Where did the last name come from. The history of the emergence of Russian surnames (research project)

Russian surnames. The work of the scientist serves as evidenced by how rich and diversified the world of this category of anthroponyms.

The appearance of the names

The first carriers of the names were residents of Northern Italy, they appeared in the X-XI centuries. Then the active process of assigning the hereditary names seized France, England, Germany. European population, primarily noble feudalists, gradually acquired their own generic name.

In Russia, before the cancellation of serfdom, many peasants had surnames, although already in the XVI century. The law prescribed their mandatory acquisition by Prince and Boyar families, then it spread to the noble and merchant class. The decree of the Senate in 1988 it was noted that to have a certain name is the responsibility of each Russian person. The final process of forming family naming was completed already under Soviet power, in the thirties of the XX century.

How to refer to people in Russia until surnames appear

Before the emergence of the names in Russia, people had only personal names, first the non -anonic, which in modern understanding should be attributed to the nicknames: for example, unexpected, Guban, hare, naughty. Then, in the second half of the XVI century. Slavic names were replaced by new, recorded names of people ranked in the face of the saints or who became revealed church figures. Non-Christian names finally came out of consumption in Russia after century.

To distinguish between people, began to invent second names, mentioned father (in our opinion, patronymic): for example, Ivan Petrov Son, later - Ivan Petrovich.

Sources of origin

Developing the lands to know, depending on the name of the specific principalities belonging to them (Rostov, Tverskaya, Vyazemsky), there were many boyar silence from nicknames (Lobanov, Glenchev), and later doubles, which were united in themselves and the nickname, and the name of the lot . Among the first noble surnames were borrowed from other languages: for example, Akhmatov, Yusupov, Lermontov, Fonvizins.

The names of the representatives of the spiritual title most often ended on -y and pointed to the place of arrival (Pokrovsky, Dubrovsky), but sometimes they were simply invented for prosecutive.

Russia's peasant population everywhere has become surnames after the cancellation of serfdom. But in the north of the Russian state, Novgorod lands they arose before (just remember the great scientist M.V. Lomonosov). This is explained by the fact that these territories were absent serfdom.

Most of the peasants gained their family naming, thanks to the work of officials who were attributed to the entire population of Russia in Russia. As a rule, they were formed by the name of the father or grandfather. Many many have come from the nickname (Malyshev, Smirnov), were associated with the acquisition of activities (gonchars, militants) or birth and residence. The serfs became free sometimes received the names of their former owners (usually with minor changes). It was not rare that generic naming was simply invented by the distortive officials.

Latest "Profamile" people

In the 20-40 years of the XX century. In the northern territories of the Soviet Union still remained "nefamile". Receiving the chief document certifying the personality of a citizen, a passport, Chukchi, Evenks and Koryaki became Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorovy - Thus, the fantasy of Soviet officials was manifested, on whose shoulders lay down the duty to "Family" these nations.

Initially, in Russia, as in other European countries, there were no surnames. In the chronicles, when mentioning any Rusich, you can find only his name and the indication, whose son is or from what land. However, the population grew and the situation changed. By the end of the XIV century, the Russians themselves make their families themselves.

Why did you need last names?

Nevercons, which were given to the soldiers and were used with their name, are found in the ancient Novgorod annals of the XIII century. But they were not last names, because they did not go from the Father to the Son. Peasants on all the expanses of Russia were not required for a long time for a long time, with the help of which they could somehow define and allocate their family. After all, no one was interested in the origin of people from the lowest class, besides, they could not pass any inheritance. But the princes and bors are a documentary confirmation of their birthship very soon became necessary. Only it was possible to consolidate the ancient and noble origin, relatives with high-ranking faces, and even claim the land, which because of the permanent military conflicts, were lost, they were returned to the country's borders.

With the development of statehood, at the courtyard of the Grand Duke began to appear all new "posts", and often they served to them until death, seeking to convey to their offspring. Then they entered the holy chronicles - lists containing information about what prince or boyar, where he served and what did, and one name was clearly not enough. It was urgent to somehow call their own kind, so that even an unknown in court, a relative could claim a similar court office. Therefore, the first in Russia the names of the Moscow nobles - Princes and Boyars were launched.

Noble dynasties

The Russian principality, as the estate originally military, was mainly fixed by his family of generic lands, sometime conquered ancestors. So appeared Shui, Tver, Vorotnsky, Vyazemsky. The boyars who were in public service often had nicknames that were well known at the court, so they were altered in the names. Lyk, Scriaba, mare, Gagara became Baby Boyars Lykov, Scriabin, Mobyl, Gagarin. And if a representative of one family name formed from the nickname was married and robbed with another dynasty that had a name containing information about the land affiliation of the genus, the heir left both the names, for example, Lobanov-Rostov or Strigin Obolensky. The nobles also took a double surname created on the basis of nicknames if she had a relation to famous dynasties, for example, a cat-mare.

And when a certain representative was distinguished from a very famous genus, he often renamed the dynasty in his name. So, for example, Romanov appeared, whose ancestors had previously carried the boyar surnames of Koshkin, mare, Yuryev. By the name of his own in Russia, the names and noble Tatar soldiers - Yusup, Ahmat or Kara-Murza received. They became princes of Yusupov, Akhmatov, Karamzin. Later on the same principle were transformed into Russian foreign surnames. For example, Fonvizins have occurred from the German nobleman Von Wiesen, and from the English Aristocrat Learmonth, which served under the Russian courtyard, - Lermontov.

Prowful clergy

The names of the Russian clergy in the middle of the XVIII century were interesting. Initially, the parish fathers also had only names, for example, Father Vladimir or Father Andrei. They were often called their children in the village, and if the Son of the Priest did not receive a spiritual san, then in the future he and his children remained Popov. But when the father for different, above all, the church documentation began to take their names, they formed them from the name of their parishes - Preobrazhensky, Pokrovsky, Trinity, Blagoveshchensky, Kosmodemyansky.

When the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy was established in 1687, her graduates were also needed by names - for the registry of the educational institution. And often, students themselves choose their own surnames (for example, Tikhomirov) or came up with them - with the help of the Greek or Latin language, they were encrypted their personal qualities in them: Liperovsky (from the Greek word "sad"), Gilyarovsky (from the Latin root, meaning "funny" ).

Peasant family names

Before the cancellation of serfdom, the peasants were not needed were named, the exception was only free people. Often the surname among the lower class has formed on behalf of the Father - Alekseev, Timokhin, Vanin. The basis for the names was also characteristic features of a person (Smirnov, Ozornov, Razzhevayev), a genus of activity (Kuznetsov, Rybakov, Konyukh), again, nicknames (bulls, falcons, self-named). Sometimes the nickname hinted on the criminal activity of its owner - Kozyrev, Korolev or, for example, Razuev.

Often in the deaf Russian villages, the boys besides the baptized name received the name-wubble from the local lead. For example, that the misunderstands grew smartly, he was called, a terrible baby, to become a handsome, called Nekras, and the son of the last beggar, so that he was always full, - hunger. Subsequently, surnames - Nekrasov, Durov, hunger were created from these security names.

New citizens

In Soviet times, due to the first world, and then the civil war was a lot of orphans, which fell into orphanages and received new names and surnames there, sometimes unusual. In the 1920s and 1930s, citizens appeared in the USSR with "ideological" surnames of tractors, republican, October, five-hundredkin, Krasnoflotsky, Pervomaysky.

In the modern world, new names also take place, but so far it is only pseudonyms of artists who have become peculiar speaking surnames who have moved to the passport. For example, the playwright Grigory Gorin was born offshine, Satir-Satir Arkady Arkanov before the start of his stage activity was a SteinBuch, and the actor Semen Faraday, before he got into the cinema, wore Ferdman's name.

Perhaps in the future we have such talking surnames as spammed or viruses, hackers or roofs, and it will be in the order of things.

The first names among the Russians appeared in the XIII century, but the majority remained "careless" for another 600 years. Grab name, patronymic and profession.

When did the names appear in Russia?

Fashion on the surname came to Russia from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Back in the XII century, the Veliky Novgorod had tight contacts with this state. Noble Novgorod can be considered the first official owners of the names in Russia.

In various public seams, Russian surnames appeared at different times. The first in Russian lands acquired the names of citizens of the Great Novgorod and its extensive possessions in the north, stomping from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Range. Novgorod chronicles mention a lot of surnames-nicknames already in the XIII century. So, in 1240 among the Novgorod residents who fell in the Nevsky battle, the chronicler mentions the names: "Kostynantin Lugotinitz, Gyryat Pinechinic, Muschy, jerking off the Ubdlytilov Son Kozhevnik ..." (The first Novgorod chronicle of the older faith, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and when taking into account the troops. It was easier to distinguish one Ivan from the other.

Somewhat later in the XIV-XV centuries, the birth names appeared at Princes and Boyar. The princes were called by the name of their lot, and the moment of the emergence of the name should be considered the moment when the prince, having lost his name, still retained his origin as a nickname: Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, etc. The smaller part of the princely surnames occurs From nickname: Gagarines, humpback, eyes, lobs, etc. Surnames like Lobanov-Rostov combines the name of the princess with the nickname.

Boyars and Princely Surnames

Boyar and noble Russian surnames were also formed from nicknames or from the names of the people. The process of the formation of boyars surnames from hereditary nickname is well illustrated by the history of the Boyarsky (subsequently royal) of the genus Romanov.
At the end of the 15th century, among Russian nobles, the first names of foreign origin appear, primarily the names of Polish-Lithuanian and Greek (for example, philosophers) of immigrants; In the XVII century, such surnames of Western origin as Forms, Lermontov are added to them. The names of the descendants of the Tatarists reminded the names of these immigrants: Yusupov, Akhmatov, Kara-Murza, Karamzin (also from Kara-Murza).
But it should be noted that not always the eastern origin of the surname indicates the eastern origin of its carriers: sometimes they come from Tatar nicknames, former in fashion in Moscow Rus. Such is the name of Bakhteyarov, which wearing the branch of Rostov Prince-Rurikovich (from Fedor Primimkov-Bakhteyar), or the surname of Beklemishev, which occurred from the nickname Beklemis (Turkic - guarding, guarding), which Fedor Elizarovich wore, Boyar Vasily I.

In the XIV-XV centuries, Russian princes and boyars began to take the surname. The names were often formed from land names. So, the owners of the victobs on the River Shuya became Shuyski, on Vyazma - Vyazemsky, on the Meshcheper - Meshcherski, the same story with Tverski, Obolensk, Vorotnsky and other.
It must be said that it is the general Slavic suffix, it can be found in Czech surnames (Komensky), and in Polish (Povetski), and in Ukrainian (Artyomovsky).
The boyars also often received their last names on the baptized name of the attorney or his nickname: such nameplaces literally answered the question "Whose?" (Meaning "Whose Son?", What kind of? ") and had drawing suffixes in their composition.
Suffix -OV- was joined by worldly names ending on solid consonants: Smirnaya - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr Petrov.
Suffix -Ev- joined the names and nicknames on the end of a soft sign, -y, -one or h: Bear - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuriev, Begich - Begichev.
Suffix -In- got surnames formed from nameplaces to vowels "A" and "I": Apukhta -Aapukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilin.

Why Romanovs - Romanovs?

The most famous surname in the history of Russia - Romanov. The ancestor of Andrei Mauli (Boyarin times Ivan Kalita) had three sons: seeds stallion, Alexander Tree Kobylin and Fedor Cat. They took place according to the stallions, mares and cats. The descendants of the Fedor Cat for several generations were nickname-surname Koshkina (not all: His son Alexander Uzubeta became the Rodnogenic of the Uzabeth, and the other son of Fyodor Goltyayi - Goltyev's Toronochnye). Cat was called by his son Ivan and grandson Zakhari Ivanovich.
Among the Children of the Last, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin became the sonlock of the noble name Yakovlev, and Yuri Zakharovich began to be called Zaharin-Koshkin, while the son of the latter was already called Roman Zaharin-Yuriev. The surname of Zaharin-Yuriev, or just Zharin, and the son of Roman, Nikita Romanovich (as well as his sister Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan Grozny); However, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich were already called Romanov, including Fedor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and Mikhail Fedorovich (king).

Aristocratic surnames

Russian aristocracy initially had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to the Russian service from abroad. It all started with the surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian origin at the end of the 15th century, and in the XVII century, Fonvizins were joined in the XVII century), Lermontov (Schotl. Lermont) and other names with Western roots.
Also, the foreign language foundations for the names that were given to illegitimate children of noble people are: Sher (Franz. Cher "Dear"), Amanth (Franz. Amant "Favorite"), Okok (it. OCHS "Bull"), Herz (Herz "Herz" ").
Sidey children generally "suffered" from the imagination of the parents. Some of them did not bother themselves in focusing the new name, and simply declined the old one: so from Repnina Potnin was born, from Trubetsky - Bezzka, from Elagina - Agin, and "Koreans" and those and those have come from Golitsyn and Tenisheva. Left a significant trail in Russian names and Tatars. This is how Yusupov appeared (descendants of Murza Yusup), Akhmatov (Khan Ahmat), Karamzins (Tatar. Kara "Black", Murza "Mr., Prince"), Kudinovy \u200b\u200b(Dismist. Kaz.-Tatars. Kajoy "God, Allah") and Others.

Surname serve

In the XVIII-XIX centuries began to spread surnames from people from merchants. At first, the surnames were honored only the richest - "Eminent merchants". In the XV-XVI centuries there were few such and, mainly in Severian origin. For example, merchants merchant - in the old time: a rich trader, owner of a trading enterprise. Kalinikov, founded in 1430 by the city of Salt Kama, or famous stroganov. They, like princes, were also often called at the place of residence, only with the suffixes "simpler": families living in Tambov became Tambovtsev, in Vologda - Vologda, in Moscow - Muscovites and Moskvitinov. Some arranged the "non-infamous" suffix, denoting a resident of this territory in general: Whiteorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received a proverb without any changes - from here Tatyana Dunai, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.
Among the names of the merchant, there were many of those who reflected the "professional specialization" of their carriers. For example, the surname of Rybnikov, formed from the word Rybnik, that is, the "Fish Trader". You can also remember the citizen Kuzmu minina - as not known to the nobility, a nobility - one of the highest estates of the feudal society (along with the clergy), which enshrined in the law and transmitted by the inheritance privileges. The basis of the economic and political influence of the nobility - property to the Earth. In 1762, the nobility achieved liberation from the mandatory military and civilian state service introduced by Peter I; The nobility was not subjected to corporal punishments, dismissed from the recruitment of duty, personal files. The pledged diploma (1785) of Catherine II (on the rights of liberty and the advantages of the Russian nobility) established a wide range of personal privileges of the nobility, introduced noble self-government. As the estate, the nobility was liquidated after the October Revolution., But the beginning of the XVII centuries had had its own last name at the end of the XVI.

Surnames of priests

The clergy of the surname began to appear only from the middle of the XVIII century. Usually they were formed from the names of the parishes and churches (Blagoveshchensky, Kosmodemyansky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky, Preobrazhensky, Christmas, Uspensky, and so paragraph.). Before that, the Jerev was usually called Father Alexander, Father Vasily, Batyushka or Pop Ivan, while no surname was implied. Their children, if needed, often received the name Popov.
Some clergymen acquired the names when issuing from the seminary: Athens, Dukhososhvensky, Palmine, Cypress, Reformed, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Soft, Lieperovsky (from the Greek root, meaning "sad"), Gilyarovsky (from the Latin root, meaning "cheerful "). At the same time, the best students were given the names of the most harmonious and rigorous positive sense, in Russian or Latin, the formation of a literary language - 3-2 centuries to: diamonds, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Speransky (Russian analogue: Nadezhdin), Benevolensky (Russian analog: Dobrovolsky ), Dobrolyubs, etc.; On the contrary, in poor students came up with adverse surnames, such as Gibraltar, or children formed from the names of negative biblical characters (Saulov, Pharaohs). The most advanced of them became those that were translated from Russian to Latin and received the "Prince" suffix -sk. So, Bobrov became Castor (Lat. Castor "Beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (Lat. Sturnus "Skzorets"), and Orlov - Akvilev (Lat. Aquila "Orel").

Peasant family names

In the Russian peasants, during this period, the names were usually not, the function was performed by nicknames and patronymic, as well as the mention of their owner, since in the XVI century the peasantry of central Russia was subjected to massive consolidation. For example, in archival documents of that time, such entries can be found: "Ivan Mikitin Son, and Nickname Menshik", record 1568; "Ondon Mikiforov Son, and the nickname waiting", document 1590; "Mikiforov's lip Son curves cheeks, land-owner", recording of 1495; "Danilo snot, peasant", 1495; "Efimko Sparrow, Peasant", 1495.
In those records you can see the indications on the status of still free peasants (landlord), as well as the difference between the patronymic of the surname (son of such). The peasants of Northern Russia, the former Novgorod possessions, could have real names and in this era, as the serfdom of these areas did not apply. Probably the most famous example of this kind - Mikhailo Lomonosov. You can also remember Arina Rodionno Yakovlev - the Novgorod peasant, Nanny Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Had surnames and Cossacks. The surnames were also endowed with a significant part of the population of the land of the compulsory connivorce - Belarus to Smolensk and Vyazma, Malorosia.
Under Peter I, the Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the Pochumas and Recruit Meal, the earliest documents of police accounting were officially introduced - passage of diplomas (passports). The passport contained information: the name, surname (or nickname), from where he was sent, the place of residence, the characteristic of his activity, information about family members who went with him, sometimes information about the father and parents.
By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I commanded the general gerbank of noble childbirth where there were more than 3,000 noble generic names and coat of arms.
In 1888, a special decree of the Senate was published, who said:

As practice detects, and between persons born in legitimate marriage, there are many persons who have no names, that is, wearing the so-called surnames by patronymic, which causes significant misunderstandings, and even sometimes abuse ... Named the definite name is not only the right, But the duty of every full-fledged person, and the name of the surname on some documents is required by the law.
The procedure for adopting the law is established by the Constitution. The law is the basis of the state system of law, has the highest legal force in relation to the regulatory acts of other state bodies ..


In Central Russia among the peasantry of the surname until the XIX century were relatively rare. Nevertheless, it is possible to recall certain examples - the famous Ivan Susanin.
The memory of Susanin has been preserved in oral folk legends and legends. His feat is reflected in the artistic literature and in Opera Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka "Life for the king" ("Ivan Susanin"). In Kostroma, a monument to Susanin was installed. Who lived in the XVI-XVII centuries. In addition, the names of some peasants - participants of certain wars, hiking, cities or monasteries and other historical cataclysms are known. However, indeed, until the XIX century, mass distribution among the peasants of Central Russia, the names did not have. But it is rather due to the fact that in those days there was no need to mention all the peasants, and the documents in which the peasants would have been mentioned, or for the most part would be mentioned. And for the official workflow of those years if the peasant was mentioned in it, it was usually enough to mention the village in which he lived, the landowner he belonged, and his personal name, sometimes together with the profession. Most peasants of the Russian Center were officially endowed with the names recorded in documents only after the cancellation of serfdom.
In the 12th century, the exploitation of role (pashane) purchases and sulcut on the Barechain was close in nature. According to the Russian truth, the princes deaths are limited in property and personal rights (his fraudous property is moving towards the prince; the life of a sideline is equal to the life of the Hall: the same fine is appointed for their murder). In 1861.

Some surnames were formed from the names of the landowners. One peasants were given a complete or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - so the whole villages of polyvanov, gagary, Vorontsova, Lvivkin, etc. appeared.
In the root of the names of some of the names of the settlements (villages and villages), from where there were these peasants. These are mainly the surnames ending on - "sky", for example - Assumption, Lebedevsky.
However, most of the surnames, by origin, are family nicknames, which, in turn, originated from the "street" nickname of a particular family member. The bulk of the peasants in the document was recorded exactly the most "street" nickname, which a different family could have been not one. The nickname surnames appeared much earlier in the midstaming. These family nicknames, sometimes left their roots, in the depth of many generations, actually played the role of the names of the peasants of Central Russia - in everyday life, even before the magnitude of their fixing. They primarily fell into the census sheets, and in fact, the appeal was simply writing these nicknames into documents.


Thus, the ending of the peasant the surname often reduced to official recognition, legalizing, consolidating family or personal nicknames behind their carriers. This explains that in the epoch to the mass endowment of the peasants of Central Russia last names - we are still known for individual names and the names of the peasants who participated in certain important events. If it becomes necessary to mention the peasant in the chronicle or in the narrative of some event, the participant of which he was - as his last name, simply indicated the corresponding nickname - his own, or his family. And then, during the magnitude assignment of the names to the peasants of Central Russia, which occurred after the abolition of serfdom, the same nicknames were mostly officially recognized and secured.
Mirly surnames were formed on the basis of the name of the world. The worldly names came from pagan times when the names of church did not exist or they were not accepted in the simple people. After all, Christianity did not immediately flood the minds, and even more so the souls of Slavs. Old traditions were kept long, the covenants of the ancestors were honored. Each family remembered the name of the progenitors to 7 knees and even deeper. Traditions from the history of the genus were transmitted from generation to generation. Instructive stories about the old Acts of the Prazdara (Prashas - a remote ancestor, ancestor) talked to the night with young people of the genus. Many of the worldly were names with their own (much, waiting, loved), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Nekras, Daughter, Thorough, Evil, Revolution). It should be noted here that in the ancient Russian names, it was also customary to call babies by security names, overalls - names with negative content - to protect, scare the evil forces or for reverse the name of the name. It is how so far it is customary to scold holding the exam, or wish the hunter "Ne a fluff, no pen." It was believed that he would grow smart, Nekras handsome, and hunger would always be full. Security names later became boring nicknames, and then the surname.
Some as a surname recorded patronymic. In the royal decrees of the census, it was usually said that it should be recorded by all "by name from the fathers and with nicknames", that is, by name, patronymic and surnames. But in the XVII - the first half of the XVIII centuries, the peasants of hereditary surnames were not at all. The peasant surname lived only in the continuation of one life. For example, it was born in the family of Ivan Prokopii, and in all metric records it is called Prokoki Ivanov. When Vasily was born at the procopia, then the newborn Vasily Prokopyev became, and not Ivanov at all.
The first census of 1897 showed that the surnames do not have up to 75% of the population (however, it was more than the residents of national outflows than rooted Russia). Finally, the entire population of the USSR surname appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century in the era of universal certification (the introduction of the passport system).
After the cancellation of serfdom in 1861, the situation began to be corrected, and by the time of universal certification in the 1930s, each resident of the USSR had.
They were formed on already proven models: subfixes were added to the names, nicknames, habitats, the professions were added to the professions.

Structure of Russian surnames

Anthroponimika - section of onomastics studying the origin, change, geographical distribution, social functioning of their own names of people. The surnames argue that most often Russian names are formed from personal names through attractive adjectives. The bulk of Russian surnames has suffixes -On / -Ev, -in, from the answer to the question "Whose?". The difference is purely formal: -s were added to nicknames or names for a solid consonant (Ignat - Ignatov, Mikhail - Mikhailov), -EV to the names or nicknames on a soft consonant (Ignatius - Ignatiev, Holunya - Golodgyaev), -in to the basics of A, I (path - Putin, Erem - Eremin, Ilya - Ilyin). This also says that, for example, having one root of the famine of the starvations and Holodiaev, are related, but externally similar to their hunger, hungry, hungry - no.
The absolute majority of Russian surnames comes from Deed, the last name of the Father, that is, the name of the grandfather, thus fixing the hereditary name in the third generation. So easier began to designate families of one root. In the event that a grandfather, whose name has formed the basis of the established names, was two names - one baptismal, another source, the surname was formed from the second, since the baptized names did not differ in diversity.
It should be known that by the name of the grandfather was recorded by Russian officials at the end of the XIX - early XX century and the names for residents of national outskirts, thus the majority of the names in Transcaucasia and Central Asia arose.

Why and when changed surnames?

When the peasants began to acquire last names, then according to superstitious reasons, from the evil eye, they gave the surname to children are not the most pleasant: dislike, naughty, bad, dulk, mug. After the revolution, a queue of those who wanted to change the surname to more harmonious began to form in the passport tables.

At first it was simple and "professionally": igmnov, deacons and, of course, Popov.

But one of the parishes in Russia numbered 37,000, the clergymen - about 600,000. For multimillion Russia, it seems, a little. That's just a spiritual estate - it is also a black clergy, and the main thing - family members of the clergymen. Distinguish between countless pits by numbers and nicknames?

Fortunately, the government conceived to raise the cultural level of the clergy and introduced a mandatory spiritual education.

In the seminary in the surnames came up with the principle: "On churches, in colors, by stones, in cattle, and Yako will raise his pre-liberty."

That is, as everywhere. But the level of education here was higher, and the fantasy was found where to root. Although they tried still "in church" - first of all, according to the names of the parishes.

• For example, from the names of icons and holidays: Troitsky, Znamensky, Preobrazhensky, Christmas.

• Saints' names: Petrovsky, Arkhangelsky, Annensky.

• Or their nickname epithets: Damascus, Zlatoustovsky.

• Wind-and New Testament: Israel, Sinai, Pharaohs, Samarisanov, Eleonsky.

• And other "church": Angels, Glagolev, Affiliates, Desnai.

There were "Geographic" surnames, by origin or arrangement of the arrival: Lamb, Tvgsky.

Neither the "prince" suffix "-sk" nor the topographic indication here does not indicate the "noble" origin!
Photo: ru.wikipedia.org.

At first glance, everything is simple enough. And often the surname "tells" something about the ancestors. It can be carried away, "determine" the origin, profession and even begin to judge the nature of the ancestor that gave us the name.

Although most often there is no reason to associate nature with the name-nickname. And even professional names do not mean at all that your kind was engaged in one way or another. Of course, the craft was inherited. But not necessarily! And it's not a fact that the surname came from the founder of the genus.

For example, the genus of Romanovs is known from the XIV century, they became a lot of novels, many later, in the XV century. The future king, Mikhail Fedorovich, grandson of the first carrier of the names of Romanov. Well, on the founder there would be a maobyl to them.

Many "noble" surnames are characterized by simplicity and similarity with "folk". Ready and excessive "soundness" may indicate the seminar origin of the name.

There was another type of "semi-value" surnames, often given illegitimate. Probably the most famous historical figures - Temkin and Beetsk. These are illegitimate descendants of Potemkin and Trubetsky princes. Often, Bastard received a trimmed surname, which was a convenient move: it seems that the decency is observed, and there are no "left" heirs, and everyone is clear whose offspring.
Photo:

It happened otherwise. The famous revolutionary Nikolai Morozov, the extramarital son of the wealthy landowner Peter Schpers and the former serf peasant Anna Morozova, was recorded by the tradesman. Surname Morozov - by Mother, Patronymic - Alexandrovich, in the Kress Father. At the same time, he lived and brought up in the house of his father, and the secret from his origin was not done.

By the way, is it easy to distinguish the origin of the nobility surname of the father from the peasant family name?

Well, and loud surnames, such as generals, senators or princes, are often the subject of some pride. How, the ancestors were ego! The carriers of such surnames really had a relation to senators, generals, princes, etc. Alas, the attitude is not related ... Such surnames are purely common, and with a probability of 90% who belonged to serfs: "Whose Hall? Generals! "

But the most important names in the country seem to be at all. I am not about Romanov, but about much more born Rurikovichi.

Of course, everyone remembers the cinema: "Rurikovichi we!" Alas, it is rather a duty, a generic nickname, the surname never started. Namely on their ruling, high-grade branches. Specific representatives of the surname dynasty over time needed to distinguish between numerous branches of the genus. And the great princes is it for? They are alone!

What is the name? Where did the names come from? There are many theories and versions on this. Now the surname is a hereditary generic name, showing people's belonging to one overall ancestor or, in a narrow understanding, to one family. The word "surname" itself has a Roman origin, in an ancient Rome last name called a combination of a person's family and slaves belonging to him.

For a long time, about the same meaning of this word and in Europe, and in Russia, even in the XIX century, freed peasants often received the name of the former owner. Now the surname call the generic name attached to the personal. In one or another form of the surname, there are all nations of the world with the exception of Icelanders, they have patronymic as a surname. There are no surnames in Tibetans.

Where did the surnames of different classes come from?

The names of ordinary people, clergy and nobility have a different origin, or rather, even different reasons for the appearance, they even formed at different times. The most ancient in Russia are boyars and noble surnames of toponymic origin. The nobles received the duties "for feeding", so in order to distinguish between the rulers with one name, they were called on the lots. So the Tver, Shui, Starodubsk and many others appeared. History shows that such labor names were very proud of, they were shouted, sometimes even wearing such a name was considered a great privilege.

Now you can meet less ancient names of toponymic origin: Warsaw (Warshaver), Berdichev, Lviv and so on. These surnames appeared only in the XVIII-XIX century, these are classic Jewish surnames. Toponymic origin may also have the names of some indigenous peoples of Russia (for example, Tuvintsev). But most often Russian surnames took place on behalf of (chorely or worldly) father of man. Recall an example with Icelanders: they have a person gets patronymic named Father, which acts as a surname. That is, the son of Sven Thorward will be Svensson, and his son will already be called Thorutsonsson. Such a system was distributed in Russia of the XIV-XV century.

Where did the noble surnames come from?

The famous history of the origin of the genus Romanovs, their members were called Zakharian, then cats, then Yuriev, until, finally, there was no established surname named Roman Zaharine-Yuryeva, the grandfather of the founder of the genus Andrei mare. From the baptismal name there were some of the most common names for the names: Ivanov and Petrov. The name "Ivan", translated as the "God's gift", was generally the most common male name among the peasants, a little less often found the name "Peter". Sidorov is often added to Ivanov and Petrov, however, it is at least strange. The name "Sidor" was infrequently found in Russia.

A number of Russian naval surnames have a pronounced or contested Tatar origin. For example, the famous Count Last Name "Buturlin", it is believed that it leads its origin from the legendary Ratsha, who has come to the service to Alexander Nevsky "from the Germans" (from him also lead their family of Romanov, Pushkin, Muravy and others). Other scientists believe that the surname "Buturlin" of Tatar origin from the word "Buturly" is a "restless person." There is also a version that the ancestor of Busurlin was the grandson of the leaving from the Horde Ivan Buturly. This is quite believable, if we consider that in the XVIII-XIX centuries, it was fashionable to promote their own Rod to the North ancestors, and not by the semi-sidic Mongol-Tatars.

However, the fact remains a fact, very many noble surnames (Araksheev, Bunins, Godunov, Ogarev) of Tatar origin. This is due to the fact that there were many Tatar rulers-rulers in Russia, who, after weakening the horde, were harvested in Orthodoxy and moved to the Russian princes. Now we would be called "experienced managers", so they received good positions and driving. It must be said that they were not for fear, but on the conscience, as was customary in Horde. And if you remember that Russian statehood in principle is the heirement of the Horde, and not the sucked Varyags (which there were no states then), the logicality of the prevalence of Tatar surnames in Russia becomes clear.

Where did the scholars come from?

The most funny and curious is the origin of the scholarship names. This is usually very beautiful and sonorous names: hyacinths, Bogoyavlensky, Resurrection and many others. The surnames of obviously "Christian" origin were given to priests on the name of the Church: Voznesensky, Cross-Promothensky, Pokrovsky, Preobrazhensky. Young priests received family names in seminaries, these were sonicated names with a positive meaning: Gilyarovsky, Dobrovolsky, Speransky, and so on. The clergy began to get surnames after the church reform of Peter I. Where did peasant last names come from?

Most Russian peasant surnames, as already mentioned, occurred from personal names, but there are surnames that occurred from the genus of classes. By the way, if the names given by Father could change (like Icelanders), then the "professional" surname was more durable, since the profession was often transmitted from the Father to the Son. "Kuznetsov" is the third in the prevalence of the surname in Russia, but not because Kuznetsov had a lot (rather, on the contrary), but because the blacksmith in the village knew everything and could indicate where he lives. By the way, the classic English surname "smith" is also translated as "Blacksmith".

Professional origin has a number of Jewish surnames. These include Schuster (shoemaker), Furman (carrier), Kramarov (from the German word "Kramer" - shopkeeper). If the surname is not formed not artisan, and his son, the word was added to the word: Mendelssohn, Gleverson. In Slavic countries, Formant -OVIC was often used. Thus, the origin of the surname may be different: the surname could appear from the baptized or worldly name, the profession of man or his father, the locality where the family lived and a number of other signs. The main function of the surname at all times is to distinguish one person from the other.