thousand. The largest achievements of the domestic science of this time include the creation of the most powerful synchrophasotron in the world (1957); Descent on the world's first atomic icebreaker "Lenin"; launch into space of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (October 4, 1957), sending to space of animals (November 1957), the first flight of a person in space (April 12, 1961); exit on the highway in the world of reactive passenger liner Tu-104; The creation of high-speed passenger ships on underwater wings ("rocket"), etc. Resunted work in the field of genetics.

However, as before, the priority in scientific developments was given to the interests of the military-industrial complex. Not only the largest scientists (S. Korolev, M. Keldysh, A. Tupolev, V. Houseay, A. Sakharov, I. Kurchatov, etc.), but Soviet intelligence officers worked on his needs. Thus, the space program was only an "application" to the program for the creation of means of delivery of nuclear weapons. Thus, the scientific and technical achievements of the "Khrushchev era" laid the foundation for achieving military-strategic parity from the United States in the perspective.

The years of "thaw" were marked by the triumphal victories of Soviet athletes. Already the first participation of Soviet athletes in the Olympiad in Helsinki (1952) was noted by 22 gold, 30 silver and 19 bronze medals. In the unofficial team event, the USSR team scored the same number of points with the US team. The first gold medalist of the Olympics was the thrower of Disc N. Romashkova (Ponomareva). The best athlete of the Olympics in Melbourne (1956) was named Soviet runner V. Kutz, who became a two-time champion in running on 5 and 10 km. The gold medals of the Olympics in Rome (1960) were awarded P. Bolotnikov (Running), sisters T. and I. Press (disc throw, running with barriers), V. Kapitonov (cycling), B. Shahin and L. Latynina (gymnastics) , Yu. Vlasov (heavy athletics), V. Ivanov (academic rowing) and others.

Brilliant results and world fames have achieved at the Olympics in Tokyo (1964): in the height of V. Brumber, the weightlifter L. Zhabotinsky, Gymnast L. Latinina, etc. These were the years of the Triumph of the Great Soviet football player L. Yashina, who played at the sports More than 800 matches career (including 207 - without missed heads) and who became a silver medalist of the European Cup (1964) and the Champion of the Olympic Games (1956).

The successes of Soviet athletes called the unprecedented popularity of the competitions than created an important prerequisite for the development of mass sports. Encouraging these sentiments, the leadership of the country drew attention to the construction of stadiums and the palaces of sports, the mass discovery of sports sections and children-youth sports schools. It laid a good foundation for future world victories of Soviet athletes.

Development of education.

As the foundations of the industrial society are built in the USSR, which has developed in the 30s. The education system needed updating. It had to meet the prospects for the development of science and technology, new technologies, changes in the socio-humanitarian sphere.

However, this was a contradiction with an official rate for the continuation of the extensive development of the economy, which demanded annually new workers for the development of enterprises under construction.

To solve this problem, the reform of education was largely conceived. In December 1958, a law was adopted, according to which an obligatory eight-year-old was created instead of the seven polytechnic school.The secondary education of young people received, ending either a school of working (rural) youth without separation from production, or technical schools who operated on the base of eight-year-old, or an average three-year labor education school with industrial training. For those who wish to continue education in the university introduced a mandatory production experience.

Thus, the sharpness of the problem of the influx of labor for production was temporarily removed. However, for enterprises, it created new problems with personnel fluidity and low labor and technological discipline among young workers.

Article Source: Tutorial A.A. Danilova "History of Russia". Grade 9.

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Education

What did the policy thaw in the spiritual sphere? Revival of culture in the 50-60s

September 9, 2015.

In the five March 1953, an event occurred, radically changing the course of the external and domestic policy of the USSR. I. Stalin died. By this time, the repressive methods of the country's management have already exhausted themselves, so the stalnie courses were urgently needed to conduct some reforms aimed at optimizing the economy and the implementation of social transformations. This time got the name thaw. What did the policy of thawing in the spiritual sphere, which new names appeared in the cultural life of the country, can be read in this article.

XX CPSS Congress

In 1955, after the resignation of Malenkov, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev becomes the head of the Soviet Union. In February 1956, his famous speech about the cult of personality sounded at the XX Congress of the CPSU. After that, the authority of the new leader was noticeably strengthened, despite the resistance of the Stalinist Ukrainians.

The XX Congress gave the start of various reformists in our country, reviving the process of cultural reformation of society. What did the policy mean to thaw in the spiritual and literary life of people, you can learn from new books and novels published at the time.

Politics thaw in literature

In 1957, the publication of the famous work B. Pasternak "Dr. Zhivago" is published abroad. Despite the fact that this work was forbidden, it dispened with huge circulations in samizdate copies, made on old typewriters. The same fate suffered the works of M. Bulgakov, V. Grossman and other writers of that time.

The publication of the famous work of A. Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich" is indicative. The story in which the terrible weekdays of the Stalinist camp are described, the chief political scientist Souslov rejected immediately. But the editor of the new world magazine was able to show the story of Solzhenitsyn personally N. S. Khrushchev, after which permission was given to the publication.

Works, exposing the Stalinist repressions, found their reader.

The opportunity to convey their thoughts to readers, publish their works in spite of censorship and authorities - this is what the policy of thawed in the spiritual sphere and literature of that time.

The revival of theater and cinema

In the 50s and 1960s the Theater is experiencing its second birth. The fact that I mean the policy thawed in the spiritual sphere and theatrical art, the repertoire of the advanced scenes of the middle of the century will be better. The classic repertoire and the work of the 20s of the 20th century returns to the scene, the classic repertoire and works of the 20s of the 20th century are returned to the scene. But still in the theater dominated the team style of work, and administrative posts were engaged in incompetent and small official officials. Because of this, many performances did not see their viewer: Plays Meyerhold, Vampilov and many others remained lying under the cloth.

Thaw beneficially affected cinema. Many films of that time became known far beyond our country. Such work, as "flying cranes", "Ivanovo Childhood", won the prestigious international awards. The Soviet cinema returned our country the status of the kineljava, which was lost since the times of Eisenstein.

Religious persecution

Reducing the political pressure on the various sides of the life of people did not affect the religious policy of the state. The persecution on spiritual and religious figures intensified. The initiator of the antirefall company was Hrushchev himself. Instead of the physical destroying of believers and religious figures of various denominations, the practice of public ridiculation and debunking of religious prejudices was used. Basically, everything that meant the policy thawed in the spiritual life of believers was reduced to "re-education" and condemnation.

RESULTS

Unfortunately, the period of cultural heyday lasted not long. The final point in the thaws put a sign event of 1962 - the defeat of the art exhibition on the Manege. Despite the folding of freedoms in the Soviet Union, the return to the dark Stalin's times did not take place. What meant the policy thawed in the spiritual sphere of every citizen can be described by the feeling of wind of change, a decrease in the role of mass consciousness and appeal to a person as a separate person who has the right to his own views.

Source: FB.ru.

Actual

miscellanea
miscellanea

Foreign policy conducted by N.S. Khrushchev, also wore a contradictory and sometimes spontaneous character (scheme 245). Two contradictory trends accounted for its essence: peaceful coexistence and an irreconcilable class struggle with the forces of imperialism in the conditions of the continued "cold war". Apparently, we can talk about a certain liberalization of the foreign policy.

Scheme 245.

In 1955, diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia were restored, torn to I.V. Stalina, and a peace treaty with Austria was signed, in accordance with which its neutral international status was established and Soviet and other occupying troops were displayed from the Austrian territory.

In response to the introduction of Germany in NATO May 14, 1955 The military-political organization of socialist countries was created - Warsaw contract.

1956 became very difficult for the USSR foreign policy, in Poland and Hungary under the influence of the decisions of the XX Congress of the CPSU began the processes of dedication, which led to the strengthening of anti-Soviet sentiments. If Poland managed to stabilize the situation in mainly by peaceful means, then in Hungary had to introduce troops and to suppress people's performance with the use of military force.

The situation in the center of Europe, which is associated with the split from Germany and the division of Berlin remained acute and explosive. The western sector of Berlin was under the rule of the occupation forces of the United States, England and France. East Berlin was controlled by the GDR and the USSR. Essentially, it was a direct confrontation of two military-political blocks. As a result, in August 1961, the leadership of the USSR and the GDR made a decision on the construction of a dividing Berlin Wall, which became the symbol of the "Cold War" until the end of the 1980s.

From the late 1950s. The relationship between the USSR and China began to deteriorate. It was associated with the rejection of the Chinese leadership of critics of the cult of the personality I.V. Stalin, the struggle for leadership in the international communist movement and the refusal of the USSR to transfer to China nuclear weapons.

In the fall of 1962, the Caribbean crisis broke out, who put the world on the edge of the Rocket and Nuclear War. The Soviet leadership decided to accommodate nuclear missiles on Cuba aimed at the United States. Cuba, where the rebels headed by Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, announced the construction of socialism and was an ally of the Soviet Union. N.S. Khrushchev, perhaps, took possession of the desire to somehow correct the balance of strategic forces, increase the number of nuclear carriers, which could hit the territory of the United States from closely. "Let's run hedgehogs in the pants of the Americans," said Khrushchev, which completely determined the meaning of the planned operation. Moscow clearly improved its nuclear strategic positions, but the moves opposed the moves little.

United States of America installed the naval blockade of Cuba. Wars managed to avoid only thanks to mutual concessions of the leaders of the countries (N.S. Khrushchev and D. Kennedy). The Soviet Union brought the rocket, the United States guaranteed the security of Cuba and promised to eliminate missile databases in Turkey aimed at the USSR.

The Caribbean confrontation has proved the impossibility of using nuclear weapons to achieve political goals and forced politicians to take a fresh look at atomic combat components and their tests.

On August 5, 1963, in Moscow, the USSR, the USA and the United Kingdom signed an agreement on the prohibition of nuclear tests in the atmosphere, space and under water. It was a very important step in the case of international monitoring of deadly weapons of mass lesion.

"Thaw" in the spiritual and cultural sphere

The period of post-storey development was symbolicly designated in the consciousness of people as a "thaw", marked with serious changes in spiritual life (scheme 246). It was the famous writer I. Ehrenburg called this time that had arrived after the long and harsh Stalinist "winter", in his work "thaw".

Ideological pressure was weakened on literature and artthat gave a sip of freedom to society. New literary works appeared. The real contradictions of the Soviet society were sought to show D. Granan in the novels of "seekers" and "Introduce on a thunderstorm", V. Dudintsev in the novel "not bread together."

In the period of "thaw" the work began creativity of such well-known writers and poets, like V. Astafyev, Ch. Aitmans, Baklanov, Y. Bondarev, V. Winovich, A. Voznesensky, E. Evtushenko, etc.

There were new literary and art journals: "Youth", "Young Guard", "Moscow", "Our Contemporary", "Foreign Literature".

But at the same time the party leadership ensures that this process is controlled and did not go out for certain frameworks. The "Case of Pasternak" clearly showed the limits of detonation in relations between the authorities and the intelligentsia. The writer, who received the Roman "Dr. Zhivago" in 1958, the Nobel Prize was excluded from the Writers' Union and subjected to opal. For ideological doubtfulness and formalism, A. Voznesensky, D. Granin, V. Dudintsev, E. Evtushenko, E. Unknown, B. Okudzhava, V. Bykov, M. Ground and many other prominent representatives of the creative intelligentsia were repeatedly subjected.

Scheme 246.

In sciencethe priority value had nuclear power and rocket education (circuit 247). The peaceful use of the atom began. In 1954, the first nuclear power plant in the world was commissioned, after three years, the Lenin atomic icebreaker was lowered. Impressive were progress in the development of cosmos. On October 4, 1957, the whole world found out about the successful launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth. On April 12, 1961, the first flight of a person in space took place. Yu.A. Gagarin, sunbathing land in 1 hour and 48 minutes, opened the path to outer space to humanity. The domestic space program was led by Academician S.P. Queen.

Scheme 247.

Outstanding achievements of scientists in the field of natural sciences were marked by the world community. In 1956, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for the creation of the theory of chain reactions N.N. Semenov, in 1958, in the field of physics, PA was obtained. Chenkov, I.M. Frank and I.E. Tamm, in 1962 - for the creation of the theory of condensed matter (especially liquid helium) Physico theorist L.D. Landau, in 1964 - for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics Physics N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov.

Khrushchev reforms also affected the educational sphere (scheme 248). Since 1958, reform has begun in the field of education. Instead of compulsory seven-year education and a complete decade, a mandatory eight-year-old polytechnic school was created. Middle Education Youth could now get either through the school of working (rural) youth without separation from production, or through the technical schools who operated on the base of eight-year-olds, or through the average three-year labor education school with industrial training. For those who want to receive a higher education introduced a mandatory production experience. The reform temporarily ensured the uninterrupted flow of labor for production, but he gave rise to even more complex social problems (the staff turnover increased, the level of labor and technological discipline of young employees turned out to be catastrophically low.).

Scheme 248.

In August 1964, reform was adjusted and restored in high school a two-year-old duration of eight-year training. The full secondary school again became a decade.

The rise of discontent in society and the removal of N.S. Khrushchev from power

Evaluating the reforms N.S. Khrushchev as a whole, it is necessary to note their distinctive features:

• reforms were carried out within the framework of the administrative command system and could not go beyond its framework;
• The reforms themselves were sometimes impulsive and illiterate, which led not to improving the state in certain areas, but, on the contrary, sometimes confused and aggravated the position.

By 1964, the reports arrived at the KGB from party organizations, and simply writing people to the highest party and government instances testified to the growth of discontent in the country (Scheme 249).

We give one of these appeals:

"Nikita Sergeevich!

You are respected in the people, therefore I appeal to you.

We have enormous achievements in a state of spending. We are warmly happy to the changes that occurred after March 1953. But so far we all live only for the future, but not for yourself.

Everyone should be clear that one enthusiasm will not live. Improving the material life of our people is absolutely necessary. The solution to this question cannot be postponed.

People live badly, and the state of mind is not in our favor. With food across the country is very tight.

We, Russia, we carry meat from New Zealand! Look at the collective farm yards, on the courtyards of individual collective farmers - ruin.

Let's spend real elections. Let's choose all the people who put forward mass, and not lists, lowered from above ...

With deep respect for you and faith in your loyalty to the people.

M. Nikolaev, teacher. "

Citizens were unhappy with the increase in food prices and the actual rationing of products, and Selyan - the desire to deprive their ability to keep cattle and cut off household plots, believers - a new wave of closure of temples and melon houses, creative intelligentsia - constant (often in degrading human dignity) criticism and Threats to send from the country, the military - a rivable reduction in the armed forces, officials of the party-state apparatus - permanent personnel and unprotected reorganizations.

Scheme 249.

Removal N.S. Khrushchev occurred as a result of the conspiracy of the highest party and state managers. The main role in his preparation was played by Chairman of the Committee of Party Control and Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU A.N. Shelepin, Head of the State Security Committee V.A. Seven, secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.A. Suslov et al.

So far in September 1964 N.S. Khrushchev was on vacation, conspirators prepared his displacement. He was summoned to the plenum of the Central Committee of the Party to Moscow, where opponents demanded his resignation from the post of first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. October 14, 1964 N.S. Khrushchev was removed and did not fight for power. This happened through a simple voting, without arrests and repression, which can be considered the main outcome of the Khrushchev decade. Defalinization "Rained" society, made an atmosphere in it more free, therefore the news of the resignation of N.S. Khrushchev was met calmly and even with some approval.